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Gramática
Gramática
Doblan la consonante final cuando incorporan un sufijo que comienza por vocal (-
ing / -ed / -er / -est ...)
to run / runner
to sit / sitting
to sin / sinned
b) Palabras de dos o más sílaba cuando el acento recae en la sílaba final y esta
sílaba final termina en:
Al incorporar sufijos que comienzan por vocal ( -ing / -ed / -er / -est...)
begin / beginner
forget / forgetting
to cancel / cancelling
to signal / signalled
to transform / transforming
b) Aquellas palabras que finalizan en una consonante pero que delante llevan dos
vocales.
to eat / eating
to meet / meeting
to draw / drawing
to sew / sewing
Lección 3ª: Palabras que terminan en "-y"
Gramática
happy / happily
Cuando se añade una "-s" final, bien para formar el plural del sustantivo bien la 3ª
persona del singular del presente del indicativo, la "y" final se transforma en "-
ies":
lorry / lorries
country / countries
to fly / flies
to cry / cries
Si la "y" va precedida por una vocal entonces no cambia, si bien hay excepciones:
Gramática
to come / coming
to believe / believable
to dance / danced
rude / rudest
late / later
to see / seeing
to flee / fleeing
morose / morosely
secure / securely
to engage / engagement
hope / hopeful
probable / probably
understandable / understandably
Lección 5ª: Omisión del artículo
Gramática
Se omite:
a car / cars
a house / houses
I like milk
Se omite:
All the dentists I know advise you to brush your teeth after every meal
He goes to work
Pero cuando se hace referencia a estos lugares por otros motivos (por ejemplo, ir a
un hospital de visita) entonces sí llevan artículos:
Gramática
a) Países que incluyen en sus nombres expresiones del tipo: república, estado,
reino:
The Netherlands
d) Regiones:
The Mississippi
2.- No llevan artículo "the":
b) Nombre de ciudades:
Sicily / Menorca
e) Nombre de lagos:
Gramática
My father's car
c) Con lugares:
Spain's surface
Monday's meeting
Gramática
En algunos casos sólo una de estas estructuras es posible; en otros ambas son
posibles. En caso de duda es preferible utilizar la estructura "of + sustantivo".
Museum entry
Shop window
Beach bar
City theatre
Winter festival
Sunday mass
Gold ring
Silver cufflinks
Tennis racket
Boxing gloves
Car park
Bus ticket
Lección 9ª: Orden de los adjetivos
Gramática
a) Tamaño:
(excepto "little" que iría en el mismo lugar que los que expresan edad)
b) Aspectos generales:
c) Edad:
d) Forma:
e) Personalidad:
f) Color:
h) Origen:
Gramática
Ejemplos:
She eats quickly
Ejemplos:
down, up, everywhere, nowhere, here, there, somewhere, away, inside, upstairs...
He went abroad
O si la oración lleva complemento, detrás de éste.
Ejemplos:
soon, lately, today, tomorrow, yesterday, now, afterwards, recently, yet, still...
I played tennis yesterday
Ejemplos:
He has often travelled to England
Ejemplos:
Ejemplos:
much, very, quite, pretty, nearly, rather, completely, rarely, entirely, almost,
extremely...
He is completely crazy
Gramática
Infinitivo
Gerundio
Ejemplos:
If you drive when you are drunk you risk losing your driving licence
I enjoy dancing
I like playing tennis
Would prefer to …
Agree / Appear / Arrange / Ask / Choose / Claim / Decide / Decline / Demand / Fail /
Forget / Happen / Hesitate / Hope / Learn / Manage / Offer / Plan / Prepare /
Pretend / Promise / Refuse / Remember / Seem / Swear / Threaten
Ejemplos:
He agreed to help me with my homework
Gramática
Regla general:
Particularidades:
Do you want some wine?
Can I have some biscuits?
If anyone ask for me, please tell them I will be back soon
Gramática
Las reglas que se aplican son las siguientes, si bien cabe cierta flexibilidad:
Ejemplos:
When you were unemployed, did you receivemuch help from your family?
Gramática
Como regla general:
Ejemplos:
Gramática
Su estructura es la siguiente:
So am I / Neither am I
So do I / Neither do I
....
"So am I" / "So do I" / "So can I" / "So have I"
Gramática
Se utilizan para:
a) Pedir confirmación.
b) Pedir información.
Por ejemplo:
Algunos casos particulares:
Gramática
a) Present continuous
b) Present simple
I work in a bank
Algunos verbos no se suelen utilizar en tiempo continuo, por lo que en estos casos
hay que emplear el "present simple":
Verbos de sentimiento / emoción: like, love, hate, want, wish, fear, desire, detest,
dislike...
Verbos de acciones mentales: agree, believe, forget, know, remember, think (=tener
una opinion), understand, realize...
Gramática
(La decisión de volar a París no la he tomado justo en este momento sino que ya lo
había decidido con anterioridad)
This evening I am going to the see the match between Real Madrid and Barcelona
2.- Future
El "future" describe acciones futuras, si bien no tienen por que ser tan
inmediatascomo con el "present continuous" o con "going to...".
También se utiliza para describir acciones futuras que han sido decididas sobre la
marcha, en el momento actual.
O acciones futuras que el emisor considera que van a tener lugar pero que no
dependen de su voluntad.
Gramática
1.- Past simple
When the mother came home her husband was playing with the kids (no sabemos si
terminó de jugar en ese momento o continuó jugando)
Otra diferencia entre ambos tiempos es que el "past continuous" se utiliza a veces
para indicar que la acción es más casual, menos planificada.
Yesterday morning, from 8 to 10, I was running (algo rutinario, que suelo hacer con
frecuencia, por lo que no lo resalto)
Gramática
a) Past Simple
This morning I had a very tense meeting with my boss (ya es por la tarde, la mañana
ha finalizado)
b) Presente Perfect
This morning I has had a very tense meeting with my boss (aún es por la mañana)
Today I have visited my parents (el día todavía no ha finalizado)
My brother has broken his glasses (las gafas se han roto recientemente y siguen
rotas)
Comparar con la siguiente oración:
My brother broke his glasses (no sabemos si las gafas ya están arregladas o no)
Para terminar, señalar que en ocasiones las diferencias entre estos dos tiempos no
son muy nítidas, y de hecho en algunos casos cabría utilizar cualquiera de ellos.
21ª: "Present perfect continuous" vs "Present perfect"
Gramática
Este tiempo se utiliza también para indicar la duración de una acción que comenzó
en el pasado (y que acaba de finalizar o aún continúa).
I have been waiting for him for 1 hour (puede que la otra persona acabe de llegar o
que yo aún siga esperando; el contexto determinará un sentido u otro)
He has gone to Canada (esta persona sigue en Canda o está de viaje hacia allí; en
cualquier caso todavía no ha regresado)
I broke my leg (puede que la pierna ya esté curada o que aún siga rota)
Gramática
a) Past Simple
b) Past Perfect
Did you see him when you went to his office? No, he had left
He had lived in Paris for 10 years when he decided to buy his own flat(continuó
viviendo en París)
23ª: Can / May
Gramática
a) Posibilidad vs Probabilidad
b) Permiso
c) Petición
d) Ofrecimiento
Gramática
a) Posibilidad / habilidad
With the new motorway you can go from Madrid to Barcelona in less than 4 hours
I can play tennis
b) Permiso
En el presente distinguimos:
c) Ofrecimiento
Sólo se utiliza "can".
Gramática
"Have to" con pasado, presente y futuro
You should stop smoking
You must stop smoking
Forma interrogativa
Forma Negativa
Gramática
Should
Se utiliza para dar consejos. Se indica que algo es bueno y por lo tanto se debería
hacer. Es una recomendación, no una obligación. Tiene menos fuerza impositiva
que "must" y que "have to".
(Se trata realmente de una obligación -es obligatorio mostrar las credenciales para
entrar en la conferencia-, pero está expresada de forma poco coercitiva)
Construcción: este verbo modal va seguido del infinitivo del verbo principal sin la
partícula "to".
Se utiliza en pasado, presente y futuro.
La forma negativa es: shouldn't
You shouldn't smoke
Must / Have to
Gramática
IN
in the front / in the back of a car (pero; at the front / at the back of a cinema, of a
building)
O dentro de un objeto:
ON
on the table / on the wall / on the floor / on my shoulder / on page 103 / on the
second floor
b) Con las expresiones:
AT
a) Lugar determinado:
at the door / at the window / at the trafic light / at the top of the page / at the bridge
b) Con las expresiones:
at home / at school / at work / at the office / at the bus stop / at the airport / at
someone's house
c) Con acontecimientos:
Gramática
Against: Contra
Behind: Detrás de
Below: Debajo de
Inside: Dentro de
Under: Debajo de
Diferencias
a) Above / Over
b) Below / Under
c) In front of / Opposite
Cuando se utilizan con personas:
My broter stand in front of me (mi hermano está delante de mi; puede ser dándome
la cara o la espalda)
In the cinema my son sat in front of me (mi hijo se sentó delante de mi dándome la
espalda; aquí no se podría utilizar "opposite")
Gramática
I will go to America
He went to a party
e) "On"; cuando el movimiento finaliza sobre una superficie
Peculiaridades
To go home: ir a casa
Gramática
Along: a lo largo de
Down: Abajo
Round: alrededor de
Through: a través de
Henry hit the ball and it went into the classroom through the window
Towards: hacia
Up: Arriba
Gramática
To go by car
To go by train
To go by plane
To go by ship
To go by bus
To go by motorbike
To go by bicycle
También:
By road
By sea
By air
By rail
By underground
On foot
On horse
On a bicycle
Cuando se hace referencia a un vehículo concreto:
In my car
In a taxi
On the bus number 12
On the 09:00 train
On a very old ship
On my bike
To go on board
2ª: Preposiciones de tiempo: At / On / In
Gramática
At
At six o'clock
At midday
At breakfast time
At what time?
At the weekend
At Christmas
At Easter
On
On Monday
On Friday evenings
On my birthday
On 15 November
In
Con meses del año:
In January, in April
Con estaciones:
In winter, in autumn
Con años:
In 1964
Con siglos:
On Friday morning
On Saturday night
In + a period of time:
In 10 weeks
In two hours
In three months
33ª: For / Since
Gramática
Ejemplos:
Gramática
No se puede decir: During three hours, During one week, During two years
2.- During + sustantivo: señala el momento durante el cual se desarrolla la
acción, NO la duración de ésta. Indica un periodo de tiempo que tiene nombre
propio.
During my childhood,...
35ª: From / Since
Gramática
Gramática
The building where I live was used before as a hotel (funcionó en calidad de hotel)
"As" se puede utilizar también como conjunción en cuyo caso va seguido por una
oración (sujeto + verbo). Se traduce por "como".
Gramática
According + to
Accustomed + to
Anxious + about
Aware, conscious + of (something)
Capable, incapable + of (something)
Crowded + with (people)
Different + from (someone / something)
Famous + for (something)
Fit + for
Fond + of (someone / something)
Full + of (something)
Impressed + by (someone / something)
Interested + in (something)
Keen + on (something)
Married, engaged + to (someone)
Nervous + of
Nice, kind, good, generous, mean, stupid, silly, intelligent, clever, polite, rude,
unreasonable + of (someone)
Prepared + for
Ready + for
Responsible + for (something)
Short + of (something)
Similar + to (something)
Sorry + about (something) / for (doing something)
Successful + in
Tired + of (something)
Used + to
38ª: Verbos + preposiciones
Gramática
To accuse (someone) of (something)
To apologise to (someone) for (something)
To apply for (a job)
To ask (someone) about (someone / something)
To ask (someone) for (something) (pedir algo)
To believe in (something)
To belong to (someone)
To blame (someone / something) for (something)
To borrow (something) from (someone)
To compare (something) with (something)
To complain to (someone) about (someone / something)
To concentrate on (something)
To congratulate (someone) on (something)
To crash into (something) (estrellarse)
To depend on (someone / something)
To die of (an illness)
To divide (something) into (parts)
To dream about (someone / something)
To explain (a problem) to (someone)
To forgive (someone) for (something)
To happen to (someone / something)
To hear about (something)
To insist on
To invite (someone) to (a party)
To laugh at
To listen to (someone / something)
To look after (someone / something)
To look at (someone / something)
To look forward to
To object to (someone / something)
To pay (someone) for (something)
To persist in
To prepare for
To provide (someone) with (something)
To punish (someone) for (something)
To run into (something) (estrellarse) / (someone) (atropellar)
To spend (money) on (something)
To smile at
To speak to (someone) about (someone / something)
To succeed in
To suffer from (an illness)
To talk to (someone) about (someone / something)
To thank (someone) for (something)
To wait for (someone / something)
To warn(someone) about (someone / something)
To write to (someone)
39ª: Conjunciones
Gramática
And
Because (porque)
Both...and
But
Either...or
If (si -condicional-)
Neither... nor
Nevertheless (sin embargo)
I didn't receive an invitation to the party; nevertheless I went there
Or
So (por lo tanto)
That (que)
When you finish your homework you will play with your friends
"As" también se emplea cuando una acción ocurre antes que finalice la otra
As I flew to Barcelona I started feeling bad
While (mientras)
Gramática
about, around, away, back, down, for, in, into, off, on, out, over, through, up, with,
Atención:
The police broke down the door to get into the house
Could you break down the total sales of your company into countries?
Last Sunday, coming back from the beach my car broke down
When the teacher was explaining the lesson one student broke in with a stupid
remark
He was talking to us about his trip but suddenly broke off without any reason
Gramática
To call back (intr.): Volver a un lugar con objeto de visitar a alguien o recoger algo
(ya que antes no se hizo)
I have to go to the airport to call for a friend who comes from Russia
To call in (a person): Llamar a alguien para que venga a casa a realizar algún
servicio
To call in (intr.): Visitar un lugar / una persona por un corto periodo de tiempo,
normalmente de paso hacia otro sitio
During my last trip to Madrid I had time to call in and see my brother
The concert had to be called off because of the few people interested
To call (someone) up: telefonear
My mother called me up this morning to know our plans for the week-end
42ª: Phrasal verbs: To Come
Gramática
Yesterday when I was looking for a book I came across these old photos
The film started at 10 o'clock but we came along one hour later
He hit the ball with his racket so strongly that its grip came away
The fifth book about Harry Potters came out last May
To come out (intr.): Ser revelado (la verdad, un hecho que inicialmente se trató de
esconder pero que finalmente ha salido a la luz pública)
The president tried to hide his past but finally his relation with the Mafia came out
After the accident he was unconscious for two hours until he finally came round
Their disagreement about the monarchy always comes out when they talk about
politics
Gramática
I always have a lot of work in the office and cannot get away till very late
I lent him a very interesting book and I am sure that I am not going to get it back
I have lost my job and I am afraid that now I could get behind with my mortgage
The tiger got out of his jail and the zoo had to be evacuated
I drink too much coffee but I cannot get out of this habit
I still feel very weak. Undoubtedly I need more time to get over this serious
pneumonia
My lawyer is looking for a way to get round the new law that impede us to build in
this land
When I was in Russia and tried to call Spain it was very difficult to get through
To get together with (somebody): Reunirse con alguien para hacer algo, para pasar
un tiempo junto
When I was in England last summer I got together with people from different
countries
Gramática
To go ahead (intr.): Seguir adelante
You should go ahead with that interesting project, even if you don't find any support
Our president went along with my idea to enter in the Chinese market
To go away (intr..): Marcharse
I haven't seen her for a while; probably she has gone away without saying a word
His plan to reduce costs in the factory went down very well
To go for (tr.): Elegir
My parents went for this school because it was very close to our home
To go for (tr.): Atacar
To go into (tr.): Investigar detenidamente
The police is determined to go into his death; they don't believe that it was a suicide
To go off (intr.): Explotar
To go on (intr.): Continuar
To go on (intr.): Ocurrir
My son has a lot of friends and he goes out almost every evening
Last year I went through a very difficult time after losing my job
In the bookshop I went through the books looking for one about tidal waves
Gramática
To look after (tr.): Cuidar
You should look ahead and decide what do you want to do in your life
To look for (tr.): Buscar
To look into (tr.): Investigar
Look through all these books and pick whichever you want
To look up (tr.): Buscar algo (un nombre, una palabra, una definición, etc.) en un
libro
Gramática
The thieves made off with a big loot before the police arrived
This classroom is very noisy. I cannot make out what the teacher says
Gramática
We should start putting aside money to pay an English summer course for our
daughter
Next Monday our president will be abroad; we have to put the meeting back
The 31st of October in Europe the watches have to be put back one hour
To put down (tr.): Escribir
I could put down the number plate of the car that hit yours
I told my kid to put down the old watch but he didn't obey me
He was very listless in the party but I put it down to his tiredness
I invited him for dinner but had to put him off because I started feeling bad
We should put off our tennis match; I will be very busy this afternoon
Yesterday night you went to bed and forgot to put out the light
I was very put out when she didn't invite me to her party
We need to put up a fence in the garden to avoid our dog goes out
Gramática
Find (see) the pharmacy in front of you (on your right / on your left, ...): Encuentra
(ve) la farmacia delante suya (a su derecha, a su izquierda, ...)
Go along (the street, the avenue, ...): Continúa a lo largo (de la calle, avenida, ...)
Go on: Continúa
Go to the end (of the street, of the road, …): Continúa hasta el final (de la calle, de
la carretera, ...)
Halfway down the street (up the street): A mitad de camino calle abajo (calle
arriba, ...)
Take the first (the second, ...) turning on your left (on your right, ...): Coge la
primera calle a mano izquierda
That place is round the corner: Ese lugar está cerca de la esquina (a la vuelta de
las esquina)
Till you see the restaurant on your right (on your left, in front of you, opposite
you, ...): Hasta que veas el restaurante a tu derecha
Till you come to the restaurant: Hasta que llegues al restaurante
Gramática
Gramática