MAGNETIC COUPLED CIRCUITS

Celso José Faria de Araújo, Dr.

 Mutual Inductance
i1
.
i2 V1 = sL1 I1 + sMI 2 V1 = − sL1 I1 + sMI 2
. ⇔
V2 = sL2 I 2 + sMI1 V2 = − sL2 I 2 + sMI1

I2 = 0 I2 = 0 I1 = 0 I1 = 0
V1 = sL1 I1 V1 = sL1 I1 V2 = sL2 I 2 V2 = sL2 I 2
V2 = sMI1 V2 = − sMI1 V1 = sMI 2 V1 = − sMI 2

1
Magnetic Coupled Circuits
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, M.Sc.
 Mutual Inductance (Equivalent Circuits)
i1
. L2 M  L2 M
I1 = V1 − V2  −
i2 sa sa Y =  sa sa 
. ⇔
M L M L1 
I 2 = − V1 + 1 V2 − 
sa sa  sa sa 

Where a = L1 L2 − M 2
V1 = sL1 I1 + sMI 2  sL sM 
Z= 1 I1 I2
V2 = sMI1 + sL2 I 2  sM sL2  +
+
sa M M sa
I1 I2 V1 L2 V2 V1 V2
sa sa L1
sL1 sL2 - -
+ +
+ +
V1 sM I2 sM I1 V2
- -
- -

⇔
⇔

2
Magnetic Coupled Circuits
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, M.Sc.
 Mutual Inductance (Examples 1 and 2)

5 I1 + 7 s ( I1 − I 2 ) + 2 s( I 3 − I 2 ) = V1
I1 (1 + s) − 9 sI 2 = V1
1
− 9 sI1 + I 2 (400 + 100s) = 0 7 s ( I 2 − I1 ) + 2 s ( I 2 − I 3 ) + I 2 + 6 s ( I 2 − I 3 ) + 2 s ( I 2 − I1 ) = 0
s
1 + s − 9s   I1  V1  6 s ( I 3 − I 2 ) + 2 s ( I1 − I 2 ) + 3 I 3 = 0
− 9s 400 + 100s   I  =  0 
  2    5 + 7 s − 9s 2s   I1  V1 
1 + s V1  1    
 − 9 s 17 s + s − 8s   I 2  =  0 
− 9s 0 9 sV1  2s − 8s 3 + 6s   I 3   0 
I2 = = 
1+ s − 9s 19 ( s + 0.826)( s + 25.5)
− 9s 400 + 100s
V
V2 = 400 I 2  2 = 189.5
s 17.9∠ − 153.4o A
V1 ( s + 0.826)( s + 25.5) 1.79∠26.6o A
V2 ( j10 )  V ( j10 )  2.53∠ − 18.4o A
= 6.9 ∴ ∠ 2  = −16,7o
V1 ( j10 )  V1 ( j10 ) 
v1 = 10cos(10t)V → v2 = 69cos(10t − 16,7o )V iS = 4cos(5000t)mA  I S = 4∠0o mA
3
Magnetic Coupled Circuits
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, M.Sc.
 Mutual Inductance (Examples 3)

a = L L −M2
 12  →

1
(V1 − Vin ) + L2 V1 − M V2 = 0 V2 MR2 s
Rin sa sa =
L1 M 1 V1 a  R L + R2 L1  Rin R2
V2 − V1 + V2 = 0 s 2 + s in 2 +
sa sa R2  a  a
Rin = 1Ω; R2 = 400Ω
 sa + Rin L2 M 
 sR a − V 
sa  V1   1  L1 = 1H; L2 = 100H; M = 9H
 in
 =
 −M sa + R2 L1  V2   Rin  a = 19H 2
 sa sR2 a   0 
V2 s
= 189.5
sa + Rin L2 V1 V1 (s + 0.826)(s + 25.5)
sRin a Rin V2 ( j10 )  V ( j10 ) 
M = 6.9 ∴ ∠ 2  = −16,7o
− 0 V1 ( j10 )  V1 ( j10 ) 
V2 = sa
sa + Rin L2 M v1 = 10cos(10t)V → v2 = 69cos(10t − 16,7o )V
−
sRin a sa
M sa + R2 L1
−
sa sR2 a
4
Magnetic Coupled Circuits
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, M.Sc.
 Mutual Inductance (Example 4)

R1 = 2Ω; R2 = R3 = 1Ω
M = 1H; L1 = 2H; L2 = 3H
y1 (0 − ) = 2A and y2 (0 − ) = 1A

(2s + 3)Y1 + ( s − 1)Y2 = 10s + 5

( s − 1)Y1 + (3s + 2)Y2 = 5
2 s + 3 s − 1  Y1   5 s +s 10 
 s − 1 3s + 2 Y  =  5 
  2   
L1 + M = 3H ∴ ( L1 + M ) y1 (0) = 6V
2s 2 + 9s + 4 4 1 1
L2 + M = 4H ∴ ( L2 + M ) y2 (0) = 4V Y1 = = − −
s( s 2 + 3s + 1) s s + 0.382 s + 2.618
- M = −1H ∴ − M [ y1 (0) − y2 (0)] = −1V
s 2 + 2s + 2 2 1.618 0.618
Y2 = 2
= − +
s( s + 3s + 1) s s + 0.382 s + 2.618
( )
y1 (t ) = 4 − e −0.382t − e −2.618t μ(t)A
y (t ) = (2 − 1.618e
2
− 0.382t
)
+ 0.618e −2.618t μ(t)A
v (t ) = (2 − 1.618e
o
− 0.382t
+ 0.618e − 2.618t )μ(t)V
5
Magnetic Coupled Circuits
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, M.Sc.
 Experimental Determination
of Mutual Inductance
Method One Method Two

Vx
Zx = = ω(L1 + L 2 + 2M )
Ix

V2 1
M=
Ι1 ω

Zx − Zy
M=
4ω

Vy
Zy = = ω(L1 + L 2 − 2M )
Iy
6
Magnetic Coupled Circuits
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, M.Sc.
 The Coefficient of Coupling
i1(t) i2(t)
I2
I1

t1 t2 t
di1 
v1i1 = L1 i1 ∴ v2i2 = 0 
dt 0 → t1
0 v1i1dt = 0 L1i1di1 = 12 L1I1 
t1 I1 2
2 2
Wtot = 1 2 L1 I1 + 1 2 L2 I 2 − MI1 I 2
di di  Wtot = 1 2 L1 [i1 (t )] + 12 L2 [i2 (t )] ± M [i1 (t )][i2 (t )]
2 2
v1i1 = L1 1 i1 + M 2 i1 
12 dt3 dt
 Wtot = 1 2 ( ) 2
L1 i1 − L2 i2 + L1 L2 i1i2 − Mi1i2
=0

v2i2 = L2
di2
i2 + M
di1
i2  Wtot ≥ 0  L1 L2 ≥ M ⇔ M ≤ L1 L2
dt dt4 
142 3 t1 → t2 M
=0
 k= → 0 ≤ k ≤1
t2 I2
 L1 L2
t1 v2i2 dt = 0 L2i2 di2 = 12 L2 I 2
2


 M max = L1 L2 → k = 100%
t2 t2 di2 I2
t1 v1i1dt = t1 M dt i1dt = MI1 0 di2 = MI1I 2  “k” will be equal to unity (100%) only if all of
2 2 the magnetic flux produced by the first circuit
Wtot = 1 2 L1 I1 + 12 L2 I 2 + MI1 I 2 links the second.
7
Magnetic Coupled Circuits
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, M.Sc.
 The Transformer

Efficiency or Yield
Ps Vs I s cos(φs ) P
η= = or η% = s 100%
Pp Vp I p cos(φ p ) Pp
8
Magnetic Coupled Circuits
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, M.Sc.
 The Linear Transformer

 Doesn’t matter where the points are located

the input impedance remain the same.
Vs = ( R1 + sL1 ) I1 − sMI 2
 If the mutual inductance “M” is equal zero
0 = − sMI1 + ( R2 + sL2 + Z L ) I 2 (decoupled) the input impedance is only
Z11 = R1 + sL1 Z11 as expected.
Z 22 = R2 + sL2 + Z L  The term M2
2
2
−s
Vs 2 M Z 22
Z in = = Z11 − s
I1 Z 22 is called “Reflected Impedance” seen by
the input side.

9
Magnetic Coupled Circuits
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, M.Sc.
 The Ideal Transformer
v1   v2   N1 V
i  = T − i 
 N  2
= =  2
V1
 1  2 Z IN
I1 −  N 2  I
 N1   N  2
N 0   1
T= 2  2
 0 N2  =  1  Z L
N
 N1 
Z IN
 N2 
 ZIN is called “Reflected Impedance” seen
 Is characterized by N1/N2 called the
by the left side.
turns ratio. N N
v1 = 1 v2 ∴ i2 = − 1 i1
N2 N2
 The Coefficient of Coupling takes on
its maximum value k=1.
M = L1 L2
 L1 and L2 are permitted to approach
infinity, but in such a way that their
ratio remains constant.
v1 N1 L
= = 1
v2 N 2 L2
 The efficiency is 100%

seen by the left side seen by the right side

10
Magnetic Coupled Circuits
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, M.Sc.
 The Ideal Transformer (Example)
1) P10Ω = 25%P2Ω ∀v ∴ a = ?
xy

2) Rxy = 8Ω ∴ a = ?
3) v2 = v xy ∴ a =?
ixy i1 10
v2 = av xy
2a 2 + 10
v xy 10
ixy = i1 − 3v2 = −3 av xy
2 + 10 2a 2 + 10
a2
v xy
Rxy = = 8Ω → a = 40
ixy
2
2   2) a = 40
 a vxy  1 1  v xy 
P10 Ω = 10 2  = P2 Ω = 2
 2a + 10  4 4  2 + 10 2  v2 =
10
av xy = v xy
 a  2
2a + 10
1) a = 20 3) a = 3.62 or a = 1.38
11
Magnetic Coupled Circuits
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, M.Sc.
 The Matching Transformer

Z i = Ri + jX i
Z L = RL + jX L

Source Matching Load

Transformer
 In order to maximize power transfer to the load it’s
necessary to have:
2 2
N  N Ri N 
Z i =  1  Z L ⇔ 1 = and X i = − X L  1 
 N2  N2 RL  N2 

12
Magnetic Coupled Circuits
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, M.Sc.
 References
 Ruston, Henry. Bordogna, Joseph. – Electric
Network: Functions, Filters, Analysis – McGraw-
Hill Book Company.
 Bessonov ,L. – Applied Electricity for Engineers –
Translated from the Russian by Boris Kuznetsov –
MIR Publishers – Moscow.
 Balabanian, N.; Bickart, T. A. – Electrical Network
Theory – John Wiley & Sons, Inc - USA

13
Magnetic Coupled Circuits
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, M.Sc.