Degradación fotoelectrocatalítica de tinte azul de indantreno usando

electrodos basados en Ti / Ru preparados por un método de Pechini

modificado 2013

http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1810-634X2013000200008
 Marilia MS Pupo ; Lucas S. da Costa ; Aíle C. Figueiredo ; Ronaldo S. da
Silva ; Frederico GC Cunha ; Katlin IB Eguiluz ; Giancarlo R. Salazar-Banda
 Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa, Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes, 49032-490 Aracaju-SE,
Brasil
 Laboratório de Materiais Cerâmicos Avançados, Departamento de Física,
Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 49100-000 São Cristóvão- SE, Brasil
 Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, CP 353, 49100-
000 São Cristóvão-SE, Brasil

Resumen

En este estudio, se sintetizaron 5 composiciones diferentes de electrodos con el fin de lograr

un sistema fotoelectrocatalítico eficiente para el tratamiento de aguas residuales con azul de
indantreno. Se llevaron a cabo caracterizaciones físicas y electroquímicas para investigar más a
fondo las propiedades de los electrodos. Por último, también se varió el pH, la concentración
del medio, la temperatura, la corriente aplicada y las concentraciones de colorante con el fin
de determinar la influencia de estas variables en el desempeño del tratamiento de aguas
residuales contaminadas con colorante y también establecer condiciones operativas
optimizadas.

INFLUENCE OF THE CALCINATION TEMPERATURE AND IONIC LIQUID USED DURING

SYNTHESIS PROCEDURE ON THE PHYSICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
TI/(RUO2)0.8–(SB2O4)0.2 ANODES

 Marcel O. Santos , Géssica de O. S. Santos, Silvana Mattedic , Sandro Grizad , Katlin I. B.

Eguiluz , Giancarlo R. Salazar-Banda.
 Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Nanotechnology, Institute of Technology and
Research, 49032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
 Process Engineering Graduate Program, Tiradentes University, 49032-490, Aracaju,
Sergipe, Brazil
 Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Química, Escola Politécnica, Universidade
Federal da Bahia (UFBA), CEP 40210-630, Salvador, BA, Brazil
 Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade
Federal de Sergipe, CEP 49100000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
RESUMEN
En este estudio, la influencia del tipo de líquido iónico en la síntesis de Ti/(RuO2)0.8–
(Sb2O4)0.2 Se evaluaron electrodos. La temperatura de calcinación también se varió durante
el proceso de síntesis (500, 550 y 600 ° C). La temperatura de calcinación y el tipo de líquido
iónico claramente afectado las propiedades físicas y electroquímicas de los sintetizados
electrodos. El revestimiento de la superficie del sustrato para los electrodos preparados
usando temperaturas más altas (600 ° C) fue ineficaz. En general, electrodos calcinados a 550 °
C usando ambos ILs mostraron mejoras
EVALUACIÓN DE ELECTRODOS BASADOS EN SNO2 DOPADOS CON SB, RU
Y TIO2, FABRICADOS POR LA TÉCNICA PECHINI
http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1810-634X2013000200008
Pilar del Socorro Lázaro Rubio, Adolfo La Rosa-Toro Gómez
 Licenciada en Química, Laboratorio de Electroquímica Aplicada Facultad de Ciencias,
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, e-mail: lazaro@uni.edu.pe, Facultad de Ciencias.
 Profesor Principal y Jefe del Laboratorio de Investigación en Electroquímica Aplicada de la
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Av. Túpac Amaru 210, Rímac, e-
mail: toro@uni.edu.pe
RESUMEN
Los electrodos preparados mediante la técnica Pechini presentan mayor actividad
electrocatalítica que los electrodos preparados a partir de disolución etanólica y
descomposición térmica, observado mediante la medida de ORP y la disminución del
potencial de evolución de oxígeno, cuantificado a partir del análisis de los voltagramas
correspondientes. Este comportamiento podría atribuirse a una morfología rugosa y de
mayor área superficial como consecuencia de la disminución del tamaño de partícula.

La incorporación de rutenio en los electrodos de la serie PRu incrementa significativamente

su tiempo de vida útil, comparativamente mayor frente al aporte mostrado por el TiO2
(serie PSb); este comportamiento es atribuible a la naturaleza de metal noble y estabilidad
química del rutenio frente al cloro. El electrodo PRu3 presenta la mayor estabilidad
electroquímica con un tiempo de vida de 675 horas electrolizando a j=50 mA.cm-2.

Los mejores electrodos basados en SnO2 con mayor actividad electrocatalítica y estabilidad
electroquímica, fueron obtenidos empleando la técnica de precursor polimérico (Pechini)
dopándolos con mayor contenido de rutenio.

SÍNTESIS DE TiO2, FASE ANATASA, POR EL MÉTODO PECHINI

file:///C:/Users/danieel/Downloads/RLMMArt-09S01N3-p931%20(1).pdf
Y. Ochoa*, Y. Ortegón, M. Vargas, J. E. Rodríguez Páez
Grupo Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales Cerámicos (CYTEMAC). Departamento de Física
FACNED Universidad del Cauca. Calle 5 Nº 4 – 70. Popayán- Cauca/Colombia*
E-mail: yasser8a@gmail.com
Trabajos presentados en el X CONGRESO IBEROAMERICANO DE METALURGIA Y MATERIALES
IBEROMET Cartagena de Indias (Colombia), 13 al 17 de Octubre de 2008
Selección de trabajos a cargo de los organizadores del evento
Publicado On-Line el 29-Jul-2009
Disponible en: www.polimeros.labb.usb.ve/RLMM/home.html

RESUMEN
 El sólido obtenido por el método de precursor polimérico es amorfo aun para
tratamientos a
350ºC y presenta como principal fase cristalina la anatasa para tratamientos a 450ºC.
 A través del análisis con espectroscopia infrarroja, y correlacionando estos datos con
los resultados de DRX, se puede determinar cualitativamente la presencia, en la
muestra,de TiO2 amorfo, con fase anatasa o rutilo a diferentes temperaturas; lo
 anterior se justifica con base en la presencia de las bandas características de estos
compuestos en el intervalo de 400 a 1000 cm -1. La forma de las bandas en esta región
se va modificando y se ubicaron bandas, a través del proceso de deconvolución, que se
pueden tomar como referentes para determinar la presencia o no de una cierta fase
cristalina. Así, las bandas ubicadas a ~460, ~510 y ~730 cm-1 se podrían tomar como
características de la fase anatasa y las ubicadas a ~560 y ~670 cm-1 para la fase. Con
base en lo anterior se puede concluir que las muestras tratadas térmicamente a una
temperatura entre 450 y 700ºC presentan una mezcla de anatasa y rutilo; en la
muestra tratada a 700ºC predominaría la fase tipo rutilo.
 El método de síntesis utilizado en este trabajo, procedimiento Pechini, permite
obtener TiO2 fase anatasa a 450ºC. Este es un método reproducible que garantiza
características predeterminadas del producto, pequeño tamaño de partícula y buena
pureza química, que lo hacen muy adecuado para diversas aplicaciones tecnológicas
que actualmente se estudian al interior del grupo CYTEMAC.

CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL ÓXIDO DE TITANIO OBTENIDO

MEDIANTE TRATAMIENTO TÉRMICO Y ANODIZADO
ELECTROQUÍMICO
http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0798-40652015000100019
Alberto Maimone , Sonia Camero , Sergio Blanco

Rev. Fac. Ing. UCV vol.30 no.1 Caracas mar. 2015

Universidad Central de Venezuela. Facultad de Ingeniería. Escuela de Ingeniería Metalúrgica y

Ciencia de los Materiales. Departamento de Metalurgia Física. Caracas. Venezuela. e-mail:
amaimone@fii.gob.ve; soniacamero@gmail.com

Centro de Tecnología de Materiales, Fundación Instituto de Ingeniería, Apartado 40.200

Caracas 1040-A, Venezuela. e-mail: sblanco@fii.gob.ve.

RESUMEN

La caracterización de la capa de óxido en muestras tratadas térmicamente reveló una

morfología granular, uniforme y densa, creciendo en una relación directa con las condiciones
de tratamiento térmico (temperatura y tiempo), por un proceso difusional en estado sólido,
con engrosamiento en los límites de grano y precipitando adatomos equiaxiales y alargados,
con mayor densidad en los bordes de grano a 600°C (873 K). El engrosamiento de los límites de
grano se atribuye a la diferencia en las tasas de difusión en estado sólido entre los bordes de
grano y la matriz, diferencia que aumenta con la disminución de la temperatura, producto de
la energía de activación de la difusión del oxígeno en la red de titanio para las distintas
temperaturas. A 800 °C la tasa de difusión en el borde de grano y en el volumen resultaron
similares, generando una capa frágil de TiO2 de espesor uniforme, producto de la dilatación
térmica y la relación de volumen para el rutilo, ocasionando una fractura y desprendimiento
parcial de la misma.
La capa de óxido formada por anodizado electroquímico con NaH2PO4 al 4% al potencial
aplicado reveló una capa densa y uniforme, calcando la microestructura de la muestra y
variando su espesor con el tratamiento térmico aplicado.

La presencia de las diferentes fases cristalinas influye directamente en las propiedades

fotocatalíticas. La proporción de anatasa/rutilo para 600 °C (873 K) durante 8 h presentó el
mayor flujo de fotocorriente generada con respecto a muestras con presencia de fase anatasa
a 450 °C (723 K).

En las muestras tratadas térmicamente, la temperatura presentó la mayor incidencia en la tasa

de crecimiento de la capa de TiO2 por difusión y en la evolución del tamaño de grano, mientras
que en las muestras anodizadas correspondió al potencial aplicado en la síntesis. El espesor de
la capa de TiO2 influye sobre la tasa de recombinación del par electrón-hueco, presentando
menor tasa de recombinación las muestras tratadas térmicamente (TTX), lo cual estaría
asociado al menor espesor de capa presentado.

USO DE MÉTODOS QUÍMICOS PARA SINTETIZAR

NANOPARTÍCULAS DE SNO2 -TIO2
http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rfiua/n44/n44a05.pdf

Alejandra Montenegro Hernández*, Nathalie Marcela Cerón, Jorge Enrique Rodríguez Páez.
Grupo CYTEMAC. Departamento de Física, Universidad del Cauca, Calle 5
N.° 4-70 Popayán, Colombia.
Rev. Fac. Ing. Univ. Antioquia N.° 44. pp. 43-51. Junio, 2008
(Recibido el 13 de septiembre de 2007. Aceptado el 29 de Enero de 2008)
RESUMEN
De este trabajo se puede concluir lo siguiente:
• Los métodos químicos utilizados, precursor polimérico y precipitación controlada,
permitieron obtener polvos cerámicos del sistema óxido de estaño-óxido de titanio con
tamaño nanométrico, verificado con microscopía electrónica de barrido y transmisión. Se
observa que los sólidos obtenidos tienen un tamaño de partícula primaria menor a 100 nm y
que además es homogéneo. El polvo cerámico sintetizado por precipitación controlada
presentó un alto grado de aglomeración.
• Con base en los resultados de análisis térmico realizado a los polvos cerámicos sintetizados
por el método Pechini, se puede concluir que a partir de 500°C se elimina la parte orgánica y se
cristalizan los óxidos de interés. Para el caso de las muestras obtenidas por precipitación
controlada, por encima de 450°C ocurre un aumento de peso debido a la oxidación del estaño.
La cristalización de la estructura del óxido de estaño, y por lo tanto la formación del SnO2
, es el principal proceso fisicoquímico.
•Los resultados de DRX, para la muestra obtenida por el método del precursor polimérico
(Pechini), indican que el sólido precalcinado a 350°C presenta gran cantidad de fase orgánica
que al tratarla térmicamente a 550°C lleva a la formación de la casiterita como única fase
cristalina (realmente debe corresponder a una solución sólida de SnO2
– TiO2 ). Para el caso de las muestras obtenidas por precipitación controlada, se puede
observar claramente el efecto que tiene la incorporación del óxido de titanio en el sistema: la
muestra que contiene 20% en moles de titanio y varios lavados, presenta como fase cristalina
principal la romarchita SnO, bien cristalizada, mientras que la muestra con 50% en moles de
titanio presenta una mezcla de fases de estaño, casiterita, romarchita y titanio, rutilo. Estos
resultados, junto con los de ATD/TG, indican que mientras en el proceso de precipitación
controlada se favorece la presencia de la romarchita (SnO), por debajo de 450ºC, es muy difícil
obtener un resultado similar utilizando el método del precursor polimérico debido a la etapa
de tratamiento térmico a alta temperatura, aproximadamente 550ºC, a la que se debe
someter la muestra pre-calcinada para obtener la fase estable (solución sólida de SnO2 –
TiO2).
De acuerdo a esto, se vislumbra un método posible, y relativamente sencillo (precipitación
controlada) principalmente para bajas concentraciones de titanio, para sintetizar romarchita,
compuesto que también presenta gran interés tecnológico.
• Todo lo mencionado anteriormente vuelve a poner en evidencia la gran importancia que
tiene el método de síntesis sobre las características estructurales finales que presenta la
materia prima obtenida.

CARACTERIZACIÓN DE RECUBRIMIENTOS SINTETIZADOS POR EL

MÉTODO DE LOS PRECURSORES POLIMÉRICOS
file:///C:/Users/danieel/Downloads/Dialnet-
CaracterizacionDeRecubrimientosSintetizadosPorElMe-3877350.pdf
Jorge Hernando Bautista Ruiz / William Aperador Chaparro / Gabriel Peña Rodríguez
Jorge Hernando Bautista Ruiz
Licenciado en Matemáticas y Física, magíster en Metalurgia y Ciencias de los Materiales.
Docente investigador de la Universidad Francisco de Paula Santan- der. Cúcuta, Colombia.
jorgebautista@ufps.edu.co
William Aperador Chaparro
Físico, doctor en Ingeniería. Docente investigador de la Universidad Militar Nue- va Granada.
Bogotá, Colombia.
wiapch@yahoo.es
Gabriel Peña Rodríguez
Licenciado en Matemáticas, doctor en Ingeniería de Materiales. Docente investi- gador de la
Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander. Cúcuta, Colombia. ggabrielp@yahoo.es
Fecha de aceptación: 29 de agosto de 2011
RESUMEN
Se evaluaron los recubrimientos obtenidos mediante la técnica electroquímica de
Espectroscopía de Impedancia Electroquímica (EIS). Esta técnica determinó un alto
desempeño anticorrosivo, porque el valor de la resistencia a la polarización aumenta
considerablemente en comparación con el sustrato sin recubrir. Este comportamiento
se observa especialmente en las películas obtenidas de la concentración Si/Ti: 10/90.
Al parecer la presencia, en mayor proporción, del catión de titanio mejora las
propiedades anticorrosivas de la película.
En cuanto a la adhesión de las películas se concluye: la concentración Si/Ti: 50/50
presenta un grado G6, correspondiente a un alto desprendimiento alrededor de la
huella. La concentración Si/Ti: 70/30 con grado G4 mostrando hundimiento alrededor
de la huella y leve desprendimiento debido a las tensiones y compresiones generadas
al aplicar la carga en la superficie del recubrimiento. La concentración Si/Ti: 10/90 fue
la mejor al evaluar el grado de adhesión se encuentra en G2 porque denota una
pequeña deformación de la película, sin embargo, no se encuentran indicios de
desprendimiento de esta alrededor de la huella de indentación.
Por microscopía electrónica de barrido se observa agrietamiento en la superficie de los
recubrimien- con tos. Evaluando la interface metal recubrimiento se analizó que estas grietas
eran superficiales como en el caso de la concentración Si/Ti: 10/90 la cual es un recubrimiento
con buenas propiedades anticorrosivas y de adhesión.

ADAPTED PECHINI METHOD TO PREPARE DSA TYPE

ELECTRODES OF RUO2-ZRO2 DOPED WITH SB2O5 OVER
TITANIUM PLATES
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215016118302012
Francisca A. Rodríguez, Eligio P. Rivero, Ignacio González

Departamento de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,

Facultad de EstudiosSuperiores Cuautitlán, Av. 1o de Mayo, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de
México 54740, MexicobDepartamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-
Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, MéxicoD. F. 09340, Mexico

MethodsX
Volume 5, 2018, Pages 1613-1617

RESUMEN

This paper describes a thermal method to obtain metal oxides on a titanium substrate surface.
This adapted Pechini method is a versatile, easy to handle and scalable technique to obtain
electrodes for industrial uses, such as Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA). This method has
advantages over other thermal methods like dip coating or sputtering, as it needs a smaller
amount of polymeric mixture than dip coating method to cover the same area and is less
expensive than sputtering method. The thermal method described herein to prepare DSA type
electrodes of RuO2-ZrO2doped with Sb2O5over titanium plates needs no sophisticated
equipment as spray pyrolysis technique does; a muffle, ultrasonic equipment, and a hot plate
magnetic stirrer are the principal apparatus necessary to carry out the adapted Pechini
method. On the other hand, this method allows metal oxides to disperse homogeneously. The
cyclic voltammograms showed the stability of DSA, and the accelerated life test allowed
establishing its useful life (18.18 years) at a current density of 10 mA cm

Characterization of the structure of RuO2-IrO2/Ti electrodes by

EXAFS
https://apps.webofknowledge.com/CitedFullRecord.do?
product=WOS&colName=WOS&SID=8E6KeRLDEkKrKG4uvjc&search_mode=CitedFullRecord&is
ickref=WOS:000073779400012&cacheurlFromRightClick=no

Arikawa T, Takasu Y, Murakami Y, Asakura K, Iwasawa Y

Fecha de publicación: MAY 7 1998

J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 19, 3736–3741

Shinshu University  Shinshu Univ, Fac Text Sci & Technol, Dept Fine Mat Engn, 3-15-1 Tokida,
Ueda, Nagano 3868567, Japan.

The structure of oxide layers of the RuO2-IrO2/Ti electrode system and the thermal decomposition
processes of RuCl3 and IrCl3 to form their respective oxides have been mainly analyzed by EXAFS
(extended X-ray absorption fine structure) and XRD (X-ray diffraction). Upon heating of the
respective chlorides in air, both chlorides convert into their respective oxides. The coordination
numbers of the oxide ions around bath the ruthenium and iridium ions increased with an increase
in the calcination temperature and attained 6, which is the theoretical value of the standard
samples of rutile RuO2 and IrO2. The changes in the coordination number with respect to the
calcination temperature were accompanied by changes in the lattice constants of these oxides. This
suggests that the deviation of these parameters from the standard sample is caused by the lattice
defects of the oxide ions. A dependence of the radial distribution functions of EXAFS on the
composition of the RuO2-IrO2/Ti electrode system showed that RuO2 forms a solid solution with
IrO2 for the binary oxide electrode system.

A ruthenium oxide and iridium oxide coated titanium electrode

for pH measurement
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2020/ra/d0ra04337k

Liu, Baishu ; Zhang, Juanfeng 

Shenzhen Angel Drinking Water Ind Grp Corp, Angel Ind Pk, Shenzhen 518108, Guangdong,
Peoples R China.

10, 25952–25957

RESUMEN

This paper reports the pH sensing capability of a ruthenium oxide (RuO2) and iridium oxide
(IrO2) coated titanium (ROIOT) electrode. The characterization results indicated that the ROIOT
electrode had a cracked morphology. The RuO(2)and IrO(2)particles were decorated on the
surface of the electrode. The ROIOT electrode showed near-Nernstian sensitivity of -50.8 mV
pH(-1), with a wide detection range of pH 2-12. The response time was 4.0-13.5 s, which was
fast and very sensitive to the pH change. The ROIOT electrode also demonstrated great
detection reversibility and stability in various pH conditions. In the long-term experiment of 30
d, potential measurements using the ROIOT electrode had a minor fluctuation of 1.5 mV d(-1).
The practical application of the ROIOT electrode was demonstrated by measuring the pH
values of various buffer solutions and complex samples. With the advantages of low cost and
simple production, it is believed that the ROIOT electrode could be a promising candidate for
use as a sensing material for pH sensor development.

INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF MOLAR RATIO BETWEEN TIO2

NANOPARTICLES AND TITANIUM ALKOXIDE IN PECHINI BASED
TIO2 PASTE ON PHOTOVOLTAIC PERFORMANCE OF DYE-
SENSITIZED SOLAR cells
https://apps.webofknowledge.com/full_record.do?
product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=17&SID=8E6KeRLDEkKrKG4uvjc&page=1&d
oc=2&cacheurlFromRightClick=no

Mashreghi, A (Mashreghi, A.)[ 1 ] ; Ghasemi, M (Ghasemi, M.)[ 1 ]

Shiraz University of Technology  Shiraz Univ Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Shiraz 71555313,
Iran.

RESUMEN
Recombination of electrons in TiO2 conduction band has detrimental effects on the
performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Good connection between TiO2
nanoparticles, in meso-porous TiO2 layer, causes a significant reduction in recombination
reaction rate. In the present work, Pechini sol-gel method was used for the synthesis of TiO2
nanoparticle pastes with different amounts of titanium tetra-isopropoxide (TIP) in their sol
precursors. The synthesized paste was used for the fabrication of photoanode of DSSCs. Then,
the effect of TTIP content of sol precursor on the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs was
investigated. For all pastes, the amount of sol in paste was kept constant which led to the
mesa-porous TiO2 layers with the same amount of porosity. Results showed that the
photovoltaic performance of DSSCs first increases and then decreases with increasing TTIP
content of sol precursor. It was concluded that the increase in performance of DSSC is due to
the good connection between TiO2 nanoparticles and the decrease in performance is due to
the micro-cracks in the meso-porous TiO2 layers with high content of TTIP in their sol
precursor. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved .

Effect of Fe addition on phase transformation

of titanium dioxide nanocrystals prepared by Pechini-type
sol-gel method
https://apps.webofknowledge.com/full_record.do?
product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=17&SID=8E6KeRLDEkKrKG4uvjc&page=1&d
oc=3&cacheurlFromRightClick=no
Gharagozlou, M.;  Ganjkhanlou, Y

AUG 2012

Inst Colorants Paint & Coatings, Dept Nanotechnol & Nanomat, Tehran, Iran

RESUMEN
In the current work, titanium dioxide and iron-doped titanium dioxide (0-3%) nanocrystals
were prepared with the Pechini-type sol-gel method. The same procedure as well as spin-
coating technique was applied for preparation of thin films. The prepared samples were
characterised by X-ray diffractometery (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
techniques. The crystallographic and microstructural parameters of nanopowders were refined
from XRD patterns utilising the Rietveld refinement method. It was found that with
incorporation of iron in TiO2 structure, a highly distorted brookite phase was generated and
the amount of anatase phase was decreased. The rutile phase disappeared with addition of
iron; however, in higher concentration of iron (3%), it reappeared. The results also indicate
that the crystallite size of brookite phase as well as microstrain of anatase and brookite phases
were amplified with iron doping. The results of the photocatalytic test of prepared thin films
are in agreement with the prediction of photocatalytic activity of samples based on their
phase's constituents and structure.

BIBLIOGRAFIA

Coruminas, M., Ronecro, C., Bruguca, E., y Casas, M. (2007). Sistema dopaminérgico y
adicciones, Rev Mukuel, 44(1), 23-31..

Ghghfg

INFLUENCE OF THE CALCINATION TEMPERATURE AND IONIC LIQUID USED DURING

VSYNTHESIS PROCEDURE ON THE PHYSICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
TI/(RUO2)0.8–(SB2O4)0.2 ANODES
https://doc-0s-ag-apps-
viewer.googleusercontent.com/viewer/secure/pdf/kh3l77vnilbtbaceof90kbhv8iat1vrn/icppqa
u2r5921i17ehi1138vkmmnqug7/1598226600000/drive/17302123077145692907/ACFrOgBCD
M3wOUeaFHz8J-1hpeXQSyopSO5aiYLR-
IM6fqyh2D0gvhGvr2iRzYDJ3vNiOqnR8nADrKxMQkH_96ONijU-M-msfm-
IjaPmyjko9rhXlWWhar73JemxH-ymbrvg8emPpCj0e8T8ZP31?
print=true&nonce=p0nc9eo79eb24&user=17302123077145692907&hash=ak3tcc43g3ieakhehi
haq56jeg3v7nui

Marcel O. Santosa,b, Géssica de O. S. Santosa,b, Silvana Mattedic, Sandro Grizad ,Katlin I. B.

Eguiluza,b , Giancarlo R. Salazar-Bandaa,b,⁎

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 829 (2018) 116–128

CONCLUSIÓN

In this study, the influence of ionic liquid type on the synthesis of Ti/(RuO2)0.8–(Sb2O4)0.2
electrodes was evaluated. The calcination temperature was also varied during the synthesis
process (500, 550 and 600 °C). The calcination temperature and the ionic liquid type clearly
affected the physical and electrochemical properties of the synthesized electrodes. The coating
of the substrate surface for the electrodes prepared using higher temperatures (600 °C) was
ineffective. In general, electrodes calcined at 550 °C using both ILs showed improved

ENHANCED STABILITY END ELECTROCATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF TI/RUxI 1_xO2 ANODES

PRODUCED BY A NEW LASER PROCESS
Tarciso É. S. Santos†, Ronaldo S. Silva‡, Cristiano T. Meneses§, Carlos A. Martínez-Huitle⊥,
Katlin I. B. Eguiluz†, and Giancarlo R. Salazar-Banda*
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2016, 55, 11, 3182–3187

CONCLUSION
Titanium electrodes covered with ruthenium and antimony oxides with different compositions
(Ti/(RuO2)0.5–(Sb2O5)0.5 and Ti/(RuO2)0.8–(Sb2O5)0.2) were synthesized by using the ionic
liquid (IL) and Pechini methods. These electrodes were characterized by X-ray diffraction,
scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and electrochemical
techniques, showing that the electrodes prepared by the IL method (green chemistry route)
presented grains, a noncracked morphology, rutile structure, and significant electroactive area.
The electrocatalytic nature of both electrodes was evaluated by electrochemical degradation
of a persistent organic compound (atrazine herbicide) by applying 10 and 20 mA cm–2, and
compared, for the first time, with a nonactive electrode with higher oxidation power (boron-
doped diamond (BDD)). Results clearly showed that electrodes obtained by the IL method
achieved higher degradation efficiencies. Compared with BDD anode, the Ti/(RuO2)0.8–
(Sb2O5)0.2 electrode showed a similar performance to remove atrazine (98% in 100 min),
EVIDENCING AN IMPROVEMENT IN ITS OXIDATION POWER AS ACTIVE ANODE

SYNTHESIS OF HIGH-AREA CHEMICALLY MODIFIED ELECTRODES USING

MICROWAVE HEATING
M. D. Gonzaga, A. C. A. Andrade, R. S. Silva, G. R. Salazar-Banda, E. B. Cavalcanti & K. I. B.
Eguiluz

Volume 206, 2019 - Issue 5 Pages 647-653 | Received 13 Jan 2018, Accepted 16 Aug 2018,
Published online: 25 Sep 2018

RESUMEN

The modification of carbon felts by the Pechini method resulted in electrochemically stable
CMEs. Materials modified by microwave heating obtained significantly higher values for a
voltam-metric charge (related to the electroactive area) and stability than the bare carbon
felt, whose val- ues were also higher than those of CMEs synthe-sized by conventional
heating. Moreover, the oxide deposition on the fibers improves the con- ductivity of the
CMEs, where microwave pre-pared stands out compared to the conventional. Among all
the CMEs, the highest conductivity is seen for (RuO2)0.9–(Sb2O5)0.05–(Ta2O5)0.05/C.
Microwave heating reduces the CME production time by 60% and produces homogeneous
coatings that maintain the three-dimensional structure of the felts. Thus, the use of
microwave irradiation

INFLUENCE OF HEATING RATE ON THE PHYSICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF

MIXED METAL OXIDES ANODES SYNTHESIZED BY THERMAL DECOMPOSITION METHOD
APPLYING AN IONIC LIQUID

Leticia Mirella da Silva , Géssica de Oliveira Santiago Santos, Marilia Moura de Salles Pupo,
Katlin Ivon Barrios Eguiluz, Giancarlo Richard Salazar-Banda,
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 813 (2018) 127–133
CONCLUSION
The present work focused in analysing the influence of cerium doping on the well-known
Sn–SbO2 structure, further studying the different outcomes according to variations in
heating rates and ap- plying ionic liquid in precursor solution preparation. From the results
obtained it is possible to conclude that even the slight variation in heating rates is able to
influence and alter the su- perficial active area of the MMO and consequently its porosity
and electrocatalytic activity. Considering the atomic radius of the metallic elements used,
special care was taken to not overcome cerium amounts in order to achieve proper
incorporation of metal ions, showing that small amounts are able to obtain enhanced
features. The MMO

MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY COUPLED WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL ADVANCED

OXIDATION PROCESSES FOR ORGANIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT: RECENT
ADVANCES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00986445.2018.1516645?
journalCode=gcec20
Zonglin Pan , Chengwen Song, Lin Li, Hong Wang, Yanqiu Pan, Chunlei Wang,
Jianxin Li, Tonghua Wang, Xianshe Feng
Chemical Engineering Journal xxx Volume 376, 15 November 2019
CONCLUCION
Membrane technology coupled with EAOPs has become one of the most promising
technologies for organic wastewater treatment, which reinforces the advantages of
the membrane separation and EAOPs, and enhances the removal efficiency for the
organic contaminants. The coupling processes are normally designed in two
modes: the one-pot process and two-stage process. Compared to the two-stage
process, the one-pot process is technically superior due to the less space occupied
and the high efficiency improved significantly by the electrokinetic effects and in-
situ reduction of membrane fouling. The membrane materials used in the coupling
process can be cate- gorized as nonconductive membranes and conductive
membranes. The nonconductive membranes based on polymers and ceramic
materials are only used as the separation medium or the substrate of composite
conductive membranes. The conductive membranes consisted mainly of the
inorganic membrane materials, including sub-stoichiometric tita-nium oxide
membranes, porous Ti-based membranes and carbon-based membranes, are
adopted as the electrode and membrane filter si- multaneously in the one-pot
membrane-EAOPs. In the future develop-ment of the membrane-EAOPs, the
conductive membrane will become more attractive and exhibit potential
application prospects due to its more compact structure, higher efficiency and
lower energy consump-tion.

PHOTOCATALYTIC WATER DECONTAMINATION USING GRAPHENE AND ZNO

COUPLED PHOTOCATALYSTS: A REVIEW
Pankaj Raizada , Anita Sudhaik, Pardeep Singh
/ Materials Science for Energy Technologies 2 (2019) 509–525
CONCLUCION
ZnO photocatalyst with some unique properties such as increased specific surface
area and more numbers of active surface sites simplify absorption of pollutants and
enables photogenerated charge carriers to react with pollutants which makes it a
virtuous photocatalyst [108–110]. However, photocorrosion and low visible light
absorption remarkably restrained the photoactivity of ZnO. Various graphene
based nanomaterials have been used as a support material to enhance other
photocatalysts photodegradation activity. Due to their structural properties and
applications, many approaches and methods were employed for the fabrication of
gra-phene based nanomaterial and ZnO/graphene based nanocompos- ites. The
synthesized nanocomposites successfully performed their photoactivity in
pollutants degradation. The coupling of graphene based nanomaterials with
photoactive ZnO improved photodegra- dation ability of ZnO towards various
organic and inorganic pollu-tants such as dyes, phenolic compounds, antibiotics,
heavy metal ions as well as bacterial disinfection. The study reiterates that suit-
able fabrication of nanocomposites was not only favourable in degradation
processes but reusability of ZnO is also required to improve by tailoring band gap
so that it can be transformed into visible light assisted photocatalyst. Graphene
based nanomaterial persuades further functionality of ZnO/graphene based
nanocom-
posites such as prolonged light absorption range, improved adsorption and charge
separation capacity with high stability. But still in actual field applications better
indulgent of advanced mechanism is highly required for productive application of
pro-gressive nanocomposites for degradation of pollutants that will positively be a
step for improving the action of multifunctionalnanocomposites.

ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS

FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Carlos Alberto Martínez-Huitle1,∗ and Marco Panizza2,∗
Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 2018, 11:62–71
CONCLUCION
This review supplies a current opinion about the most recent works, which have
been carried out toward the electrochemical oxidation (EO) of organic pollutants
for water treatment. In particular, the first section is focused on the direct EO or
anodic oxidation, and the indirect EO by electrogenerated active chlorine, the most
important mediated process. Meanwhile, the second section describes the use of
promising cathodic processes as well as the recent progress of emerging
photoassisted electrochemical treatments such as photoelectro-Fenton and solar
electro-Fenton. The outlooks of these emerging processes for the upcoming future
finally conclude this mini-review.

PREPARATION AND ELECTROCHEMICAL TREATMENT APPLICATION OF CE-

PBO2/ZRO2 COMPOSITE ELECTRODE IN THE DEGRADATION OF ACRIDINE
ORANGE BY ELECTROCHEMICAL ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESS
Yingwu Yao, Bingli Ren, Yang Yang, Chunjiao Huang, Mengyao Li
Journal of Hazardous Materials 361 (2019) 141–151
CONCLUCION
 Novel Ce-PbO2/ZrO2 composite electrodes were successfully fabricated in the lead
nitrate solution containing cerium ions and ZrO2 particles by composite
electrodeposition method. SEM images and XRD results indicated that Ce-PbO2/ZrO2
composite electrodes have com- pact structure and fine grain size. Ce-PbO2/ZrO2
composite electrodes have higher oxygen evolution overpotential and AO removal
ratio than Ce-PbO2 electrode. The service life of Ce-PbO2/ZrO2 composite electrode
reaches 318 h, which is 4.2 times as that of Ce-PbO2 electrode (74 h). 30 mg L−1 AO
could be completely removed by Ce-PbO2/ZrO2 composite electrodes with current
density as 50 mA cm−2 at pH = 5.0 after 90 min. The electrochemical degradation of
AO followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. Finally, the possible degradation
pathway of AO was elucidated based on the identification of stable byproducts
generated in the electrochemical degradation process detected by HPLC-MS.
Ultimately, AO and itsbyproducts could be effectively eliminated and mineralized into
CO2, H2O, NH4
+, and NO3-.

SYNTHESIS OF ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING COMPOSITE ADSORBENTS

FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT USING ADSORPTION &
ELECTROCHEMICAL REGENERATION
H.M.A. Asghar , S.N. Hussain, N.W. Brown , E.P.L. Roberts

Asghar et al. / Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 20 (2014) 781–786

Electrically conducting adsorbent materials called NyexTM 1000 & 2000 have already been
reported with comparatively low adsorption capacity for various organic, biologically non-
degradable and toxic compounds. Two composite adsorbents called CA1 & CA2 were
synthesized using synthetic graphite carbon black and expanded graphite-carbon black
respectively. The aim of developing the new adsorbents was to increase the adsorption
capacity along with good electrical properties. The develop adsorbents were characterized
using N2 adsorption for specific surface area, Boehm surface titration for surface chemistry,
bed electrical conductivity, laser size analyzer for average particle size, and scanning electron
microscope (SEM) for particle morphology and shape. Then both the composite adsorbents
were tested for the adsorption of acid violet 17 followed by an electrochemical regeneration.
The adsorption study revealed that both the adsorbents had almost similar kinetic behavior
with a significant increase in adsorption capacity for acid violet 17 (300 & 26 mg g1
respectively) when compared with the adsorption capacity of previously developed electrically
conducting materials called NyexTM 1000 & 2000 (3.5 and 9 mg g1 respectively). The
composite adsorbent CA2 was successfully electrochemically regenerated by passing an
electric charge of 138 C g1 at a current density of 14 mA cm2 for a treatment time of 60 min,
whereas, the composite adsorbent CA1 could not be regenerated successfully. The
regeneration efficiencies of CA2 were obtained at around 120% during five adsorption–
regeneration cycles. The amount of actual charge passed of 138 C g1 for achieving 100%
regeneration efficiency was found to be similar with stoichiometrically calculated amount of
charge. The amount of electrical energy required to oxidize each mg of adsorbed acid violet
onto CA2 (24 J mg1) was found to be significantlylower to that of NyexTM 1000 & 2000
adsorbents (52 J mg1 & 32 J mg1 respectively).2013 The Korean Society of Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All
REMOVAL OF TYROSOL FROM WATER BY ADSORPTION ON CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS
AND ELECTROCHEMICAL ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSES

Nelly Flores , Farbod Sharif , Nael Yasri , Enric Brillas , Ignasi Sires ,Edward P.L. Roberts ,

Chemosphere 201 (2018) 807e815

CONCLUCION

This work compares the ability of physical and chemical treatments, namely adsorption and
electrochemical advanced oxidation processes, to remove tyrosol from aqueous medium.
Adsorption on graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) performed much better than that with a
graphite intercalation compound. Adsorption isotherms were found to follow the Freundlich
model (R2 1⁄4 0.96), which is characteristic of Achemisorption process. Successful
electrochemical regeneration enables 5 successive adsorption/regeneration cycles before
corrosion of GNPs occurs. Other typical aromatic contaminants that may coexist with tyrosol
can be also adsorbed on GNPs. Percentage of regeneration efficiency of GNPs showed a higher
affinity towards Lewis acids group compounds and a lower one towards Lewis base. The treat-
ment of 100 mL of 0.723 mM tyrosol solutions in non-chlorinated and chlorinated matrices at
pH 3.0 was carried out by electrochemical oxidation with electrogenerated H2O2 (EO-H2O2),
electro-Fenton (EF) and UVA photoelectro-Fenton (PEF). Trials were made with a BDD anode
and an air-diffusion cathode at 10 e30 mA cm2 Hydroxyl radicals formed at the anode from
water oxidation and/or in the bulk from Fenton's reaction between added Fe2þ and generated
H2O2, along with active chlorine produced in chlorinated medium, were the main oxidants.
Tyrosol concentration always decayed following a pseudo-first-order kinetics and its
mineralization rose as EO-H2O2 < EF < PEF, more rapidly in the chlorinated matrix. The potent
photolysis of intermediates under UVA radiation explained the almost total miner- alization
achieved by PEF in the latter medium. The effect of current density and tyrosol content on the
performance of all processes was examined.

CAN ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION TECHNIQUES REALLY DECONTAMINATE SALINE

DYES WASTEWATER?
Sadiqua N. Ramjaun, Zhaohui Wang*, Ruixia Yuan, Jianshe Liu*
S.N. Ramjaun et al. / Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 3 (2015) 1648–
1653
RESUMEN
Formation of toxic chlorinated organic byproducts is of great concern when selecting
electrochemical oxidation (EO) as decontamination technology for saline dye
wastewater, but still not verified. To test the applicability of EO, methyl orange (MO)
was used as a model dye for anodic contact glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE) and
conventional electrolysis (CE) in the presence of chloride. The degradation kinetics and
organic intermediates were analyzed. In the presence of chloride, the rates of dye
degradation were significantly increased as CGDE and CE were applied. CE resulted in
higher mineralization efficiency than CGDE which needs much energy input. Several
refractory chlorinated aromatic and even aliphatic compounds were identified during
MO degradation, as well as the other anthraquinone dye, alizarin red S (AR). Therefore,
the issues of toxic chlorinated byproducts and energy cost should be preferentially
evaluated prior to the selection of EO technologies.