Ejercicios de formas canónicas 3

En los Ejercicios 1−18, para la matriz dada A sobre Q, encontrar el polinomio carac-
terístico, los eigenvalores, los eigenespacios generalizados, la característica de Weyr, el
diagrama de puntos, la característica de Segre, la forma canónica de Jordan J, una base
de Jordan, y una matriz invertible Q tal que Q−1 AQ = J.
     
! 0 1 0 1 −3 3 4 −5 2
1 1
1. 2.  −4 4 0 

3.  −2 −6 13 

4.  5 −7 3 

−1 3
  
−2 1 2 −1 −4 8 6 −9 4

3 −4 0 2
 
   
0 −4 0 0 −1 1  4 −5 −2 4 
5. 
1 −4 0  6. 
4 4 1  7. 

0 0 3 −2
     
1 −2 −2
 
0 0 2
0 0 2 −1

6 −9 5 4 3 0 1 −1 3 −1 1 −7
     
 7 −13 8 7   1 2 1 −1   9 −3 −7 −1 
8.  9.  10. 
     
8 −17 11 8 3 0 5 −3 0 0 4 −8
  
     
1 −2 1 3 4 0 4 −2 0 0 2 −4

1 −3 0 3 0 1 −1 1 −2 0 0 0
     
 −2 −6 0 13   −1 2 −1 1   3 2 0 −2 
11.  
12.  
13.  
0 −3 1 3  −1 1 1 −1 0 0 2 0 
     
   
−1 −4 0 8 −1 1 0 1 0 0 2 2

1 −2 −1 0 0 −1 −1 −1 2 0 0 0
     
 1 0 −3 0   1 2 1 1   3 2 0 −2 
14.  15.  16. 
     
−1 −2 1 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 2 0 
  
    
1 2 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2
   
1 −1 −1 −1 −1 1 −1 −1 0 1
1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 0 0 
   
  
   
17. 
 0 0 2 0 0 
 18. 
 0 0 2 0 −1 


 0 0 0 1 −1 


 0 1 0 2 −1 

0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 2
Soluciones

1. ∆A = (x − 2)2 , λ = 2 (m = 2), E21 = gen(1, 1), E22 = Q2 = V2 , Weyr = (1, 1),

Segre = (2), w1 = (1, 0), w2 = (x − 2)w1 = (−1, −1)
! !
• 2 1 −1
J= Q=
• 1 2 0 −1

2. ∆A = (x − 2)3 , λ = 2 (m = 3), E21 = gen((1, 2, 0), (0, 0, 1)), E22 = Q3 = V2 , Weyr =

(2, 1), Segre = (2, 1), w1 = (1, 0, 0), w2 = (x − 2)w1 = (−2, −4, −2), w3 = (1, 2, 0)
   
2 1 −2 1
•
J = 1 2 Q =  0 −4 2 
   
• •

2 0 −2 0

3. ∆A = (x − 1)3 , λ = 1 (m = 3), E11 = gen(3, 1, 1), E12 = gen((−3, 1, 0), (6, 0, 1)), E13 =
Q3 = V1 , Weyr = (1, 1, 1), Segre = (3), w1 = (1, 0, 0), w2 = (x − 1)w1 = (0, −2, −1),
w3 = (x − 1)w2 = (3, 1, 1)
   
• 1 1 0 3
• J = 1 1
 
 Q =  0 −2 1 


• 1 1 0 −1 1

4. ∆A = x2 (x − 1), λ1 = 0 (m1 = 2), λ2 = 1 (m2 = 1), E01 = gen(1, 2, 3), E02 =

gen((1, 1, 0), (−1, 0, 3)) = V0 , Weyr(0) = (1, 1), Segre(0) = (2), E11 = gen(1, 1, 1) = V1 ,
Weyr(1) = (1), Segre(1) = (1), w1 = (1, 1, 0), w2 = xw1 = (−1, −2, −3), w3 = (1, 1, 1)
   
0 1 −1 1
•
J = 1 0 Q =  1 −2 1 
   
• •

1 0 −3 1

5. ∆A = (x + 2)3 , λ = −2 (m = 3), E−2 1 2

= gen((2, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)), E−2 = Q3 = V−2 ,
Weyr = (2, 1), Segre = (2, 1), w1 = (1, 0, 0), w2 = (x + 2)w1 = (2, 1, 1), w3 = (2, 1, 0)
   
−2 1 2 2
•
J =  1 −2 Q= 0 1 1 
   
• •

−2 0 1 0

6. ∆A = (x − 2)3 , λ = 2 (m = 3), E21 = gen(−1, 2, 0), E22 = gen((1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0)),
E23 = Q3 = V2 , Weyr = (1, 1, 1), Segre = (3), w1 = (0, 0, 1), w2 = (x − 2)w1 = (1, 1, 0),
w3 = (x − 2)w2 = (−3, 6, 0)
   
• 2 0 1 −3
• J = 1 2
 
 Q= 0 1

6 

• 1 2 1 0 0
 7. ∆A = (x − 1)2 (x + 1)2 , λ1 = 1 (m1 = 2), λ2 = −1 (m2 = 2), E11 = gen(1, 1, 1, 1), E12 =
1
gen((1, 0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 0, 1)) = V1 , Weyr(1) = (1, 1), Segre(1) = (2), E−1 = gen(1, 1, 0, 0),
2
E−1 = gen((1, 0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0, 0)) = V−1 , Weyr(−1) = (1, 1), Segre(−1) = (2), w1 =
(1, 0, 1, 0), w2 = (x − 1)w1 = (2, 2, 2, 2), w3 = (1, 0, 0, 0), w4 = (x + 1)w3 = (4, 4, 0, 0)
1 1 2 1 4
   

• •  1 1   0 2 0 4 
J = Q=
   
• • −1 1 2 0 0
 
   
1 −1 0 2 0 0

8. ∆A = (x − 2)3 (x − 1), λ1 = 2 (m1 = 3), λ2 = 1 (m2 = 1), E21 = gen((1, 1, 1, 0),

(−1, 0, 0, 1)), E22 = gen((2, 1, 0, 0), (−1, 0, 1, 0), (−1, 0, 0, 1)) = V2 , Weyr(2) = (2, 1),
Segre(2) = (2, 1), E11 = gen(3, 6, 7, 1) = V1 , Weyr(1) = (1), Segre(1) = (1), w1 =
(2, 1, 0, 0), w2 = (x − 2)w1 = (−1, −1, −1, 0), w3 = (1, 0, 0, −1), w4 = (3, 6, 7, 1)
2 2 −1 1 3
   

•  1 2   1 −1 0 6 
J = Q=
   
• • • 2 0 −1 0 7
 
   
1 0 0 −1 1

9. ∆A = (x − 2)4 , λ = 2 (m = 4), E21 = gen((0, 1, 0, 0), (−1, 0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0, 1)), E22 =
Q4 = V2 , Weyr = (3, 1), Segre = (2, 1, 1), w1 = (1, 0, 0, 0), w2 = (x − 2)w1 = (1, 1, 3, 4),
w3 = (0, 1, 0, 0), w4 = (−1, 0, 1, 0)
2 1 1 0 −1
   

•  1 2   0 1 1 0 
J =  
Q= 
• • • 2 0 3 0 1 
  
  
2 0 4 0 0

10. ∆A = x4 , λ = 0 (m = 4), E01 = gen((1, 3, 0, 0), (5, 0, 6, 3)), E02 = Q4 = V0 , Weyr =

(2, 2), Segre = (2, 2), w1 = (1, 0, 0, 0), w2 = xw1 = (3, 9, 0, 0), w3 = (0, 0, 1, 0), w4 =
xw3 = (1, −7, 4, 2)
0 1 3 0 1
   

• •  1 0   0 9 0 −7 
J = Q=
   
• • 0 0 0 1 4 
 
  
1 0 0 0 0 2

11. ∆A = (x − 1)4 , λ = 1 (m = 4), E11 = gen((0, 0, 1, 0), (3, 1, 0, 1)), E12 = gen((−3, 1, 0, 0),
(0, 0, 1, 0), (6, 0, 0, 1)), E13 = Q4 = V1 , Weyr = (2, 1, 1), Segre = (3, 1), w1 = (1, 0, 0, 0),
w2 = (x − 1)w1 = (0, −2, 0, −1), w3 = (x − 1)w2 = (3, 1, 3, 1), w4 = (0, 0, 1, 0)
1 1 0 3 0
   
•  1 1   0 −2 1 0 
• J = 
Q= 
1 1 0 0 3 1
   
• •
   
1 0 −1 1 0
12. ∆A = (x − 1)4 , λ = 1 (m = 4), E11 = gen(1, 1, 0, 0), E12 = gen((1, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0)),
E13 = gen((1, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1)), E14 = Q4 = V1 , Weyr = (1, 1, 1, 1), Segre =
(4), w1 = (1, 0, 0, 0), w2 = (x − 1)w1 = (−1, −1, −1, −1), w3 = (x − 1)w2 = (0, 0, 1, 0),
w4 = (x − 1)w3 = (−1, −1, 0, 0)
• 1 1 −1 0 −1
   

•  1 1   0 −1 0 −1 
J = Q=
   
• 1 1 0 −1 1 0 
 
  
• 1 1 0 −1 0 0

13. ∆A = (x − 2)3 (x + 2), λ1 = 2 (m1 = 3), λ2 = −2 (m2 = 1), E21 = gen(0, 1, 0, 0), E22 =
gen((0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1)), E23 = gen((0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1)) = V2 , Weyr(2) =
1
(1, 1, 1), Segre(2) = (3), E−2 = gen(−4, 3, 0, 0) = V−2 , Weyr(−2) = (1), Segre(−2) =
(1), w1 = (0, 0, 1, 0), w2 = (x − 2)w1 = (0, 0, 0, 2), w3 = (x − 2)w2 = (0, −4, 0, 0),
w4 = (−4, 3, 0, 0)
2 0 0 0 −4
   
•  1 2   0 0 −4 3 
• J =
 
Q=
 
1 2 1 0 0 0 
 
• •
  
−2 0 2 0 0

14. ∆A = (x − 2)3 (x + 2), λ1 = 2 (m1 = 3), λ2 = −2 (m2 = 1), E21 = gen((1, −1, 1, 0),
(0, 0, 0, 1)), E22 = gen((1, 0, 0, 0), (0, −1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1)) = V2 , Weyr(2) = (2, 1),
1
Segre(2) = (2, 1), E−2 = gen(−1, −1, −1, 1) = V−2 , Weyr(−2) = (1), Segre(−2) =
(1), w1 = (1, 0, 0, 0), w2 = (x − 2)w1 = (−1, 1, −1, 1), w3 = (1, −1, 1, 0), w4 =
(−1, −1, −1, 1)
2 1 −1 1 −1
   

•  1 2   0 1 −1 −1 
J = Q=
   
• • • 2 0 −1 1 −1
 
   
−2 0 1 0 1

15. ∆A = (x − 1)4 , λ = 1 (m = 4), E11 = gen((−1, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, −1, 1)), E12 = Q4 = V1 ,
Weyr = (2, 2), Segre = (2, 2), w1 = (1, 0, 0, 0), w2 = (x − 1)w1 = (−1, 1, 0, 0), w3 =
(0, 0, 1, 0), w4 = (x − 1)w3 = (−1, 1, −1, 1)
1 1 −1 0 −1
   

• •  1 1   0 1 0 1 
J =  
Q= 
• • 1 0 0 1 −1
  
   
1 1 0 0 0 1

16. ∆A = (x − 2)4 , λ = 2 (m = 4), E21 = gen((0, 1, 0, 0), (2, 0, 0, 3)), E22 = gen((1, 0, 0, 0),
(0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1)), E23 = Q4 = V2 , Weyr = (2, 1, 1), Segre = (3, 1), w1 = (0, 0, 1, 0),
w2 = (x − 2)w1 = (0, 0, 0, 2), w3 = (x − 2)w2 = (0, −4, 0, 0), w4 = (2, 0, 0, 3)
2 0 0 0 2
   
•  1 2   0 0 −4 0 
• J =
 
Q=
 
1 2 1 0 0 0
 
• •
   
2 0 2 0 3
17. ∆A = (x − 2)5 , λ = 2 (m = 5), E21 = gen((−1, 1, 0, 0, 0), (−1, 0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0, −1, 1)),
E22 = Q5 = V2 , Weyr = (3, 2), Segre = (2, 2, 1), w1 = (1, 0, 0, 0, 0), w2 = (x − 2)w1 =
(−1, 1, 0, 0, 0), w3 = (0, 0, 0, 1, 0), w4 = (x−2)w3 = (−1, 1, 0, −1, 1), w5 = (−1, 0, 1, 0, 0)

   
2 1 −1 0 −1 −1
 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 
   
• •
 
   
J = 2  Q=  0 0 0 0 1 
• • •    

 1 2 


 0 0 1 −1 0 

2 0 0 0 1 0

18. ∆A = (x − 2)5 , λ = 2 (m = 5), E21 = gen((−1, 0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1, 0)), E22 =

gen((−1, 1, 0, 0, 0), (−1, 0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, 0, 1)), E22 = Q5 = V2 , Weyr =
(2, 2, 1), Segre = (3, 2), w1 = (1, 0, 0, 0, 0), w2 = (x − 2)w1 = (−1, 1, 0, 0, 0), w3 =
(x − 2)w2 = (0, 0, 0, 1, 0), [w4 completa {w2 }, junto con una base de E21 , a una base de
E22 ] w4 = (0, 0, 0, 0, 1), w5 = (x − 2)w4 = (1, 0, −1, −1, 0)
   
2 1 −1 0 0 1
•  1 2 0 1 0 0 0
   
  
   
• • J =
 1 2 
 Q= 
 0 0 0 0 −1 

• • 
 2 


 0 0 1 0 −1 

1 2 0 0 0 1 0