Superficie gaussiana

𝑺𝑺

𝑬𝑬 𝜱𝜱𝑬𝑬 = � 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅𝑨𝑨

+
𝜺𝜺𝟎𝟎 𝜱𝜱𝑬𝑬 = 𝒒𝒒𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆

𝒒𝒒𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆
� 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅𝑨𝑨 =
𝜺𝜺𝟎𝟎

ELM 35
Unidad de medida de flujo eléctrico SI
𝑵𝑵 � 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
𝜱𝜱𝑬𝑬 𝒖𝒖 =
𝑪𝑪
ELM 36
 𝒒𝒒
= � 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅𝑨𝑨
𝜺𝜺𝟎𝟎
𝒒𝒒
𝑬𝑬 = 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝑬𝑬(𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 )
+ 𝜺𝜺𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒅𝑨𝑨 𝒒𝒒 𝒒𝒒
𝑬𝑬 = = 𝒌𝒌
𝟒𝟒𝝅𝝅𝜺𝜺𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐

𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎
𝒒𝒒
= � 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅𝑨𝑨 = � 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 + � 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 + � 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅𝑨𝑨𝟑𝟑
𝜺𝜺𝟎𝟎

𝒅𝒅𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐
𝒒𝒒
𝑬𝑬 = 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅
𝜺𝜺𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒅𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏
𝒅𝒅𝑨𝑨𝟑𝟑 𝒒𝒒 𝛌𝛌 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑬𝑬 = = =
+
+
+
+
+

𝟐𝟐𝝅𝝅𝜺𝜺𝟎𝟎 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 𝟐𝟐𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒓 𝒓𝒓

ELM 37
ELM 38
 JARAMILLO MORALES, Gabriel Alejandro, ALVARADO CASTELLANOS,
Alfonso Alejandro. Electricidad y Magnetismo. Reimpresión 2008, México,
Trillas. Páginas 48-54.

ELM 39
 𝑭𝑭

� 𝒅𝒅𝑺𝑺 = � 𝛁𝛁 � 𝑭𝑭𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
� 𝑭𝑭 � 𝒏𝒏

𝝏𝝏𝑭𝑭𝒙𝒙 𝝏𝝏𝑭𝑭𝒚𝒚 𝝏𝝏𝑭𝑭𝒛𝒛

𝛁𝛁 � 𝑭𝑭 = + +
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝒚𝒚 𝝏𝝏𝒛𝒛
ELM 40
 𝑭𝑭

� 𝛁𝛁 × 𝑭𝑭 � 𝒅𝒅𝑺𝑺 = � 𝑭𝑭 � 𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒍⃗

𝒊𝒊̂ 𝒋𝒋̂ �
𝒌𝒌
𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏
𝛁𝛁 × 𝑭𝑭 =
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏
𝑭𝑭𝒙𝒙 𝑭𝑭𝒚𝒚 𝑭𝑭𝒛𝒛
ELM 41
𝑬𝑬

𝒒𝒒 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒍⃗
𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒆 = � 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅 𝒍𝒍⃗ = � 𝒌𝒌 �
𝒓𝒓 � 𝒅𝒅 ⃗ = 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 �
𝒍𝒍
𝒓𝒓�
𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐
+ 𝒓𝒓′
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒆 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙′ 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 � 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎
𝒓𝒓→𝒓𝒓 𝒓𝒓
𝒓𝒓

𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒆 = � 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅 𝒍𝒍⃗ = 𝟎𝟎
ELM 42
𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒆 = � 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅 𝒍𝒍⃗ = � 𝛁𝛁 × 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅𝑺𝑺 = 𝟎𝟎

𝛁𝛁 × 𝑬𝑬 = 𝟎𝟎

ELM 43
ELM 44
 JARAMILLO MORALES, Gabriel Alejandro, ALVARADO CASTELLANOS,
Alfonso Alejandro. Electricidad y Magnetismo. Reimpresión 2008, México,
Trillas. Páginas 55-63.
 RESNICK, Robert, HALLIDAY, David, KRANE, Kenneth. Física Volumen
2. Reimpresión 2003, México, CONTINENTAL. Páginas 635-640.

ELM 45
 𝑨𝑨 𝑩𝑩
𝒒𝒒𝒒
𝑭𝑭𝒆𝒆
+ +
𝒒𝒒

𝑨𝑨 𝑨𝑨

𝑩𝑩𝑾𝑾𝑨𝑨 = � 𝑭𝑭 � 𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒍⃗ 𝑩𝑩𝑾𝑾𝑨𝑨 𝒖𝒖 = 𝑱𝑱 𝑩𝑩𝑾𝑾𝑨𝑨 = −𝒒𝒒 � 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒍⃗

𝑩𝑩 𝑩𝑩
ELM 46
 𝑼𝑼𝑨𝑨
𝑩𝑩𝑾𝑾𝑨𝑨 = 𝑼𝑼𝑨𝑨 − 𝑼𝑼𝑩𝑩 𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨 =
𝒒𝒒

𝑨𝑨

𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨 − 𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩 𝑩𝑩𝑾𝑾𝑨𝑨 = 𝒒𝒒𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 − � 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒍⃗ = 𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨

𝑩𝑩

Unidad de medida de potencial eléctrico SI

𝑱𝑱
𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝒖𝒖 = = 𝑽𝑽 𝑽𝑽 : 𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽
𝑪𝑪
ELM 47
ELM 48
 JARAMILLO MORALES, Gabriel Alejandro, ALVARADO CASTELLANOS,
Alfonso Alejandro. Electricidad y Magnetismo. Reimpresión 2008, México,
Trillas. Páginas 58-73.

ELM 49
 𝑨𝑨

𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = − � 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒍⃗
𝑩𝑩

𝒒𝒒
𝑬𝑬 = 𝒌𝒌 𝟐𝟐 𝒓𝒓�
𝒓𝒓

𝒓𝒓𝑨𝑨
𝒒𝒒 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = − � 𝒌𝒌 𝟐𝟐
𝒓𝒓� � 𝒅𝒅𝒓𝒓 𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 −
𝒓𝒓 𝒓𝒓𝑨𝑨 𝒓𝒓𝑩𝑩
𝒓𝒓𝑩𝑩

ELM 50
 𝑨𝑨

𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = − � 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒍⃗
𝑩𝑩

𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝛌𝛌
𝑬𝑬 = 𝒓𝒓�
𝒓𝒓

𝒓𝒓𝑨𝑨
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝛌𝛌 𝒓𝒓𝑩𝑩
𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 =− � 𝒓𝒓� � 𝒅𝒅𝒓𝒓 𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝛌𝛌𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍
𝒓𝒓 𝒓𝒓𝑨𝑨
𝒓𝒓𝑩𝑩

ELM 51
 𝑨𝑨

𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = − � 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒍⃗
𝑩𝑩

𝝈𝝈
𝑬𝑬 = 𝒓𝒓�
𝟐𝟐𝜺𝜺𝟎𝟎

𝒓𝒓𝑨𝑨
𝝈𝝈 𝝈𝝈
𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 =− � 𝒓𝒓� � 𝒅𝒅𝒓𝒓 𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝒓𝒓 − 𝒓𝒓𝑨𝑨
𝟐𝟐𝜺𝜺𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟐𝜺𝜺𝟎𝟎 𝑩𝑩
𝒓𝒓𝑩𝑩

ELM 52
 𝑨𝑨

𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = − � 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒍⃗
𝑩𝑩

𝝈𝝈
𝑬𝑬 = − 𝒓𝒓�
𝜺𝜺𝟎𝟎

𝒓𝒓𝑨𝑨
𝝈𝝈 𝝈𝝈
𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = � 𝒓𝒓� � 𝒅𝒅𝒓𝒓 𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝒓𝒓 − 𝒓𝒓𝑩𝑩
𝜺𝜺𝟎𝟎 𝜺𝜺𝟎𝟎 𝑨𝑨
𝒓𝒓𝑩𝑩 ELM 53
 𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = −𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖[𝑽𝑽]

𝟑𝟑
𝑵𝑵𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
𝜱𝜱𝑬𝑬 = −𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ELM 54
𝑪𝑪
ELM 55
 JARAMILLO MORALES, Gabriel Alejandro, ALVARADO CASTELLANOS,
Alfonso Alejandro. Electricidad y Magnetismo. Reimpresión 2008, México,
Trillas. Páginas 44-85.

ELM 56
 𝝏𝝏𝝋𝝋 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏
𝛁𝛁𝝋𝝋 = , ,
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝒚𝒚 𝝏𝝏𝒛𝒛

𝒅𝒅𝝋𝝋 = 𝛁𝛁𝝋𝝋 � 𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒍⃗

ELM 57
 𝛁𝛁 × 𝑬𝑬 = 𝟎𝟎

𝛁𝛁 × 𝛁𝛁𝝋𝝋 = 𝛁𝛁 × −𝛁𝛁𝝋𝝋 = 𝟎𝟎

𝑬𝑬 = −𝛁𝛁𝝋𝝋

ELM 58
 𝑨𝑨

𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = − � 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒍⃗
𝑩𝑩

𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝜶𝜶 ⇒ 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

𝑨𝑨

� 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒍⃗ = 𝜷𝜷 ⇒ 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒍⃗

𝑩𝑩

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = −𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒍⃗

𝛁𝛁𝑽𝑽 � 𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒍⃗ = −𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒍⃗
𝑬𝑬 = −𝛁𝛁𝑽𝑽
ELM 59
 𝒒𝒒
� 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅𝑨𝑨 =
𝜺𝜺𝟎𝟎

� 𝒅𝒅𝑺𝑺 = � 𝛁𝛁 � 𝑭𝑭𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
� 𝑭𝑭 � 𝒏𝒏 � 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒅𝒅𝑨𝑨 = � 𝛁𝛁 � 𝑬𝑬𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅′

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒒𝒒 𝟏𝟏
𝝆𝝆 = ⇒ 𝒒𝒒 = � 𝝆𝝆 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � 𝝆𝝆 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝜺𝜺𝟎𝟎 𝜺𝜺𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟏 𝝆𝝆
� 𝛁𝛁 � 𝑬𝑬𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅′ = � 𝝆𝝆 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝛁𝛁 � 𝑬𝑬 =
𝜺𝜺𝟎𝟎 𝜺𝜺𝟎𝟎
ELM 60
 𝝆𝝆
𝛁𝛁 � 𝑬𝑬 = 𝑬𝑬 = −𝛁𝛁𝑽𝑽
𝜺𝜺𝟎𝟎

𝟐𝟐
𝝆𝝆
𝛁𝛁 � 𝛁𝛁𝑽𝑽 = 𝛁𝛁 𝑽𝑽 = − 𝛁𝛁 � 𝛁𝛁𝑽𝑽 = 𝛁𝛁 𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝑽 = 𝟎𝟎
𝜺𝜺𝟎𝟎

𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐
𝝏𝝏 𝝋𝝋 𝝏𝝏 𝝋𝝋 𝝏𝝏 𝝋𝝋
𝛁𝛁 � 𝛁𝛁𝝋𝝋 = 𝛁𝛁 𝝋𝝋 = ∆𝝋𝝋 = + +
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏𝟐𝟐 𝝏𝝏𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 𝝏𝝏𝒛𝒛𝟐𝟐

ELM 61
 𝒛𝒛
𝟐𝟐
𝝏𝝏 𝑽𝑽
𝑽𝑽 = 𝟎𝟎 𝑽𝑽 = 𝑽𝑽𝟎𝟎 𝛁𝛁 𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝑽 = = 𝟎𝟎
𝝏𝝏𝒚𝒚 𝟐𝟐
𝑽𝑽 = 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 + 𝑩𝑩

𝒚𝒚
𝑽𝑽 𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎𝟎 𝑽𝑽 𝒅𝒅 = 𝑽𝑽𝟎𝟎

𝒙𝒙 𝑽𝑽𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒅 𝑽𝑽 = 𝒚𝒚
ELM 𝒅𝒅 62
 𝒛𝒛 𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝑽𝟑𝟑

𝑽𝑽𝟎𝟎
𝑽𝑽 = 𝒚𝒚
𝒅𝒅
𝒚𝒚
𝑽𝑽 = 𝟎𝟎 𝑽𝑽 = 𝑽𝑽𝟎𝟎

𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨 − 𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩 = 𝟎𝟎

ELM 63
 𝑪𝑪
𝛌𝛌 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟕𝟕 𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔[𝑽𝑽] 𝑭𝑭𝒒𝒒 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟒𝟒 𝑵𝑵 𝒋𝒋̂
𝒎𝒎
ELM 64