Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Sede Manizales
Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y Computación

Taller 2: Circuitos y Dispositivos

Teoremas de circuitos lineales

Tipo de trabajo: individual

Fecha de entrega: Día del primer examen
Forma de entrega: Archivos pdf cargados en Moodle

Problemas del libro “Circuitos Eléctricos” - Novena Edición, Richard C. Dorf y James A. Svoboda, Alfaomega.

Transformación de fuentes: 8. 5.4-10

1. 5.2-1 Rsta: R=0 Ω
Rsta: a) Rth=2 Ω, Voc=-0.5 V, b) i=-1.58 A, v=2.67 9. 5.4-16
V, c) Rsta: a) 5 V, b) error=4.76 %, c) Rm>2450 Ω
2. 5.2-4 10. 5.4-17
Rsta: ia = 375 𝜇A
3. 5.2-8 Equivalente de Norton:
11. 5.5-7
Superposición: Rsta: R=41.67 kΩ
4. 5.3-3 12. 5.5-10
Rsta: a=0.6, b=0.02, R1=30 Ω, R2=20 Ω
5. 5.3-8 Máxima transferencia de potencia:
Rsta: ix=1/6 A 13. 5.6-2
6. 5.3-14 Rsta: R=101 Ω, Pmax=24.75 W
14. 5.6-5
Equivalente de Thévenin: Rsta: R=50 Ω, Pmax=2 W
7. 5.4-9 15. 5.6-9
Rsta: Voc=24 V, Rth=4000 Ω Rsta: Rth=20 Ω, Voc=20 V

Otros Ejercicios:

16. Determine la resistencia equivalente vista desde los puntos a y b en el siguiente circuito.

1 kΩ

a 500 Ω 3 kΩ

REQ 300 Ω 800 Ω 200 Ω

17. Considere el circuito mostrado en la siguiente figura. Determine, si es posible, el valor de 𝛼 para el
que la RED A entrega la máxima potencia a la RED B.

Profesor: Juan David Bastidas Rodríguez 1 de 3

Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Sede Manizales
Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y Computación

2·IX α·IY
3Ω a

4Ω 6Ω 6Ω 4Ω
10 A IX IY

b
RED A RED B

18. Considerando los circuitos indicados en las dos figuras siguientes:

• Halle y dibuje el equivalente de Thévenin del circuito de la izquierda visto desde los terminales a y b.
• Halle y dibuje el equivalente de Thévenin del circuito de la derecha visto desde los terminales c y d.
• Estos dos sistemas se desean interconectar uniendo los puntos a y c así como los puntos b y d.
Determine el valor de k en el circuito de derecha que permita que el circuito de la izquierda entregue
la máxima potencia posible al circuito de la derecha.

2A
2Ω
20·IY
c IY
3Ω 3·VZ 3A IX

10 Ω 60 Ω
50 Ω k·IX 100 Ω

+
24 V VZ 20 Ω 60 V
– d

19. Considere el circuito de la siguiente figura. El valor de la resistencia Ro fue seleccionado de manera
que consumiera la máxima potencia posible. Al comprar ésta resistencia resultó una defectuosa con
un valor 25% menor que el valor nominal. ¿En qué porcentaje cambia la potencia consumida por la
Ro defectuosa con respecto al valor esperado?

IY 2Ω 4Ω a
+ V –
X

5Ω

100 V VX Ro

13·IY

Profesor: Juan David Bastidas Rodríguez 2 de 3

Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Sede Manizales
Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y Computación

20. Considere las redes A y B indicadas en la siguiente figura, las cuales se desean interconectar a través
de una fuente independiente de tensión Vx tal como se muestra. Determine, si es posible, el valor de
la fuente de tensión Vx diferente de cero de tal forma que ésta entregue una potencia de 200 mW.

Red A Red B
VX 50 V
20·IA 4·I1
100 Ω a x
IA IB

5A 100 Ω 0.25·IB 40 Ω 12 Ω 2A 40 V

I1 6Ω

b y

21. Considere el circuito de la siguiente figura: determine el equivalente de Thévenin desde los puntos a
y b y determine el equivalente de Thévenin visto por la resistencia de carga RL.

+
Vi Vπ Rπ gm·Vπ RL
–

Profesor: Juan David Bastidas Rodríguez 3 de 3

204 5. Circuit Theorems

Table 5.11-2 The

!venin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

ORIGINAL CIRCUIT !
THEVENIN CIRCUIT NORTON EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

a Rt a a
Circuit Circuit + voc Circuit isc Rt Circuit
A B – B B
b b b

PROBLEMS

Problem available in WileyPLUS at instructor’s discretion.

8Ω
Section 5.2 Source Transformations
3Ω
P 5.2-1 The circuit shown in Figure P 5.2-1a has been
divided into two parts. The circuit shown in Figure P 5.2-1b was
ia
obtained by simplifying the part to the right of the terminals using 10 V
+
6Ω 4Ω
source transformations. The part of the circuit to the left of the
– 2A
terminals was not changed.
(a) Determine the values of Rt and vt in Figure P 5.2-1b. Figure P 5.2-2
(b) Determine the values of the current i and the voltage v in
Figure P 5.2-1b. The circuit in Figure P 5.2-1b is equiv- P 5.2-3 Find vo using source transformations if i ¼ 5=2 A
alent to the circuit in Figure P 5.2-1a. Consequently, in the circuit shown in Figure P 5.2-3.
the current i and the voltage v in Figure P 5.2-1a have
the same values as do the current i and the voltage v in Hint: Reduce the circuit to a single mesh that contains the
Figure P 5.2-1b. voltage source labeled vo.
(c) Determine the value of the current ia in Figure P 5.2-1a. Answer: vo ¼ 28 V
3A

i 2V
4Ω 2Ω
– + 6Ω
+
+ v 4Ω 2Ω 8V
9V – 0.5 A 3Ω 10 Ω
ia – + –

(a) 2A 16 Ω 12 Ω 7Ω
v0
20 Ω i
4Ω i Rt + –

+
Figure P 5.2-3
+ v +
9V –
vt
–
ia – P 5.2-4 Determine the value of the current ia in the circuit
shown in Figure P 5.2-4.
(b) 10 V
6 kΩ 4 kΩ 4 kΩ
Figure P 5.2-1 +–
ia
+ –
P 5.2-2 Consider the circuit of Figure P 5.2-2. Find ia by – 12 V 3 kΩ 4 kΩ + 6V
simplifying the circuit (using source transformations) to a
single-loop circuit so that you need to write only one KVL
equation to find ia. Figure P 5.2-4
 Problems 205

i R
P 5.2-5 Use source transformations to find the current ia in
the circuit shown in Figure P 5.2-5.
+ v –
Answer: ia ¼ 1 A 24 Ω
4A

6V
+
–
12 V 18 Ω 2A 12 Ω
6Ω
– +

12 V +
1A 3Ω 24 Ω
–
ia
Figure P 5.2-8

Figure P 5.2-5 P 5.2-9 Determine the value of the power supplied by the
current source in the circuit shown in Figure P 5.2-9.
P 5.2-6 Use source transformations to find the value of the
voltage va in Figure P 5.2-6. 15 Ω
Answer: va ¼ 7 V
100 Ω 8V
+
+ – 24 V – 2A 25 Ω
+
+ va
– 10 V 100 Ω 100 Ω 30 mA
– 24 Ω
–
32 V + 12 Ω

Figure P 5.2-6
Figure P 5.2-9
P 5.2-7 The equivalent circuit in Figure P 5.2-7 is obtained from
the original circuit using source transformations and equivalent
resistances. (The lower case letters a and b identify the nodes of Section 5.3 Superposition
the capacitor in both the original and equivalent circuits.)
Determine the values of Ra, Va, Rb, and Ib in the equivalent circuit P 5.3-1 The inputs to the circuit shown in Figure P 5.3-1
are the voltage source voltages v1 and v2. The output of the
a C b
18 Ω circuit is the voltage vo. The output is related to the inputs by
18 Ω vo ¼ av1 þ bv2
2.2 A 9Ω +
10 Ω 2.5 A – 36 V where a and b are constants. Determine the values of a and b.
32 V
–
+

20 Ω 5Ω
original circuit
+
+ v1 vo v2 +
C 20 Ω
Ra a b – –
–

+ Rb Ib
– Va Figure P 5.3-1

P 5.3-2 A particular linear circuit has two inputs, v1 and v2,

and one output, vo. Three measurements are made. The first
equivalent circuit
measurement shows that the output is vo ¼ 4 V when the inputs
Figure P 5.2-7 are v1 ¼ 2 V and v2 ¼ 0. The second measurement shows that the
output is vo ¼ 10 V when the inputs are v1 ¼ 0 and v2 ¼ #2.5 V.
P 5.2-8 The circuit shown in Figure P 5.2-8 contains an In the third measurement, the inputs are v1 ¼ 3 V and v2 ¼ 3 V.
unspecified resistance R. What is the value of the output in the third measurement?
(a) Determine the value of the current i when R ¼ 4 V . P 5.3-3 The circuit shown in Figure P 5.3-3 has two
(b) Determine the value of the voltage v when R ¼ 8 V . inputs, vs and is, and one output, io. The output is related to the
(c) Determine the value of R that will cause i ¼ 1 A. inputs by the equation
(d) Determine the value of R that will cause v ¼ 16 V. io ¼ ais þ bvs
206 5. Circuit Theorems

12+15cos(8t ) V
Given the following two facts:
The output is io ¼ 0:45 A when the inputs are is ¼ 0:25 A +–
+
and vs ¼ 15 V
10 Ω 40 Ω v (t ) 1+ sin(5t ) A
and
–
The output is io ¼ 0:30 A when the inputs are is ¼ 0:50 A
and vs ¼ 0 V Figure P 5.3-7
Determine the values of the constants a and b and the values of
the resistances are R1 and R2. P 5.3-8 Use superposition to find the value of the current
ix in Figure P 5.3-8.
Answers: a ¼ 0.6 A/A, b ¼ 0.02 A/V, R1 ¼ 30 V , and R2 ¼ 20 V .
Answer: ix ¼ 1=6 A

R1 io ix
+ R2 6Ω 3Ω
– vs is

+ +
– 8V 2A 3ix
–
Figure P 5.3-3

P 5.3-4 Use superposition to find v for the circuit of Figure P 5.3-8

Figure P 5.3-4.
*P 5.3-9 The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 5.3-9 is the
voltage source voltage vs. The output is the voltage vo. The
10 Ω 9A 6A 15 Ω current source current ia is used to adjust the relationship
20 Ω between the input and output. Design the circuit so that input
+ v – and output are related by the equation vo ¼ 2vs þ 9.

Figure P 5.3-4 A ix
6Ω
+ –
P 5.3-5 Determine v(t), the voltage across the vertical resistor
ix +
in the circuit in Figure P 5.3-5. vs + ia vo
– 12 Ω 12 Ω
−
40 Ω 10 Ω

+
+ +
12 V – 40 Ω v (t ) – 12 cos(5t ) V
Figure P 5.3-9
–
Hint: Determine the required values of A and ia.
Figure P 5.3-5
P 5.3-10 The circuit shown in Figure P 5.3-10 has three
P 5.3-6 Use superposition to find i for the circuit of inputs: v1, v2, and i3. The output of the circuit is vo. The output
Figure P 5.3-6. is related to the inputs by
Answer: i ¼ 3.5 mA vo ¼ av1 þ bv2 þ ci3

15 mA where a, b, and c are constants. Determine the values of a, b, and c.

v2
8Ω
15 V
4 kΩ –
+

+– +
+ v1 vo i3
30 mA 12 kΩ 6 kΩ 40 Ω 10 Ω
2 kΩ –
i –

Figure P 5.3-6 Figure P 5.3-10

P 5.3-7 Determine v(t), the voltage across the 40 Ω resistor in P 5.3-11 Determine the voltage vo(t) for the circuit shown in
the circuit in Figure P 5.3-7. Figure P 5.3-11.
 Problems 207

12 cos 2t V i1 ¼ avo þ bv2 þ ci3

–

+
4 ix where a, b, and c are constants. Determine the values of
10 Ω a, b, and c.
+
20 Ω
+
40 Ω – 2 V 10 Ω ix 5Ω vo(t)
–
v1 + i2 12 Ω
Figure P 5.3-11 – io

P 5.3-12 Determine the value of the voltage vo in the

circuit shown in Figure P 5.3-12. 40 Ω

v3 – 10 Ω
+

96 Ω 32 Ω
20 V
0.3 A – Figure P 5.3-15
+

+ P 5.3-16 Using the superposition principle, find the value

120 Ω 30 Ω vo
– of the current measured by the ammeter in Figure P 5.3-16a.
Hint: Figure P 5.3-16b shows the circuit after the ideal
Figure P 5.3-12 ammeter has been replaced by the equivalent short circuit
and a label has been added to indicate the current measured
P 5.3-13 The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 5.3-13 by the ammeter, im.
is the current i1. The output is the voltage vo. The current i2 is 25 3
used to adjust the relationship between the input and output. Answer: im ¼ # 5 ¼ 5#3 ¼ 2A
3þ2 2þ3
Determine values of the current i2 and the resistance R, that
cause the output to be related to the input by the equation
vo ¼ #0:5i1 þ 4 25 V
–+ Ammeter

– vo +
a b 5A 3Ω
2Ω
2Ω
i1 i2
R 4Ω 8Ω 8Ω (a)

25 V
–+
Figure P 5.3-13
5A 3Ω im
P 5.3-14 Determine values of the current ia and the 2Ω
resistance R for the circuit shown in Figure P 5.3-14.
(b)
8V
Figure P 5.3-16 (a) A circuit containing two independent
–
+

ia sources. (b) The circuit after the ideal ammeter has been replaced
by the equivalent short circuit and a label has been added to
5 kΩ 20 kΩ indicate the current measured by the ammeter, im.
7 mA R

Section 5.4 The

!venin’s Theorem
4 kΩ
2 mA
P 5.4-1 Determine values of Rt and voc that cause the
circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-1b to be the Th!evenin equivalent
Figure P 5.3-14 circuit of the circuit in Figure P 5.4-1a.

P 5.3-15 The circuit shown in Figure P 5.3-15 has three Hint: Use source transformations and equivalent resistances
inputs: v1, i2, and v3. The output of the circuit is the current io. to reduce the circuit in Figure P 5.4-1a until it is the circuit in
The output of the circuit is related to the inputs by Figure P 5.4-1b.
208 5. Circuit Theorems

Answer: Rt ¼ 5 V and voc ¼ 2 V Answer: voc ¼ #2 V and Rt ¼ #8=3 V

3Ω 3Ω Rt
a a 0.75va

+ + voc
– 12 V 6Ω 3A –
8Ω a

b b –
+ 6V va 4Ω
(a) (b) –
+ b
Figure P 5.4-1

P 5.4-2 The circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-2b is the Th!evenin Figure P 5.4-5
equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-2a.
Find the value of the open-circuit voltage voc and Th!evenin P 5.4-6 Find the Th!evenin equivalent circuit for the circuit
resistance Rt. shown in Figure P 5.4-6.
Answer: voc ¼ #12 V and Rt ¼ 16 V
3Ω 3Ω a
10 Ω 8Ω Rt
+
+
2va 6Ω va 3A
–
– –
+ 15 V 40 Ω + voc b
–

Figure P 5.4-6
(a) (b)
P 5.4-7 The equivalent circuit in Figure P 5.4-7 is obtained by
Figure P 5.4-2 replacing part of the original circuit by its Th!evenin equivalent
circuit. The values of the parameters of the Th!evenin equivalent
P 5.4-3 The circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-3b is the Th!evenin circuit are
equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-3a. Find the
value of the open-circuit voltage voc and Th!evenin resistance Rt. voc ¼ 15 V and Rt ¼ 60V
Answer: voc ¼ 2 V and Rt ¼ 4 V
Determine the following:
12 V Rt (a) The values of Vs and Ra. (Four resistors in the original
–+ circuit have equal resistance, Ra.)
(b) The value of Rb required to cause i ¼ 0.2 A.
1A 6Ω 6Ω + voc
– (c) The value of Rb required to cause v ¼ 12 V.

Ra i
6Ω

(a) (b) +
+ v
Figure P 5.4-3 – Vs Ra Ra Rb
–
P 5.4-4 Find the Th!evenin equivalent circuit for the circuit
shown in Figure P 5.4-4. Ra

12 Ω original circuit

Rt
6Ω 10 Ω a

+ +
18 V 3Ω – v oc Rb
–
b

Figure P 5.4-4
equivalent circuit
P 5.4-5 Find the Th!evenin equivalent circuit for the circuit
Figure P 5.4-7
shown in Figure P 5.4-5.
 Problems 209

P 5.4-8 A resistor, R, was connected to a circuit box as shown P 5.4-12 The circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-12 contains an
in Figure P 5.4-8. The voltage v was measured. The resistance was adjustable resistor. The resistance R can be set to any value in
changed, and the voltage was measured again. The results are the range 0 - R - 100 kV .
shown in the table. Determine the Th!evenin equivalent of the (a) Determine the maximum value of the current ia that can be
circuit within the box and predict the voltage v when R ¼ 8 kV . obtained by adjusting R. Determine the corresponding
i value of R.
+ R v (b) Determine the maximum value of the voltage va that can be
Circuit v obtained by adjusting R. Determine the corresponding
R 2 kΩ 6V
–
value of R.
4 kΩ 2V
(c) Determine the maximum value of the power supplied to the
adjustable resistor that can be obtained by adjusting R.
Figure P 5.4-8 Determine the corresponding value of R.
ia
P 5.4-9 A resistor, R, was connected to a circuit box as R 12 kΩ
shown in Figure P 5.4-9. The current i was measured. The
resistance was changed, and the current was measured again. + va −
The results are shown in the table. + 12 V 2 mA 18 kΩ
–
(a) Specify the value of R required to cause i ¼ 2 mA. 24 kΩ
(b) Given that R > 0, determine the maximum possible value
of the current i.
Figure P 5.4-12
Hint: Use the data in the table to represent the circuit by a
Th!evenin equivalent. P 5.4-13 The circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-13 consists of
i two parts, the source (to the left of the terminals) and the load.
R i
The load consists of a single adjustable resistor having resist-
+
ance 0 - RL - 20 V . The resistance R is fixed but unspecified.
Circuit v R 2 kΩ 4 mA
When RL ¼ 4 V , the load current is measured to be io ¼ 0.375 A.
– 4 kΩ 3 mA
When RL ¼ 8 V , the value of the load current is io ¼ 0.300 A.
(a) Determine the value of the load current when RL ¼ 10 V .
Figure P 5.4-9 (b) Determine the value of R.
48 Ω
P 5.4-10 For the circuit of Figure P 5.4-10, specify the
resistance R that will cause current ib to be 2 mA. The current ia io
has units of amps. +
RL
24 V – R
Hint: Find the Th!evenin equivalent circuit of the circuit
connected to R. source load
2000ia
Figure P 5.4-13
6 kΩ
+ –
P 5.4-14 The circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-14 contains an
12 V + 1 kΩ ia ib R unspecified resistance, R. Determine the value of R in each of
–
the following two ways.
(a) Write and solve mesh equations.
Figure P 5.4-10 (b) Replace the part of the circuit connected to the resistor R by
a Th!evenin equivalent circuit. Analyze the resulting circuit.
P 5.4-11 For the circuit of Figure P 5.4-11, specify the
value of the resistance RL that will cause current iL to be #2 A.
Answer: RL ¼ 12 V 20 Ω 40 Ω
4i
a R
+ – +
40 V –

10 A 2Ω iL RL 0.25 A
i
20 Ω 10 Ω
b

Figure P 5.4-11 Figure P 5.4-14

210 5. Circuit Theorems

P 5.4-15 Consider the circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-15. P 5.4-17 Given that 0 - R - 1 in the circuit shown in Figure
Replace the part of the circuit to the left of terminals a–b by P 5.4-17, consider these two observations:
its Th!evenin equivalent circuit. Determine the value of the Observation 1: When R ¼ 2 V then vR ¼ 4 V and iR ¼ 2 A.
current io.
a Observation 1: When R ¼ 6 V then vR ¼ 6 V and iR ¼ 1 A.
Determine the following:
96 Ω 32 Ω io (a) The maximum value of iR and the value of R that causes iR
20 V to be maximal.
– 32 Ω (b) The maximum value of vR and the value of R that causes vR
+

to be maximal.
+
(c) The maximum value of pR ¼ iR vR and the value of R that
120 Ω 30 Ω vo
causes pR to be maximal.
–
ia 24 Ω iR
b

Figure P 5.4-15 +
+ vs Bia vR R
– 6Ω
P 5.4-16 An ideal voltmeter is modeled as an open circuit. A
more realistic model of a voltmeter is a large resistance. Figure –
P 5.4-16a shows a circuit with a voltmeter that measures the
voltage vm. In Figure P 5.4-16b, the voltmeter is replaced by the Figure P 5.4-17
model of an ideal voltmeter, an open circuit. The voltmeter
P 5.4-18 Consider the circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-18.
measures vmi, the ideal value of vm.
Determine
(a) The value of vR that occurs when R ¼ 9 V .
200 Ω 10 Ω
(b) The value of R that causes vR ¼ 5.4 V.
+ Voltmeter (c) The value of R that causes iR ¼ 300 mA.
+ 25 V 50 Ω vm
– iR
20 Ω 6Ω
–
+
(a)
+ vR R
9V 300 mA 30 Ω
200 Ω 10 Ω –
–
+
+ 25 V 50 Ω vmi
– Figure P 5.4-18
–
P 5.4-19 The circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-19a can be reduced
(b)
to the circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-19b using source transfor-
200 Ω 10 Ω mations and equivalent resistances. Determine the values of the
+ source voltage voc and the resistance R.
+ 25 V Rm vm
– 50 Ω R
–
42 Ω
(c) +
18 V 84 Ω C
–
Figure P 5.4-16
As Rm ! 1, the voltmeter becomes an ideal voltmeter
(a)
and vm ! vmi. When Rm < 1, the voltmeter is not ideal and
vm > vmi. The difference between vm and vmi is a measurement
error caused by the fact that the voltmeter is not ideal. 46 Ω
+ v oc C
(a) Determine the value of vmi. –

(b) Express the measurement error that occurs when Rm ¼

1000 V as a percentage of vmi.
(c) Determine the minimum value of Rm required to ensure (b)
that the measurement error is smaller than 2 percent of vmi. Figure P 5.4-19
 Problems 211

i
P 5.4-20 The equivalent circuit in Figure P 5.4-20 is obtained 50 Ω
by replacing part of the original circuit by its Th!evenin
+
equivalent circuit. The values of the parameters of the Th!evenin
equivalent circuit are 0.25 A 50 Ω R1 v R2
vs
–
voc ¼ 15 V and Rt ¼ 60 V +–

(a)
Determine the following:
i

(a) The values of Vs and Ra. (Three resistors in the original +

circuit have equal resistance, Ra.)
isc Rt v R2
(b) The value of Rb required to cause i ¼ 0.2 A.
(c) The value of Rb required to cause v ¼ 5 V. –

Ra Ra i
(b)
+ Figure P 5.5-1
+ v
– Vs Ra Rb
P 5.5-2 Two black boxes are shown in Figure P 5.5-2. Box
–
A contains the Th!evenin equivalent of some linear circuit, and
box B contains the Norton equivalent of the same circuit. With
access to just the outsides of the boxes and their terminals, how
original circuit
can you determine which is which, using only one shorting wire?
Rt
Box A Box B

1Ω a a
+
– v oc Rb

1V +
– 1A 1Ω

equivalent circuit b b

Figure P 5.4-20 Figure P 5.5-2 Black boxes problem.

P 5.5-3 The circuit shown in Figure P 5.5-3a can be reduced

to the circuit shown in Figure P 5.5-3b using source transfor-
Section 5.5 Norton’s Equivalent Circuit mations and equivalent resistances. Determine the values of the
P 5.5-1 The part of the circuit shown in Figure P 5.5-1a source current isc and the resistance R.
to the left of the terminals can be reduced to its Norton
equivalent circuit using source transformations and equi- 160 Ω
valent resistance. The resulting Norton equivalent circuit, 80 Ω 4.8 A R L
shown in Figure P 5.5-1b, will be characterized by the
parameters:
(a)
isc ¼ 0:5 A and Rt ¼ 20 V

(a) Determine the values of vS and R1.

i sc 48 Ω L
(b) Given that 0 - R2 - 1, determine the maximum values of
the voltage v and of the power p ¼ vi.

(b)
Answers: vs ¼ 37:5 V; R1 ¼ 25 V ; max v ¼ 10 V and max
p ¼ 1.25 W Figure P 5.5-3
212 5. Circuit Theorems

P 5.5-4 Find the Norton equivalent circuit for the circuit P 5.5-8 Find the Norton equivalent circuit for the circuit
shown in Figure P 5.5-4. shown in Figure P 5.5-8.
3Ω 5Ω
a 2 ix
4Ω 1Ω a
+ –
4A 8Ω 5A
6Ω 2.5 A ix 3Ω
b

Figure P 5.5-4 b

P 5.5-5 The circuit shown in Figure P 5.5-5b is the Norton Figure P 5.5-8
equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in Figure P 5.5-5a.
Find the value of the short-circuit current isc and Th!evenin P 5.5-9 Find the Norton equivalent circuit for the circuit
resistance Rt. shown in Figure P 5.5-9.
Answer: isc ¼ 1.13 A and Rt ¼ 7.57 V 4Ω
3Ω 5Ω 2.5 v1 a
– +
+
+ 2ia isc v1 3Ω
– 10 V 6Ω Rt 1 3A

ia – 5Ω

Figure P 5.5-9
(a) (b)
Figure P 5.5-5 P 5.5-10 An ideal ammeter is modeled as a short circuit. A
more realistic model of an ammeter is a small resistance. Figure
P 5.5-6 The circuit shown in Figure P 5.5-6b is the Norton P 5.5-10a shows a circuit with an ammeter that measures the
equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in Figure P 5.5-6a. Find the current im. In Figure P 5.5-10b, the ammeter is replaced by the
value of the short-circuit current isc and Th!evenin resistance Rt. model of an ideal ammeter, a short circuit. The ammeter
measures imi, the ideal value of im.
Answer: isc ¼ #24 A and Rt ¼ #3 V
3Ω 6Ω
im
+ 4 kΩ
Ammeter
– va isc
+ 24 V 1.33va Rt

– 3 mA 4 kΩ 2 kΩ

(a) (b) (a)

Figure P 5.5-6 imi

4 kΩ
P 5.5-7 Determine the value of the resistance R in the circuit
shown in Figure P 5.5-7 by each of the following methods:
3 mA 4 kΩ 2 kΩ
(a) Replace the part of the circuit to the left of terminals a–b by
its Norton equivalent circuit. Use current division to
determine the value of R.
(b)
(b) Analyze the circuit shown Figure P 5.5-7 using mesh equa-
tions. Solve the mesh equations to determine the value of R.
im
5 kΩ 10 kΩ a 4 kΩ

ib 3 mA 4 kΩ 2 kΩ Rm
25 V +– 4 ib R 0.5 mA

b (c)
Figure P 5.5-7 Figure P 5.5-10
 Problems 213

As Rm ! 0, the ammeter becomes an ideal ammeter and P 5.6-2 The circuit model for a photovoltaic cell is given
im ! imi. When Rm > 0, the ammeter is not ideal and im < imi. in Figure P 5.6-2 (Edelson, 1992). The current is is proportional
The difference between im and imi is a measurement error to the solar insolation (kW/m2).
caused by the fact that the ammeter is not ideal. (a) Find the load resistance, RL, for maximum power transfer.
(a) Determine the value of imi. (b) Find the maximum power transferred when is ¼ 1 A.
(b) Express the measurement error that occurs when Rm ¼
1Ω
20 V as a percentage of imi.
(c) Determine the maximum value of Rm required to ensure
that the measurement error is smaller than 2 percent of imi. is 100 Ω RL

P 5.5-11 Determine values of Rt and isc that cause the circuit

shown in Figure P 5.5-11b to be the Norton equivalent circuit
of the circuit in Figure P 5.5-11a. Figure P 5.6-2 Circuit model of a photovoltaic cell.

Answer: Rt ¼ 3 V and isc ¼ #2 A

P 5.6-3 For the circuit in Figure P 5.6-3, (a) find R such
6Ω 3Ω a a that maximum power is dissipated in R, and (b) calculate the
value of maximum power.
+
+
– 12 V 2ia isc Rt Answer: R ¼ 60 V and Pmax ¼ 54 mW
–
ia
150 Ω 100 Ω
b b
(a) (b)
+ R +
6V 2V
Figure P 5.5-11 – –

P 5.5-12 Use Norton’s theorem to formulate a general

expression for the current i in terms of the variable resistance R Figure P 5.6-3
shown in Figure P 5.5-12.
P 5.6-4 For the circuit in Figure P 5.6-4, prove that for Rs
Answer: i ¼ 20=(8 þ R) A variable and RL fixed, the power dissipated in RL is maximum
12 Ω 8 Ω when Rs ¼ 0.
Rs
a
+
30 V – i R 16 Ω
b vs +
RL
–

Figure P 5.5-12
source load
network
Section 5.6 Maximum Power Transfer
Figure P 5.6-4
P 5.6-1 The circuit shown in Figure P 5.6-1 consists of two
parts separated by a pair of terminals. Consider the part of the
P 5.6-5 Determine the maximum power that can be
circuit to the left of the terminals. The open circuit voltage is
absorbed by a resistor, R, connected to terminals a–b of the
voc ¼ 8 V, and short-circuit current is isc ¼ 2 A. Determine the
circuit shown in Figure P 5.6-5. Specify the required value of R.
values of (a) the voltage source voltage vs and the resistance R2, 8Ω a
and (b) the resistance R that maximizes the power delivered to
the resistor to the right of the terminals, and the corresponding
20 Ω 10 Ω
maximum power.
20 A
ia 8Ω R2

+
+ +
vs 4 ia v R 120 Ω 50 Ω
– –
– i
b
Figure P 5.6-1 Figure P 5.6-5 Bridge circuit.
214 5. Circuit Theorems

P 5.6-6 Figure P 5.6-6 shows a source connected to a load 5

through an amplifier. The load can safely receive up to 15 W of
power. Consider three cases: Power
(W)
(a) A ¼ 20 V/V and Ro ¼ 10 V . Determine the value of RL that
maximizes the power delivered to the load and the corre-
sponding maximum load power. 0 10 20 30 40
(b) A ¼ 20 V/V and RL ¼ 8 V . Determine the value of Ro that R (ohms)
maximizes the power delivered to the load and the corre- Figure P 5.6-9
sponding maximum load power.
(c) Ro ¼ 10 V and RL ¼ 8 V . Determine the value of A that P 5.6-10 The part circuit shown in Figure P 5.6-10a to left of
maximizes the power delivered to the load and the corre- the terminals can be reduced to its Norton equivalent circuit
sponding maximum load power. using source transformations and equivalent resistance. The
resulting Norton equivalent circuit, shown in Figure P 5.6-10b,
Ro
will be characterized by the parameters:
+ isc ¼ 1:5 A and Rt ¼ 80 V
+
500 mV + 100 kΩ va Ava RL
–
–
– (a) Determine the values of is and R1.
(b) Given that 0 - R2 - 1, determine the maximum value of
source amplifier load p = vi, the power delivered to R2.
Figure P 5.6-6
i
P 5.6-7 The circuit in Figure P 5.6-7 contains a variable
resistance, R, implemented using a potentiometer. The resistance 50 Ω
+
of the variable resistor varies over the range 0 - R - 1000 V . 25 V + is R1 v R2
–
The variable resistor can safely receive 1=4 W power. Determine
–
the maximum power received by the variable resistor. Is the circuit
safe? 50 Ω
(a)
180 Ω R 120 Ω
i

+
10 V 150 Ω 470 Ω +
20 V +
– –
i sc Rt v R2
–
Figure P 5.6-7
(b)
P 5.6-8 For the circuit of Figure P 5.6-8, find the power
delivered to the load when RL is fixed and Rt may be varied Figure P 5.6-10
between 1 V and 5 V . Select Rt so that maximum power is
delivered to RL. P 5.6-11 Given that 0 - R - 1 in the circuit shown in Figure
P 5.6-11, determine (a) maximum value of ia, (b) the maximum
Answer: 13.9 W value of va, and (c) the maximum value of pa = ia va.
Rt ia
4Ω

+
+
10 V RL = 5 Ω + va
–
– 12 V 8Ω R
−

Figure P 5.6-8
P 5.6-9 A resistive circuit was connected to a variable resistor,
and the power delivered to the resistor was measured as shown in
Figure P 5.6-9. Determine the Th!evenin equivalent circuit.
Answer: Rt ¼ 20 V and voc ¼ 20 V
Figure P 5.6-11
P 5.6-12 Given that 0 - R - 1 in the circuit shown in
Figure P 5.6-12, determine value of R that maximizes the
power pa = ia va and the corresponding maximum value of pa.