2.

Determine una integral indefinida general

a.

⌠ 3
⎮ x - 2 ⋅ ‾‾
x
dx
⎮ ――――x
⌡
⌠ 1
⌠ 3 ⎮ ― 2
x x
⎮ ― d x - 2 ⋅ ⎮ ―― dx
⎮
⌡ x ⎮
⌡ x
1
⌠ -1 ―
2
⌠ 2 ⎮ ―― 2 x3 x
⌡ x d x - 2 ⋅ ⌡ x d x ＝ ― - 2 ⋅ ―― +C
3 1
―
2
⌠ 3
⎮ x - 2 ⋅ ‾‾x x3
―――― d x ＝ ― - 4 ⋅ ‾‾x +C
⎮ x 3
⌡

b.
⌠ sin (2 x)
( )
⎮ ――― dx sin ((2 x)) ＝ 2 ⋅ sin ((x)) ⋅ cos ((x))
⌡ sin ((x))
⎮

⌠ 2 ⋅ sin (x) ⋅ cos (x)

⎮ ―――――― ( ) ( )
dx
⎮
⌡ sin ((x))

2⌠
⌡ cos ((x)) d x ＝ 2 sin ((x)) + C

⌠ sin (2 x)
( )
⎮ ――― d x ＝ 2 sin ((x)) + C
⎮
⌡ sin ((x))

5. Evalúe la integral
a.
⌠ 2 5 2 2

⌡ sin ((πx)) ⋅ cos ((πx)) d x

⎮ sin ((πx)) + cos ((πx)) ＝ 1
2 2
⌠ 2 4
cos ((πx)) ＝ 1 - sin ((πx))
⌡ sin ((πx)) ⋅ cos ((πx)) ⋅ cos ((πx)) d x
⎮

⌠ 2 2
⎮ sin ((πx)) ⋅ ⎛⎝cos ((πx)) ⎞⎠ ⋅ cos ((πx)) d x
2

⌡
⌠ 2
2 ⎛ 2⎞
⎮
⌡ sin ((πx)) ⋅ ⎝1 - sin ((πx)) ⎠ ⋅ cos ((πx)) d x

⌠ 2 ⎛ 2 4⎞
⎮
⌡ sin (
(πx)
) ⋅ ⎝1 - 2 sin (
(πx)
) + sin (
(πx)
) ⎠ ⋅ cos ((πx)) d x
 ⌠ 2
2 ⎛ 2⎞
⎮
⌡ sin (πx) ⋅ ⎝1 - sin (πx) ⎠ ⋅ cos ((πx)) d x
( ) ( )

⌠ 2 ⎛ 2 4⎞

⌡ sin ((πx)) ⋅ ⎝1 - 2 sin ((πx)) + sin ((πx)) ⎠ ⋅ cos ((πx)) d x

⎮

⌠⎛ 2 4 6⎞
⎮
⌡ ⎝sin (
(πx)
) - 2 sin (
(πx)
) + sin (
(πx)
) ⎠ ⋅ cos ((πx)) d x

Hacemos uso de una sustitución

sea u ＝ sin ((πx))

du
du ＝ π cos ((πx)) dx ―― ＝ cos ((πx)) dx
π

1 ⌠ 2 4 6
―⌡ u - 2 u + u d u
π

1 ⎡ u3 2 5 u7 ⎤
― ⎢ ―――u + ――
⋅ - ⎥+C
π ⎣ 3 5 7 ⎦
⎡ 3 7 ⎤
1 ⎢ sin ((πx)) 2 5 sin ((πx)) ⎥
―⋅ ――― - ―⋅ sin ((πx)) + ――― + C
π ⎢⎣ 3 5 7 ⎥⎦

⌠ ⎡ 3 7 ⎤
2 5 1 ⎢ sin ((πx)) 2 5 sin ((πx)) ⎥
⌡ sin ((πx)) ⋅ cos ((πx)) d x ＝ ―
⎮ ⋅ ――― - ―⋅ sin ((πx)) + ――― + C
π ⎢⎣ 3 5 7 ⎥⎦
b.
⌠ 2

⌡ ((1 + cos ((θ)))) d θ

⎮
⌠ 2
⎮
⌡ 1 + 2 cos (
(θ )
) + cos (
(θ )
) dθ
⌠ 1 + cos ((2 θ))
⌠ 1 d θ + 2 ⋅ ⌠ cos (θ) d θ + ⎮ cos (θ) 2 d θ 2
cos ((θ)) ＝ ――――
⌡ ⌡ ( ) ⌡ ( )
2
⌠ 1 + cos (2 θ) ⎞
⌠ 1 d θ + 2 ⋅ ⌠ cos (θ) d θ + ⎮ ⎛―――― ( )
⌡ ⌡ ( ) ⎜ ⎟ dθ
⎮
⌡ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⌠1 ⌠1
⌠ 1 d θ + 2 ⋅ ⌠ cos (θ) d θ + ⎮ ―d θ + ⎮ ―⋅ cos ((2 θ)) d θ
⌡ ⌡ ( )
⌡2
⎮ ⌡2
⎮
⌠3 ⌠1
⎮ ―d θ + 2 ⋅ ⌠
⌡ cos (
(θ )
) d θ + ⎮ ―⋅ cos ((2 θ)) d θ
⎮
⌡ 2 ⌡2
⎮

3 1 1
―θ + 2 sin ((θ)) + ―⋅ ―⋅ sin ((2 θ)) + C
2 2 2

⌠ 2 3 1
⌡ ((1 + cos ((θ)))) d θ ＝ ―
⎮
2
θ + 2 sin ((θ)) + ―⋅ sin ((2 θ)) + C
4
 ⌠ 2 3 1
⎮
⌡ (
(1 + cos (
(θ )
))
) d θ ＝ ―θ + 2 sin ((θ)) + ―⋅ sin ((2 θ)) + C
2 4

8. Evalúe la integral por medio de la sustitución trigonométrica indicada. Bosqueje y

marque el triángulo rectángulo relacionado.
a.
⌠ 1
⎮ ――――d x
⎮ x 2 ⋅ ‾‾‾‾‾
x2 - 9
⌡

x
sec ((θ)) ＝ ―
3
x ＝ 3 sec ((θ)) dx ＝ 3 ⋅ sec ((θ)) ⋅ tan ((θ)) ⋅ dθ
2 2
x 2 ＝ ((3 sec ((θ)))) ＝ 9 ⋅ sec ((θ))
2
x 2 - 9 ＝ 9 ⋅ sec ((θ)) - 9
⎛ 2 ⎞
x 2 - 9 ＝ 9 ⋅ ⎝sec ((θ)) - 1⎠
2
x 2 - 9 ＝ 9 ⋅ tan ((θ))

‾‾‾‾‾ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾ 2
x 2 - 9 ＝ 9 ⋅ tan ((θ)) ＝ 3 ⋅ tan ((θ))

Sustituimos la integral con la nueva variable θ

⌠ 3 ⋅ sec (θ) ⋅ tan (θ)

⎮ ――――――― ( ) ( )
2
dθ
⎮ 9 ⋅ sec (θ) ⋅ 3 ⋅ tan (θ)
⌡ ( ) ( )

1 ⌠ 1
―⋅ ⎮ ――― dθ
9 ⎮⌡ sec ((θ))

1 ⌠ 1
―⋅ ⎮ ――― dθ
9 ⎮⌡ sec ((θ)) ‾‾‾‾‾
x2 - 9
sin ((θ)) ＝ ―――
1 1 x
―⋅ ⌠
⌡ cos ((θ)) d θ ＝ ―⋅ sin ((θ)) + C
9 9

Debemos regresar a la variable original

⌠ 1 1 ‾‾‾‾‾
x2 - 9
⎮ ――――d x ＝ ―⋅ ―――+ C
⎮ x 2 ⋅ ‾‾‾‾‾ 9 x
⌡ x2 - 9
 b.
⌠ 3
‾‾‾‾‾2
⌡ x ⋅ 9 - x dx
⎮

x
sin ((θ)) ＝ ―
3
x ＝ 3 ⋅ sin ((θ)) dx ＝ 3 ⋅ cos ((θ)) ⋅ dθ
3 3
x 3 ＝ ((3 ⋅ sin ((θ)))) ＝ 27 ⋅ sin ((θ))
2 2
x 2 ＝ ((3 ⋅ sin ((θ)))) ＝ 9 ⋅ sin ((θ))
2 ⎛ 2⎞
9 - x 2 ＝ 9 - 9 ⋅ sin ((θ)) ＝ 9 ⋅ ⎝1 - sin ((θ)) ⎠
2
9 - x 2 ＝ 9 ⋅ cos ((θ))

‾‾‾‾‾ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾ 2
9 - x 2 ＝ 9 ⋅ cos ((θ)) ＝ 3 ⋅ cos ((θ))

Sustituimos la integral con la nueva variable θ

⌠ 3

⌡ 27 ⋅ sin ((θ)) ⋅ 3 ⋅ cos ((θ)) ⋅ 3 ⋅ cos ((θ)) d θ

⎮

⌠ 3 2
27 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⎮
⌡ sin (
(θ )
) ⋅ cos (
(θ )
) dθ

⌠ 3 2
243 ⋅ ⎮
⌡ sin (
(θ )
) ⋅ cos (
(θ )
) dθ

⌠ 2 2

⌡ sin ((θ)) ⋅ sin ((θ)) ⋅ cos ((θ)) d θ

243 ⋅ ⎮

⌠ ⎛ 2⎞ 2
243 ⋅ ⎮
⌡ sin (
(θ )
) ⋅ ⎝ 1 - cos (
(θ )
) ⎠ ⋅ cos (
(θ )
) dθ

⌠ ⎛ 2 4⎞

⌡ sin ((θ)) ⋅ ⎝cos ((θ)) - cos ((θ)) ⎠ d θ

243 ⋅ ⎮

Realizamos una sustitución normal

u ＝ cos ((θ)) du ＝ -sin ((θ)) ⋅ dθ

⌠ ⎡ u3 u4 ⎤
-243 ⋅ ⌡ u 2 - u 4 d u ＝ -243 ⋅ ⎢ ―― - ―― ⎥+C
⎣ 3 4 ⎦

Debemos regresar a la variable θ

Debemos regresar a la variable θ

⌠ ⎡ 3 4 ⎤
3 2
⎢ cos (
(θ )
) cos (
(θ )
)
⌡ sin ((θ)) ⋅ cos ((θ)) d θ ＝ -243 ⋅ ⎢ ―――
243 ⋅ ⎮ - ―――⎥ + C
⎣ 3 4 ⎥⎦

⌠ 3 2 3 243 4

⌡ sin ((θ)) ⋅ cos ((θ)) d θ ＝ -81 ⋅ cos ((θ)) + ――

243 ⋅ ⎮
4
⋅ cos ((θ)) + C

Debemos regresar a la variable original

‾‾‾‾‾
9 - x2
cos ((θ)) ＝ ―――
3
3
⎛ ‾‾‾‾‾ 2 ⎞
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾ 3
3 9 - x ⎛⎝9 - x 2 ⎞⎠
cos ((θ)) ＝ ⎜―――⎟ ＝ ――――
⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ 27
4
⎛ ‾‾‾‾‾ 2 ⎞
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾ 4 2
4 9 - x ⎛⎝9 - x 2 ⎞⎠ ⎛⎝9 - x 2 ⎞⎠
cos ((θ)) ＝ ⎜―――⎟ ＝ ――――＝ ―――
⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ 81 81

‾‾‾‾‾‾‾ 3 2
⌠ 3 ⎛⎝9 - x 2 ⎞⎠ 234 ⎛⎝9 - x 2 ⎞⎠
‾‾‾‾‾2
⌡ x ⋅ 9 - x d x ＝ -81 ⋅ ――――
⎮
27
+ ――
4
⋅ ――― + C
81

⌠ 3 ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾ 3
3 ⎛ 2
⎮ x ⋅ ‾‾‾‾‾
9 - x 2
d x ＝ -3 ⋅ ⎛⎝9 - x 2 ⎞⎠ + ― ⋅ ⎝9 - x 2⎞
⎠ +C
⌡ 4