CLASE DE RESISTENCIA (ISO 898 – Parte 1 // SAE J 429)

¿Qué significa 8.8, 10.9 y 12.9? ¿Cuáles las diferencias entre ellos?
Esa numeración representa la clase de resistencia que el tornillo posee.

8.8
8 800 N/mm² mínimo de resistencia a la tracción
.8 El 80% de la tracción = límite de escurrimiento de 640 N/ mm²

10.9
10 1000 N/mm² mínimo de resistencia a la tracción
.9 El 90% de la tracción = límite de escurrimiento de 936 N/ mm²

12.9
12 1220 N/mm² mínimo de resistencia a la tracción
.9 El 90% de la tracción = límite de escurrimiento de 1098 N/ mm²

Las diferencias son:

Cuanto menor sea la clase de resistencia del tornillo, mayor será su ductilidad, sin embargo, menor será
su capacidad de generar fuerza.
Cuanto mayor sea la clase de resistencia del tornillo, menor será su ductilidad, sin embargo, mayor será
su capacidad de generar fuerza.

¿Que es Ductilidad?
Es la capacidad de deformación del material hasta su ruptura, teniendo en cuenta que cuanto más dúctil
sea el tornillo, mayor será su capacidad de alargamiento sin romperse.
Tornillos con buena ductilidad pueden apretarse hasta la zona elastoplástica, donde se obtienen la mayor
fuerza de cierre de la junta.

Clases de resistencia (E)

Las clases de resistencia se caracterizan con dos cifras separadas por un punto.
Cuando se trata de tornillos, hay varias clases diferentes: 4.6, 4.8, 5.8, 8.8, 10.9, 12.9.
Cuando se trata de tuercas, se indica únicamente una cifra, p. ej. 5, puesto que no se
incluye el Iímite de elongación.
Ejemplos de clase de resistencia 8.8 para tornillos
 Límite de rotura nominal = 8x100 = 800 N/mm2
 Límite inferior de elongación = 8x8x10 = 640 N/mm2
Tensile strength
Screws and bolts are usually in tension when properly fitted. In most applications they are not designed to
bear large shear forces. For example, when two overlapping metal bars joined by a bolt are likely to be
pulled apart longitudinally, the bolt must be tight enough so that the friction between the two bars can
overcome the longitudinal force. If the bars slip, then the bolt may be sheared in half, or friction between
the bolt and slipping bars may erode and weaken the bolt (called fretting). For this type of application,
high-strength steel bolts are used and should be tightened to a specified torque.
High-strength steel bolts usually have a hexagonal head with an ISO strength rating (called property
class) stamped on the head. The property classes most often used are 5.8, 8.8, and 10.9. The number
before the point is the tensile ultimate strength in MPa divided by 100. The number after the point is 10
times the ratio of tensile yield strength to tensile ultimate strength. For example, a property class 5.8 bolt
has a nominal (minimum) tensile ultimate strength of 500 MPa, and a tensile yield strength of 0.8 times
tensile ultimate strength or 0.8(500) = 400 MPa.
Tensile ultimate strength is the stress at which the bolt fails (breaks in half). Tensile yield strength is the
stress at which the bolt will receive a permanent set (an elongation from which it will not recover when the
force is removed) of 0.2 % offset strain. When elongating a fastener prior to reaching the yield point, the
fastener is said to be operating in the elastic region; whereas elongation beyond the yield point is referred
to as operating in the plastic region, since the fastener has suffered permanent plastic deformation.
Mild steel bolts have property class 4.6. High-strength steel bolts have property class 8.8 or above. An
M10, property class 8.8 bolt can very safely hold a static tensile load of about 15 kN.
There is no method to measure the tension of a bolt already in place other than to tighten it and identify at
which point the bolt starts moving. This is known as 're-torqueing'. An electronic torque wrench is used on
the bolt under test, and the torque applied is constantly measured. When the bolt starts moving
(tightening) the torque briefly drops sharply - this drop-off point is considered the measure of tension.
bolts: metric standards
Standards for metric bolts are set by the ISO. In metric bolts, a grade is called a “property class.” A
property class designation consists of two numbers separated by a decimal point.
 The number before the decimal point is one-hundredth of the nominal tensile strength of the bolt
in newtons per square millimeter.
 The number after the decimal point is the ratio between the nominal yield stress and the nominal
tensile strength, times ten.
Bolts in property classes 4.6, 5.6, and 8.8 and above must have the property class marked on the head of
the bolt. Property class 6.8 roughly corresponds to SAE grade 2; 8.8 to SAE 5; and 10.9 to SAE 8.

Notes for Table 10.

a. When only the ISO property class number is shown in Table 10, below, the class is standard in
both ISO 898-1 and ASTM documents. Properties specified in each are identical except for minor
exceptions. Where differences exist, the ASTM F 568M values are given.
b. To compute the tensile proof load, tensile yield strength, or tensile ultimate strength in
kilonewtons (kN) for a bolt, screw, or stud, multiply the stress value (MPa) in Table 10 by the
tensile stress area (mm^2) of the product's screw thread as given in Table 9 or Standard Metric
Bolt Shank Dimensions, then divide this result by 1000.
c. In general, identification markings are located on the top of the head and preferably are raised.
d. Class 5.8 products are available in lengths 150 mm and less.
e. Caution is advised when considering the use of property class 12.9 products. The capabilities of
the fastener manufacturer, as well as the anticipated service environment, should be carefully
considered. Some environments may cause stress corrosion cracking of nonplated, as well as
electroplated, products.

Table 10
MECHANICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CARBON STEEL
EXTERNALLY-THREADED METRIC FASTENERS
Property Nominal Material and Treatment Mechanical Requirements Property
Class Size of Class Ident.
Designation Product Proof Tensile Tensile Prod. Hardness, Rockwell Marking
Load Yield Ultimate
Stress, Strength Strength, Surface, Core
MPa , MPa, MPa, Min. Max.
Min. Max.
Min.

4.6 M5-M100 low or medium carbon steel 225 240 400 -- B67 B95 4.6
4.8 M1.6-M16 low or medium carbon steel, 310 340 420 -- B71 B95 4.8
fully or partially annealed
5.8 M5-M24 low or medium carbon steel, 380 420 520 -- B82 B95 5.8
cold worked
8.8 M16-M72 600 660 830 30N56 C23 C34 8.8
A325M M16-M36 medium carbon steel, A325M 8S
Type 1 quenched and tempered
8.8 M16-M36 low carbon boron steel, 600 660 830 30N56 C23 C34 8.8
quenched and tempered
A325M A325M 8S
Type 2
A325M M16-M36 atmospheric corrosion 600 660 830 30N56 C23 C34 A325M 8S3
Type 3 resistant steel, quenched
and tempered
9.8 M1.6-M16 medium carbon steel, 650 720 900 30N58 C27 C36 9.8
quenched and tempered
9.8 M1.6-M16 low carbon boron steel, 650 720 900 30N58 C27 C36 9.8
quenched and tempered
10.9 M5-M20 medium carbon steel, 830 940 1040 30N59 C33 C39 10.9
quenched and tempered
10.9 M5-M100 medium carbon alloy steel, 830 940 1040 30N59 C33 C39 10.9
quenched and tempered
A490M M12-M36 A490M 10S
Type 1
10.9 M5-M36 low carbon boron steel, 830 940 1040 30N59 C33 C39 10.9
quenched and tempered
A490M M12-M36 A490M 10S
Type 2
A490M M12-M36 atmospheric corrosion 830 940 1040 30N59 C33 C39 A490M 10S3
Type 3 resistant steel, quenched
and tempered
12.9 M1.6- alloy steel, quenched and 970 1100 1220 30N63 C38 C44 12.9
M100 tempered

Tornillería en pulgadas: Dice SEA, Debe decir: SAE

Tornillos M30 x 2 x 90 para acoplamiento molino de carbón (2 unidades)
Provisto por REGINATO S.R.L. con O.C. 3213204

No indica marcas en la cabeza conforme a normas ISO 898-Parte 1

Las tuercas provistas no tiene indicación de grado de resistencia.