Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
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2
Suelos de comportamiento
“especial” en el edómetro
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
Suelos expansivos
• parcial o totalmente saturados
que aumentan su volumen
cuando aumenta su humedad,
a carga constante
Suelos colapsables
• parcialmente saturados que
reducen su volumen y resistencia
cuando aumenta su humedad,
a carga constante
3
Suelos de comportamiento
“especial” en el triaxial
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
• reducen su resistencia
con el progreso de la deformación
Suelos licuables (𝜏 → 0)
• exhiben rigidez y resistencia
(casi) nulas cuando se los
somete a carga rápida
4
Índice
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
5
Experiencia de contracción volumétrica de
arcillas (laboratorio)
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
6
Evidencia de contracción volumétrica de
arcillas (campo)
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
100 µm
arenas finas + limos + arcillas
50 µm - limos + arcillas
20 µm
10 µm
2 µm - arcillas
1 µm = 0.001mm
ulas.
catión retenido por
tribución de cargas en la zona adyacente se denomina doble capa difusa (Mitchell y partícula de
atracción eléctrica
pa se forma tanto en la superficie de las partículas gruesas como las finas, su espesor arcilla (cargas -)
nor en el casocon
de lascara de arcilla:
primeras.
no puede salir agua y cationes
) puede obtenerse a partir de la siguiente expresión:
𝜗 adsorbidos
ε 0 R κ 'T
ϑ= 2 2 𝜗 (5) concentración
2 F c0 z decreciente
Espesor de doble
ón de la solución endifusa
capa el campo
(DDL)lejano, R𝜗 = 8.314 J/(K mol) es la constante universal de
soluta ε0 = 8.85 x 10 F/m es la permitividad del vacío, κ’ es la permitividad real agua con poca
-12
partícula de
arcilla (cargas -)
catión retenido por
entre partículas
atracción eléctrica
agua y cationes
con cara de arcilla:
Repulsión
adsorbidos
no puede salir
concentración
decreciente
entra fluido por ósmosis
Cuando el suelo se
humedece (regamos las
plantas, pierde un caño,..)
puede “hincharse”
𝑷𝒔 (𝒌𝑷𝒂)
La expansión no es
uniforme: daños a la
11
construcción
Caracterización de expansividad:
Límite de contracción
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
𝐿𝐿 % + 43.53
𝐿𝐶 % ~46.38 − 43.53
𝐼𝑃 % + 46.38
𝐿𝐶 %
12
Caracterización de expansividad:
Índice de actividad
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
𝐴 (𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑)
ésta es muy activa
Caracterización de expansividad:
co-chemical effects are induced through the changes in the The CEC of the red soil was found to be 2·41 meq/100 g. The
structure due to the changes in the pore fluid osmotic suction, salt solutions of the required pore fluid osmotic suctions were
in turn gets reflected at the macrostructural level as the prepared using laboratory reagent-grade sodium chloride (NaCl)
ver, the physico-chemical changes are introduced before the Single oedometer test
ng (inundation), and during the wetting process, the specimens The experimental programme mainly consists of conducting
ot subjected to any osmotic flow (in or out), and the volume single oedometer collapse tests as per protocol given in ASTM D
erials característico de un mineral potential of the compacted red soil. The compacted specimens
were set up in oedometer assemblies and incrementally loaded in
soil from Chennai, India, was used in this experimental as-compacted state (i.e. unsoaked condition) to the desired vertical
igation. Prior to use, the soil was air dried and sieved
• Se cuantifican los minerales con 𝑑 Å stress. On the attainment of equilibrium under the applied vertical
K: Kaolinite
M: Mica
Q: Quartz
Intensity: count (n)
K
intensidad
M
Minerales
4∙220 Å
K
3∙326 Å
predominantes
3∙552 Å
Q
K
4∙220 Å
2·333 Å
𝜆
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
𝑑 Å =𝑛⋅ → 𝐿𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑒 𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑔
14 2𝜃
2θ : o 2𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝜃
e 1. X-ray diffraction pattern of representative red soil
Difracción por rayos X (XRD): minerales de
arcilla en carta de plasticidad
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
15 (Mitchell 1976)
Caracterización de expansividad:
Superficie específica
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
16
Medición superficie específica con
absorción de azul de metileno (MB)
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
Número
(𝑁 = 70)
Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile
Composite Default screen
CEC
Clay Mineral Milliequivalents per 100 g
Kaolinite 3-15
Calculation of Degree of Saturation. The water content of the soil specimen was determined from
Step 1. A balance is used to obtain the mass of the ring plus the wet soil specimen. The mass of the
wet soil and dry soil within the confining ring can then be readily calculated. If the specific gravity of
the soil has been determined, then this value is used or otherwise a value of 2.7 is typically assumed.
The degree of saturation of the soil specimen is then calculated by using basic phase relationships.
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
If the calculated degree of saturation is between 49 and 51 percent, the specimen is ready for test-
ing, or else the test specimen is discarded and the preparation procedure is repeated after adjustment of
the initial water content. If the degree of saturation is below 49 percent, then distilled water will need to
be added to the soil. If the degree of saturation is above 51 percent, the soil specimen will need to be air
dried to reduce its water content. Having an initial degree of saturation between 49 and 51 percent will
Mide el potencial de hinchamiento que experimenta una muestra provide the most accurate test results, but ASTM D 4829-03 (2004) does allow the test to be performed
for a degree of saturation between 40 and 60 percent, provided a correction is applied to the final result.
19 the soil specimen. The soil specimen is then carefully trimmed by using a metal straight edge so that
both the top and bottom of the soil specimen are flush with the confining ring. If any surface voids Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)
develop during the trimming process, they should be filled in with soil. Figure 9.5 shows the soil Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.
But as shown in Fig. 9.7, there can be significant swell beyond the 24-h time period. Another approach
is to calculate the expansion index (EI) based on the end of primary swell, defined as (Day, 1993a):
1000(hp − ho )
EI = = (10)(% primary swell)
Ensayo de expansión libre
(9.1)
ho
𝑒Ÿ
21
log 𝜎´
Índice
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
22
Propiedades de suelos colapsables
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
• Baja plasticidad
(poca actividad electroquímica)
• Bajo grado de saturación
(hay tensión capilar ↑ 𝜎´ )
• Muy bajo peso unitario seco
(alta relación de vacíos)
• Presencia de agentes cementantes
que mantienen al suelo en una
posición estable
23
Mecanismo de colapso
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
24
AOSA S.A.
AZ2 - S8
COLLAPSE INDEX TEST Tacuarí 1184 - C1071AAX – Buenos Aires
Date:
Caracterización de colapsabilidad: índice
01/04/2019
Hygrothermal conditions: 21.1°C - 63
0.5m PROJECT: 4927 - AECOM
Operator:
Tested material: USCS: CL de colapso
Gs :
M. Codevilla - L. Tripiciano
Standars:
2,67 #200 :
ASTM D1587, D2216, D2435, D5333
78 PL: 19 LL: 35
SAMPLE PREPARATION A PROCEDURE
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
Perimetral and height carving with manual cutting tools on block Oedometer type: floating ring.
sample. Deformation measurement: LVDT, precision +/- 0.007mm
s´
• Ensayo
DH DH
en edómetro
acH De
RESULTS OF EACH LOAD STAGE
e LOG EFECTIVE PRESSURE - VOID RATIO
(kPa)
2
• Se
(mm)
0,017
lleva (mm)
la muestra o
a
(H - D H ) ( D H /H )
laac (e - D e)
ac
1,03
s 1,10 o
e
0,02 12,99 0,00
12 presión
0,102 0,12efectiva12,89 objetivo
0,02 o1,01 1,00 INUNDATION
25 1,00
49
200kPa,
0,066
0,159
0,19
0,34
sin saturar
12,82
12,66
0,03
0,05 0,97
0,90
∆𝐻
0,80
74
147
• Se
0,120
0,154
satura 0,46
0,62
la muestra
12,54
12,39
0,07
0,10
y 0,96
0,93
0,70
147 se
1,106 mide 1,72∆𝐻 11,28 0,27 0,76 log s´ (kPa)
196 0,313 2,04 10,97 0,32 0,71 0,60
294 • Se
0,282 calcula 2,32 el10,69índice0,36de 0,67 10 100 1000
∆𝐻
C I = $ ' ⋅100
INITIAL FINAL 0,31 wet curve
c # h &
c
0
e
(3)
01,03 -TABLE 1 Classification of Collapse
e 0,78
f -Index, I I e
𝐼
8,50%
¥ = 100×
mod. Severe
c
w 019,7
kN/m 3
w
Degree of%Specimen Collapse 26,0Collapse
f % Index I , % Notes:
kN/m 3
e
𝐻Ÿ
gd0 12,7
None gdf 14,5 0 minimum one-hour on loading steps without distilled water.
Sr 0 Slight
51,1 % Sr f 89,5 0.1
% to 2.0 Inundation of specimen at 147 kPa, one hour duration.
wetting,
∆𝐻
Moderate 2.1 to 6.0
Moderately severe 6.1 to 10.0
Severe >10
𝐼X = 100× ¦
25 ASTM D5333
𝐻Ÿ §´¨vŸŸ©t9
NOTE 1—Notwithstanding the statement on precision and bias con-
ecimen at
Mecanismo de colapso de enrocados
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
Mecanismo de colapso
por humedecimiento
• Asentamiento de presas
luego de su construcción ( no saturado)
llenado de embalse)
• Fisuras en terraplenes
(asentamientos del
terreno de fundación)
• Similar comportamiento
𝜎 − 𝜖œ cuando RH=100%
en edómetro RH: humedad relativa (Oldecop y Alonso 2003)
26
Definiciones
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
• Suelo autocolapsible
– Cuando la presión de tapada es mayor a la presión de
colapso (𝜎•Ÿ > 𝑝¥`\ )
– Si el suelo se humedece, colapsa por peso propio
• Suelo potencialmente colapsible
– Cuando la presión de tapada es menor a la presión de
colapso (𝜎•Ÿ < 𝑝¥`\ )
– Si el suelo se humedece, no colapsa
– Si el suelo se humedece y se aumenta la carga, colapsa
27
Table 1. Soil Parameters field under the stable water level is greate
Maximum collapsibility Maximum self-weight to laboratory test data, the field loess thic
Soil thickness coefficient ds collapsibility coefficient dsz of which the collapsible soil layer thickn
The whole thickness of the loess layer is
Ensayo a gran escala (Lanzhou, China)
0–19 m
19–36.6 m
0.094
0.061
0.199
0.055
formed by the Quaternary Malan loess.
collapsibility is greater than 121.65 cm
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
correspondieron con el
a slow development process. As soaking days increased, local
cracks occurred, gradually expanded, and slowly constituted entire
ring cracks. The ring cracks interlocked, with varying distances
período de inundación
between each other. In general, the ring cracks near the trial pit had
small intervals, whereas those away from the trial pit had large
intervals. The distance between ring cracks varied from 0.5 to 5 cm,
and the crack width was up to 50 cm. The vertical crack height
• 3 ejes de control P1
difference was between 5 and 60 cm; this point appeared in the
transpit east direction, which may be related to the crack formation,
as shown in Fig. 6. The longest cracks of the trial pit were 38 m in
de desplazamientos the north, 39 m in the east, 35 m in the west, and 33 m in the south.
Generally speaking, cracks had small impacts in the southwest
direction and large impacts in the northeast direction, mainly
• Retiro y recolocación
• Compactación in situ
• Inundación
• Fundaciones indirectas
31
¿Cómo distinguir suelos
expansivos de colapsables?
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
Se
levantó?
Se
hundió?
32
¿Cómo distinguir suelos
expansivos de colapsables?
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
33
Índice
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
34
Características de suelos crióticos
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
• Fenómeno de expansión
por formación de hielo
(suelos con #200>10%)
35 (MIT 1981)
Diagrama de fases en suelos crióticos
Cambio volumétrico por deshielo
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
(asentamientos)
36
Perfil térmico: trumpet curve
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
– Congelamiento
y deshielo estacional
• Zona intermedia:
– Permafrost: suelo perma- INTERMEDIA
nentemente congelado
durante por lo menos
un ciclos de 2 años
• Zona inferior:
– Suelo no congelado
INFERIOR
37 (Lachembarch 1973)
Consecuencias del deshielo A Review On Permafrost Geotechnics, Foundation Design
permafrost from melt, the thaw settlement not only is avoided, high loading capacity of cold
applied in design too(Wei et al. 2002).
Deshielo
Study of permafrost natural
geotechnics includes different topics. In this paper, a review
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
trends in foundation design especially pile foundation, thermocyphones, road and rail
foundationare presented.
Corte transversal en suelo con permafrost
II. FOUNDATION DESIGN ON PERMAFROST LANDS
Common foundations if are constructed on frozen soils transfer heat into the froz
inside the soil is melt and structure experiences settlement and structural damage (Fig. 1) if
are used in frozen soils(Clarke, 2004). Primary design step should include the optim
considering permafrost ground conditions and the structure standards. This step should
design requirements e.g. piles, granular pad with air space, or thermosyphons. Some parame
be obtained that include pile adfreeze strength with design ground temperature, and pot
differential settlement during the structure service life.Adfreeze can be defined as a strong a
that is produced during the time that soil freezes in contact with foundations, e.g. piles. Po
aspects of selected foundation type along with alternative foundation types should be addres
design step(Holubec, 2008).
Structurally enhanced foundation (SEF) is more favorable by owners and financial
to avoid settlement due to permafrost melt. SEF is actually a grade-beam foundation, u
footings for pinning may or may not be used. SEF system is usually good to be used where
settlement from thaw strainDeshielo
is less than 0.3 m (Clarke,
inducido por2004).
acción antrópica
38 (Fuente: https://climatekids.nasa.gov/permafrost/)
Fig. 1 Large differential settlement in a structure in permafrost region, Fairbanks(Modified a
2
Termosifones
condensación
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
y
precipitación
del gas
• Transferencia de calor al terreno
para mantenerlo congelado condensador
oundation Types for Permafrost Conditions (Eranti and Lee, 1983) As conditions change due to climatic warming or usage, pile foundations may experience unacceptable creep d
One way to slow creep down to acceptable levels is to cool the ground in the load-bearing zone of the piling. T
thermosyphon is to the load-bearing zone, the more quickly that creep will be reduced. Typically, the most pile
Termosifones
s two thermosyphons to keep the permafrost frozen.
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
Terraplenes
40 ISCORD 2013 ferroviarios
Resumen de clase
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
41
Bibliografía
Suelos expansivos - colapsables - crióticos
Básica
• Jiménez Salas y otros. Geotecnia y Cimientos. Ed. Rueda
Complementaria
• Mitchell. Fundamentals of soil behavior. Wiley.
• Redolfi. Pilotes en suelos colapsables. Tesis CEDEX
• Arroyo. Comportamiento de suelos crióticos. Tesis FIUBA
42