Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Capítulo 1
Gabriel Saavedra, 2022-1
802.11n is an amendment that improves upon the previous 802.11 standards, that had the first draft of
certification published in 2006. The standard added support for multiple-input multiple-output antennas
(MIMO). 802.11n operates on both the 2.4 GHz and the 5 GHz bands. Support for 5 GHz bands is optional.
Its net data rate ranges from 54 Mbit/s to 600 Mbit/s.
802.11n and 802.11ac use the same modulation principles as 802.11g. 802.11ac can negotiate up to
256QAM if the receiver sensitivity permits.
Data rates up to 600 Mbit/s are achieved only with the maximum of four spatial streams using one
40 MHz-wide channel.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum#/media/File:EM_Spectrum_Properties_edit.svg
• Co-focal lens:
¿Desventajas?
Winzer, P. J., Neilson, D. T., & Chraplyvy, A. R. (2018). Fiber-optic transmission and networking: the previous 20 and the next 20 years [Invited].
Optics Express, 26(18), 24190.
Coherent
Raman
EDFA
[2] Essiambre, R.-J., Kramer, G., Winzer, P. J., Foschini, G. J., & Goebel, B. (2010). Capacity Limits of Optical Fiber Networks. Journal of
Lightwave Technology, 28(4), 662–701. http://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2009.2039464
n2
n1 9/125 micro
𝜃2
𝜃1 𝜃𝑟
𝜃2 = 𝜋/2
𝑛1 > 𝑛2
𝜃1 𝜃𝑟
𝑛2
Reflección total interna 𝜃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
𝑛1
𝑛2
𝑛1
𝑛2
𝜕𝐵
𝛻×𝐸 =−
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐷
𝛻×𝐻 =−
𝜕𝑡
𝛻∙𝐷 =0
𝛻∙𝐵 =0
𝐷 = 𝜀𝐸, 𝐵 = 𝜇𝐻
𝜀 = Medium permittivity
𝜇 = Medium permeability
𝜕2𝐸
𝛻2𝐸 = 𝜀𝜇 2
𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕2𝐸 𝜕2𝑃
𝛻 × 𝛻 × 𝐸 = − 2 2 − 𝜇0 2
𝑐 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝐸 𝜔 = න 𝐸 𝑟, 𝑡 exp 𝑖𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞
𝛻 × 𝛻 × 𝐸 𝜔 =ε(𝜔)(𝜔2 /𝑐 2 )𝐸 𝜔
𝜀 = (𝑛 + 𝑖𝛼𝑐/2𝜔) 2
[3]
−1
𝑑𝛽 𝐿
𝑣𝑔 = 𝑇=
𝑑𝜔 𝑣𝑔
Time delay of frequency components
𝑑𝑇 𝑑 𝐿 𝑑2 𝛽
∆𝑇 = ∆𝜔 = ∆𝜔 = 𝐿 ∆𝜔 = 𝐿𝛽2 ∆𝜔
𝑑𝜔 𝑑𝜔 𝑣𝑔 𝑑𝜔 2
𝑑 1 2𝜋𝑐
𝐷= = − 2 𝛽2
𝑑𝜔 𝑣𝑔 𝜆
𝐵∆𝑇 < 1
𝐵𝐷𝐿∆𝜆 < 1
𝐵 𝑧, 𝜔 = 𝐵 0, 𝜔 exp(𝑖𝛽𝑧)
Using Taylor series to expand 𝛽(𝜔) around the carrier frequency, and the
slowly varying amplitude 𝐴(𝑧, 𝑡)
𝜕𝐴 𝑖𝛽2 𝜕 2 𝐴 𝛽3 𝜕 3 𝐴
Basic propagation equation: + − =0
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑡 2 6 𝜕𝑡 3
Función de transferencia
𝜕𝐴 𝛼
=− 𝐴
𝜕𝑧 2
Distance [km]
1
𝐵𝐸𝑅
𝑑𝐵𝑚 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
𝑃[𝑊] 𝑆𝑁𝑅
1𝑚𝑊
0𝑑𝐵𝑚 = 1𝑚𝑊
TX Optical Fibre OA OA OA RX
Optical Power [dBm]
Distance [km]
System parameters:
• Attenuation : 0.2 dB/km
• Fibre length : 200 km
• Shot noise level : -50 dBm
• Amplifier Gain: 40 dB
• Amplifier Noise: -35 dBm
35 dB SNR
10 dB SNR
Rayleigh is the linear scattering of light at scattering centres which are much smaller
than the wavelength of the light .
Rayleigh scattering sets a lower limit to the propagation losses.
𝜔𝑝 𝜔𝑠 + 𝜔𝐴
After a threshold energy is
transferred from pump wave into
stoke
𝜔𝑝 𝜔𝑠 + 𝜔𝐴
After a threshold energy is
transferred from pump wave into
stoke
Intensity dependence does not affect the mode shape, but the propagation
constant becomes power dependant:
′
𝑃
𝛽 = 𝛽 + 𝑘0 𝑛2 = 𝛽 + 𝛾𝑃
𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝜆[nm]
𝛼
Comunicaciones Ópticas, 2022-1 56
Fibre propagation
Nonlinear effects: cross phase modulation (SPM)
P [dBm]
𝜆[nm]
𝜕𝐴 𝑖𝛽2 𝜕 2 𝐴 𝛼 2
+ 2
= − 𝐴 + 𝑖𝛾 𝐴 𝐴
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑡 2
• Propagation equation describes the effects: Fibre attenuation, fibre
dispersion and non linear phase modulation.
• Not known analytical solution.
• Can be solved using different numerical methods
• Known as Nonlinear Schödinger equation
• Fundamental tool used in link design
Non linear susceptibility 𝜒 (3) , responsible for the non linear response in n, is
responsible for this process.
Mixing of three optical field with different frequency carrier generates a fourth field
with frequency:
𝜔4 = 𝜔1 ± 𝜔2 ± 𝜔3
𝜔4 𝜔1 𝜔2 𝜔3
59 Comunicaciones Ópticas, 2022-1
Fibre propagation
Nonlinear effects
• Stimulated light scattering
• Non linear Phase Modulation
• Four Wave Mixing
𝜔4 = 𝜔1 + 𝜔2 − 𝜔3
Phase matching requirements avoid most of the combinations. Close to
D = 0, multichannel systems become nearly phase matched.
Degenerate FWM (𝜔1 =𝜔2 )
∆= 𝛽 𝜔3 + 𝛽(𝜔4 )- 𝛽(𝜔1 )- 𝛽(𝜔2 )
𝜔4 𝜔1 𝜔2 𝜔3 𝜔4 𝜔1 𝜔3
60 Comunicaciones Ópticas, 2022-1
Fibre propagation
Nonlinear effects
• Stimulated light scattering
• Non linear Phase Modulation
• Four Wave Mixing
Even though FWM results in energy losses from the carrier frequency, this effect
can be useful for different applications in optical communications:
• Optical phase conjugation
• Fibre Optic Parametric Amplifiers (FOPA)
[7]
Stimulated
emission Spontaneous
triggered by emission:
signal photon: Noise
Signal
amplification
[6]
[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulated_emission
63 [7] www.finisar.com Comunicaciones Ópticas, 2022-1
Overcoming fibre limitations
Optical fibre amplifiers: Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier (EDFA)
Amplifier Noise:
• Spontaneous emission is inevitable during the amplification process
• The spectral density of Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) is give by:
𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑖𝑛 1 1
𝐹𝑛 = = 2𝑛𝑠𝑝 1 − +
𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐺 𝐺
66 Comunicaciones Ópticas, 2022-1
Overcoming fibre limitations
Optical fibre amplifiers: Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier (EDFA)
C band
Multiplexer
Span
Demultiplexer
L band
67 Comunicaciones Ópticas, 2022-1
Overcoming fibre limitations
Optical fibre amplifiers: Chain of amplifiers
TX Optical Fibre OA OA OA RX
A system with a chain of amplifiers will maintain signal power after a span,
however every amplifier will add 𝑆𝐴𝑆𝐸 over the transmission bandwidth.
ASE is added linearly after each amplifier, this way the OSNR after the link will be:
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑖𝑛
𝑂𝑆𝑁𝑅 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡 =
𝑃𝐴𝑆𝐸 𝑁∆𝑓𝑆𝐴𝑆𝐸
This allows the link design and calculating the power budget of the system