Examen Intermedio, Estadística Aplicada, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Central del Ecuador

∑ 𝑥𝑖 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑛+1 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑥𝑛+1 𝑅 = 𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑋𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝜇= 𝑥= 𝑀𝑒 = 2 2 #𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑛)
2 𝑀𝑒 =
𝑁 𝑛 2 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 = 𝑋𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 0,005
𝑚𝑖 𝑛 𝐿𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 = 𝑋𝑚á𝑥 + 0,005 𝑁𝑅
( ) − 𝐹(𝑖 − 1)
𝑥 = ∑ 𝑓𝑖 ∗
𝑛
= ∑ 𝑚𝑖 ∗ 𝑤𝑖 𝑀𝑒 = 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑓 + 2 ∗𝐴 𝑁𝑅 = 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 − 𝐿𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑 =
#𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑓𝑖
𝑓𝑖 − 𝑓(𝑖 − 1)
𝑀𝑜 = 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑓 + ∗𝐴 #𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑓. 𝐿𝑠𝑢𝑝. 𝑀𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑒 fi wi (Fi) (Fi) (Wi) (Wi)
2𝑓 − 𝑓(𝑖 − 1) − 𝑓(𝑖 + 1)
∞
𝑘∗𝑛 𝑘∗𝑛 𝑘∗𝑛 𝑘∗𝑛 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑄𝑘 = 𝐻𝑘 = 𝐷𝑘 = 𝑃𝑘 =
4 7 10 100 ∑ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = 1 −∞

𝑘 = [1,2,3] 𝑘 = [1, … ,6] 𝑘 = [1, … ,9] 𝑘 = [1, … ,99] 𝑏

𝑥=𝑏
𝑃(𝑎 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 𝑏) = 𝑃(𝑎 < 𝑋 < 𝑏) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑘𝑖 ∗ 𝑛 𝑘𝑖 ∗ 𝑛 𝑃(𝑎 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 𝑏) = ∑ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎
(( ) − 𝐹(𝑖−1) ) (( ) − 𝐹(𝑖−1) )
4 10 𝑥=𝑎 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑃(𝑋 < 𝑥)
𝑄𝑖 = 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑓 + ∗𝐴 𝐷𝑖 = 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑓 + ∗𝐴 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 𝑥)
𝑓𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑥
𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑘𝑖 ∗ 𝑛 𝑘𝑖 ∗ 𝑛 𝐹(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑓(𝑡) −∞
(( ) − 𝐹(𝑖−1) ) (( ) − 𝐹(𝑖−1) )
7 100 𝑥=0 𝑑𝐹(𝑥)
𝐻𝑖 = 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑓 + ∗𝐴 𝑃𝑖 = 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑓 + ∗𝐴 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑓𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) 𝑑(𝑥)
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑓. = 𝑄3 + 1,5(𝑄3 – 𝑄1 ) 𝐿𝑠𝑢𝑝. = 𝑄3 + 1,5(𝑄3 – 𝑄1 ) ∞
𝜇 = ∑ 𝑥𝑖 ∗ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) 𝜇 = ∫ 𝑥𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−∞
|𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇| |𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇|2 2 2 ∞
𝐷𝑀 = (∑ ) 2
𝜎 = (∑ ) 𝜎 = √𝜎 2 𝑠 = √𝑠 2 𝜎 = ∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇) ∗ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )
𝑁 𝑁 𝜎 2 = ∫ (𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇)2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−∞
|𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥| |𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥|2 𝜎 𝑠
𝐷𝑀 = (∑ ) 𝑠 2 = (∑ ) 𝐶𝑉 = 𝐶𝑉 = 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = 𝑏𝑒𝑟(𝑥, 𝑝) 𝜇𝑥 = 𝑝 𝜎𝑥2 = 𝑝(1 − 𝑝)
𝑛−1 𝑛−1 𝑥̅ 𝑥̅
2
∑(𝑀𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑒 ) ∑ (|𝑀𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑒 − 𝑥̅ 𝑚𝑖 | ) 𝜎 𝑠 𝑛
𝑥̅𝑚𝑖 = 𝑠2 = 𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝐸 = 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = 𝑏(𝑥, 𝑛, 𝑝) = ( ) 𝑝 𝑥 (1 − 𝑝)𝑛−2
#𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑒 − 1 √𝑛 √𝑛 𝑥
1
𝑅𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑜 = (𝑄3 − 𝑄1)
𝑅 = 𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑋𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 𝜇𝑥 = ∑ 𝑥𝑖 ∗ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) = 𝑛𝑝 𝜎𝑥2 = ∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇)2 ∗ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) = 𝑛𝑝(1 − 𝑝)
𝑅𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙 10−90 = (𝑃90 − 𝑃10)

3 ∗ (𝑥 − 𝑀𝑒) (+3; −3): As + o - 𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 ( 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥)3 (𝑘𝑥 ) ∗ (𝑁−𝑘

𝑛−𝑥
)
𝐴𝑠𝑃 = 𝐴𝑠𝐹 = 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = ℎ(𝑥, 𝑁, 𝑛, 𝑘) =
𝑠 0: Simétrico (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)𝑠 3 (𝑁 )
𝑛
𝐴𝑠𝐹
𝑄1 + 𝑄3 − 2 ∗ 𝑀𝑒 (+1; −1): As + o - 𝐶𝑠𝑠 = (+2; −2): As + o - 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑁−𝑛
𝐴𝑠𝑄 = 𝜇𝑥 = 𝑛 ∗ 𝜎𝑥2 = 𝑛 ( ) (1 − ) ( )
𝑄3 − 𝑄1 0: Simétrico √6 0: Simétrico 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁−1
𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1) ∑𝑛𝑖=1 ( 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥)4 3(𝑛 − 1)2 𝑄 𝑄3 − 𝑄1 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 (𝜆𝑡)𝑥
𝐴𝑐𝐹 = − 𝑘= = 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = 𝑝(𝑥, 𝜆𝑡) =
(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3)𝑠 3 (𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3) 𝑃 2 ∗ (𝑃90 − 𝑃10) 𝑥!
𝐴𝑐𝐹 Csc = 0 (Mesocúrtica) k = 0,263 (Mesocúrtica)
𝐶𝑠𝑐 =
Csc < 0 (Platicúrtica) k < 0,263 (Platicúrtica) 𝜇𝑥 = 𝜆𝑡 𝜎𝑥2 = 𝜆𝑡
√24
𝑛 Csc > 0 (Leptocúrtica) k > 0,263 (Leptocúrtica)
 1 1 𝑥−𝜇 2
( )
𝜎 𝜎𝑋2 𝜎𝑌2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑛(𝑥, 𝜇, 𝜎 2 ) = 𝑒2 𝜎 𝑋 ± 𝑧𝛼 𝑋 − 𝑌 ± 𝑧𝛼 √ +
𝜎√2𝜋 2 √𝑛 2 𝑛𝑋 𝑛𝑌
∞ 2
1 1 𝑡−𝜇
( ) 1 𝜇
𝐹(𝑥) = 𝜙(𝑥, 𝜇, 𝜎 2 ) = ∫ 𝑒2 𝜎 𝑑𝑡 = [1 + erf (𝑥 − )] (𝑋 − 𝑌) − (𝜇𝑋 − 𝜇𝑌 )
−∞ 𝜎√2𝜋 2 𝜎√2 𝑥−𝜇 𝑍=
𝑍= 𝜎 𝜎𝑋2 𝜎𝑌2
𝑥−𝑢 1 1 2
√𝑛 √ +
𝑧= 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑛(𝑧, 0, 12 ) = 𝑒 2∗𝑧 𝑛𝑋 𝑛𝑌
𝜎 √2𝜋
1 𝑧 𝑠 𝑠𝑋2 𝑠𝑌2
𝐹(𝑧) = 𝜙(𝑧, 0, 12 ) = [1 + erf (𝑥 − )] 𝑋 ± 𝑡𝑛−1,𝛼 𝑋 − 𝑌 ± 𝑡𝜈,𝛼 √ +
2 √2 2 √𝑛 2 𝑛𝑋 𝑛𝑌

𝑛𝑝 ≥ 5 2
(𝑋 − 𝑌) − (𝜇𝑋 − 𝜇𝑌 )
𝜆𝑡 > 10 𝑠2 𝑠2
𝑛(1 − 𝑝) ≥ 5 𝑥−𝜇 ( 𝑋 + 𝑌) 𝑇=
𝑇= 𝑠 𝑛𝑋 𝑛𝑌
𝜈= 2 𝑠2 𝑠2
(𝑠𝑋 /𝑛𝑋 )2 (𝑠𝑌2 /𝑛𝑌 )2 √ 𝑋+ 𝑌
𝑋~𝑏(𝑥; 𝑛; 𝑝) → 𝑋~𝑁(𝑥; 𝜇, 𝜎 2 ) 𝑋~Ρ(𝑥; 𝜆𝑡) → 𝑋~𝑁(𝑥; 𝜇, 𝜎 2 ) √𝑛 + 𝑛𝑋 𝑛𝑌
𝑛𝑋 − 1 𝑛𝑌 − 1

𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 𝑥) = 𝑥 − 0.5
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝 𝑃(𝑋 > 𝑥) = 𝑥 + 0.5 𝜇 = 𝜆𝑡 1
𝑋̅ ± 𝑡𝑛−1;𝛼 ∗ 𝑠 ∗ √1 + 𝑋̅ ± (𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑟í𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎) ∗ 𝑠
𝜎 2 = 𝑛𝑝(1 − 𝑝) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 𝑥) = 𝑥 + 0.5 𝜎 2 = 𝜆𝑡 2 𝑛
𝑃(𝑋 < 𝑥) = 𝑥 − 0.5

𝑝̂ (1 − 𝑝̂ ) 𝑝̂𝑥 (1 − 𝑝̂𝑥 ) 𝑝̂𝑦 (1 − 𝑝̂𝑦 )

𝜙(𝑧𝛼 ) = (1 − 𝛼) 𝑥~𝑁(𝜇𝑥 , 𝜎𝑥2 ) 𝑝̂ ± 𝑧𝛼 √ 𝑝̂𝑥 − 𝑝̂𝑦 ± 𝑧𝛼 √ +
2 𝑛 2 𝑛𝑥 𝑛𝑦
𝛼 𝜎2 𝑋 𝑋 𝑌
𝜙(𝑧𝛼 ) = (1 − ) 𝜇𝑥 = 𝜇 𝜎𝑥2 = 𝑝̂ = 𝑝̂𝑥 = 𝑝̂𝑦 =
2 2 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧= 𝜎 (𝑝̂𝑥 − 𝑝̂𝑦 ) − (𝑝𝑥 − 𝑝𝑦 )
𝑝̂ − 𝑝 𝑍=
𝜎2 √𝑛 𝑍=
𝑧𝛼 = −𝑧(1−𝛼) 𝑥~𝑁 (𝜇, ) 𝑝 (1 − 𝑝𝑥 ) 𝑝𝑦 (1 − 𝑝𝑦 )
𝑛 √𝑝(1 − 𝑝) √ 𝑥 +
𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑛𝑦

𝑝̃(1 − 𝑝̃) 𝑝̃𝑋 (1 − 𝑝̃𝑋 ) 𝑝̃𝑌 (1 − 𝑝̃𝑌 )

𝑌 = 𝑎1 𝑋1 + 𝑎2 𝑋2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑋𝑛 𝑝̃ ± 𝑧𝛼 √ 𝑝̃𝑋 − 𝑝̃𝑌 ± 𝑧𝛼 √ +
2 𝑛̃ 2 𝑛̃𝑋 𝑛̃𝑌
𝜎 2𝑌 𝑥 − 𝜇𝑌
𝑌~𝑁 (𝜇𝑌 , ) 𝑧= 𝜎𝑌 𝑋+2 𝑥+1 𝑥+1
𝜇𝑌 = 𝑎1 𝜇1 + 𝑎2 𝜇2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝜇𝑛 𝑛 𝑛̃ = 𝑛 + 4; 𝑝̃ = 𝑛̃𝑋 = 𝑛𝑋 + 2 𝑝̃𝑋 = 𝑛̃𝑌 = 𝑛𝑌 + 2 𝑝̃𝑌 =
√𝑛 𝑛̃ 𝑛̃𝑋 𝑛̃𝑌

𝜎 2 𝑌 = 𝑎 21 𝜎 21 + 𝑎 2 2 𝜎 2 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎 2 𝑛 𝜎 2 𝑛 𝑝̃ − 𝑝 (𝑝̃𝑥 − 𝑝̃𝑦 ) − (𝑝𝑥 − 𝑝𝑦 )

𝑍= 𝑍=
𝑚 (𝑚 + 𝑛 − 1)! 𝑚 𝑚! √𝑝(1 − 𝑝) 𝑝 (1 − 𝑝𝑥 ) 𝑝𝑦 (1 − 𝑝𝑦 )
( ) = 𝐶𝑟𝑚𝑛 = 𝑛 =
( ) = 𝐶𝑚 √ 𝑥 +
𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑛𝑦
𝑛 𝑛! ∗ (𝑚 − 1)! 𝑛 𝑛! ∗ (𝑚 − 𝑛)!

(𝑛 − 1)𝑠 2 (𝑛 − 1)𝑠 2 𝑠12 1 𝜎12 𝑠12

𝑆𝑛~𝑁(𝜇𝑆𝑛 , 𝜎 2𝑆𝑛 ) 2 < 𝜎2 < 2 2 ∙ 𝑓𝛼 (𝜈 𝜈 ) < 2 < 2 ∙ 𝑓𝛼 (𝜈2, 𝜈1 )
𝜒 𝛼 𝜒 𝛼 𝑠2 1, 2 𝜎2 𝑠2 2
,𝑛−1 1− ,𝑛−1 2
2 2

𝑆𝑛 − 𝑛𝜇 (𝑛 − 1)𝑠 2 𝑠12 /𝜎12

𝜇𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛𝜇 𝜎 2𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛𝜎 2 𝑧= 𝜒2 = 𝐹=
𝜎√𝑛 𝜎2 𝑠22 /𝜎22
 Examen Final, Estadística Aplicada, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Central del Ecuador.

𝜇 (𝜇𝑋 − 𝜇𝑌 ) 𝑝 (𝑝𝑋 − 𝑝𝑌 )
𝐻0 : 𝐻𝑎 : 𝐻0 : 𝐻𝑎 : 𝐻0 : 𝐻𝑎 : 𝐻0 : 𝐻𝑎 :
𝜇 ≥ 𝜇0 𝜇 < 𝜇0 (𝜇𝑋 − 𝜇𝑌 ) ≥ 0 (𝜇𝑋 − 𝜇𝑌 ) < 0 𝑝 ≥ 𝑝0 𝑝 < 𝑝0 (𝑝𝑋 − 𝑝𝑌 ) ≥ 0 (𝑝𝑋 − 𝑝𝑌 ) < 0
𝜇 ≤ 𝜇0 𝜇 > 𝜇0 (𝜇𝑋 − 𝜇𝑌 ) ≤ 0 (𝜇𝑋 − 𝜇𝑌 ) > 0 𝑝 ≤ 𝑝0 𝑝 > 𝑝0 (𝑝𝑋 − 𝑝𝑌 ) ≤ 0 (𝑝𝑋 − 𝑝𝑌 ) > 0
𝜇 = 𝜇0 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0 (𝜇𝑋 − 𝜇𝑌 ) = 0 (𝜇𝑋 − 𝜇𝑌 ) ≠ 0 𝑝 = 𝑝0 𝑝 ≠ 𝑝0 (𝑝𝑋 − 𝑝𝑌 ) = 0 (𝑝𝑋 − 𝑝𝑌 ) ≠ 0

(𝑋 − 𝑌) − (𝜇𝑋 − 𝜇𝑌 ) (𝑋 − 𝑌) − (𝜇𝑋 − 𝜇𝑌 ) 𝑝̂ − 𝑝
𝑥−𝜇 𝑥−𝜇 𝑍= 𝑇= (𝑝̂𝑥 − 𝑝̂𝑦 ) − (𝑝𝑥 − 𝑝𝑦 ) 𝑋+𝑌
𝑍= 𝑇= 𝑍= 𝑍= ; 𝑝̂ =
𝜎 𝑠 𝜎2 𝜎𝑌2 𝑠2 𝑠2 1 1 𝑛𝑋 + 𝑛𝑌
√ 𝑋 + √ 𝑋+ 𝑌 √𝑝(1 − 𝑝) √𝑝̂ (1 − 𝑝̂ ) ( + )
√𝑛 √𝑛 𝑛𝑋 𝑛𝑌 𝑛𝑋 𝑛𝑌 𝑛 𝑛𝑋 𝑛𝑌

(𝑋 − 𝑌)𝑐 − 𝑑0 (𝑋 − 𝑌)𝑐 − 𝑑0 𝑝̂𝑐 − 𝑝0 (𝑝̂𝑥 − 𝑝̂𝑦 )𝑐 − 𝑑0

𝑥𝑐 − 𝜇0 𝑥𝑐 − 𝜇0 𝑍𝛼 = 𝑇𝛼,𝜈 =
𝑍𝛼 = 𝑇𝛼,𝜈 = 𝑍𝛼 = 𝑍𝛼 =
𝑠 𝑠 𝜎2
√ 𝑋 +
𝜎𝑌2 𝑠2
√ 𝑋 +
𝑠𝑌2 √𝑝0 (1 − 𝑝0 ) √𝑝̂ (1 − 𝑝̂ ) (
1 1
+ )
√𝑛 √𝑛 𝑛𝑋 𝑛𝑌 𝑛𝑋 𝑛𝑌 𝑛 𝑛𝑋 𝑛𝑌

(𝑋 − 𝑌)𝑐 − 𝑑0 (𝑋 − 𝑌)𝑐 − 𝑑0 𝑝̂𝑐 − 𝑝𝑎 (𝑝̂𝑥 − 𝑝̂𝑦 )𝑐 − 𝑑𝑎

𝑥𝑐 − 𝜇𝑎 𝑥𝑐 − 𝜇𝑎 𝑍(1−𝛽) = 𝑇(1−𝛽),𝜈 =
𝑍(1−𝛽) = 𝑇(1−𝛽),𝜈 = 𝑍(1−𝛽) = 𝑍(1−𝛽) =
𝑠 𝑠 𝜎2
√ 𝑋 +
𝜎𝑌2 𝑠2
√ 𝑋 +
𝑠𝑌2 √𝑝𝑎 (1 − 𝑝𝑎 ) √𝑝̂ (1 − 𝑝̂ ) (
1 1
+ )
√𝑛 √𝑛 𝑛𝑋 𝑛𝑌 𝑛𝑋 𝑛𝑌 𝑛 𝑛𝑋 𝑛𝑌

2 2
2 𝜎2 2 𝑠2 2 𝑠1
2
+ 𝑠2 2 𝑧𝛼 √𝑝0 (1 − 𝑝0 ) + 𝑧𝛽 √𝑝𝑎 (1 − 𝑝𝑎 ) 𝑧𝛼 √2𝑝(1 − 𝑝) + 𝑧𝛽 √𝑝𝑋 (1 − 𝑝𝑋 ) + 𝑝𝑦 (1 − 𝑝𝑦 )
𝑛 = (𝑍𝛼 + 𝑍𝛽 ) 𝑛 = (𝑇𝛼,𝜐 + 𝑇𝛽,𝜐 ) 𝑛 = (𝑇𝛼,𝜐 + 𝑇𝛽,𝜐 ) 𝑛=[ ] 𝑛=[ ]
Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 ∆ ∆
2 𝜎1 2 + 𝜎2 2
𝑛 = (𝑍𝛼 + 𝑍𝛽 )
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛: Δ2 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛:
2 1 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛: 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛:
𝑛 = (𝑍𝛼 + 𝑍𝛽 ) 𝑛 = 𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝛿2 𝑛 = 𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑛 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑡. 𝑛 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎
𝜎
𝑆𝐸 = 𝑍𝛽 = −𝑍(1−𝛽) 𝑝𝑋 + 𝑝𝑌
√𝑛 𝑑0 = (𝜇𝑥 − 𝜇𝑦 )0 𝑝=
Δ = |𝑝0 − 𝑝𝑎 | 2
Δ = |𝜇0 − 𝜇𝑎 | 𝑍𝛼 = −𝑍(1−𝛼) 𝑑𝑎 = (𝜇𝑥 − 𝜇𝑦 )𝑎
𝑝𝑎 = (𝑝0 + Δ) 𝑑𝑎 = (𝑝𝑥 − 𝑝𝑦 )𝑎 𝑑0 = (𝑝𝑥 − 𝑝𝑦 )0
Δ 𝜇𝑎 = (𝜇0 + Δ)
𝛿= Δ = |𝑑0 − 𝑑𝑎 | 𝑑𝑎 = (𝑑0 + Δ) Δ = |𝑑0 − 𝑑𝑎 | 𝑑𝑎 = (𝑑0 + Δ)
𝜎
(𝑋 − 𝑌̅ ) − (𝑑0 + Δ) (𝑋 − 𝑌̅ ) − (𝑑0 + Δ)
𝑥 − (𝜇0 + Δ) 𝑥 − (𝜇0 + Δ) 𝑍= 𝑇′ = 𝑝̂ − (𝑝0 + Δ) (𝑝̂𝑥 − 𝑝̂𝑦 ) − (𝑑0 + Δ)
𝑍= 𝜎 𝑇′ = 𝑠 𝑍= 𝑍=
𝜎2 𝜎2 𝑠2 𝑠2 1 1
√𝑛 √𝑛 √ 𝑋+ 𝑌
𝑛𝑋 𝑛𝑌
√ 𝑋+ 𝑌
𝑛𝑋 𝑛𝑌 √𝑝(1 − 𝑝) √𝑝̂ (1 − 𝑝̂ ) ( + )
𝑛 𝑛𝑋 𝑛𝑌

𝜎12
𝜎2 ( 2)
Verdad Acerca de la Población 𝜎2
Decisión Ho: V Ho: F Decisión 𝐻0 : 𝐻𝑎 : 𝐻0 : 𝐻𝑎 :
Error Tipo I 𝜎 2 ≥ 𝜎02 𝜎 2 < 𝜎𝑎2 (𝜎12 /𝜎22 ) ≥ 1 (𝜎12 /𝜎22 ) < 1
Decisión Correcta 𝜎 2 ≤ 𝜎02 𝜎 2 > 𝜎𝑎2 (𝜎12 /𝜎22 ) ≤ 1 (𝜎12 /𝜎22 ) > 1
Rechazar: Ho Falso Positivo Aceptar: Ha
(P=)
(P=1-), Potencia 𝜎 2 = 𝜎02 𝜎 2 ≠ 𝜎𝑎2 (𝜎12 /𝜎22 ) = 1 (𝜎12 /𝜎22 ) ≠ 1

Decisión Correcta
Error Tipo II
(𝑛 − 1)𝑠 2 𝑠12 /𝜎12
No Rechazar: Ho Falso Negativo Rechazar: Ha 𝜒2 = 𝐹=
(P=1-) 𝜎2 𝑠22 /𝜎22
(P=)
Decisión Ha: F Ha: V Decisión
Verdad acerca de la Población 𝑛 = 𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑒
 𝑛 𝑎 𝑛 𝑏 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏
1 1 1 1 1
𝑋̅𝑗. = ∑ 𝑥𝑗𝑘 𝑋̿ = ∑ ∑ 𝑥𝑗𝑘 𝑋̅𝑗. = ∑ 𝑥𝑗𝑘 𝑋̅𝑘. = ∑ 𝑥𝑗𝑘 𝑋̿ = ∑ ∑ 𝑥𝑗𝑘
𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 𝑎 𝑎𝑏
𝑘=1 𝑗=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑗=1 𝑗=1 𝑘=1

𝑥𝑗𝑘 = 𝜇 + 𝛼𝑗 + 𝜀𝑗𝑘 𝑥𝑗𝑘 = 𝜇 + 𝛼𝑗 + 𝛽𝑘 + 𝜀𝑗𝑘

𝑆𝑆𝑇 = ∑(𝑥𝑗𝑘 − 𝑋̿)2 𝑆𝑆𝐹 = 𝑛 ∑(𝑋̅𝑗. − 𝑋̿)2 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇 − 𝑆𝑆𝐹 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = ∑(𝑥𝑗𝑘 − 𝑋̿)2 𝑆𝑆𝐹 = 𝑏 ∑(𝑋̅𝑗. − 𝑋̿)2
𝑗,𝑘 𝑗 𝑗,𝑘 𝑘
𝜐 = (𝑎𝑛 − 1) 𝜐 = (𝑎 − 1) 𝜐 = 𝑎(𝑛 − 1) 𝜐 = (𝑎𝑏 − 1) 𝜐 = (𝑎 − 1)

𝑀𝑆𝑇 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇/𝜈 𝑀𝑆𝐹 = 𝑆𝑆𝐹/𝜈 𝑀𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝐸/𝜈 𝑀𝑆𝑇 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇/𝜈 𝑀𝑆𝐹 = 𝑆𝑆𝐹/𝜈

𝑆𝑆𝐵 = 𝑎 ∑(𝑋̅𝑘. − 𝑋̿)2 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇 − (𝑆𝑆𝐹 + 𝑆𝑆𝐵)

𝑗

𝜐 = (𝑏 − 1) 𝜐 = (𝑎 − 1)(𝑏 − 1)

𝑀𝑆𝐵 = 𝑆𝑆𝐵/𝜈 𝑀𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝐸/𝜈

1 1 𝑀𝑆𝐸 1 1
|𝑋̅𝑖. − 𝑋̅𝑗. | = 𝑡(𝑎𝑛−1),𝛼 √𝑀𝑆𝐸 ( + ) |𝑋̅𝑖. − 𝑋̅𝑗. | = 𝑞𝑎(𝑛−1),𝛼 √ ( + )
2 𝑛𝑖 𝑛𝑖 2 𝑛𝑖 𝑛𝑖

𝑥𝑗𝑘 = 𝜇 + 𝛼𝑗 + 𝛽𝑘 + 𝛾𝑗𝑘 + 𝜀𝑗𝑘

(𝑆𝑥𝑦 )2
𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 𝑆𝑦𝑦 = ∑(𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦̅𝑖 )2 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇 − 𝑆𝑆𝑅
𝑆𝑥𝑥
𝜐 = (𝑛 − 1) 𝜐=𝑘 𝜐 = (𝑛 − 𝑘 − 1)
𝑀𝑆𝑇 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇/𝜈 𝑀𝑆𝑅 = 𝑆𝑆𝑅/𝜈 𝑀𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝐸/𝜈

𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥
𝑆𝑆𝐸 = ∑(𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦̂𝑖 )2 = ∑(𝑦𝑖 − 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑥)2
𝜇𝑦 = 𝛼 + 𝛽𝑥
𝑦 = 𝛼 + 𝛽𝑥 + 𝜀 𝑆𝑥𝑦 ∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅𝑖 )(𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦̅𝑖 )
𝑏= = 𝑎 = 𝑦̅ − 𝑏𝑥̅
𝑦̂ = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑆𝑥𝑥 ∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅𝑖 )2
 𝐻𝑜: 𝛽 = 𝛽0 (0) 𝐻𝑜: 𝛼 = 𝛼0 (0)

𝑎 − 𝛼0 𝑆𝑆𝐸 𝑆𝑆𝑅
𝑏 − 𝛽0 𝑡= 𝑅2 = 1 − ( ) 𝑟2 = ( )
𝑡= 𝑆𝑆𝑇 𝑆𝑆𝑇
∑ 𝑥𝑖2
√
𝑀𝑆𝐸 √𝑀𝑆𝐸 (1 + )
𝑆𝑥𝑥 𝑛 𝑆𝑥𝑥

∑𝑇𝑡=2(𝑒𝑡 − 𝑒𝑡+1 )2
𝜐 = (𝑛 − 𝑘 − 1) 𝜐 = (𝑛 − 𝑘 − 1) 𝑦̂ ± 𝑡𝜈,𝛼 𝑆𝐸(𝑦̂) 𝑦̂ ± 𝑡𝜈,𝛼 𝑆𝐸(𝑦 − 𝑦̂) 𝐷=
2 2 ∑𝑇𝑡=1 𝑒𝑡2
𝑏 ± 𝑡𝛼 (𝑆𝐸) 𝐻𝑜: 𝜌 = 𝜌0 (0) 𝜐 = (𝑛 − 𝑘 − 1) 𝜐 = (𝑛 − 𝑘 − 1) 𝐷 = 2: 𝑁𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑦 𝐴𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛
2

𝐷 < 1: 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎

(𝑛 − 2)
𝑀𝑆𝐸 𝑡 = 𝑟√ 1 (𝑥𝑜 − 𝑥̅ )2 1 (𝑥𝑜 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑆𝐸 = √ 1 − 𝑟2 𝑆𝐸 = √𝑀𝑆𝐸 ( + ) 𝑆𝐸(𝑦 − 𝑦̂) = √𝑀𝑆𝐸 (1 + + ) 𝐷 > 3: 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎
𝑆𝑥𝑥 𝑛 𝑆𝑥𝑥 𝑛 𝑆𝑥𝑥
𝜐 = (𝑛 − 2) 𝐷 > 3 𝑜 𝐷 < 1: 𝑁𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎

1 1
𝑦 = 𝛼𝜀 𝛽𝑥 𝑦 = 𝛼𝜀 𝛽𝑥 𝑦 = 𝛼 +𝛽( ) 𝑦= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 1 = 0 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 = 1 𝑙𝑛1 = 0 𝑙𝑛𝑒 = 1
𝑥 𝛼 + 𝛽𝑥
1 1
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝛼 + 𝛽𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝛼 + 𝛽 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑦 = 𝛼 + 𝛽𝑥 ′ + 𝜀 𝑦= + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝛼 𝛽𝑥
1
𝑦 ′ = 𝛼 ′ + 𝛽 ′ + 𝜀′ 𝑦 ′ = 𝛼 ′ + 𝛽𝑥 ′ + 𝜀′ 𝑥′ = 𝑦 = 𝛼 ′ + 𝛽 ′ 𝑥 ′ + 𝜀′ 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑙𝑛𝑦 𝑦 ′ = 𝑙𝑛𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 ′ = 1/𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑢 ∙ 𝑣) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑢 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑣
𝑦=
𝛼 + 𝛽𝑥
𝛼 ′ = 𝑙𝑛𝛼 𝛼 ′ = 𝑙𝑛𝛼 𝛼 ′ = 1/𝛼 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑢/𝑣) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑢 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑣
𝜀 ′ = 𝑙𝑛𝜀 𝜀 ′ = 𝑙𝑛𝜀 𝜀 ′ = 1/𝜀 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑛 ∙ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑢
𝑛 1
𝑥 ′ = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 √𝑢 = ∙ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑢
𝑦 = 𝜀 𝛼+𝛽𝑥 𝑛