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Anuario de Investigaciones

ISSN: 0329-5885
anuario@psi.uba.ar
Universidad de Buenos Aires
Argentina

Martín, Etchevers,; Cristian Javier, Garay,; María Magdalena, González,; Hugo, Simkin,
Principales desarrollos y enfoques sobre alianza y relación terapéutica
Anuario de Investigaciones, vol. XIX, 2012, pp. 225-232
Universidad de Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires, Argentina

Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=369139948023

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DE LA PÁGINA 225 A LA 232 229


PRINCIPALES DESARROLLOS Y ENFOQUES SOBRE ALIANZA Y RELACIÓN TERAPÉUTICA
MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS AND APPROACHES ON ALLIANCE AND THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP
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