UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS AMÉRICAS

TAI706-851
23 DE MARZO DE 2021

Encargo de Traducción 2

Tarea para la próxima clase: Realizar encargo de traducción grupal (949

palabras), identificar 4 técnicas de traducción empleadas en su realización,
identificar 6 problemas de traducción (clasificación y estrategias), elaborar glosario
de 10 términos. Presenta el grupo completo.

RAA2 Analizar y resolver los problemas de traducción que se presentan en los textos
tratados según la documentación realizada. RAA3 Utilizar la terminología especializada
según los requerimientos de la traducción de textos de minería y medicina. RAA6 Realizar
un tratamiento riguroso de las disciplinas en la traducción, a través de un trabajo metódico
y constante. RAA7 Cumplir plazos perentorios de entrega y producción de palabras por
hora para cumplir con los requerimientos de la profesión.

Instrucción
Lea el texto de Encargo de Traducción para comprender el tema de manera
global, busque terminología/vocabulario general y realice el proceso de traducción
con la posterior edición del texto meta
Presentación
-Fuente: Arial
-Tamaño: 12
-Texto Justificado
-Margen superior derecho de la primera plana, indicar: Universidad, Asignatura,
Fecha, Nombre
Base metals
This includes copper, nickel, iron, manganese, zinc, and others, but iron (Fe) and
aluminum (Al) occupy a leading role in consumption and represent the largest
fraction of metals accumulated in the society. Iron has been mined since antiquity,
and there are vast iron amounts in built infrastructures. Aluminum has been
produced only from the 19th century on but today occupies a wide place in the
economy and industry. To illustrate this, we may look into statistics of the global
extraction of major metals which, in the period from 1970 to 2004 (35‐year period),
grew by more than 75%, and global extraction of industrial minerals (e.g. rocks,
cement), which increased by 53% in the same period. In such period, global
consumption of aluminum increased from about 12.5 billion tons per year to
38 billion tons per year, that is, more than three times, while the global
consumption of ferrous metals (used for production of steel) increased slower
reaching about one billion tons per year in 2014, that is, the double of 1974. In
USA, aluminum recovered from old scrap in 2016 was equivalent to about 31% of
apparent consumption in the same year.

Over the last decades, releases of materials into the environment, which take place
in every stage from extraction, to use, and to waste disposal causing
environmental and human health impacts, increased at a greater rate because of
overburden removed to reach the metal ores. The quantity of waste generated to
produce the 12 major metals and commodities was computed to be, in average,
four times the weight of the metals extracted, but, in reality, the wastes flow
increases faster than the commodity extraction due to declining ore grades and
need to tap deeper ore deposits.

Global trends in iron and steel consumption show also higher consumption of
metals in North America, European Union, China, and India than extraction which
relates to economic growth of these countries. The opposite trend was noticed in
the rest of the world. It is also known that reserves of these metals (e.g. Fe is 5%
of Earth crust) largely exceed the amounts already extracted and will ensure the
availability of these resources for long time. This is not the case for all metals and
metal recycling is needed. Recycling is easy for not‐alloyed metals, and it is much
less costly in energy than extraction from the mine and can extend further the life
time of the resource
.
The extraction cost of base metals is large and its extraction usually requires
intensive investment, the buildup of large infrastructures, and generally produces
large environmental impacts. As an example, we may quote the 10 biggest iron
mines in the world and their environmental impacts. Furthermore, the development
of mines such as copper, lead, and arsenic mines in Peru has caused severe
environmental losses, and today, it may require intensive dialog with stakeholders
to reach a societal agreement to mining, as it happened at Cajamarca and Las
Bambas. It is also from some of the biggest metal mines in Peru that reports give
account of poor safety records and large social and environmental impacts
changing the livelihoods of communities and compromising water resources and
agriculture soils.

The current global trends in production of these metals are worrisome: (1) in spite
of rising material flows, the worldwide average commodity consumption per capita
did not improve globally, but regionally only; (2) the environmental costs with
extraction and processing were increasingly borne by lesser developed countries;
(3) these combined trends create a situation not sustainable in the long term. Why
is this? Because metal extraction to satisfy the needs of the world population at the
standards enjoyed by most developed countries with current technology would
exhaust metal resources at least for several among them, such as copper, zinc,
and platinum.
Oil and gas
This mining sector is the world largest in the amount of materials produced and the
value of revenues. Access to energy sources and their use constrained and
shaped the human society's actions and economic growth over time, and this is
particularly true for oil and natural gas during the 20th century. Oil exploitation fully
developed during the last century and related ecological impacts occurred, ranging
from oil spills and soil contamination in the forests of Ecuador and delta of Niger
River to the Arctic coast and oil spills in the sea, such as the recent oil spill of the
Deep Horizon platform in Gulf of Mexico, 2010.

In the Gulf of Mexico, only there are more than 2000 oil platforms in operation and
other oil spills had occurred, and are likely to occur again. Also, oil tankers suffered
shipwrecks in seas around the world that originated oil spills with significant
impacts in coastal areas (e.g. Torrey Canyon, Exon Valdez, and Prestige). The
most iconic case of impact in the marine environment was the oil spill of the
supertanker Torrey Canyon in 1967 at the Cornwall coast, English channel, exactly
50 years ago, that initiated a period of wide concern with ecological disasters.
Scientific reports have documented the toxic effects of crude oil on biota including
humans, the lasting contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons, and the slow
recovery of marine ecosystems. Reports from several countries have highlighted
also serious impacts on terrestrial environments, human communities, and
economics. Impacts of Deep Horizon 2010 oil spill cost 62 billion USD to British
Petroleum, and the cost of oil spills following shipwreck of oil tankers, such as
the Prestige at the Spanish and Portuguese coasts in 2002, were estimated in
billion dollars. Oil spills showed also the diversity of toxic pathways and ecological
impacts of crude oil and how unprepared the nations are to face such ecological
catastrophes.

(Tomado de https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/fes3.109 el 23 de marzo de 2021)