Tortugas terrestres y de agua dulce de Colombia

y manejo de los decomisos

Septiembre 2012
1
2
MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA Edgar Adrián Vásquez Ávila, Biólogo
Y DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE Rector Marjorie Pinzón Arias, Bióloga
Ignacio Mantilla Prada Oscar Yandy Romero Goyeneche, Biólogo
Presidente de la República de Colombia Felber Jair Arroyave Bermúdez, Biólogo
Juan Manuel Santos Calderón Vicerrector de Investigación María Carolina Becerra Riveros, Bióloga
Alexander Gómez Mejía Cindy Cristina Leguízamo Pardo, Bióloga
Ministro de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible Decano (E) Facultad de Ciencias Joven Investigadora Colciencias - estudiante de posgrado
Frank Pearl John Charles Donato Rondón
Ilustraciones interiores y contracarátula
Viceministra de Ambiente Vicedecano de Investigación Edgar Adrián Vásquez Ávila, Biólogo
Adriana Soto Luis Fernando Ospina
Fotografía portada
Director Departamento de Biología Cindy Leguízamo
Directora de Bosques, Biodiversidad y Servicios Hernando Alfonso Valencia Zapata
Ecosistémicos Fotografías interiores
Grupo de investigación Biología de Organismos Tro- Natalia Luque, Bióloga
Xiomara Sanclemente
picales (Biotun) Cindy Leguízamo, Bióloga
María Argenis Bonilla Gómez, Directora Mónica Cuervo, Bióloga
Grupo de Gestión en Biodiversidad
Claudia Luz Rodríguez Autores Priscila Saab Vélez, Bióloga
María Argenis Bonilla Gómez, Ph. D. –Directora de Proyecto–
Diseño y diagramación
Natalia Luque Sánchez, Bióloga - Coordinadora
Zulima Pulido Pardo
Mónica Adriana Cuervo Martínez, Bióloga - Coordinadora
Laura Camila Barreto Calderón, Bióloga Impresión
Catalina Zuluaga Rodríguez, Bióloga Editorial Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Cítese como:
Colombia. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible
Tortugas terrestres y de agua dulce de Colombia y manejo de los decomisos/;
Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Bonilla M. A., Luque N., Cuervo M. A.,
Pinzón M. y Vásquez E. A.; Bogotá, D.C.: Colombia. Ministerio de Ambiente y
Desarrollo Sostenible, 2012. 100 p.

1. Tortugas terrestres y de agua dulce de Colombia

2. Manejo de los decomisos
<ZnÅKWLMNI]VI[QT^M[\ZM
4. Amenazas a la biodiversidad
5. Ciclo de vida tortugas
I. Tit.
II. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible
III.Universidad Nacional de Colombia

CDD: 591.7

ISBN: 978-958-761-234-9
Esta publicación se produjo en el marco del Convenio 179 de 2011 suscrito entre
el Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible y la Universidad Nacional
de Colombia

© Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, Colombia.

© Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Todos los derechos reservados. Se autoriza la reproducción y difusión de material contenido

MVM[\MLWK]UMV\WXIZIÅVM[ML]KI\Q^W[]W\ZW[ÅVM[VWKWUMZKQITM[[QVXZM^QII]\WZQbIKQ~V
del titular de los derechos de autor, siempre que se cite claramente la fuente. Se prohíbe la
ZMXZWL]KKQ~VLMM[\MLWK]UMV\WXIZIÅVM[KWUMZKQITM[,Q[\ZQJ]KQ~VOZI\]Q\I
 !"#$%#&'"
!
% "#$%$&'()*+&! !
! #& ?*-;-:@(!6!$)-;-:@(!.$!;(%! !
'-#'/:(%
!
$" B*)A(%

!
( ,&'#-./))*+&
!
! $$ 7*);-!.$!<*.(!.$!;(!
'-#'/:(!A*)-'$(
!

!
"" 4$)-9$&.()*-&$%!
JHQHUDOHVSDUDHO
9(&$5-!./#(&'$!6!
!
! " 01'*&)*+&2!3*%'(!4-5(!6!!
7*'$% !

!
GHVSXpVGHOGHFRPLVR
.$!'-#'/:(%!
!
 $' B(9*;*(%2!:C&$#-%!6!
HVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDV
!

!
!
!
#$ 8$)-9*%-%!.$!'-#'/:(%! 
'$##$%'#$%!6!.$!(:/(!! !
./;)$!$&!$;!)-&'$1'-!.$;!! !
FRQWLQHQWDOHVGH&RORPELD !
&$ D;-%(#*-


!
WUiÀFRLOHJDOGHHVSHFLHV !
%*;<$%'#$% 
!
$( 7(#()'$#@%'*)(%!.$!;(%!!
ÀFKDVGHODVHVSHFLHVGH !
'-#'/:(%!'$##$%'#$%!6!.$!! &) %LEOLRJUDItD

! ! (:/(!./;)$!$&)-&'#(.(%!!
!

!
#% =9$&(>(%!(!;(%!
SREODFLRQHVGHODV  !
'-#'/:(%!)-&'*&$&'(;$%!!
 HQ&RORPELD

 && ÌQGLFHGHQRPEUHV!
GHHVSHFLHV
 GH&RORPELD
 ()%*%#$+,&-#
(O0LQLVWHULRGH$PELHQWH\'HVDUUROOR6RVWHQLEOHYLHQHLPSXOVDQGROD UHFRQRFHUTXHXQDGHODVDPHQD]DVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVSDUDODVXSHUYLYHQE
JHVWLyQDPELHQWDOFRQFHUQLHQWHDODOtQHDGHHVSHFLHVIRFDOHVDPHQD]DE FLDGHPXFKDVGHODVHVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDVFRQWLQHQWDOHVHVHOWUiÀFRLOHJDO
.(%2!$&.C9*)(%!6!9*:#('-#*(%FG!0%'(!())*+&!%$!$5$)/'(!(!'#(<C%!.$!;(!8*#$)E GHKXHYRVQHRQDWRV\KHPEUDVDGXOWDV
FLyQGH%RVTXHV%LRGLYHUVLGDG\6HUYLFLRV(FRVLVWpPLFRVGHQWURGHVX
%XVFDQGRJHQHUDULQVWUXPHQWRVTXHDSR\HQWpFQLFDPHQWHODJHVWLyQ
SURJUDPDGHWUDEDMRRULHQWDGRDORJUDUFRQVHUYDUODELRGLYHUVLGDG\VXV
DPELHQWDOHQPDWHULDGHIDXQDVLOYHVWUHQRVFRPSODFHPRVHQSUHVHQWDU
%$#<*)*-%!$)-%*%'C9*)-%2!$&!/&!$%)$&(#*-!%-)*(;!6!'$##*'-#*(;!H/$!9(1*9*)$!
HVWDFDUWLOODTXHFRUUHVSRQGHDXQHVIXHU]RFLHQWtÀFR\WpFQLFRGHQWUR
HOELHQHVWDUGHORVFRORPELDQRV
GHOPDUFRGHODFRRSHUDFLyQ\DOLDQ]DHVWDEOHFLGDHQWUHHO0LQLVWHULR\
(O3URJUDPD1DFLRQDOSDUDODFRQVHUYDFLyQGHODVWRUWXJDVPDULQDV\ HO'HSDUWDPHQWRGH%LRORJtDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH&RORPELD
FRQWLQHQWDOHVHQ&RORPELDKDFHSDUWHGHOWUDEDMRUHDOL]DGRFRQHVSHFLHV (VSHUDPRVTXHVHDXQDKHUUDPLHQWDGHWUDEDMR\GHFRQVXOWDGHJUDQ
IRFDOHV DPHQD]DGDV R HQ ULHVJR GH H[WLQFLyQ (O SURJUDPD WLHQH FRPR XWLOLGDGSDUDODVDXWRULGDGHVDPELHQWDOHVUHJLRQDOHV\ODVHQWLGDGHVSROLFLE
REMHWLYR JDUDQWL]DU OD VXSHUYLYHQFLD GH WRGDV ODV HVSHFLHV GH WRUWXJDV YDV\GHFRQWUROIUHQWHDODVGHFLVLRQHVWpFQLFDVTXHHVWDVGHEHQDIURQWDU
SUHVHQWHVHQQXHVWURSDtVLPSOHPHQWDQGRHVWUDWHJLDVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQ
LQYHVWLJDFLyQYDORUDFLyQXVR\PDQHMRDWUDYpVGHXQWUDEDMRFRRUGLQDGR
LQWHULQVWLWXFLRQDOPHQWH\FRQSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHODFRPXQLGDG
Xiomara Sanclemente
(O0LQLVWHULRGHFLGLySRQHUHQPDUFKDHO´3ODQQDFLRQDORULHQWDGRDO
'LUHFWRUDGH%RVTXHV%LRGLYHUVLGDG\6HUYLFLRV(FRVLVWpPLFRV
XVRVRVWHQLEOHGHODWRUWXJDKLFRWHD!"#$%&'()*+&,-).#*(*!"#$%&'()*$#//01
"2)."0)µHQ&RORPELDGHQWURGHODJHVWLyQTXHYLHQHDGHODQWDQGRHQHO
PDUFRGHODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHOD´(VWUDWHJLDQDFLRQDOSDUDODSUHYHQFLyQ
\FRQWURODOWUiÀFRLOHJDOGHHVSHFLHVVLOYHVWUHVµ7DOGHFLVLyQVHWRPDDO

6
 .#$)"'/,,&-#
&RORPELDHVXQSDtVPHJDELRGLYHUVR6HJ~QODVHVWDGtVWLFDVSXEOLFDGDVHQ 3DUDHVSHFLHVFRPRODFKDUDSD8262$,&'0)*&93#,)#ODWDULFD\D8262$,&1
HOSRUHO6LVWHPDGH,QIRUPDFLyQVREUHOD%LRGLYHUVLGDG6,%HQWHUULWRE PLVXQLÀOLVHOFXSLVR8262$,&'0)*)&9.-7&"$-/#.#F!6!;(!*)-'$(!)(##(&)A*&(!
ULRFRORPELDQRVHFRQFHQWUDHOGHODELRGLYHUVLGDGGHOSODQHWD$QLYHO :&)2$/&''()*6#%/0VHKDQGHVDUUROODGRGLYHUVRVSUR\HFWRVWHQGLHQWHVD
PXQGLDOQXHVWURSDtVRFXSDHOSULPHUOXJDUHQULTXH]DGHDYHV\RUTXtGHDVHO YLQFXODUDODVFRPXQLGDGHVLQGtJHQDV\FDPSHVLQDVHQODFRQVHUYDFLyQ\
VHJXQGROXJDUHQSODQWDVDQÀELRVSHFHVGHDJXDGXOFH\PDULSRVDVHOWHUFHU PRQLWRUHRGHHVWDVHVSHFLHV*DUFtD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;
OXJDUHQUHSWLOHV\SDOPDV\HOFXDUWRHQPDPtIHURV6,%&RQUHODFLyQ )XQGDFLyQ%LRGLYHUVD3DUDHOFDVRGHODKLFRWHD!"#$%&'()*$#//01
DODVWRUWXJDV&RORPELDHVHOVHJXQGRSDtVGH$PpULFDGHO6XUHQULTXH]DGH "2)."0)VHKDQUHDOL]DGRHVWXGLRVHQGLYHUVDViUHDVYHUUHYLVLyQHQ3iH]
HVSHFLHVGHVSXpVGH%UDVLO0LQLVWHULRGH$PELHQWH9LYLHQGD\'HVDUUROOR \%RFN\XQSODQSDUDVXXVRVRVWHQLEOHHOFXDOLQFOX\HODHVSHFLH
7HUULWRULDO>0$9'7@G$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD !"#$%&'()*+&,-).#0$9'781$/2!JKKLFG!
(Q&RORPELDVHHQFXHQWUDQHVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDVGHODVFXDOHV /DVKLFRWHDV!;* $#//0"2)."0)!6!!;* +&,-).#WLHQHQFRPRSULQFLSDODPHQD]D
%-&!.$!(:/(!./;)$2!*&);/6$&.-!/&(!*&'#-./)*.(I!;(!A*)-'$(!.$!-#$5(%!#-5(%! OD H[WUDFFLyQ ORFDO \ HO WUiÀFR LOHJDO FRPR OR UHYHOD HO DQiOLVLV GH ORV
!"#$%&'()* )$"03.#* &/&4#,)F2! .-%! %-&! '$##$%'#$%2! )-&-)*.(%! )-9-! 9-##-E UHJLVWURV GH GHFRPLVRV HQWUHJDGRV SRU ODV &RUSRUDFLRQHV$XWyQRPDV
FR\RV5%&/2,2060)*$#"72,#"0#!6*5%&/2,2060)*6&,.0$-/#.#F!6!%$*%!%-&!9(#*&(%G! 5HJLRQDOHV&$5DO0LQLVWHULRGH$PELHQWH\'HVDUUROOR6RVWHQLEOHHO
FXDOSDUHFHWHQHUXQDWHQGHQFLDFUHFLHQWHHQWRGRHOSDtV
/DVLWXDFLyQGHODVSREODFLRQHVGHODVWRUWXJDVFRQWLQHQWDOHVHVPX\
SUHRFXSDQWH\DTXHHOGHOWRWDOHVSHFLHVVHHQFXHQWUDQHQODV 0DQHMDUHVWDFRPSOHMDSUREOHPiWLFDTXHHQIUHQWDQODPD\RUtDGHODV
FDWHJRUtDVGHDPHQD]DGHORVOLEURVURMRVWUHVHVSHFLHVHQ3HOLJUR&UtWLFR HVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDVHQWRGRHOSDtVUHTXLHUHHOWUDEDMRDUWLFXODGRGHORV
&5FLQFR(Q3HOLJUR(1\VHLVHVSHFLHV9XOQHUDEOHV98/DPD\RUtD GLIHUHQWHV DFWRUHV LQYROXFUDGRV HQ HO FRQRFLPLHQWR FRQVHUYDFLyQ XVR
GHODVSREODFLRQHVGHHVWDVHVSHFLHVVHHQFXHQWUDQDPHQD]DGDVSULQFLSDOE VRVWHQLEOHGHODVSREODFLRQHV\FRQWURODOWUiÀFRLOHJDO
PHQWHSRUODVREUHH[SORWDFLyQSDUDFRQVXPRORFDO\HOFRPHUFLRLOHJDO
(QHVWHFRQWH[WRHOREMHWLYRGHOSUHVHQWHGRFXPHQWRHVEULQGDUXQD
GHKXHYRVQHRQDWRV\KHPEUDVSRQHGRUDVDVtFRPRSRUODWUDQVIRUPDE
KHUUDPLHQWDDODVDXWRULGDGHVDPELHQWDOHV\GHSROLFtD\DODFRPXQLGDG
FLyQGHVWUXFFLyQ\FRQWDPLQDFLyQGHORVKiELWDWV&DVWDxR0RUD
HQ JHQHUDO SDUD OD LGHQWLÀFDFLyQ GH ODV HVSHFLHV GH WRUWXJDV WHUUHVWUHV
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD
\ GH DJXD GXOFH SUHVHQWHV HQ &RORPELD VX GLVWULEXFLyQ JHRJUiÀFD ODV
2WUR KHFKR TXH OODPD OD DWHQFLyQ HV OD SRFD LQIRUPDFLyQ H[LVWHQWH DPHQD]DVTXHHQIUHQWDQODVSREODFLRQHV\ODVWHQGHQFLDVGHORVGHFRPLVRV
VREUH DVSHFWRV ELROyJLFRV EiVLFRV \ SREODFLRQDOHV GH OD PD\RUtD GH ODV HQORV~OWLPRVDxRV)LQDOPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDQDOJXQDVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHV
HVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDVSUHVHQWHVHQ&RORPELDHVWDVLWXDFLyQSRQHDO SDUDHOPDQHMRGHORVDQLPDOHVGHFRPLVDGRVHQHOPDUFRGHODFDGHQDGH
GHODVHVSHFLHVHQODFDWHJRUtDGH'DWRV'HÀFLHQWHV''HQOD/LVWD5RMD FXVWRGLD~WLOHVSDUDODVGLIHUHQWHVHQWLGDGHVLQYROXFUDGDVHQHOSURFHVR

7
 56$&#,&-#728&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*

/DH[WLQFLyQHVODGHVDSDULFLyQGHO~OWLPRLQGLYLGXRVREUHYLYLHQWHGH RUJDQLVPRVSRUHMHPSORSODQWDV\VXVSROLQL]DGRUHVSODQWDV\VXVGLVE

XQDHVSHFLH8QDHVSHFLHVHFRQVLGHUDH[WLQWDHQODQDWXUDOH]DFXDQGR SHUVRUHVKHUEtYRURV\VXVHQHPLJRVQDWXUDOHVORFXDOSXHGHIDFLOLWDUHO
KDGHVDSDUHFLGRHO~OWLPRLQGLYLGXRHQVXVFRQGLFLRQHVQDWXUDOHV\ORV LQJUHVRGHHVSHFLHVLQYDVRUDVHQORVHFRVLVWHPDVODVTXHSRGUtDQOOHYDU
HMHPSODUHVTXHTXHGDQVREUHYLYHQ~QLFDPHQWHHQFDXWLYHULR<,.&",#.021 DODH[WLQFLyQDODVHVSHFLHVQDWLYDVSRUH[FOXVLyQFRPSHWLWLYD)LJ
,#/*=,02,*>2"*52,)&"+#.02,*2>*?#.-"&>,8&1@
/D H[WLQFLyQ HV XQ SURFHVR LPSRUWDQWH HQ OD QDWXUDOH]D$ OR ODUJR
GHODKLVWRULDGHOSODQHWDVHHVWLPDTXHHOGHODVHVSHFLHVVHKD ˆ !
8EQEySVIHYGMHSHIPEWTSFPEGMSRIW
H[WLQJXLGR.HOOHU6WHDUQV +RHNVWUD6LQHPEDUJRGXUDQE Factores ˆ )\XIRWMzRHIHMWXVMFYGMzR

Riesgo Extinción
WHPLOORQHVGHDxRVODVFDXVDVGHHVWDVH[WLQFLRQHVIXHURQQHWDPHQWH intrínsecos de las  VIWXVMRKMHESIRHMWQMRYGMzR
! ˆ 8EWEHIGVIGMQMIRXSTSFPEGMSREP
DPELHQWDOHV6WHDUQV +RHNVWUD especies
 PIRXSSRIKEXMZS
6RORPX\UHFLHQWHPHQWHHQODKLVWRULDGHODHYROXFLyQGHODYLGDHQ
HOSODQHWDXQDFDXVDIXQGDPHQWDOGHODH[WLQFLyQHVODLQWHUYHQFLyQGHO
KRPEUH/DLQWHUYHQFLyQKXPDQDHVWiUHODFLRQDGDSRUXQDSDUWHFRQOD
H[WUDFFLyQGHORVRUJDQLVPRVGHOPHGLRQDWXUDOFRQGLIHUHQWHVPpWRGRV
GHFD]DSHVFDWDOD\FRVHFKD\SRURWUDFRQODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHVWUXFE ˆ -RXIVZIRGMzRERXVzTMGE
FLyQ\FRQWDPLQDFLyQGHORVKiELWDWVQDWXUDOHVGHFLHQWRVGHHVSHFLHVGH ˆ )\XVEGGMzRHISVKERMWQSW
SODQWDV\DQLPDOHVWDQWRHQHFRVLVWHPDVWHUUHVWUHVFRPRDFXiWLFRV(VWRV Factores ˆ 8VERWJSVQEGMzRJVEKQIRXEGMzR]
 HIWXVYGGMzRHIPLjFMXEX
IDFWRUHVVXPDGRVDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSURSLDVGHODVSREODFLRQHVGHDOJXQDV extrínsecos a las
ˆ%PIEXSVMIHEHEQFMIRXEP
HVSHFLHVFRPRWDPDxRUHGXFLGRGHODVSREODFLRQHVGLVWULEXFLyQUHVWULFE especies  LYVEGERIWXSVREHSWMRYRHEGMSRIW
WD\WDVDGHFUHFLPLHQWRSREODFLRQDOOHQWDHQWUHRWUDVSXHGHQFRORFDUD ˆ 'EQFMSGPMQjXMGS
XQDHVSHFLHHQ5LHVJRGH([WLQFLyQ)LJ
$VXYH]FXDQGRODVSREODFLRQHVHQIUHQWDQULHVJRVGHH[WLQFLyQSXHGH
SUHVHQWDUVHXQGHWHULRURQRWDEOHGHODVIXQFLRQHVTXHHVWDVFXPSOHQHQ 0&1/)+2342)DFWRUHVLQWUtQVHFRV\H[WUtQVHFRVTXHSXHGHQGHWHUPLQDUHO
ORVHFRVLVWHPDVGHELOLWDQGRRGHVWUX\HQGRODVLQWHUDFFLRQHVFRQRWURV ULHVJRGHH[WLQFLyQGHXQDHVSHFLH

8
 EXTINTO (EX)
Riesgo de extinción EXTINTO EN LA NAT (EW)

EN PELIGRO CRÍTICO (CR)

Cambio o pérdida de la función Datos adecuados !
EN PELIGRO (EN)
Disminución de resistencia a invasiones
VULNERABLE (VU)
!
Evaluado
CASI AMENAZADO (NT)
Efectos en cascada PREOCUPACIÓN MENOR (LC)

0&1/)+2<42'LIHUHQWHVIDFWRUHVTXHFRORFDQDODVSREODFLRQHVRODVHVSHE DATOS DEFICIENTES (DD)

!""#$ !
FLHVHQULHVJRGHH[WLQFLyQWLHQHQFRQVHFXHQFLDVLPSRUWDQWHVFRPRHO NO EVALUADO (NE)!
GHWHULRURGHODVIXQFLRQHVORFXDOSXHGHJHQHUDUHIHFWRVHQ´FDVFDGDµ
TXH DOLPHQWDQ GH PDQHUD QHJDWLYD OD FRQGLFLyQ GH HVSHFLHV DOWDPHQWH 0&1/)+2=42(VWUXFWXUDGHODVFDWHJRUtDVGHOD/LVWD5RMDGHOD8,&17RE
YXOQHUDEOHV PDGRGH,8&1'HQWURGHOUHFXDGURURMRSXQWHDGRVHHQFXHQE
WUDQODVFDWHJRUtDVGHHVSHFLHVDPHQD]DGDV
(VWDSpUGLGDRGLVPLQXFLyQGHODVIXQFLRQHVSXHGHWHQHUHIHFWRVQHJDE
WLYRVVREUHRWURVRUJDQLVPRVJHQHUDQGRORTXHVHFRQRFHFRPRHIHFWRV
HQ´FDVFDGDµ(VWRVHIHFWRVSXHGHQDXPHQWDUD~QPiVHOULHVJRGHH[WLQE
FLyQGHHVSHFLHVYXOQHUDEOHV)LJ
'DGD OD VLWXDFLyQ GH ULHVJR GH H[WLQFLyQ TXH HQIUHQWDQ QXPHURVDV
HVSHFLHVOD8QLyQ,QWHUQDFLRQDOSDUDOD&RQVHUYDFLyQGHOD1DWXUDOH]D\
ORV5HFXUVRV1DWXUDOHV8,&1SURSXVRODVFDWHJRUtDVGHOD/LVWD5RMD
SDUDODHYDOXDFLyQPXQGLDOGHODVHVSHFLHV8,&1/D/LVWD5RMDHV
HODERUDGDSRUXQDUHGPXQGLDOGHHVSHFLDOLVWDVHQGLIHUHQWHVJUXSRVGH
RUJDQLVPRV0DFH&.*#/
/D/LVWD5RMDLQFOX\HQXHYHFDWHJRUtDV)LJ7DEODGHQWURGHODV
)/(;$%!%-;-!'#$%!)('$:-#@(%!%-&!)-&%*.$#(.(%!)-9-!(9$&(>(.(%I!0&!"$;*E
JUR&UtWLFR(Q3HOLJUR\9XOQHUDEOH7DEOD

9
>+?@+2342'HVFULSFLyQGHODVFDWHJRUtDVHQOD/LVWD5RMDGHOD8,&1(QWUHSDUpQWHVLVDSDUHFHQODVDEUHYLDWXUDVGHFDGDFDWHJRUtDGHDFXHUGRFRQVX
GHQRPLQDFLyQHQLQJOpVFRPRORVROLFLWDOD8,&1$GDSWDGRGH8,&10DFH&.*#/
!+$%1")A+ 'HÀQLFLyQ
56$&#$"2B5CD 8QWD[yQHVWi([WLQWRFXDQGRQRTXHGDQLQJXQDGXGDUD]RQDEOHGHTXHHO~OWLPRLQGLYLGXRH[LVWHQWHKDPXHUWR
56$&#$"2%#25*$+'"2 8QWD[yQHVWi([WLQWRHQ(VWDGR6LOYHVWUHFXDQGRVRORVREUHYLYHHQFXOWLYRHQFDXWLYLGDGRFRPRSREODFLyQRSRE
E&@F%*$)%2B5GD EODFLRQHVQDWXUDOL]DGDVIXHUDGHVXGLVWULEXFLyQRULJLQDO
8QWD[yQHVWi(Q3HOLJUR&UtWLFRFXDQGRODPHMRUHYLGHQFLDGLVSRQLEOHLQGLFDTXHVHHVWiHQIUHQWDQGRDXQULHVJR
5#2(%@&1)"2!)A$&,"2B!9D
$1'#$9(.(9$&'$!(;'-!.$!$1'*&)*+&!$&!$%'(.-!%*;<$%'#$G
8QWD[yQHVWi(Q3HOLJURFXDQGRODPHMRUHYLGHQFLDGLVSRQLEOHLQGLFDTXHHVWiHQIUHQWDQGRDXQULHVJRPX\DOWRGH
5#2(%@&1)"2B5HD
$1'*&)*+&!$&!$%'(.-!%*;<$%'#$G
8QWD[yQHV9XOQHUDEOHFXDQGRODPHMRUHYLGHQFLDGLVSRQLEOHLQGLFDTXHVHHVWiHQIUHQWDQGRDXQULHVJRDOWRGHH[E
I/@#%)+?@%2BIJD
'*&)*+&!$&!$%'(.-!%*;<$%'#$G!
8QWD[yQHVWi&DVL$PHQD]DGRFXDQGRKDVLGRHYDOXDGRVHJ~QORVFULWHULRV\QRVDWLVIDFHDFWXDOPHQWHORVFULWHE
!+*&2KL%#+M+'"2BH>D ULRVSDUD(Q3HOLJUR&UtWLFR(Q3HOLJURR9XOQHUDEOHSHURHVWiSUy[LPRDVDWLVIDFHUORVFULWHULRVRSRVLEOHPHQWH
ORVVDWLVIDJDHQHOIXWXURFHUFDQR
8QWD[yQVHFRQVLGHUDGH3UHRFXSDFLyQ0HQRUFXDQGRKDELHQGRVLGRHYDOXDGRQRFXPSOHQLQJXQRGHORVFULWHULRV
()%",/N+,&-#2O%#")2
TXHGHÀQHQODVFDWHJRUtDVGH(Q3HOLJUR&UtWLFR(Q3HOLJUR9XOQHUDEOHR&DVL$PHQD]DGR6HLQFOX\HQHQHVWDFDWHJRUtD
B8!D
WD[RQHVDEXQGDQWHV\GHDPSOLDGLVWULEXFLyQ
8QWD[yQVHLQFOX\HHQODFDWHJRUtDGH'DWRV'HÀFLHQWHVFXDQGRQRKD\LQIRUPDFLyQDGHFXDGDSDUDKDFHUXQDHYDOXDE
'DWRV'HÀFLHQWHV''
FLyQGLUHFWDRLQGLUHFWDGHVXULHVJRGHH[WLQFLyQEDViQGRVHHQODGLVWULEXFLyQ\RFRQGLFLyQGHODSREODFLyQ
H"25F+@/+'+2BH5D 8QWD[yQVHFRQVLGHUD1R(YDOXDGRFXDQGRWRGDYtDQRKDVLGRFODVLÀFDGRHQUHODFLyQDHVWRVFULWHULRV

!"#F%#,&-#2*"?)%2%@2!"L%),&"2.#$%)#+,&"#+@2'%25*N%,&%*2KL%#+M+'+*2'%20+/#+2;20@")+2E&@F%*$)%*2B!&$%*D
&LWHVHVXQDFXHUGRLQWHUQDFLRQDOTXHUHJXODHOFRPHUFLRHQWUHORVSDtVHVGHHVSHFLHVGHSODQWDV\DQLPDOHVVXVSDUWHVSURGXFWRV\VXESURGXFWRV
&LWHV%..3@AABBB;$0.&);2"4FG!
/RVQRPEUHVGHODVHVSHFLHVSUHVHQWDGDVSRUORVSDtVHVVHRUJDQL]DQHQXQD/LVWDGH&RQWUROTXHVHDFWXDOL]DSHULyGLFDPHQWHSRUDFXHUGRHQWUH
ORVSDtVHV(QODOLVWDVHLQFOX\HQORVQRPEUHVGHODVHVSHFLHVGHOD&LWHV\VHLQGLFDVLVHHQFXHQWUDHQDOJXQRGHORV$SpQGLFHV,,,R,,,VHJ~QHO
JUDGRGHSURWHFFLyQTXHQHFHVLWHQ7DEOD

10
>+?@+2<42'HÀQLFLyQGHORV$SpQGLFHV,,,\,,GHOD&LWHV&RQEDVHHQ*%..3@AABBB;$0.&);2"4\&LWHV

KNP#'&,% 'HÀQLFLyQ
,QFOX\HODVHVSHFLHVUDUDVRTXHHVWiQHQSHOLJURGHH[WLQFLyQ/D&LWHVSURKtEHHOWUiÀFRLQWHUQDFLRQDOFRQÀQHVH[E
FOXVLYDPHQWHFRPHUFLDOHVVDOYRFXDQGRODLPSRUWDFLyQVHUHDOL]DFRQÀQHVQRFRPHUFLDOHVSRUHMHPSORSDUDLQYHVWLE
$SpQGLFH,
JDFLyQFLHQWtÀFD/DVHVSHFLHVLQFOXLGDVHQHVWH$SpQGLFHGHEHQHVWDUFXELHUWDVSRUSHUPLVRV&LWHVGHH[SRUWDFLyQ
\GHLPSRUWDFLyQH[SHGLGRVWDQWRSRUHOSDtVH[SRUWDGRUFRPRSRUHOLPSRUWDGRU
,QFOX\HHVSHFLHVTXHQRVRQUDUDVQLHVWiQDPHQD]DGDVGHH[WLQFLyQSHURTXHSRGUtDQOOHJDUDHVWDUORVLVXFRPHUFLR
$SpQGLFH,, QRVHUHJXOD(OFRPHUFLRLQWHUQDFLRQDOGHHVSHFtPHQHVGHODVHVSHFLHVGHHVWH$SpQGLFHGHEHHVWDUFXELHUWRSRUOD
$XWRULGDG&LWHVGHOSDtVGHRULJHQDWUDYpVGHXQSHUPLVRGHH[SRUWDFLyQRXQFHUWLÀFDGRGHUHH[SRUWDFLyQ
6HHQFXHQWUDQODVHVSHFLHVTXHQRHVWiQDPHQD]DGDVSHURVtWLHQHQDOJ~QPDQHMRHQHOSDtVTXHVROLFLWyVXLQFOXVLyQ
SDUDUHJXODUHOFRPHUFLRGHODHVSHFLH\DTXHQHFHVLWDODFRRSHUDFLyQGHRWURVSDtVHVSDUDHYLWDUODH[SORWDFLyQQR
$SpQGLFH,,,
VRVWHQLEOHRLOHJDOGHODVPLVPDV6RORVHDXWRUL]DHOFRPHUFLRLQWHUQDFLRQDOGHHVWDVHVSHFLHVSUHYLDSUHVHQWDFLyQGH
ORVSHUPLVRVRFHUWLÀFDGRVDSURSLDGRV

11
 R%,"L&*"*2'%2$")$/1+*2$%))%*$)%*2;2'%2+1/+2'/@,%22
HQHOFRQWH[WRGHOWUiÀFRLOHJDOGHHVSHFLHVVLOYHVWUHV
(O WUiÀFR LOHJDO GH HVSHFLHV VLOYHVWUHV FRQVLVWH HQ HO XVR FRPHUFLR
WUDQVSRUWH \ DSURYHFKDPLHQWR LOtFLWR WDQWR GH ODV HVSHFLHV GH IDXQD \
ÁRUDVLOYHVWUHFRPRGHVXVSURGXFWRV\GHULYDGRVFDUQHSLHOHVFRQFKDV
DODXPHQWRSULQFLSDOPHQWHHQDYHV\UHSWLOHVVRQLQFRPSOHWDV\DTXHOD
LQIRUPDFLyQVXPLQLVWUDGDSRUODV&$5DO0$'6SUHVHQWDJUDQFDQWLGDG
GHGDWRVIDOWDQWHVDOSXQWRTXHODV&RUSRUDFLRQHVUHJLVWUDQHQSURPHGLR
FDSDUD]RQHV(OSULQFLSDOIDFWRUTXHLPSXOVDHVWHWUiÀFRDQLYHOPXQGLDO VRORHOGHODLQIRUPDFLyQVROLFLWDGD
HVODFDQWLGDGGHGLQHURTXHSURGXFH6HFDOFXODTXHHVWHQHJRFLRJHQHUD
DSUR[LPDGDPHQWHPLOORQHVGHGyODUHVDQXDOHVFRQYLUWLpQGRVHDVt
HQXQRGHORVPHUFDGRVLOHJDOHVTXHPiVGLQHURPRYLOL]DGHVSXpVGHO
QDUFRWUiÀFR
$GLFLRQDOPHQWHODH[SORWDFLyQGHHVSHFLHVVLOYHVWUHVVHKDFRQVWLWXLE
GRHQXQDFXOWXUD(QHOPXQGR\HQYDULRVSDtVHVVHKDLQFUHPHQWDGRHO
XVRGHIDXQD\ÁRUDSDUDDOLPHQWRIDUPDFRORJtDWUDGLFLRQDOHOHPHQWRV
GHGHFRUDFLyQODWHQHQFLDFRPRPDVFRWDVHQWUHRWURV)LJ$HVWRVH
VXPDTXHORVSDtVHVIXHQWHGHORVHVSHFtPHQHVDFRPHUFLDUWLHQHQDOWRV
tQGLFHVGHSREUH]DEDMDGLYHUVLÀFDFLyQGHODVODERUHVSRFDLQGXVWULD\
SRUWDQWRODV~QLFDVIXHQWHVGHVXEVLVWHQFLDSDUDORVKDELWDQWHVUXUDOHV
VRQORVFXOWLYRVGH´SDQFRJHUµODFDFHUtD\FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQGHODIDXQD\
ÁRUDORFDO2MDVWL8(6311
/DVFLIUDVGHO0LQLVWHULRGH$PELHQWH\'HVDUUROOR6RVWHQLEOH0$'6
VREUHGHFRPLVRVSDUDHOSHULRGRUHSRUWDQXQWRWDOGH
DQLPDOHV LQFDXWDGRV GH ORV FXDOHV  FRUUHVSRQGHQ D LQYHUWHEUDGRV
DQÀELRVUHSWLOHVDYHV\PDPtIHURVODVHVSHFLHV
PiVWUDÀFDGDVIXHURQODVEDELOODV\ODVWRUWXJDVHVSHFLDOPHQWHODKLFRWHD 0&1/)+2Q42+XHYRVGHLJXDQD\SHGD]RVGHWRUWXJDKLFRWHDFRQVXPLE
0$'6(VWDVFLIUDVDXQTXHDODUPDQWHVSRUVXVYDORUHV\WHQGHQFLD GRVHQHO&DULEHFRORPELDQR

12
 'HORVUHJLVWURVGHWRUWXJDVGHFRPLVDGDVUHSRUWDGRVSRUODV /DPD\RUSDUWHGHORVGHFRPLVRVGHWRUWXJDVFRUUHVSRQGHDODUHJLyQ
&$5\RWUDVHQWLGDGHVGHOHVWDGRHOSHUWHQHFHDOJpQHUR!"#$%&1 QRUWHGHODFRUGLOOHUDFHQWUDOGH&RORPELDSULQFLSDOPHQWHHQ]RQDVXUE
'()GH5%&/2,2060)GHC0,2).&",2,\HOUHVWDQWHFRUUHVE EDQDVFRQDOWDGHQVLGDGSREODFLRQDOFRPR&DXFDVLD$QWLRTXLD(QYLJDE
SRQGHDRWURVJpQHURV7DEOD GR$QWLRTXLD0HGHOOtQ$QWLRTXLD3XHUWR%HUUtR$QWLRTXLD3HUHLUD
5LVDUDOGD 0DQL]DOHV &DOGDV $QVHUPD &DOGDV $UPHQLD 4XLQGtR
>+?@+2=423RUFHQWDMHGHLQFDXWDFLRQHVGHWRUWXJDVGH&RORPELDGLVWULEXtGDV
&DODUFi 4XLQGtR 0RQWHUtD &yUGRED HQWUH RWUDV (V SUREDEOH TXH
SRUJpQHURVHQWUHORVDxRV
HVWDVORFDOLGDGHVVHDQGHVWLQRVÀQDOHVRFHQWURVGHDFRSLRSDUDHOWUiÀFR
*;$:(;!.$!;(%!'-#'/:(%!)-&'*&$&'(;$%G!
3DUD HO FDVR SDUWLFXODU GH OD WRUWXJD KLFRWHD !"#$%&'()* $#//0"2)."0)* 6!
SP#%)" .#,+/$+,&"#%* !"#$%&'()* +&,-).# HO Q~PHUR GH GHFRPLVRV DXPHQWy HQ HO SHUtRGR
!"#$%&'()  )LJORFXDOSXHGHHVWDUUHODFLRQDGRFRQXQLQFUHPHQWRHQ
ODH[WUDFFLyQ\FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQRFRQXQDPD\RUHÀFDFLDGHORVVLVWHPDV
5%&/2,2060)  GHFRQWURODOWUiÀFRLOHJDOGHIDXQDVLOYHVWUH
C0,2).&",2,  /RVGHFRPLVRVGHKLFRWHDRVXVGHULYDGRVIXHURQUHDOL]DGRVHQMXULVE
8262$,&'0)  GLFFLyQGH&96&6%&RUDQWLRTXLD&RUSRFDOGDV&DUGHU&RUSRPRMDQD
\&DUVXFUHDFXPXODQGRHQWUHHOODVHOGHOWRWDOGHODVLQFDXWDFLRE
D%(,2$/&''()  QHVUHDOL]DGDVHQHOSDtV/RVGHSDUWDPHQWRVFRQHOPD\RUQ~PHURGH
5%&/(6"#  GHFRPLVRVIXHURQ&yUGRED$QWLRTXLD6XFUH&DOGDV%ROtYDU5LVDUDOGD\
6DQWDQGHUPLHQWUDVTXHODVFLXGDGHVIXHURQ0DJDQJXp%ROtYDU6DKDJ~Q
5%&/-)  &yUGRED 0RQWHUtD &yUGRED 4XLEGy &KRFy $\DSHO &yUGRED
8&/.2$&3%#/-)  6RFRUUR 6DQWDQGHU \ /RULFD &yUGRED (VWD LQIRUPDFLyQ FRQÀUPD \
DPSOtD OD LQIRUPDFLyQ SUHVHQWDGD HQ HO´3ODQ GH 0DQHMR 2ULHQWDGR DO
:&)2$/&''()  8VR6RVWHQLEOHGHOD7RUWXJD+LFRWHDHQ&RORPELDµUHVSHFWRDODVUXWDV
(VSHFLHV0DULQDV  \FHQWURVGHFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ\DFRSLR0$9'781$/

13
0&1/)+2T42&UHFLPLHQWRDQXDOGHOQ~PHURGHUHSRUWHVGHGHFRPLVRVGH 0&1/)+2U425HGGHOVLVWHPDGHWUiÀFRLOHJDOGHWRUWXJDKLFRWHDHQWUHORV
WRUWXJDKLFRWHDHQ&RORPELD5  GHSDUWDPHQWRVGH&RORPELDFRQEDVHHQLQIRUPDFLyQGHGHFRPLVRV/RV
FtUFXORVUHSUHVHQWDQFDGDGHSDUWDPHQWR\ODVOtQHDVODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQ
ÁXMRLOHJDOGHWRUWXJDVHQWUHORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVFRQHFWDGRVDWUDYpVGH
/DVUXWDVGHFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQGHODVKLFRWHDVHQWUHORVGHSDUWDPHQWRV
GLFKDOtQHD(OWDPDxRGHORVFtUFXORVUHSUHVHQWDODLPSRUWDQFLDUHODWLYD
WLHQHQXQÁXMRGHVGHHOFHQWURGHODUHJLyQ&DULEHFRORPELDQDKDFLDHO
GHFDGDGHSDUWDPHQWRFRPRSXHQWHGHFRPXQLFDFLyQHQWUHODVORFDOLGDE
VXURFFLGHQWHGHOSDtV)LJ/RVSULQFLSDOHVGHVWLQRVÀQDOHVIXHURQORV
GHVSURGXFWRUDV\ODVGHFRQVXPRÀQDO
GHSDUWDPHQWRVGH9DOOHGHO&DXFD3XWXPD\R1DULxR1RUWHGH6DQWDQE
.$#2!7(%(&(#$2!M(:.(;$&(2!=';N&'*)-2!6!(;:/&(%!;-)(;*.(.$%!*&.$'$#9*&(.(%!
/RVDQiOLVLVGHODVEDVHVGHGDWRVVXPLQLVWUDGDVSRUHO0$'6SDUDHO
HQ9HQH]XHOD
SHULRGRSHUPLWLHURQHVWDEOHFHUTXHHVQHFHVDULRLQFUHPHQE

14
WDUORVHVIXHU]RVGHYLJLODQFLD\FRQWUROHQORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVTXHVLUYHQ HQHOSDtVGHWHUPLQDUODViUHDVPiVDIHFWDGDVODVUXWDV\FHQWURVGHH[E
FRPRSXHQWHVRLQWHUPHGLDULRVHQHOWUiÀFRGHODKLFRWHDWDOHVFRPR WUDFFLyQ\DFRSLRORVOXJDUHVGHFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQORVGHVWLQDWDULRV\ODV
$QWLRTXLD &DOGDV 5LVDUDOGD 4XLQGtR \ ORV 6DQWDQGHUHV DVt PLVPR HQ PRGDOLGDGHVGHWUiÀFR\VXHVWDFLRQDOLGDG0$9'7F
OXJDUHVGHDSURYHFKDPLHQWRFRPR0DJDQJXp%ROtYDU6DKDJ~Q&yUGRE
$SDUWLUGHHVWHWLSRGHDQiOLVLVHVSRVLEOHFUHDU\IRUWDOHFHUPHFDE
ED 0RQWHUtD &yUGRED 4XLEGy &KRFy$\DSHO &yUGRED 6RFRUUR
QLVPRVTXHFRQWULEX\DQDGHVDUWLFXODUHOVLVWHPDGHWUiÀFRGHODKLFRWHD
6DQWDQGHU\/RULFD&yUGRED
$XQTXHORVGDWRVGHO0$'6SHUPLWLHURQHVWDEOHFHUXQSDQRUDPDSUHE
OLPLQDUGHOWUiÀFRGHODKLFRWHDHQHOSDtVHVWDSUHVHQWDJUDYHVSUREOHPDV
GHVXEUHJLVWURRHUURUHVHQODLQIRUPDFLyQVXPLQLVWUDGD3RUWDOUD]yQXQ
UHJLVWURFRPSOHWR\DFHUWDGRGHODLQIRUPDFLyQSHUPLWLUtDDQDOL]DUDXQ
HQHOSDtV(VLPSRUWDQWHUHFRUGDUTXHORVFRQWUROHVQRVRQOD~QLFDKHE
UUDPLHQWDGHUHJXODFLyQ\PDQHMRGHODIDXQDVLOYHVWUHSXHVODHGXFDFLyQ
DPELHQWDO \ ODV SROtWLFDV GH GHVDUUROOR HQ ODV FRPXQLGDGHV H[WUDFWRUDV
VRQXQDKHUUDPLHQWDYDOLRVDDPHGLDQR\ODUJRSOD]RORFXDOHVWiHQFRQE
FRUGDQFLDFRQORSURSXHVWRHQHOSODQGHPDQHMRGHODKLFRWHD0$9'7
PD\RUQLYHOGHGHWDOOHODUHGGHWUiÀFRDVtFRPRJHQHUDUPRGHORVPiV 81$/HQDOPHQRVWUHVGHVXVOtQHDVGHDFFLyQ
FRPSOHWRVSDUDHQWHQGHUODFRPSRVLFLyQ\GLQiPLFDGHOFRPHUFLRLOHJDO

15
 KL%#+M+*2+2@+*2N"?@+,&"#%*2'%2@+*2$")$/1+*2
,"#$&#%#$+@%*2'%2!"@"L?&+

(QHOHO*UXSRGH7UDEDMRHQ7D[RQRPtDGH7RUWXJDV77:* /D DOWHUDFLyQ GHO FLFOR KLGUROyJLFR SRU DFFLRQHV FRPR HO GUDJDGR
SRUVXVVLJODVHQLQJOpVHODERUyXQDUHYLVLyQDORVHVWDGRVGHDPHQD]D GH UtRV OD VHGLPHQWDFLyQ \ GHVHFDFLyQ GH FLpQDJDV KD IDYRUHFLGR OD
GHWRGDVODVHVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDVGHOPXQGR\FRQFOX\yTXHHO H[SDQVLyQGHODIURQWHUDDJUtFROD\JDQDGHUDDVtFRPRODFRORQL]DFLyQ
HVSHFLHVGHHVWDVHVWiQDPHQD]DGDV(VWDFLIUDDVFLHQGHDXQSUHE \ XUEDQL]DFLyQ GH ORV KXPHGDOHV &RQ OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH FDUUHWHUDV
RFXSDQWHDOLQFOXLUODVHVSHFLHVFRQPX\SRFDLQIRUPDFLyQ'DWRV \ODXUEDQL]DFLyQVHKDPRGLÀFDGRODFRQHFWLYLGDGGHODVFLpQDJDVDXE
'HÀFLHQWHV²''(VWRFRQYLHUWHDODVWRUWXJDVHQXQRGHORVJUXSRV PHQWDGRODGHIRUHVWDFLyQ\IDFLOLWDGRHODFFHVRGHDQLPDOHVGRPpVWLFRV
GH YHUWHEUDGRV PiV DPHQD]DGRV HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG SRU HQFLPD GH ODV \JDQDGRDpVWDVORVFXDOHVGDxDQRFRQVXPHQORVQLGRV\GLVPLQX\HQ
DYHVPDPtIHURVSHFHV\DQÀELRV77:* ORVVLWLRVDSWRVSDUDUHDOL]DUODVSRVWXUDV/RVFLFORVKLGUROyJLFRVVHKDQ
DOWHUDGRWDPELpQSRUORVHIHFWRVGHOFDPELRFOLPiWLFR\ODUHJXODFLyQ
(QHO3ODQ(VWUDWpJLFRGH&RQVHUYDFLyQSDUDODV7RUWXJDV&RQWLQHQE
GHORVQLYHOHVGHFLHUWRVUtRVDFDXVDGHODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHHPEDOVHV
WDOHV&RORPELDQDV$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD\
\UHSUHVDVRFDVLRQDQGRODLQXQGDFLyQGHSOD\DVHQpSRFDVGHYHUDQR
HQHO3ODQGH0DQHMR2ULHQWDGRDO8VR6RVWHQLEOHGHOD7RUWXJD+LFRE
TXHFRLQFLGHQFRQODSRVWXUDGHKXHYRVGDxDQGRODVQLGDGDV%RFN&.*
WHD0$9'781$/VHFRQVLGHUDQFRPRSULQFLSDOHVDPHQD]DV
#/
GLUHFWDVSDUDWRGDVODVHVSHFLHVODVREUHH[SORWDFLyQSDUDFRQVXPR\
FRPHUFLRODGHVWUXFFLyQ\WUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHOKiELWDW\ODH[WUDFFLyQ (VWDVVLWXDFLRQHVVXPDGDVDODH[WUDFFLyQSDUDGLVWLQWRVÀQHVELHQ
SDUDHOFRPHUFLRGHPDVFRWDVODVFXDOHVVRQXQDGHODVFDXVDVGHPDE VHDHQHVWDGLRVSULPDULRVKXHYRV\QHRQDWRVRDGXOWRVSDUHFHQVHU
\RUH[WLQFLyQGHÁRUD\IDXQDKR\HQGtD0LOQHU*XOODQG&.*#/ UHFXUUHQWHVHQWRGDVODVUHJLRQHVGHOSDtV\DIHFWDQHQDOJ~QJUDGRDO
PHQRV D  GH ODV  WRUWXJDV FRQWLQHQWDOHV GH &RORPELD 5XHGD
'HQWURGHODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHOKiELWDWVHLQFOX\HODFRQWDPLQDFLyQ
=;9-&()*.!&.*#/(QJHQHUDOVHXWLOL]DODFDUQHFRPRIXHQWHGH
GHODVIXHQWHVKtGULFDVSRUGHVHFKRVKXPDQRVLQVXPRVHPSOHDGRVHQ
SURWHtQDODJUDVD\DFHLWHVSDUDODHODERUDFLyQGHFLFDWUL]DQWHVFUHPDV
ODDJULFXOWXUD\D~QPiVJUDYHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHTXtPLFRVFRPRHOPHUE
\ EURQFHDGRUHV OD SLHO SDUD OD LQGXVWULD GH OD PDUURTXLQHUtD \ HO FDE
FXULRHOFLDQXUR\HOSORPRSDUDODH[SORWDFLyQGHUHFXUVRVPLQHURV
SDUD]yQSDUDODMR\HUtDHQWUHRWURV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG0$9'7
ORVFXDOHVVHELRDFXPXODQHQGLIHUHQWHVSDUWHVGHOFXHUSRGHORVDQLE
JKKJ.FG
PDOHV \ JHQHUDQ HIHFWRV PX\ QRFLYRV SDUD OD HVSHFLH \ SDUD TXLHQHV
)-&%/9(&! $%'-%! *&.*<*./-%2! )-9-! %$! A(! $<*.$&)*(.-! $&! '$5*.-%! .$! ;(! (Q HO QRUWH GHO SDtV HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ OD ]RQD$QGLQD \ HO &DULEH
'-#'/:(!A*)-'$(2!!;*$#//0"2)."0)*%RFN&.*#/ SUHVLRQHVFRPRODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHHPEDOVHVODH[SDQVLyQGHFXOWLYRV

16
GH´SDQFRJHUµ \ OD SUiFWLFD GH OD JDQDGHUtD UHGXFHQ HO KiELWDW GH ODV HVWD HVSHFLH OR FXDO HV SUHRFXSDQWH \D TXH HV PX\ HVFDVD QR VROR
HVSHFLHV7RGDV HVWDV MXQWR FRQ OD FD]D VRQ FRQVLGHUDGDV IXHQWHV GH HQHVWDUHJLyQVLQRWDPELpQHQOD2ULQRTXLD\HQHOEDMR\PHGLRUtR
GLVPLQXFLyQ GH ODV SREODFLRQHV GH WRUWXJDV FRPR OD SDOPHUD D%0,21 &DTXHWi5XHGD$OPRQDFLG(QOD$PD]RQLDWDPELpQVHFRPHUE
$/&''()*'&/#,2).&",#DIHFWDGDLJXDOPHQWHSRUHOFRQVXPRGHFDUQH\ FLDOL]DQ\FRQVXPHQWRUWXJDVGHODVHVSHFLHV5%&/2,2060)*6&,.0$-/#.#E*D%01
YHQWDFRPRPDVFRWDHQ6XFUH'HOD2VVD 'HOD2VVD/DFD\R QHP\VUXÀSHV!6!8262$,&'0)*&"(.%"2$&3%#/#G!
ODEDFKH5%&/(6"#*#$-.0"2)."0)ODPRUURFR\SDWDVURMDV5%&/2,2060)*$#"1
/DH[WUDFFLyQHVXQSUREOHPDPX\GLItFLOGHUHVROYHUGHELGRDTXH
72,#"0#ODFDUUDQFKLQD:&)2$/&'()*6#%/0\ODWRUWXJDGHUtR8262$,&1
ORVFD]DGRUHVYLYHQHQQLYHOHVGHSREUH]DPX\DOWRV\QRKD\DOWHUQDWLE
'0)*/&B(#,#*RQ]iOH]=iUDWH0DUWtQH]&.*#/;5HVSHFWRD
YDVHFRQyPLFDVTXHUHPSODFHQHVWDODERU(VWDSUREOHPiWLFDUDGLFDHQ
HVWDVGRV~OWLPDVHVSHFLHVHQGpPLFDVGH&RORPELDMXQWRDODFDEH]D
ODGLÀFXOWDGGHGLIHUHQFLDUHQWUHODFDFHUtDGHVXEVLVWHQFLD\ODFDFHUtD
GHWUR]RC0,2).&",2,*6-,,0GHODVFXHQFDVGHORVUtRV6DQ-XDQ\%DXGy
FRPHUFLDO 2MDVWL  'DOOPHLHU  /D VLWXDFLyQ VH KD YXHOWR PX\
)RUHUR -RSSDHVSULRULWDULRHVWDEOHFHUHVWUDWHJLDVGHFRQVHUE
<()*+&G!
(QHOFDVRSDUWLFXODUGHODVKLFRWHDV!;*$#//0"2)."0)!6!!;*+&,-).#F!%$!VDEH
TXH HQIUHQWDQ ODV PLVPDV DPHQD]DV TXH RWUDV WRUWXJDV GH DPELHQWHV
SUHRFXSDQWHSDUDHVSHFLHVFRPRODWRUWXJDKLFRWHDTXHVHYHDIHFWDGD
QRVRORSRUHOFRQVXPRORFDOVLQRWDPELpQSRUODFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ\
WUiÀFRGHDGXOWRVHVSHFLDOPHQWHGXUDQWHOD6HPDQD6DQWD\GHQHRE
QDWRVSDUDWHQHQFLDFRPRPDVFRWDVDFWLYLGDGHVGLULJLGDVDVDWLVIDFHUOD
WHUUHVWUHV \ GXOFHDFXtFRODV VLWXDFLyQ TXH SRGUtD VHU PiV SUHRFXSDQWH GHPDQGD GH ORV JUDQGHV FHQWURV SREODGRV 0$9'781$/  6H
SDUD*!;*+&,-).#2*\DTXHORVHVWXGLRVVREUHVXGLQiPLFDSREODFLRQDOELRORE KDFHQHFHVDULRHQWRQFHVODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHXQSODQTXHJDUDQWLFH
JtDUHSURGXFWLYDGLVWULEXFLyQ\HQJHQHUDOVREUHVXKLVWRULDGHYLGDVRQ ODVXSHUYLYHQFLDGHODVHVSHFLHV\HOEHQHÀFLRHFRQyPLFRGHODVSREODE
SUiFWLFDPHQWHQXORV0$9'781$/$GLFLRQDOPHQWHODVKLFRWHDV )*-&$%!#/#(;$%G
SRGUtDQHQIUHQWDUXQDDPHQD]DGLUHFWDSRUODLQWURGXFFLyQGHODHVSHFLH =.$9N%!.$!;(%!(9$&(>(%!.*#$)'(%2!$1*%'$&!-'#(%!*&.*#$)'(%!)-9-!$;!
$1+'*)(!!;*)$"03.#*&/&4#,)*KLFRWHDGHRUHMDVURMDV\DTXHSXHGHFRPSHWLU GHVDUUROOR HFRQyPLFR \ GH LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD HO FUHFLPLHQWR GH OD SRE
FRQ HVWDV H LQFOXVR FRQ RWUDV WRUWXJDV QDWLYDV SRU DOLPHQWR UHIXJLR \ EODFLyQODSREUH]DODGHVLJXDOGDGHQODGLVWULEXFLyQGHODWLHUUDHQWUH
]RQDVGHDQLGDFLyQ$GHPiVVHSRGUtDSUHVHQWDUKLEULGL]DFLyQFRQODV RWUDVTXHLQWHUDFW~DQSURSLFLDQGRODSHUVLVWHQFLDGHODVDPHQD]DVGLE
GRVHVSHFLHVQDWLYDVGHKLFRWHDVJHQHUDQGRLQGLYLGXRVLQIpUWLOHV7RGROR UHFWDV0$9'781$/
DQWHULRUSXHGHRFDVLRQDUODSpUGLGDGHLQGLYLGXRVQHFHVDULRVSDUDHOUHE
FOXWDPLHQWR\ODUHSURGXFFLyQGHODVHVSHFLHV0RRQH\ &OHODQG )LQDOPHQWHODIDOWDGHHVWXGLRVELROyJLFRVHVRWURIDFWRUTXHDPHQDE
]DODVXSHUYLYHQFLDGHODVSREODFLRQHVGHODVGLIHUHQWHVHVSHFLHVGHELGR
/DWRUWXJDFKDUDSD8262$,&'0)*&93#,)#KDVLGRDOWDPHQWHH[SORWDE DTXHVLQLQIRUPDFLyQEiVLFDVREUHFLFORVGHYLGDpSRFDVGHUHSURGXFE
GDHQHOVXUGH&RORPELDGHVGHODpSRFDSUHFRORPELQD6HHVWLPDTXH FLyQ\GLQiPLFDSREODFLRQDOVHGLÀFXOWDODGHWHUPLQDFLyQ\YDORUDFLyQ
SRUWHPSRUDGDVHH[WUDHQDOUHGHGRUGHKHPEUDV\FHUFDGH GHODVDPHQD]DVDVtFRPRODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHHVWUDWHJLDVGHFRQVHUE
KXHYRV0$9'7G(VWRVQLYHOHVGHH[WUDFFLyQVXPDGRV YDFLyQGHODVHVSHFLHV\ODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHVHQFDPLQDGDVDOHJLVODUVX
DODGHIRUHVWDFLyQVRQDPHQD]DVLPSRUWDQWHVSDUDODVSREODFLRQHVGH XVR$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD

17
 (QJHQHUDOODSUHVLyQTXHHMHUFHQODVDPHQD]DVGLUHFWDVHLQGLUHFWDV $ QLYHO JHRJUiÀFR GLVPLQXFLyQ GH iUHDV GH DQLGDFLyQ DSDUHDPLHQWR
VHLQFUHPHQWDSRUFRQGLFLRQHVSURSLDVGHODVHVSHFLHVODEDMDGHQVLGDG DOLPHQWDFLyQ\UHIXJLRORFXDODODUJRSOD]RUHGXFHORVWDPDxRVSREODE
SREODFLRQDO HO OLPLWDGR UDQJR GH GLVWULEXFLyQ JHRJUiÀFD HQWUH RWUDV FLRQDOHV\SRUWDQWRODYDULDELOLGDGJHQpWLFD
(VWDV SUHVLRQHV SXHGHQ WHQHU FRQVHFXHQFLDV QHJDWLYDV HQ ORV LQGLYLE
3RUHVWDUD]yQHVQHFHVDULRJHQHUDUDFFLRQHVGHPDQHMR\SODQHVHQE
GXRVODVSREODFLRQHV\ODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHORVKiELWDWV
FDPLQDGRVDODPLWLJDFLyQGHOHIHFWRTXHWLHQHQHVWDVDPHQD]DVVREUH
$ QLYHO JHQpWLFR GLVPLQXFLyQ GH OD YDULDELOLGDG DO LPSHGLUVH HO LQE ODVSREODFLRQHVGHWRUWXJDVSULRUL]DUHVIXHU]RVVREUHDTXHOODVDPHQDE
WHUFDPELR GH JHQHV OR TXH FRQOOHYD XQ DXPHQWR HQ OD YXOQHUDELOLGDG ]DVFX\RVLPSDFWRVVREUHODVHVSHFLHVVHDQPiVVLJQLÀFDWLYRVHVWDEOHE
DHQIHUPHGDGHVSURFHVRVGHH[WLQFLyQHLQGLYLGXRVSRFRDGDSWDGRVD FHUSOD]RVSDUDGHVDUUROODUDFFLRQHVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQ\SURSRQHUDOWHUE
ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GHO DPELHQWH OR TXH ÀQDOPHQWH FDXVD HO GHWHULRUR R QDWLYDVYLDEOHVSDUDGDUVROXFLyQWDQWRDORVREMHWLYRVGHODFRPXQLGDG
SpUGLGDGHODHVSHFLH$QLYHOSREODFLRQDOGLVPLQXFLyQHQHOWDPDxRGH FRPRDORVREMHWLYRVGHOPDQHMRVRVWHQLEOH
ODVSREODFLRQHV\HQODFDQWLGDGGHLQGLYLGXRVFDSDFHVGHUHSURGXFLUVH

18
 X&"@"1A+2;2%,"@"1A+2'%2@+*2$")$/1+*
/DVWRUWXJDVVRQXQJUXSRGHDQLPDOHVPX\DQWLJXRVSHUWHQHFHQDORV (O FDSDUD]yQ HVWi FRQVWLWXLGR SRU SODFDV yVHDV \ VH HQFXHQWUD UHE
UHSWLOHV\VXRULJHQVHHVWLPDKDFHFHUFDGHPLOORQHVGHDxRVHQHO FXELHUWR SRU HVFXGRV HSLGpUPLFRV (VWD HVWUXFWXUD KD SHUPLWLGR D ODV
7ULiVLFRPHGLR$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD3RVHHQ
XQDVHULHGHFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVPRUIROyJLFDV\ELROyJLFDVTXHODVLGHQWLÀFDQ
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2L")V"@-1&,+*2
/DV WRUWXJDV SRVHHQ GRV FRQFKDV UtJLGDV TXH FXEUHQ \ SURWHJHQ OD
PD\RUSDUWHGHVXVFXHUSRVXQDVXSHULRUTXHVHGHQRPLQDFDSDUD]yQR
WRUWXJDVDGDSWDUVHDGLIHUHQWHVFRQGLFLRQHVDPELHQWDOHV\DTXHUHJXOD
GH IRUPD HÀFLHQWH OD WHPSHUDWXUD FRUSRUDO HYLWD OD GHVKLGUDWDFLyQ R
SpUGLGDGHDJXD\DFW~DFRPRXQDHVWUXFWXUDGHGHIHQVDFRQWUDHODWDTXH
GHGHSUHGDGRUHV+LFNPDQ*&.*#/5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG!
/DFDEH]DHVWiJHQHUDOPHQWHFXELHUWDSRUHVFDPDVGHRULJHQGpUPLFR
FRQVWLWXLGDVSRUTXHUDWLQD+LFNPDQ&.*#//RVSDWURQHVGHFRORE
FDUDSD[\HVODTXHVHHQFXHQWUDVREUHVXHVSDOGD\XQDLQIHULRUOODPDGD
UDFLyQGHODFDEH]DFXHOOR\SDWDVYDUtDQGHDFXHUGRFRQODHVSHFLH\VRQ
SODVWUyQTXHHVODTXHVHHQFXHQWUDVREUHVXYLHQWUH)LJ(VWDVGRV
FODYHVSDUDODLGHQWLÀFDFLyQ
FRQFKDVHVWiQXQLGDVDORVODGRVSRUXQDHVWUXFWXUDGHQRPLQDGDSXHQWH
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/7LHQHQXQDIRUPD\SDWUyQGHFRORUDFLyQ
TXHLGHQWLÀFDDFDGDHVSHFLHHOFRORUSXHGHYDULDUOLJHUDPHQWHGHMXYHE
&*;$%!(!(./;'-%G!
Caparazón o carapax
/DV WRUWXJDV FDUHFHQ GH GLHQWHV (Q OXJDU GH HVWRV SRVHHQ XQD HVE
WUXFWXUDGHQRPLQDGDUDQIRWHFDTXHFRQVLVWHHQXQHVWXFKHFyUQHRHQ
IRUPDGHSLFRTXHUHFXEUHODUHJLyQPD[LODU\ODUHJLyQPDQGLEXODU(VWD
HVWUXFWXUD KD SHUPLWLGR TXH ODV WRUWXJDV SXHGDQ DFFHGHU D GLIHUHQWHV
UHFXUVRVQXWULFLRQDOHVFRPRKRMDVWDOORVVHPLOODVIUXWRV\SHFHVHQWUH
RWURV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG!
/DVWRUWXJDVQRSRVHHQRtGRH[WHUQRVLQRXQDPHPEUDQDGHQRPLQDE
GDWtPSDQR)LJTXHDOYLEUDUWUDVPLWHORVLPSXOVRVDORtGRLQWHUQR
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;$OJXQDVHVSHFLHVSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUSURE
ORQJDFLRQHVGHODHSLGHUPLVGHQRPLQDGDVEDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDQRVTXH
VLUYHQFRPRHVWUXFWXUDVSDUDHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWRWiFWLO\DGHPiVSHUPLE
Puente WHQODFDSWXUDGHSUHVDVDODFWXDUFRPRVHxXHORV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*
#/;2!JKKOFG

Plastrón o peto
0&1/)+2W42'LVSRVLFLyQGHODVFRQFKDVVXSHULRUHLQIHULRUGHODVWRUWXJDV !
YLVWDIURQWDO

19
 Escamas
prefontales
Escama
Interparietal Surco
longitudinal

Narinas
! =! ! ! ?! ! ! 7!

Escamas 0&1/)+2Z47LSRVGHSDWDVGHODVWRUWXJDV$(OHIDQWLQD%&RQPHPE

postoculares EUDQDLQWHUGLJLWDOSDOPHDGD\&7LSRUHPR

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2?&"@-1&,+*
/DV WRUWXJDV SRVHHQ SHULRGRV GH YLGD ODUJRV HV GHFLU TXH ORV LQGLE
Tímpano Ranfotecas YLGXRV SXHGHQ SHUPDQHFHU HQ HO HVWDGLR MXYHQLO GH WUHV D FLQFR DxRV
Barbicelos mentonianos
0&1/)+2Y423DUWHVGHODFDEH]DGHXQDWRUWXJDWHUUHVWUHRGXOFHDFXtFROD
/DIRUPDGHODVSDWDVHVWiHVWUHFKDPHQWHUHODFLRQDGDFRQHOKiELWDW
GRQGHVHGHVDUUROODQODVWRUWXJDVDVtODVHVSHFLHVQHWDPHQWHWHUUHVWUHV
KDVWDYDULDVGpFDGDVVHJ~QODHVSHFLH\ORVDGXOWRVSXHGHQYLYLUYDULDV
GpFDGDVKDVWDFLHQWRVGHDxRV\UHSURGXFLUVHGHPDQHUDFRQWLQXDGHVGH
VXPDGXUH]VH[XDOKDVWDHOPRPHQWRGHVXPXHUWH+HSSHOO&.*#/
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/G2!JKKOFG!
6RQRUJDQLVPRVHFWRWpUPLFRVWpUPLQRFRP~QPHQWHFRQRFLGRFRPR
´DQLPDOGHVDQJUHIUtDµHOFXDOVHUHÀHUHDODUHJXODFLyQGHODWHPSHUDWXUD
FRUSRUDO D SDUWLU GH OD H[SRVLFLyQ GLUHFWD D OD WHPSHUDWXUD DPELHQWDO
WLHQHQSDWDVHOHIDQWLQDVWLSRHOHIDQWHJUXHVDV\IXHUWHVSDUDVRSRUWDU
HOSHVRGHODVFRQFKDVPLHQWUDVTXHODVHVSHFLHVGHDJXDGXOFHSRVHHQ
SDWDVFRQPHPEUDQDVLQWHUGLJLWDOHVTXHOHVSHUPLWHQQDGDUHÀFD]PHQWH
SHURDODYH]PRYLOL]DUVHFRQFLHUWDGHVWUH]DHQWLHUUD3RURWURODGRHQ
ODV WRUWXJDV PDULQDV ODV H[WUHPLGDGHV HVWiQ FRPSOHWDPHQWH PRGLÀFDE
GDVDPDQHUDGHUHPRV)LJ+DUYH\&.*#/+LFNPDQ&.*#/
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/;2!JKKOFG
20
(VWDHVXQDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDTXHODVWRUWXJDVFRPSDUWHQFRQRWURVRUJDQLVE
PRVFRPRDQÀELRV\SHFHV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG!
/DVHVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDVWURSLFDOHVSRUORJHQHUDOSUHVHQWDQXQSDE
WUyQGLVFRQWLQXRGHUHSURGXFFLyQGHWHUPLQDQGRSRUODVOOXYLDVODVFXDE
OHVPDUFDQHOLQLFLRGHFDGDIDVHGHOSHULRGRUHSURGXFWLYRDVDEHUFRUE
WHMRDQLGDFLyQLQFXEDFLyQ\HFORVLyQ$OJXQDVHVSHFLHVDQLGDQGXUDQWH
 HVWDGRVWHPSUDQRVGHGHVDUUROORHVGHFLUKXHYRVQHRQDWRV\MXYHQLOHV
OD HVWDFLyQ K~PHGD SHUR OD JUDQ PD\RUtD OR KDFH GXUDQWH OD HVWDFLyQ
VHFD8QHMHPSORGHHVWDV~OWLPDVVRQODVWRUWXJDVGHDJXDGXOFHFRPROD VRQIXHQWHHVHQFLDOGHDOLPHQWRGHRWURVDQLPDOHVFRPRKRUPLJDVSHE
KLFRWHDTXHHPSOHDQODVSOD\DVTXHTXHGDQDOGHVFXELHUWRDPHGLGDTXH FHVODJDUWRVFDLPDQHVDYHVUDSDFHVPDPtIHURVPHGLDQRV\JUDQGHV\HO
DYDQ]DODHVWDFLyQVHFDSDUDKDFHUVXVQLGRV0LOOHU 'LQNHODFNHU
/DGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHOVH[RHQWRUWXJDVDOLJXDOTXHHQRWURVUHSE
WLOHVSXHGHHVWDUGDGDSRUPHFDQLVPRVJHQpWLFRVRSRUODLQÁXHQFLD
VHUKXPDQR$GLFLRQDOPHQWHVXVH[FUHPHQWRVVRQODEDVHQXWULFLRQDOGH
DOHYLQRVGHSHFHVSRUHVWRMXHJDQXQSDSHOLPSRUWDQWHHQODGLVSHUVLyQ
GHVHPLOODVODUHJXODFLyQGHOWDPDxRGHODVSREODFLRQHVGHORVDQLPDOHV\
SODQWDVGHORVTXHVHDOLPHQWDQ\HOPDQWHQLPLHQWRGHODVFLpQDJDV2ODY
GHODPELHQWHGHWHUPLQDFLyQVH[XDODPELHQWDO5RGUtJXH]&.*#/
$OOHQ5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/!%&*!2".20)&*!"-).!&.*#/
(OQ~PHURGHKXHYRVSRUQLGDGDSXHGHYDULDUPXFKRHQWUHODVHVSHFLHV
GH WRUWXJDV \ GHSHQGH GHO WDPDxR \ HGDG GH OD KHPEUD UHSURGXFWLYD )LQDOPHQWH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV FRPR OD ORQJHYLGDG ORV EDMRV tQGLFHV GH
*LEERQV *UHHQH(YHQWXDOPHQWHXQDKHPEUDMRYHQ\SHTXHxD UHFOXWDPLHQWRSREODFLRQDOLQFRUSRUDFLyQGHQXHYRVLQGLYLGXRVVH[XDOE
WHQGUi PHQRV HVSDFLR GLVSRQLEOH GHQWUR GH VX FXHUSR SDUD PDQWHQHU PHQWHPDGXURVDODSREODFLyQODVEDMDVWDVDVGHIHFXQGLGDG\ODPDGXUH]
XQDGHWHUPLQDGDFDQWLGDGGHKXHYRV5ROI$VtHQWUHPiVJUDQGH VH[XDOWDUGtDKDFHQDODVWRUWXJDVXQJUXSRPX\YXOQHUDEOHDSURFHVRVGH
VHD OD KHPEUD HVWD SURGXFLUi KXHYRV HQ PD\RU FDQWLGDG \ GH PD\RU H[WLQFLyQ5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
WDPDxRWHQGHQFLDJHQHUDOGHHVWHWLSRGHRUJDQLVPRV0LOOHU 'LQNHE
ODFNHU
/DPD\RUtDGHODVHVSHFLHVSUHVHQWDXQDGLIHUHQFLDFLyQHYLGHQWHHQWUH
'#$%2)*6*%&'7"#)TXHSXHGHHVWDUGDGDSRUYDULDFLyQHQODFRORUDFLyQ
HOWDPDxR\RWUDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVPRUIROyJLFDV$VtSRUHMHPSORJHQHUDOE
PHQWHHQODVWRUWXJDVGHDJXDGXOFHODVKHPEUDVVRQPiVJUDQGHVTXHORV
PDFKRVPLHQWUDVTXHHQODVWRUWXJDVWHUUHVWUHVPRUURFR\RVORVPDE
FKRVVRQPiVJUDQGHVTXHODVKHPEUDV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;2!JKKOFG!
(VWDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDWLHQHIXQFLRQHVLPSRUWDQWHVHQORVFRPSRUWDPLHQWRV
GHFRUWHMR\FySXOD
(QODVWRUWXJDVQRKD\FXLGDGRSDUHQWDOORTXHLPSOLFDTXHODVKHPE
EUDVXQDYH]SRQHQVXVKXHYRVORVDEDQGRQDQ\ORVUHFLpQQDFLGRVQHRE
QDWRVXQDYH]VDOHQGHOFDVFDUyQGHEHQGHIHQGHUVHVRORV\EXVFDUVX
SURSLRDOLPHQWR5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
/DPD\RUtDGHODVWRUWXJDVVRQRPQtYRUDVFRQVXPHQSODQWDVVHPLOODV
ÁRUHVIUXWRVFUXVWiFHRVDQpOLGRVLQVHFWRV\SHFHVDVXYH]GXUDQWHORV

21
 !&,@"2'%2F&'+2'%2@+2$")$/1+2[&,"$%+

(OFLFORGHYLGDGHODKLFRWHD)LJLQLFLDFXDQGRODKHPEUDGHSRVLWD PLHQWUDV TXH ODV KHPEUDV PDGXUDQ VH[XDOPHQWH FXDQGR VX FDSDUD]yQ
VXVKXHYRVHQHOQLGR$SDUWLUGHHVHPRPHQWRFRPLHQ]DHOSHULRGRGH
LQFXEDFLyQWLHPSRGXUDQWHHOFXDOVHGHVDUUROODUiQORVQXHYRVLQGLYLGXRV
\VXGXUDFLyQVHSXHGHSURORQJDUHQWUHXQPHV\PHGLR\WUHVPHVHV
PLGHDOUHGHGRUGHFPGHODUJR0HGHP6DPSHGUR&.*#/;
/DVKLFRWHDVVHUHSURGXFHQWRGRVORVDxRVGXUDQWHODpSRFDGHOOXYLDV
HVGHFLUGHVHSWLHPEUHDGLFLHPEUHHQHVWRVPHVHVRFXUUHHOFRUWHMR\
0HGHP5HVWUHSR&.*#/)LQDOL]DGRHVWHWLHPSRORVKXHYRV
HODSDUHDPLHQWR(OFRUWHMRVHGDHQDJXDVSURIXQGDVKDVWDHOPRPHQWR
)-9*$&>(&! (! $);-%*-&(#! 6! .$! %/! *&'$#*-#! $9$#:$&! ;(%! '-#'/:(%! #$)*C&!
HQTXHODKHPEUDHOLJHDOPDFKR\VHUHDOL]DHODSDUHDPLHQWRODFySXOD
QDFLGDV R QHRQDWRV 3DUD URPSHU HO FDVFDUyQ GHO KXHYR ORV QHRQDWRV
RFXUUH YDULDV YHFHV SHUR HQ LQWHUYDORV GH FRUWD GXUDFLyQ GRV D WUHV
XVDQXQDHVWUXFWXUDFyUQHDDPDQHUDGHGLHQWHOODPDGDRYLUUXSWRUTXH
PLQXWRV \ XQD YH] ÀQDOL]DGD OD KHPEUD KX\H GH ORV PDFKRV QDGDQGR
SRVHHQGHEDMRGHODQDUL]ODFXDOGHVDSDUHFHDORVSRFRVGtDVGHVXQDFLE
UiSLGDPHQWH \ DOHMiQGRORV GH IRUPD DJUHVLYD VL LQWHQWDQ DSDUHDUVH GH
PLHQWR(OSURFHVRGHHFORVLyQSXHGHWRPDUHQWUH\GtDVVLQHPEDUE
QXHYRFRQHOOD0HGHP
JRXQDOWRSRUFHQWDMHGHKXHYRVVRQGHSUHGDGRVGXUDQWHHVWHSURFHVR
\QROOHJDQDHFORVLRQDU'HOD2VVD 5LDxR (QODpSRFDVHFDGHHQHURDPD\RSDVDGRVWUHVDFXDWURPHVHVGHVE
SXpV GHO DSDUHDPLHQWR FRPLHQ]D OD WHPSRUDGD GH DQLGDFLyQ &RQ HO
$OVDOLUGHOQLGRORVQHRQDWRVVHGLULJHQDODJXDTXHHVHODPELHQWH
GHVFHQVRGHODVDJXDVODVKHPEUDVDSURYHFKDQSDUDFDYDUVXVQLGRVHQ
HQ HO TXH VH GHVDUUROODQ MXYHQLOHV \ DGXOWRV (VWRV KiELWDW SXHGHQ VHU
VXHORVQRPX\K~PHGRV\SURYLVWRVGHYHJHWDFLyQ%HUQDO&.*#/
MDJH\HVSR]RVODJXQDV\FLpQDJDVHQORVFXDOHVHQFXHQWUDQDOLPHQWR
5HVWUHSR&.*#/8QDYH]UHDOL]DGDODSRVWXUDDOJXQRVLQGLYLGXRV
\SURWHFFLyQSDUDFUHFHU\FRQYHUWLUVHHQDGXOWRV8QEDMRSRUFHQWDMH
VHHQWLHUUDQ\UHGXFHQDOPi[LPRVXPHWDEROLVPRHQXQSURFHVRGHE
GHHVWRVQHRQDWRVOOHJDQDODPDGXUH]GHELGRDODGHSUHGDFLyQSRUVXV
&-9*&(.-!$%'*<()*+&2!H/$!)-&%*%'$!$&!)-&%/9*#!;$&'(9$&'$!;(%!#$%$#<(%!
HQHPLJRVQDWXUDOHV'HOD2VVD 5LDxR
GHHQHUJtDDOPDFHQDGDVHQVXVFXHUSRV\DVtVREUHYLYLUDODVGXUDVFRQE
'HVSXpVGHXQWLHPSRHVWRVLQGLYLGXRVDOFDQ]DQODPDGXUH]VH[XDO GLFLRQHVDPELHQWDOHVKDVWDHOVLJXLHQWHSHULRGRGHOOXYLDV'HOD2VVD\
HVGHFLUSDVDQGHVHUMXYHQLOHVDDGXOWRV/RVPDFKRVPDGXUDQSULPHUR 5LDxR
TXH ODV KHPEUDV FXDQGR VX FDSDUD]yQ PLGH FHUFD GH  FP GH ODUJR

22
 Vida libre
Adultos
Cortejo

Maduración
sexual

Estivación
Juveniles
Apareamiento

Crecimiento
y desarrollo
Huevos
Neonatos
Eclosión
Anidación
3-4 meses

Incubación y enduración (52)

0&1/)+23\42&LFORGHYLGDLGHDOL]DGRSDUDODWRUWXJDKLFRWHD

23
 0+L&@&+*721P#%)"*2;2%*N%,&%*2'%2$")$/1+*2,"#$&#%#$+@%*2'%2!"@"L?&+
&RORPELD HV XQR GH ORV SDtVHV FRQ PD\RU ULTXH]D GH UHSWLOHV FRQ $SHVDUGHVXDOWDGLYHUVLGDGODVLWXDFLyQGHODVWRUWXJDVFRQWLQHQWDOHV
PiVGHHVSHFLHVGHVFULWDV*RQ]iOH]=iUDWH'HHVWDVFRE HQ HO SDtV HV DOWDPHQWH SUHRFXSDQWH \D TXH GHQWUR GH HVWH JUXSR VH
UUHVSRQGHQDWRUWXJDVVHLVHVSHFLHVPDULQDVGRVWHUUHVWUHVGHDJXD $&)/$&'#(&!)/('#-!.$!;(%!%$*%!'-#'/:(%!'$##$%'#$%!6!./;)$()/@)-;(%!9N%!
GXOFHXQDLQWURGXFLGD\GRVFRQSRVLEOHGLVWULEXFLyQSDUD&RORPELD/DV DPHQD]DGDVGH6XUDPpULFD)LJGRVGHHOODVHQGpPLFDVSDUDHOSDtV
HVSHFLHVFRQWLQHQWDOHVUHSUHVHQWDQHOGHODVWRUWXJDVGHODUHJLyQ 8262$,&'0)*/&B(#,#!6!:&)2$/&''()*6#%/02WUDVHVSHFLHVVHHQFXHQWUDQ
QHRWURSLFDO 0$9'7 G \ FRQYLHUWHQ D &RORPELD HQ HO VHJXQGR HQDOJXQDFDWHJRUtDGHDPHQD]D$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORE
SDtVGH6XUDPpULFDFRQPD\RUGLYHUVLGDGGHWRUWXJDVGHVSXpVGH%UDVLO JtD
$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD
/DV WRUWXJDV VH DJUXSDQ HQ GRV VXEyUGHQHV 5"(3.260"#! 6! 8/&-"260"#!
3 Peligro Crítico (CR)
5 En Peligro (EN)
6 Vulnerables (VU)
5 Casi Amenazadas (NT)
12 Datos Deficientes (DD)
0&1/)+23342&DWHJRUtDVQDFLRQDOHVHQOD/LVWD5RMDGHOD8,&1GHODV
HVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDVWHUUHVWUHV\GXOFHDFXtFRODVGH&RORPELD
Chelonoidis carbonaria )LJTXHVHGLIHUHQFLDQSRUODIRUPDHQODTXHUHWUDHQHOFXHOOR\OR
Podocnemis expansa (en la Orinoquia) HVFRQGHQGHQWURGHOFDSDUD]yQ$YHQGDxR&.*#/3RXJK&.*#/
Podocnemis unifilis (en la Orinoquia)
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/G2!JKKOFG!
Chelonoidis denticulata (en la Orinoquia)
Mesoclemmys dahli Doblan la cabeza dentro del caparazón
Podocnemis expansa (en la Amazonia)
Podocnemis lewyana
Podocnemis unifilis Están presentes únicamente en el
Pleurodiras
hemisferio sur
Chelonoidis denticulata (en la Amazonia)
Kinosternon dunni
Mesoclemmys zuliae La mayoría son semi-acuáticas
Peltocephalus dumerilianus
Podocnemis erythrocephala
Podocnemis sextuberculata Tortugas
(Orden Testudinata)
Rhinemys rufipes
Rhinoclemmys annulata
Rhinoclemmys nasuta Retraen la cabeza dentro del caparazón
Trachemys callirostris
Trachemys venusta
Son las únicas tortugas presentes en el
Criptodiras hemisferio norte
Son la mayoría de tortugas existentes, tanto
terrestres como acuáticas y todas las marinas.
!0&1/)+23<4&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVSULQFLSDOHVGHORVVXEyUGHQHVGHWRUWXJDV
24
 /DVHVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDVWHUUHVWUHV\GHDJXDGXOFHGH&RORPELDSHUWHQHFHQDVLHWHIDPLOLDV&KHOLGDH&KHO\GULGDH(P\GLGDH*HRHP\GLGDH
.LQRVWHUQLGDH3RGRFQHPLGLGDH7HVWXGLQLGDH\JpQHURVWDEOD

>+?@+2Q4)DPLOLDVJpQHURVHVSHFLHVUHJLyQJHRJUiÀFD\FDWHJRUtDVHQOD/LVWD5RMDGHODVWRUWXJDVWHUUHVWUHV\GHDJXDGXOFHSUHVHQWHVHQ&RORPELD
!
!+$%1")A+2
E/?")'%# 0+L&@&+ 5*N%,&% H"L?)%2,"L]# 9%1&-#
8&*$+29":+^^
&KHOXVÀPEULDWXV M('(9('( =9(>-&*(EP#-&-H/*( &DVL$PHQD]DGD17
:&)2$/&''()*6#%/0 7(##(&)A*&( &DULEHHQGpPLFD (Q3HOLJUR(1
:&)2$/&''()*4077# &KDUDSLWDGHDJXDMDO =9(>-&*(EP#-&-H/*( QQ
:&)2$/&''()*%&/02).&''# *DOiSDJRVRO =9(>-&*(EP#-&-H/*( QQ
:&)2$/&''()*"#,0$&3) &KDUDSD =9(>-&*( QQ

0&.C9*)(! .$! ;(! )/$&)(! .$!

7A$;*.($ 0DUDFDLER HQ 9HQH]XHOD
:&)2$/&''()*F-/0#& &HEH]yQGH=XOLD 9XOQHUDEOH98
3RVLEOHPHQWHHQ&RORPELD
8/&-"260"# !
8/#.&'()*3/#.($&3%#/# &KDUDSLWDGHDOWXUD =9(>-&*( QQ
5KLQHP\VUXÀSHV 7RUWXJDDFKLRWH =9(>-&*( &DVL$PHQD]DGD17
8%"(,23)*4&2>>"2#,-) ?()A(;( =9(>-&*( QQ
8%"(,23)*.-7&"2)-) ?()A(;( =9(>-&*( QQ
8&/.2$&3%#/-)*6-'&"0/0#,-) &DEH]yQ =9(>-&*(EP#-&-H/*( 9XOQHUDEOH98
(Q3HOLJUR(1HQOD
"-.-)&$9*.*.($ P#*&-H/*(!!6!$&!"$;*:#-!
3RGRFQHPLVXQLÀOLV 7HUHFD\ =9(>-&*(EP#-&-H/*(
&UtWLFR&5HQOD
=9(>-&*(

25
 !+$%1")A+2
E/?")'%# 0+L&@&+ 5*N%,&% H"L?)%2,"L]# 9%1&-#
8&*$+29":+^
8262$,&'0)*&"(.%"2$&3%#/# &KLSLUR =9(>-&*(EP#*&-H/*( 9XOQHUDEOH98
8262$,&'0)*&93#,)# &KDUDSD =9(>-&*(EP#*&-H/*( 3HOLJUR&UtWLFR&5
8/&-"260"# "-.-)&$9*.*.($ 8262$,&'0)*/&B(#,# 7RUWXJDGHUtR &DULEH (Q3HOLJUR(1
8262$,&'0)*)&9.-7&"$-/#.# &XSLVR =9(>-&*(! 9XOQHUDEOH98
8262$,&'0)*+24/0 6DEDQHUD P#*&-H/*( &DVL$PHQD]DGD17
7A$;6.#*.($ 5%&/(6"#*#$-.0"2)."0) ?()A$ 3DFtÀFR&DULEH QQ
C0,2).&",2,*6-,,0* &DEH]DGH7UR]R 3DFtÀFR 9XOQHUDEOH98
.LQRVWHUQLGDH C0,2).&",2,*/&-$2).2'-' 7DSDFXOROLVR $PSOLDGLVWULEXFLyQ QQ
C0,2).&",2,*)$2"30206&) 7DSDFXORFRP~Q $PSOLDGLVWULEXFLyQ QQ
!"#$%&'()*$#//0"2)."0) +LFRWHD &DULEH QQ
096.*.($ !"#$%&'()*)$"03.#*&/&4#,) +LFRWHDGHRUHMDVURMDV ,&'#-./)*.( QQ
!"#$%&'()*+&,-).# ,)-'$( 3DFtÀFD QQ
D%0,2$/&''()*#,,-/#.# 7RUWXJDPRQWDxHUD &DULEH3DFtÀFD &DVL$PHQD]DGD17
5"(3.260"#
D%0,2$/&''()*60#6&'#.# ,:R$&%( =&.*&( &DVL$PHQD]DGD17
D$-$96.*.($
D%0,2$/&''()*'&/#,2).&",# "(;9$#( &DULEH3DFtÀFD QQ
D%0,2$/&''()*,#)-.# 6DEDODWHUD 3DFtÀFD &DVL$PHQD]DGD17
5%&/2,2060)*$#"72,#"0# M-##-)-6- $PSOLDGLVWULEXFLyQ (Q3HOLJUR&UtWLFR&5

7HVWXGLQLGDH (Q3HOLJUR(1HQOD

5%&/2,2060)*6&,.0$-/#.# M-##-)-6- =9(>-&*(EP#*&-H/*( 2ULQRTXLD\9XOQHUDEOH
98HQOD$PD]RQLD

1RHVWiHQQLQJXQDFDWHJRUtDGHOD/LVWD5RMDGHOD,8&1

26
 &DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODVÀFKDVGHODVHVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDV
$%))%*$)%*2;2'%2+1/+2'/@,%2%#,"#$)+'+*2%#2!"@"L?&+
/DVHVSHFLHVVHSUHVHQWDQGHDFXHUGRFRQVXGLVWULEXFLyQJHRJUiÀFDHQ $OÀQDOVHSUHVHQWDQODVHVSHFLHVFRQGLVWULEXFLyQSUREDEOHHQ&RORPELD
ODUHJLRQHVQDWXUDOHVGH&RORPELD/DVUHJLRQHVVHSUHVHQWDQGHOQRUWH
DOVXUGHOSDtVLQLFLDQGRHQODUHJLyQ&DULEHKDVWDOOHJDUDOD$PD]RQLD
Características morfológicas
y ecológicas utilizadas para
diferenciar la especie de tortuga
Distribución geográfica de la
especie, tanto general
como en Colombia
Hábitat donde
generalmente se
encuentra la especie
Nombre común Familia
Carranchina, cabeza al lado, cabeza Chelidae
volteada, Dahl´s toad-headed turtle
Características generales: Tortuga semia-
cuática que se alimenta especialmente de insec-
tos y caracoles. De no más de 28 cm de largo. El
caparazón es ovalado o elíptico, aplanado y de-
primido, de color café-oliva, con los escudos
marginales un poco inclinados hacia arriba. El
plastrón tiene una muesca en “v”, es mucho más
angosto que el caparazón y es de color amarillo
ocre. La cabeza es de gran tamaño, ancha y alar-
gada que sobresale del resto del cuerpo; la
región ventral y lateral de la cabeza son de color
amarillo y la región dorsal es gris o café-oliva.
Tiene barbicelos mentonianos cortos. El cuello
es grisáceo en el dorso y más claro en la parte
ventral. Las patas son palmeadas con cinco
garras en las extremidades anteriores y cuatro
en las posteriores. Los machos son más peque-
ños que las hembras, en estos la cola es más lar-
ga y ancha y el plastrón es escotado en los escu-
dos anales (Zangerl & Medem, 1958; Ernest et al.,
1998; Castaño-Mora, 2002; Rueda-Almonacid et
al., 2007).
Distribución general: Endémica de la Re-
gión Caribe de Colombia (Rueda-Almonacid et
al., 2007).
Distribución en colombia: Presente en la
ciénaga de Zapatosa en el departamento de Ce-
sar, en la ciénaga Grande del bajo Sinú en Cór-
:&)2$/&''()*F-/0#&!6!8%"(,23)*.-7&"2)-)\ODHVSHFLHLQWURGXFLGD!"#1
$%&'()*)$"03.#*&/&4#,)FG
Nombre científico
Mesoclemmys dahli
(Zangerl y Medem, 1958)
El color indica la región
donde se encuentra
distribuída la especie
Cuando se muestra un
doba, en la cuenca de los ríos Sinú-San Jorge y en
los departamentos de Sucre, Bolívar y Atlántico
degradado de colores
(MAVDT, 2002b; Carvajal-Cogollo et al., 2007;
Medina-Rangel, 2011). indica que la especie está en
Hábitat: Vive en aguas poco profundas, tem-
porales, pantanos, bosques de ribera y en gene-
más de una región
ral en ambientes acuáticos con vegetación de
borde o flotante (Castaño-Mora, 2002; Rueda-
Almonacid et al., 2007).
Categoría de la especie en la
Lista Roja y Cites: En 1985 la UICN la con-
sideró como el tercer reptil más cercano a de- Lista Roja y presencia en
saparecer. Desde el 2000 se encuentra cataloga-
ada como especie En Peligro Crítico (CR) a nivel
mundial y nacional y en el Apéndice I de Cites apéndices de Cites
(Castaño-Mora, 2002; Rueda-Almonacid et al.,
2007; Asociación Colombiana de Herpetología,
2011; IUCN, 2011
Amenazas: Las redes de pesca son una ame- Principales amenazas a las
naza para esta especie debido a que quedan
atrapadas. La pérdida de hábitat y condiciones poblaciones de la especie
intrínsecas como las bajas densidades y el aisla-
miento geográfico, hacen que sus poblaciones
sean mucho más vulnerables a la extinción
(Castaño-Mora, 2002; MAVDT, 2002b; Rueda-
Almonacid et al., 2007).
27
 Nombre común Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Carranchina, cabeza al lado, cabeza Chelidae Mesoclemmys dahli
volteada, Dahl´s toad-headed turtle (Zangerl & Medem, 1958)

CARIBE
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_2 7RUWXJD VHPLDFXiE SDUD]yQ\HVGHFRORUDPDULOORRFUH/DFDEH]DHV
WLFD TXH VH DOLPHQWD HVSHFLDOPHQWH GH LQVHFWRV \ GH JUDQ WDPDxR DQFKD \ DODUJDGD TXH VREUHVDOH
FDUDFROHV'HQRPiVGHFPGHODUJR(OFDSDE GHOUHVWRGHOFXHUSRODUHJLyQYHQWUDO\ODWHUDOGH
UD]yQHVRYDODGRRHOtSWLFRDSODQDGR\GHSULPLGR ODFDEH]DVRQGHFRORUDPDULOOR\ODUHJLyQGRUVDO
GHFRORUFDIpROLYDFRQORVHVFXGRVPDUJLQDOHVXQ HVJULVRFDIpROLYD7LHQHEDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDQRV
SRFRLQFOLQDGRVKDFLDDUULED(OSODVWUyQWLHQHXQD )-#'-%G! 0;! )/$;;-! $%! :#*%N)$-! $&! $;! .-#%-! 6! 9N%!
PXHVFDHQ´YµHVPXFKRPiVDQJRVWRTXHHOFDE FODURHQODSDUWHYHQWUDO/DVSDWDVVRQSDOPHDGDV
28
 )-&! )*&)-! :(##(%! $&! ;(%! $1'#$9*.(.$%! (&'$#*-#$%!
\FXDWURHQODVSRVWHULRUHV/RVPDFKRVVRQPiV
SHTXHxRVTXHODVKHPEUDVHQHVWRVODFRODHVPiV
ODUJD\DQFKD\HOSODVWUyQHVHVFRWDGRHQORVHVE
FXGRVDQDOHV=DQJHUO 0HGHP(UQHVW&.*#/G2!
&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!
CARIBE
ÁRWDQWH &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
&.*#/;2!JKKOFG!
8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(QOD8,&1ODFRQVLGHE
UyFRPRHOWHUFHUUHSWLOPiVFHUFDQRDGHVDSDUHE
)$#G!8$%.$!$;!JKKK!%$!$&)/$&'#(!)('(;-:(.(!)-9-!

JKKOFG! HVSHFLHHQ3HOLJUR&UtWLFR&5DQLYHOPXQGLDO\

QDFLRQDO\HQHO$SpQGLFH,GH&LWHV&DVWDxR0RE
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_!0&.C9*)(!.$!;(!#$:*+&!7(E UD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/$VRFLDFLyQ
ULEHGH&RORPELD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG!
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_!"#$%$&'$!$&!;(!)*CE
QDJD GH =DSDWRVD HQ HO GHSDUWDPHQWR GH &HVDU
HQ OD FLpQDJD *UDQGH GHO EDMR 6LQ~ HQ &yUGRED
HQ OD FXHQFD GH ORV UtRV 6LQ~6DQ -RUJH \ HQ ORV
GHSDUWDPHQWRVGH6XFUH%ROtYDU\$WOiQWLFR0$E
9'7E&DUYDMDO&RJROOR&.*#/0HGLQD
&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD,8&1
KL%#+M+*_2/DVUHGHVGHSHVFDVRQXQDDPHQD]D
SDUDHVWDHVSHFLHGHELGRDTXHTXHGDQDWUDSDGDV
/D SpUGLGD GH KiELWDW \ FRQGLFLRQHV LQWUtQVHFDV
FRPRODVEDMDVGHQVLGDGHV\HODLVODPLHQWRJHRJUiE
ÀFR KDFHQ TXH VXV SREODFLRQHV VHDQ PXFKR PiV
YXOQHUDEOHV D OD H[WLQFLyQ &DVWDxR0RUD 
5DQJHO 0$9'7E5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG

`a?&$+$_9LYHHQDJXDVSRFRSURIXQGDVWHPSRE
UDOHVSDQWDQRVERVTXHVGHULEHUD\HQJHQHUDOHQ
DPELHQWHV DFXiWLFRV FRQ YHJHWDFLyQ GH ERUGH R

29
 Nombre común Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Hicotea, icotea, jicotea, Emydidae Trachemys callirostris
colombian slider turtle (Gray, 1855)

CARIBE
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_2 7RUWXJD VHPLDFXiWLFD GRVTXHHVWiQURGHDGDVSRUDQLOORVGHFRORUDPDULOOR
GXOFHDFXtFROD GLXUQD RPQtYRUD FRQVXPH SULQFLSDOE QDUDQMDRYHUGH(OSODVWUyQHVDPDULOORFRQXQGHQVR
PHQWH SODQWDV DFXiWLFDV SHUR WDPELpQ SHFHV YLYRV HQWUDPDGRYHUGH/DFDEH]DHVFRPSOHWDPHQWHOLVDVLQ
RPXHUWRV UHQDFXDMRV LQVHFWRVH LQFOXVR EDUUR 'H HVFDPDV FRQ XQD EDQGD SRVWRUELWDO DQFKD GH FRORU
WDPDxRPHGLDQRSXHGHDOFDQ]DUORVFPGHODUJR URMR QDUDQMD R DPDULOOR XELFDGD GHWUiV GH FDGD RMR
(OFDSDUD]yQHVGHFRORUHVPX\YLVWRVRVHQQHRQDWRV SHURVLQWRFDUORTXHVHSXHGHH[WHQGHURQRKDVWD
\FUtDVGHIRUPDRYDODGDOLVROLJHUDPHQWHDERYHGDGR $;!)/$;;-G!"-%$$!/&!)-&5/&'-!.$!9(&)A(%!#$.-&.$(.(%!
)-&!9(&)A(%!&$:#(%!#$.-&.$(.(%!$&!'-.-%!;-%!$%)/E DPDULOODVXRFHORVDOUHGHGRUGHODERFD\HQODUDQIRE
30
 WHFDLQIHULRUUHJLyQPDQGLEXODU(OUHVWRGHODFDEHE `a?&$+$_9LYHHQDJXDVSRFRSURIXQGDV\ORGRVDVDO
>(!'*$&$!/&(%!;@&$(%!(9(#*;;(%!H/$!%$!$1'*$&.$&!A(%'(! LJXDOTXHHQFRPSOHMRVFHQDJRVRVODJXQDV\MDJH\HV
HOFXHOOR\ORVPLHPEURVDQWHULRUHVSRVWHULRUHV\OD 0HGHP  &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDE
FROD /RV DGXOWRV FRQVHUYDQ HO SDWUyQ FDUDFWHUtVWLFR )*.!&.*#/0HGLQD5DQJHO
GHFRORUDFLyQHQODFDEH]DSHURHQODVSDWDV\ODFROD
CARIBE

VH RVFXUHFH FRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWH /DV SDWDV VRQ WRWDOE 8&*$+2 9":+2 ;2 !&$%*_2 (VSHFLH FDWDORJDGD FRPR &DVL
PHQWHSDOPHDGDVFRQFLQFRJDUUDVHQODVH[WUHPLGDE $PHQD]DGD 17 D QLYHO PXQGLDO \ QDFLRQDO SRU OD
GHVDQWHULRUHV\FXDWURHQODVSRVWHULRUHV/RVPDFKRV 8,&1 1R DSDUHFH HQ ORV$SpQGLFHV GH &LWHV &DVE
VRQPiVSHTXHxRVTXHODVKHPEUDVHQHVWRVODFRODHV WDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/ $VRE
PiVODUJD\DQFKD0HGHP&DVWDxR0RUD FLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH +HUSHWRORJtD  0HGLQD
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/0HGLQD5DQJHO 5DQJHO

R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_2(QGpPLFDGH&RORPELD\9HE KL%#+M+*_2/DVSULQFLSDOHVDPHQD]DVVRQODGHVWUXFE
QH]XHOD 0HGHP  &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD FLyQ\GHJUDGDFLyQGHVXVKiELWDWVODVREUH[SORWDFLyQ
=;9-&()*.!&.*#/0HGLQD5DQJHO SRUFDFHUtDHOWUiÀFRLOHJDOGHQHRQDWRVFRPRPDVFRE
WDV\HOFRPHUFLRGHKHPEUDVDGXOWDV\KXHYRVSDUD
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 %#2 !"@"L?&+_2 "#$%$&'$! $&! ;(! #$:*+&! FRQVXPRKXPDQRVREUHWRGRHQOD&XDUHVPD\6HE
&DULEHHQORVFRPSOHMRVFHQDJRVRVGHORVUtRV0DJGDE PDQD6DQWDSULQFLSDOPHQWHHQORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH
OHQD&DXFD6LQ~6DQ-RUJH\5DQFKHUtD(QORVGHSDUE %ROtYDU&HVDU&yUGRED\6XFUH&DVWDxR0RUD
'(9$&'-%!.$!=&'*-H/*(2!=';N&'*)-2!?-;@<(#2!7$%(#2!7+#E 4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/0HGLQD5DQJHO
GRED*XDMLUD0DJGDOHQD6DQWDQGHU\6XFUH0HGHP !
&DVWDxR0RUD$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH
+HUSHWRORJtD0HGLQD5DQJHO

31
 Nombre común Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Tortuga de río, tortuga de agua, tortuga Podocnemididae Podocnemis lewyana
del Magdalena, Magdalena river turtle (Duméril, 1852)

ANDINA - CARIBE
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_7RUWXJDDFXiWLFDGXOE RFDIpROLYD(OSODVWUyQSXHGHVHUGHFRORUFUHPD
FHDFXtFRODGLXUQDKHUEtYRUDVHDOLPHQWDGHSODQWDV :#*%N)$-2!'-'(;9$&'$!&$:#-!-!&$:#-!)-&!;(%!)*%/#(%!
DFXiWLFDV\GHPDWHULDOYHJHWDO(VGHWDPDxRPHGLDE FODUDV/DFDEH]DHVGHFRORUJULVROLYDFRQXQDEDQE
QRSXHGHDOFDQ]DUORVFPGHODUJR(OFDSDUD]yQ GDDPDULOORFODUDTXHYDGHVGHHOERUGHSRVWHULRU
HVRYDODGROLVR\PiVDSODQDGRTXHHOGHRWUDVHVE GHO RMR KDVWD OD SDUWH VXSHULRU GHO WtPSDQR GLFKR
SHFLHVGHOJpQHUR8262$,&'0)GHFRORUJULVRVFXUR SDWUyQGHFRORUDFLyQHVWiSUHVHQWHHQWRGRVORVHVE
32
 WDGLRV GH GHVDUUROOR GH DPERV VH[RV H[FHSWR HQ `a?&$+$_29LYHHQUtRVJUDQGHV\VXVDÁXHQWHVFLpE
ODVKHPEUDVDGXOWDVODHVFDPDLQWHUSDULHWDOHVELHQ QDJDVODJXQDV\SODQRVGHLQXQGDFLyQGHODVFXHQFDV
DQFKD\HQIRUPDGHFRUD]yQ7LHQHGRVEDUELFHORV GHO 0DJGDOHQD HO 6LQ~ \ 6DQ -RUJH &DVWDxR0RUD
PHQWRQLDQRV /DV SDWDV VRQ WRWDOPHQWH SDOPHDGDV 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/0HGLQD5DQJHO
)-&!)*&)-!:(##(%!$&!;(%!$1'#$9*.(.$%!(&'$#*-#$%! 6! 
FXDWURHQODVSRVWHULRUHV/RVPDFKRVVRQPiVSHE
TXHxRVTXHODVKHPEUDV\HQHVWRVODFRODHVPiV 8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_20%'N!)('(;-:(.(!)-9-!0&!"$;*E
ODUJD&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2! JUR(1DQLYHOPXQGLDO\QDFLRQDOSRUOD8,&1(Q
ANDINA - CARIBE

0HGLQD5DQJHO &LWHVVHHQFXHQWUDGHQWURGHO$SpQGLFH,,&DVWDxR

0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/ $VRFLDE
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 1%#%)+@_2 (QGpPLFD GH &RORPELD FLyQ &RORPELDQD GH +HUSHWRORJtD  0HGLQD
&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/ 5DQJHO
0HGLQD5DQJHO
KL%#+M+*_! 3(! .$%'#/))*+&! 6! .$:#(.()*+&! .$! %/%!
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_2"#$%$&'$!$&!;(%!)/$&E KiELWDWV\ODVREUHH[SORWDFLyQSRUODFDFHUtDGHORV
FDV \ FLpQDJDV GH ORV UtRV 0DJGDOHQD EDMR &DXFD DGXOWRV\ORVKXHYRVVRQVXVSULQFLSDOHVDPHQD]DV
6LQ~ \ 6DQ -RUJH &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OE &DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/
9-&()*.! &.* #/;  0HGLQD5DQJHO  (Q ORV 0HGLQD5DQJHO
GHSDUWDPHQWRVGH$QWLRTXLD$WOiQWLFR%ROtYDU%RE !
\DFi&DOGDV&HVDU&yUGRED&XQGLQDPDUFD*XDMLE
UD0DJGDOHQD6DQWDQGHU6XFUH\7ROLPD$VRFLDFLyQ
&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD

33
 Nombre común
Bache, mordelona, tortugaña,
South American snapping turtle
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_2 7RUWXJD DFXiWLFD
'HWDPDxRJUDQGHSXHGHDOFDQ]DUORVFPGH
ODUJR(OFDSDUD]yQHVDQFKR\SODQRFRQHOPDUJHQ
VXSHULRUSURIXQGDPHQWHDVHUUDGRGHFRORUFDIp
DFDQHODGRRFDIpRVFXURFRQXQSDWUyQGHOtQHDV
TXHLUUDGLDQVREUHFDGDHVFXGRVREUHHOFDSDUDE
]yQVHREVHUYDQWUHVTXLOODVDPDQHUDGHSURWXEHE
#(&)*(%!H/$!'*$&.$&!(!.$%<(&$)$#%$!(!9$.*.(!H/$!
Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Chelydridae Chelydra acutirostris
(Peters, 1862)
CARIBE - PACÍFICA
HO LQGLYLGXR HQYHMHFH (O SODVWUyQ HV UtJLGR PX\
UHGXFLGR\HQIRUPDGHFUX]GHFRORUDPDULOORFDE
QHOD/DFDEH]DHVJUDQGHDSODQDGDVREUHVXSDUWH
GRUVDO\FXELHUWDSRUSLHOVXDYHORVRMRVVRQYLVLE
EOHV GHVGH DUULED (O PD[LODU SRVHH XQ SRGHURVR
JDQFKRDSLFDO6REUHHOPHQWyQKD\GRVEDUELFHORV
ODUJRVXVXDOPHQWHVHJXLGRVSRURSDUHVPiV
SHTXHxRV \ VREUH HO GRUVR GH OD QXFD VH VLW~DQ
34
 YDULRVWXEpUFXORVUHGRQGHDGRV/DVSDWDVVRQJUDQE
GHV\UREXVWDV\ORVGHGRVWHUPLQDQHQJDUUDVPX\
ODUJDV/DFRODHVODUJD\WLHQHHVFDPDVSURPLQHQWHV
GLVSXHVWDVHQKLOHUDVGREOHV&DVWDxR0RUD
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/;GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AA
BBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_20&!$;!%/#!.$!=9C#*)(!7$&E GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4G;
WUDO \ QRURFFLGHQWH GH 6XUDPpULFD GHVGH HO VXU
CARIBE - PACÍFICA
YHJHWDFLyQ DFXiWLFD \ PDUJLQDO 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
&.*#/GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG
8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_(VSHFLHFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRQR
DPHQD]DGDSRU8,&1QLLQFOXLGDHQORVDSpQGLFHV
GH&LWHV&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*
#/; $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH +HUSHWRORJtD

GH+RQGXUDVDWUDYpVGHO&DULEH\ODVFXHQFDVGH KL%#+M+*_2 $ SHVDU GH VXV KiELWRV FUtSWLFRV ODV

$PpULFD &HQWUDO KDVWD ODV WLHUUDV EDMDV GHO 3DFtÀE SREODFLRQHV GH HVWD HVSHFLH KDQ VLGR GLH]PDGDV
FR GH &RORPELD \ (FXDGRU )ULW]  +DYDä  FRPRUHVXOWDGRGHODVREUHH[SORWDFLyQODGHVHFDE
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/G2!JKKOFG FLyQGHODViUHDVSDQWDQRVDV\ODFRQWDPLQDFLyQGH
ODVDJXDVFRQDJURTXtPLFRVVXFDUQH\KXHYRVVRQ
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_!"#$%$&'$!$&!;(!#$:*+&! EDVWDQWHDSUHFLDGRVSDUDHOFRQVXPRKXPDQR\OOHE
3DFtÀFDHQHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGHO&KRFyHQODFXHQFD JDQ D VHU REMHWR GH FRPHUFLR D XQD HVFDOD UHJLRE
PHGLD\EDMDGHOUtR&DXFD\HQWRGDODFXHQFDGHO QDOHVSHFLDOPHQWHODVSREODFLRQHVORFDOL]DGDVHQHO
6LQ~5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG DOWRUtR&DXFDODVFUtDVWDPELpQVXHOHQVHUYHQGLGDV
FRPRPDVFRWDV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;GLVE
`a?&$+$_29LYHHQUtRV\HVWDQTXHVGHDJXDVWXUELDV SRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG
PDQVDV \ SURIXQGDV TXH WHQJDQ IRQGRV ORGRVRV \
DEXQGDQWHVWURQFRVFDtGRVDVtFRPRXQDIURQGRVD

35
 Nombre común
Tortuga montañera, tortuga pambilero,
icotea, Brown wood turtle
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDWHUUHVWUHGH
KiELWRVGLXUQRVTXHPLGHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHFP
GHODUJR(OFDSDUD]yQHVDSODQDGRHQODUHJLyQDOWD
\PHGLDFHUUDGRHQODSDUWHSRVWHULRUHVGHFRORU
DPDULOORFDIpRFDIpRVFXUR\SUHVHQWDXQDTXLOODR
FDUHQDDPDULOODHQODSDUWHPHGLDGHORVHVFXGRV
Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Geoemydidae Rhinoclemmys annulata
(Gray, 1860)
CARIBE - PACÍFICA
GHO SODVWUyQ HV OHYDQWDGD \ OD SRVWHULRU SUHVHQWD
XQDPXHVFD7DQWRMXYHQLOHVFRPRDGXOWRVSRVHHQ
XQD FDEH]D SHTXHxD GH FRORU QHJUR /D FDEH]D \
HO FXHOOR SUHVHQWDQ OtQHDV EODQFDV R DPDULOODV HQ
ODUHJLyQODWHUDO/DQDUL]HVUHVSLQJDGD\PXHVWUD
XQSLFRSHTXHxRHQODUDQIRWHFDVXSHULRUUHJLyQ
YHUWHEUDOHV(OSODVWUyQWLHQHXQDJUDQPDQFKDQHE PD[LODUFRQSHTXHxDVVLHUUDVDFDGDODGR3RVHHQ
JUD HO UHVWR HV DPDULOOR EULOODQWH OD SDUWH IURQWDO SDWDV OLJHUDPHQWH SDOPHDGDV \ WLHQHQ XQ SDWUyQ
36
 *##$:/;(#!.$!;@&$(%!(9(#*;;(%!6!:#*%$%I!;(%!$1'#$9*.(E `a?&$+$_29LYHHQERVTXHVOOXYLRVRVGHWLHUUDVEDMDV
GHV DQWHULRUHV RFDVLRQDOPHQWH ODV SUHVHQWDQ HQ OD SHURWDPELpQLQFXUVLRQDHQERVTXHVGHJDOHUtDKDVE
SDUWH VXSHULRU PLHQWUDV TXH HQ ODV H[WUHPLGDGHV WD ODV WLHUUDV DOWDV HQ HOHYDFLRQHV TXH VXSHUDQ ORV
SRVWHULRUHV HVWDV OtQHDV HVWiQ HQ OD SDUWH YHQWUDO P&HEDOORV)RQVHFD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
/D FROD WDPELpQ SUHVHQWD HVWH SDWUyQ GH FRORUDE &.*#/GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG
FLyQ &HEDOORV)RQVHFD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.*
#/GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AA6#",0);0,702;#$;$"H*%..3@AA
8&*$+2 9":+2 ;2 !&$%*_2 0%'N! )('(;-:(.(! )-9-! 7(%*!
BBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG $PHQD]DGD17DQLYHOPXQGLDO\QDFLRQDOSRUOD
8,&1 1R VH HQFXHQWUD LQFOXLGD HQ ORV$SpQGLFHV
CARIBE - PACÍFICA

R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_20&!;(!#$:*+&!%/#E)$&'#(;!.$! GH&LWHV&HEDOORV)RQVHFD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG

$PpULFDKDVWDHOQRURULHQWHGH6XUDPpULFDGHVGH &.*#/$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD
+RQGXUDVDWUDYpVGH1LFDUDJXD&RVWD5LFD3DQDE GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG!
Pi&RORPELD\(FXDGRU(UQVW&.*#/)ULW] 
+DYDä&DVWUR+HUUHUD 9DUJDV6DOLQDV KL%#+M+*_2 6X EDMD GHQVLGDG SREODFLRQDO EDMD IHE
FXQGLGDG \ FUHFLPLHQWR OHQWR JHQHUDQ VXVFHSWLELE
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_2"#$%$&'$!$&!;(!#$:*+&! OLGDG D OD SUHVLyQ DQWUySLFD $XQTXH GHELGR D VX
3DFtÀFD(QORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH$QWLRTXLDHQORV WDPDxR \ HFWRSDUiVLWRV HV SRFR DSHWHFLGD FRPR
OtPLWHVFRQ&yUGRED\&HVDU&DXFD&KRFyEDMR IXHQWH GH SURWHtQDV SRU ODV FRPXQLGDGHV ORFDOHV
%DXGy9DOOHGHO&DXFD\1DULxR(UQVW&.*#/ &DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
)ULW]  +DYDä  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/ 
&DVWUR+HUUHUD 9DUJDV6DOLQDV $VRFLDFLyQ !
&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD

37
 Nombre común Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Cabeza de trozo, tapaculo, Kinosternidae Kinosternon dunni
Dunn’s mud turtle (Schmidt, 1947)

PACÍFICA
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_7RUWXJDVHPLDFXiWLFD SODVWUyQHVDPDULOORFRQODVFLVXUDVRVFXUHFLGDV/D
GH KiELWRVQRFWXUQRV FDUQtYRUDTXH FRQVXPH SHE FDEH]D HVWi FXELHUWD FDVL HQ VX WRWDOLGDG SRU XQD
TXHxRV PROXVFRV LQVHFWRV \ SHFHV (V GH WDPDxR JUDQHVFDPDURVWUDOHQODUHJLyQGRUVDO\SUHVHQWD
SHTXHxRGHFHUFDGHFPGHODUJR(OFDSDUD]yQ EDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDQRVFRUWRV/DVSDWDVVRQSDOE
HV XQLIRUPH DQFKR OLVR \ DOWR WULFDUHQDGR R WULE PHDGDV/RVPDFKRVVRQXQSRFRPiVJUDQGHVTXH
TXLOODGR HQ ORV MXYHQLOHV GH FRORU FDIp RVFXUR (O ODVKHPEUDVWLHQHQODUHJLyQQDVDOKLQFKDGD\SURE
38
 WXEHUDQWHXQDFRODODUJDWHUPLQDGDHQXxDURPD\ 8&*$+2 9":+2 ;2 !&$%*_2 (VWi FDWDORJDGD FRPR9XOQHE
SRVHHQXQSDUFKHGHHVFDPDVHVSLQRVDVHQODSDUE UDEOH98DQLYHOPXQGLDO\QDFLRQDOSRUOD8,&1
SHURQRVHHQFXHQWUDLQFOXLGDHQORV$SpQGLFHVGH
WH LQWHUQD GH ORV PXVORV 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/G2!
GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG &LWHV &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.*
#/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH +HUSHWRORJtD
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_(VSHFLHHQGpPLFDGH&RE 
ORPELD)ULW] +DYDä5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!
JKKOFG KL%#+M+*_26XUHGXFLGDGLVWULEXFLyQJHRJUiÀFDOD
KDFH SRWHQFLDOPHQWH VHQVLEOH D OD GHIRUHVWDFLyQ \
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_2"#$%$&'$!$&!;(!)/$&E WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ GH ORV DPELHQWHV 3RU VX EDMD WDVD
FDGHORVUtRV%DXGy\6DQ-XDQHQHOGHSDUWDPHQE GHIHFXQGLGDGHVVHQVLEOHDODFD]DGHVXEVLVWHQFLD
PACÍFICA

WRGHO&KRFy&DVWDxR0RUD)ULW] +DYDä &DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;

5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/$VRFLDFLyQ&RE GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG
ORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD

`a?&$+$_2 9LYH HQ ODV FDEHFHUDV GH ORV FDxRV SHE

TXHxRVURGHDGRVGHVHOYDSRFRDOWHUDGDFRQGRVHO
FHUUDGR 3HUPDQHFH HVFRQGLGD HQ HO IRQGR GH ORV
FDXFHVSRFRSURIXQGRVFXELHUWDSRUKRMDV\WURQE
FRV2FDVLRQDOPHQWHSHQHWUDHQ]RQDVSDQWDQRVDV
SHUR QR HQ iUHDV HVWXDULQDV 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.*
#/;GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG

39
 Nombre común Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Tortuga sabalatera, tortuga blanca, Geoemydidae Rhinoclemmys nasuta
Tortuga chibigüi, Large nosed wood turtle (Boulenger, 1902)

PACÍFICA
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_2 7RUWXJD DFXiWLFD GH )-;-#!(9(#*;;-!)-&!:#(&.$%!9(&)A(%!.$!)-;-#!&$:#-!
DFPGHODUJR(OFDSDUD]yQHVGHIRUPDDSODE HQFDGDXQRGHORVHVFXGRV/DFDEH]DHVQHJUD\
QDGD XQLFDUHQDGR GH VXSHUÀFLH QRUPDOPHQWH OLVD SUHVHQWDXQDEDQGDHVWUHFKDEODQFDRDPDULOODLQWHE
GHFRORUSDUGRRVFXUR\ODSDUWHWUDVHUDPiVDQFKD UUXPSLGDSRUODyUELWD\TXHVHSURORQJDKDVWDHO
\DOWDHQORVMXYHQLOHVHViVSHURFRQSHTXHxDVUXE FXHOOR$GHPiVWLHQHRWUDVGRVEDQGDVPiVDQFKDV
JRVLGDGHV(OSODVWUyQHVWDOLJHUDPHQWHOHYDQWDGRHQ \GHOPLVPRFRORUTXHVHXELFDQDORVODGRVGHOD
ODSDUWHGHODQWHUD\UHFRUWDGRHQODWUDVHUDHVGH FDEH]D\VHSUR\HFWDQKDVWDHOWtPSDQR/DQDUL]HV
40
 SUR\HFWDGD \ FRQVSLFXD /DV SDWDV VRQ SDOPHDGDV \HOSLHGHPRQWHKDVWDP0HGHP5XHGD
/RVPDFKRVVRQPiVSHTXHxRVTXHODVKHPEUDV\ =;9-&()*.!&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
HQHVWRVODFRODHVPiVODUJD&DVWDxR0RUD
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/6,% 8&*$+2 9":+*2 ;2 !&$%*_2 0%'N! )('(;-:(.(! )-9-! 7(%*!
$PHQD]DGD17DQLYHOPXQGLDO\QDFLRQDOSRUOD
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_2(VWDHVSHFLHVHHQFXHQWUD 8,&1\QRVHHQFXHQWUDLQFOXLGDHQORV$SpQGLFHV
UHVWULQJLGDDODFRVWD3DFtÀFDGH&RORPELD\DODV GH&LWHV&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*
SURYLQFLDV GH (VPHUDOGDV \ 3LFKLQFKD HQ (FXDGRU #/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH +HUSHWRORJtD
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;2!JKKOFG 
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 %#2 !"@"L?&+_2 "#$%$&'$! $&! ;(! #$E
PACÍFICA
JLyQ 3DFtÀFD HQ ODV FXHQFDV GH ORV UtRV 6DQ -XDQ
4XLWy7UXDQGy 'RFDPSDGy \ %DXGy (Q ORV GHE
SDUWDPHQWRV GH &DXFD &KRFy 1DULxR \9DOOH GHO
&DXFD0HGHP&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD
=;9-&()*.! &.* #/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH
KL%#+M+*_2/DGLVPLQXFLyQGHVXVSREODFLRQHVVX
UHGXFLGDIHFXQGLGDGHOFUHFLPLHQWROHQWR\VXUHVE
WULQJLGDGLVWULEXFLyQJHRJUiÀFDODKDFHQVXVFHSWLEOH
D OD SUHVLyQ GH FD]D SDUD HO FRQVXPR KXPDQR \
ODHODERUDFLyQGHDUWHVDQtDVDSDUWLUGHVXFDSDUDE
]yQ &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/;E*
+HUSHWRORJtD JKKOFG
!
`a?&$+$_29LYHHQUHPDQVRVGHUtRVJUDQGHV\FRE
UULHQWHVGHSHTXHxRDPHGLDQRWDPDxRODJXQDVR
ODJRV \ RFDVLRQDOPHQWH HQ DJXDV VDOREUHV 6H HQE
FXHQWUDHQERVTXHVK~PHGRVHQODOODQXUDFRVWHUD

41
 Nombre común Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Icotea, jicotea, pecho de carey, Emydidae Trachemys venusta
Panamanian slider turtle (Gray, 1855)

PACÍFICA
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDVHPLDFXiWLFD GRRVFXURPX\GHQVR/DFDEH]DHVFRPSOHWDPHQWH
GXOFHDFXtFRODGLXUQDRPQtYRUD'HWDPDxRPHGLDE OLVDVLQHVFDPDVFRQXQDOtQHDSRVWRUELWDOGHFRORU
QRSXHGHDOFDQ]DUORVFPGHODUJR(OFDSDUD]yQ QDUDQMD TXH VH H[WLHQGH KDFLD DWUiV GHVGH HO ERUE
HV RYDODGR OLVR OLJHUDPHQWH DERYHGDGR FRQ PDQE GHSRVWHULRUGHORMRHQODUHJLyQJXODUSRVHHXQD
)A(%!&$:#(%!#$.-&.$(.(%!$&!'-.-%!;-%!$%)/.-%2!9N%! ÀJXUD DPDULOOD HQ IRUPD GH´<µ (VWDV GRV ~OWLPDV
FRQVSLFXDV HQ ORV HVFXGRV FRVWDOHV (O SODVWUyQ HV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV VRQ FODYHV SDUD GLIHUHQFLDUOD GH !;*
.$!)-;-#!&(#(&5(E#-5*>-!.$)-#(.-!)-&!/&!$&'#(9(E $#//0"2)."0)$GLFLRQDOPHQWH SRVHH EDQGDV DPDULOODV
42
 ORQJLWXGLQDOHV VREUH OD FDEH]D TXH VH H[WLHQGHQ WR (Q ORV GHSDUWDPHQWRV GH $QWLRTXLD \ &KRFy
KDVWDHOFXHOOR\ODVH[WUHPLGDGHVDQWHULRUHVHVWDV &DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/
EDQGDVWDPELpQHVWiQSUHVHQWHVHQODVH[WUHPLGDE 0$9'781$/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH
GHVSRVWHULRUHV\ODFROD/DVSDWDVVRQWRWDOPHQWH +HUSHWRORJtD
SDOPHDGDV FRQ FLQFR JDUUDV HQ ODV H[WUHPLGDGHV
DQWHULRUHV\FXDWURHQODVSRVWHULRUHV/RVPDFKRV `a?&$+$_29LYHHQFRPSOHMRVFHQDJRVRVODJXQDVMDE
VRQPiVSHTXHxRVTXHODVKHPEUDV\DGHPiVWLHE
QHQODVJDUUDVGHODVSDWDVDODUJDGDV\ODFRODPiV
ODUJD(UQHVW&.*#/;&DVWDxR0RUD5XHE
.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;
"&3.0/&16#.#7#)&;2"4FG!
PACÍFICA
JH\HV SR]RV \ FXHUSRV GH DJXDV OpQWLFDV SRFR
SURIXQGDV \ GH IRQGRV OLPRVRV 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
&.*#/;2!JKKOFG
8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFDWDORJDGDFRPR&DVL

$PHQD]DGD17DQLYHOQDFLRQDOSRUOD8,&11R
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 1%#%)+@_ 0p[LFR *XDWHPDOD +RQE DSDUHFH HQ ORV$SpQGLFHV GH &LWHV &DVWDxR0RE
GXUDV 1LFDUDJXD &RVWD 5LFD 3DQDPi \ &RORPELD UD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/$VRFLDFLyQ
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG &RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD0HGLQD5DQJHO

R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_2+D\SRFRVUHJLVWURV
ELEOLRJUiÀFRV\GDWRVGHFROHFFLRQHVODLQIRUPDFLyQ KL%#+M+*_2/DVDPHQD]DVTXHHQIUHQWDGHEHQVHU
H[LVWHQWHUHSRUWDDODHVSHFLHHQODV]RQDVLQXQGDE 9/6!%*9*;(#$%!(!;(%!.$!!;*$#//0"2)."0)SHURQRKD\QLQE
EOHV\FLpQDJDVHQORVGRVPiUJHQHVGHOUtR&DXFD J~QHVWXGLRDOUHVSHFWRVREUHHVWDHVSHFLH5XHGD
\ODSDUWHDOWDGHOUtR1HFKtHQVXFUXFHFRQHOUtR =;9-&()*.!&.*#/;2!JKKOFG!
&DXFD\HQODFLpQDJDGH7XPDUDGyHQHOEDMR$WUDE

43
 Nombre común
Igüensa, galápago, galápago negro,
Maracaibo wood turtle
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_ 7RUWXJD KHUEtYRUD
VHPLDFXiWLFD GH KiELWRV GLXUQRV FRQ XQ WDPDxR
DSUR[LPDGRGHFPGHODUJR(OFDSDUD]yQHVRYDE
ODGR\GHSULPLGRWLHQHXQDTXLOODRFDUHQDPHGLDO
GHQWDGD \ OD VXSHUÀFLH GH ORV HVFXGRV SXHGH VHU
OLVDROLJHUDPHQWHUXJRVDVXFRORUDFLyQSXHGHVHU
Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Geoemydidae Rhinoclemmys diademata
(Mertens, 1954)
ANDINA - CATATUMBO
FRQGRVIUDQMDVORQJLWXGLQDOHVURMDVRDPDULOODVTXH
SDVDQSRUGHODQWHGHODQXFD\VHH[WLHQGHQPiVDOOi
GHODyUELWD/DFDEH]DSRVHHXQDJUDQÀJXUDDPDE
ULOODHQIRUPDGH´9µLQYHUWLGDRKHUUDGXUDVLWXDGD
VREUH OD FRURQLOOD FRQ ORV YpUWLFHV GH HVWD ÀJXUD
HQPHGLRGHODVyUELWDV\ORVEUD]RVGLULJLGRVKDFLD
GHFDIpRVFXURDQHJUR(OSODVWUyQHVFDIpURML]RD DWUiVUHJLyQWHPSRUDOHVWDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDHVFODYH
QHJURFRQXQERUGHDPDULOORHQODVFLVXUDVGHORV SDUDODLGHQWLÀFDFLyQGHODHVSHFLH7LHQHXQDOtQHD
HVFXGRV/DFDEH]D\HOFXHOORVRQGHFRORUQHJUR GHFRORUDPDULOORTXHERUGHDDORMR\SXHGHSURE
44
 \HFWDUVHRQRKDVWDHOWtPSDQR\XQDOtQHDDODUJDGD `a?&$+$_29LYHHQFXHUSRVGHDJXDGXOFHHQVXUDQJR
GHO PLVPR FRORU XELFDGD GHODQWH GHO RMR 6REUH OD GHGLVWULEXFLyQHVWDQTXHVSDQWDQRV\FLpQDJDVFRVE
UDQIRWHFDVXSHULRUUHJLyQPD[LODUWLHQHXQDSURPLE
&$&'$!;@&$(!.$!)-;-#!(9(#*;;-G!0;!*#*%!$%!.$!)-;-#!<$#.$G!
/DVSDWDVVRQSDOPHDGDVSRUORJHQHUDOODVH[WUHPLE
.(.$%!(&'$#*-#$%!'*$&$&!9(&)A(%!(9(#*;;(%!6!#-5(%!6!
ANDINA - CATATUMBO
WHUDVGHORVJUDQGHVUtRVHQODV]RQDVGHVDEDQD\ORV
ERVTXHV SURIXQGRV &DVWDxR0RUD  5DPtUH]
3HULOOD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG

ODVSRVWHULRUHVVRQGHFRORUDPDULOORFRQQHJUR/RV 8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRQR
PDFKRVVRQPiVSHTXHxRVTXHODVKHPEUDVWLHQHQ DPHQD]DGD SRU OD 8,&1 H LQFOXLGD HQ OD FDWHJRUtD
ODFRODPiVJUXHVD\ODUJD\HQHVWRVHOSODVWUyQHV 3UHRFXSDFLyQ 0HQRU /& D QLYHO PXQGLDO 1R HVWi
UHODWLYDPHQWHFyQFDYR5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/ LQFOXLGDHQORV$SpQGLFHVGH&LWHV5XHGD&DVE
GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG WDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/$VRE
FLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HSHWRORJtDGLVSRQLEOH
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_2$OQRURULHQWHGH6XUDPpULE $&I!%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG
FDGHVGHHORULHQWHGH&RORPELDKDVWDHOQRURULHQWH
GH9HQH]XHODHQODFXHQFDGHOODJR0DUDFDLER\UtR KL%#+M+*_/DSUHVLyQGHFD]DSDUDHOFRQVXPRKXE
&DWDWXPER &HEDOORV)RQVHFD  ,SSL  )ORUHV PDQR\ODFRQWDPLQDFLyQGHODVIXHQWHVGHDJXDFRQ
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG KLGURFDUEXURVSURYHQLHQWHVGHORVGHUUDPHVGHSHE
WUyOHRVRQODVFDXVDVSULQFLSDOHVGHGLVPLQXFLyQGH
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_26RORVHHQFXHQWUDHQ VXV SREODFLRQHV 5XHGD  &DVWDxR0RUD 
ODFXHQFDGHO5tR&DWDWXPERHQHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH 4/$.(E=;9-&()*.! &.* #/  GLVSRQLEOH HQ %..3@AA
1RUWH GH 6DQWDQGHU &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD BBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG
=;9-&()*.! &.* #/  $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH !
+HUSHWRORJtD

45
 Nombre común Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Sabanera, galápago, galápago llanero, Podocnemididae Podocnemis vogli
Savannah side-necked turtle (Müller, 1935)

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_2 7RUWXJD DFXiWLFD
RPQtYRUD VH DOLPHQWD HVSHFLDOPHQWH GH DQÀELRV
SHFHVLQVHFWRV\WRGRWLSRGHPDWHULDOYHJHWDO(V
GHWDPDxRSHTXHxR(OFDSDUD]yQHVRYDODGROLVR
ORINOQUIA
YHUWHEUDO(OSODVWUyQHVGHFRORUJULV\DPDULOOR/D
FDEH]DHVGHFRORUFDIp\HQORVMXYHQLOHVSUHVHQWD
DOJXQDV PDQFKDV GLIXVDV EODQFDV R EODQFRDPDULE
OOHQWDV TXH SXHGHQ XELFDUVH HQ HO VXUFR LQWUDRUE
GHFRORUFDIpVLQTXLOODRFDUHQDFRQGLHQWHVHQ ELWDOHQWUHORVRMRVVREUHHOPDUJHQSRVWHULRUR
HO HVFXGRQXFDO/DVFUtDV\MXYHQLOHV SRVHHQ XQD PHGLDOGHORVRMRVRVREUHHOWtPSDQR(VWDVPDQE
FDUHQDPHGLDOVREUHHOVHJXQGR\FXDUWRHVFXGR FKDVSXHGHQVHUUHWHQLGDVSRUORVPDFKRVDGXOWRV
46
 SHURHQODVKHPEUDVDGXOWDVVLHPSUHHVWiQDXVHQE
WHV7LHQHDEDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDQRV/DVSDWDV
VRQSDOPHDGDV\DOLJXDOTXHHOFXHOORVRQGHFRORU
JULV /RV PDFKRV VRQ PiV SHTXHxRV TXH ODV KHPE
EUDV\WLHQHQODFRODPiVODUJD\JUXHVD(UQHVW&.*
WXUELDVFRQSRFDYHJHWDFLyQ\VXHORDUFLOORVR&DVE
WDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG!
8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRQR
DPHQD]DGDSRUOD8,&1HLQFOXLGDHQODFDWHJRUtD
#/5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/)RRWH 3UHRFXSDFLyQ 0HQRU /& D QLYHO PXQGLDO 6H HQE
6,% FXHQWUDHQHO$SpQGLFH,,GH&LWHV&DVWDxR0RUD
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/$VRFLDFLyQ&RE
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_26HUHVWULQJHDODVVDEDQDV ORPELDQD GH +HUSHWRORJtD  ,8&1  GLVE
GHOD2ULQRTXLDGH&RORPELD\9HQH]XHOD(UQHVW&.* SRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;%-'72/6.;2"4;$2FG!
#/5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
KL%#+M+*_ 6RQ DPSOLDPHQWH FDSWXUDGDV GHELGR
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 %#2 !"@"L?&+_2 6H GLVWULEX\H HQ HO (!H/$!%$!A(&!)-&<$#'*.-!$&!/&!#$)/#%-!$)-&+9*)-!
&-#'$!6!-))*.$&'$!.$!;(!7-#.*;;$#(!P#*$&'(;2!;;$:(&E 6!(;*9$&'*)*-!$&!>-&(%!.-&.$!;-%!(&*9(;$%!:#(&.$%!
ORINOQUIA

GR KDVWD ORV UtRV 2ULQRFR *XD\DEHUR \ *XDYLDUH KDQGHVDSDUHFLGR\QRKD\RWUDVIXHQWHVGHSURWHtE

(QORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH$UDXFD%R\DFi&DVDQDUH QDGLVSRQLEOHVDXQTXHODPD\RUtDGHODVSREODFLRQHV
0HWD9DXSpV\9LFKDGD&DVWDxR0RUD5XHE DORODUJRGHVXUDQJRGHGLVWULEXFLyQVHPDQWLHQHQ
.(E=;9-&()*.! &.* #/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD HVWDEOHV&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*
GH+HUSHWRORJtD #/,8&1GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;%-'1
72/6.;2"4;$2FG
`a?&$+$_29LYHHQHFRVLVWHPDVOpQWLFRVPRULFKDOHV
FDxRVHVWHURVUHPDQVRVODJXQDVRFKDUFRVGHDJXDV

47
 Nombre común Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Morrocoy de patas amarillas, morrocoyo, Testudinidae Chelonoidis denticulata
motelo, Yellow-footed tortoise (Linnaeus, 1766)

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_ 7RUWXJD WHUUHVWUH
RPQtYRUDVHDOLPHQWDGHSODQWDVWHUPLWDVKRQJRV
\FDUURxD(VGHJUDQWDPDxRSXHGHDOFDQ]DUORV
FPGHODUJRSHURHOSURPHGLRHVWiHQFP
(O FDSDUD]yQ WLHQH IRUPD GH GRPR \ SRVHH XQD
AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA
.$!5;*$#"72,#"0#2!;(!.$9(#)()*+&!.$!$%'(%!9(&)A(%!
HV SRFR HYLGHQWH (O SODVWUyQ HV JUDQGH \ UtJLGR
GHFRORUFDIpDPDULOORFRQPDQFKDVRVFXUDVHQODV
FLVXUDV$OJXQDVGHODVHVFDPDVGHODFDEH]D\ODV
SDWDVSUHVHQWDQFRORUDFLyQDPDULOORFODUDRQDUDQE
PDQFKD DPDULOOD FHQWUDO GLIXPLQDGD SRFR QtWLGD MDFODUD/DVSDWDVVRQJUXHVDV\UREXVWDVVLPLODUHV
VREUHFDGDHVFXGRYHUWHEUDO\FRVWDODGLIHUHQFLD DODVGHXQHOHIDQWHWLSRHOHIDQWLQDVFRQJDUUDV
48
 ELHQGHVDUUROODGDV(QORVDGXOWRVORVPDFKRVWLHQHQ 8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VWiFDWDORJDGDFRPR9XOQHUDE
PD\RUWDPDxRTXHODVKHPEUDVVXSODVWUyQHVPiV EOH98DQLYHOPXQGLDO/DVSREODFLRQHVGHOD2ULE
FyQFDYR\VXFRODHVPiVODUJD\JUXHVD&DVWDxR QRTXLDGH&RORPELDVHHQFXHQWUDQFDWDORJDGDV(Q
0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG 3HOLJUR(1\ODVGHOD$PD]RQLD9XOQHUDEOH98
SRUOD8,&1(VWiLQFOXLGDHQHO$SpQGLFH,,GH&LWHV
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 1%#%)+@_2 (Q &RORPELD 9HQH]XHOD &DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/
AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA

*X\DQDV (FXDGRU 3HU~ %ROLYLD \ %UDVLO &DVWDxR $VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD

0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/GLVSRQLE
EOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG KL%#+M+*_!3(!.$%'#/))*+&!6!.$:#(.()*+&!.$!%/%!
KiELWDWVODVREUHH[SORWDFLyQSRUODFDFHUtD\HOWUiE
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 %#2 !"@"L?&+_2 "#$%$&'$! $&! ;(%! ÀFRLOHJDOGHORVQHRQDWRVFRPRPDVFRWDVVRQODV
)/$&)(%!.$!;(!=9(>-&*(!6!;(!P#*&-H/*(G!0&!;-%!.$E SULQFLSDOHVDPHQD]DV&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD
SDUWDPHQWRVGH$PD]RQDV&DTXHWi*XDLQtD0HWD =;9-&()*.!&.*#/;2!JKKOFG
3XWXPD\R9DXSpV \9LFKDGD &DVWDxR0RUD 
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.! &.* #/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPE
ELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD

`a?&$+$_2 9LYH HQ ERVTXHV K~PHGRV WURSLFDOHV \

ERVTXHVFDGXFLIROLRV+DELWD~QLFDPHQWHDOLQWHULRU
GHORVERVTXHV\QXQFDSHQHWUDiUHDVDELHUWDVRGH
VDEDQD &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.*
#/G2!JKKOFG

49
 Nombre común
Matamata, mata-mata,
tortuga fea, Matamata turtle
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDDFXiWLFDFDUQtYRE
UD GH DSDULHQFLD PX\ LQXVXDO \ H[WUDxD (V GH WDPDxR
JUDQGH SXGLHQGR DOFDQ]DU GH  D  FP GH ODUJR (O
FDSDUD]yQ HVWi FRQVWLWXLGR SRU HVFXGRV HOHYDGRV GH
IRUPDSLUDPLGDOFRQDQLOORVGHFUHFLPLHQWRELHQPDUFDE
GRVHVGHFRORUFDIpDFDQHODGR(OSODVWUyQHVGHFRORU
DPDULOORRFDIpDPDULOOHQWR/DFRORUDFLyQJHQHUDOGHOD
FDEH]DFXHOOR\H[WUHPLGDGHVHVGHFDIpDJULViFHRFRQ
Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Chelidae +PMT][ÅUJZQI\][
(Schneider, 1783)
AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA
SUHVHQFLDGHDOJXQDVPDQFKDVQHJUDV/DFDEH]DHVODUJD
\DSODQDGDODERFDHVH[WUHPDGDPHQWHJUDQGHORVRMRV
VRQPX\SHTXHxRVHVWiQXELFDGRVHQODSDUWHDQWHULRU
GHODFDEH]D\HOKRFLFRHVFDUQRVRFLOtQGULFR\DODUJDE
.-2!$&!)/6-!$1'#$9-!%$!;-)(;*>(&!;(%!&(#*&(%G!"-%$$!/&!
)/$;;-!;(#:-!6!(&)A-2!$&!$;!)/(;!%$!$&)/$&'#(&!/&(!%$#*$!
GHH[FUHFHQFLDVGpUPLFDVGHIRUPD\FRQWRUQRLUUHJXE
ODUTXHVREUHVDOHQGHDPERVFRVWDGRVGHOFXHOORFX\D
50
 IXQFLyQ HVWiFWLO\VHQVLWLYDDORVPRYLPLHQWRVGHO DJXD
'HWUiVGHORMR\VREUHHOWtPSDQRKD\XQDPSOLRDSpQGLFH
GpUPLFRTXHFRQÀHUHODIRUPDWULDQJXODUDODFDEH]D/DV
SDWDVVRQFRUWDVWRWDOPHQWHSDOPHDGDVFRQFLQFRJDUUDV
(;(#:(.(%!$&!;(%!$1'#$9*.(.$%!(&'$#*-#$%!6!)/('#-!$&!;(%!
H[WUHPLGDGHVSRVWHULRUHV/DFRODHVFRUWD\QRVREUHVDE
AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA
OHWDQWRGHOERUGHSRVWHULRUGHOFDSDUD]yQ(UQHVW&.*#/;2!
 +DUYH\ &.* #/  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/; 
`a?&$+$_2(VXQDWRUWXJDEHQWyQLFDTXHYLYHHQFXHUSRV
GHDJXDVVRPHURVWXUELRV\OpQWLFRVSUHIHULEOHPHQWHHQ
UtRVGHSRFDFRUULHQWH\FDxRVODJXQDV\ERVTXHVLQXQGDE
EOHVFRQKRMDUDVFD\IRQGRVORGRVRV3HUPDQHFHVXPHUE
JLGD FDPXÁiQGRVH GHMDQGR SRU IXHUD GHO DJXD VROR OD
SXQWDGHODPRGLÀFDFLyQQDVDOHQIRUPDGHWXER&DVWDE
xR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;2!JKKOFG
!
3ULWFKDUG 8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRQRDPHE
QD]DGDSRUOD8,&1HLQFOXLGDHQODFDWHJRUtD3UHRFXSDE
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_3ULQFLSDOHVFXHQFDVGHOQRUWHGH FLyQ0HQRU/&DQLYHOPXQGLDO1RVHHQFXHQWUDHQORV
%ROLYLD RULHQWH GHO 3HU~ (FXDGRU RULHQWH GH &RORPELD $SpQGLFHVGH&LWHV&DVWDxR0RUD0$9'7G
9HQH]XHOD ODV *XD\DQDV OD *X\DQD )UDQFHVD 6XULQDP 4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/;$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH
7ULQLGDG \ QRUWH \ FHQWUR GH %UDVLO (UQHVW &.* #/;  +HUSHWRORJtD
&HEDOORV)RQVHFD&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OE
9-&()*.!&.*#/3ULWFKDUGGLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AA KL%#+M+*_2 6XV SULQFLSDOHV DPHQD]DV VRQ OD SpUGLGD \
BBB;"&3.0/&16#.#7#)&;2"4FG IUDJPHQWDFLyQ GHO KiELWDW OD H[SORWDFLyQ FRPHUFLDO GH
MXYHQLOHV SDUD PDVFRWDV \ HO WUiÀFR LOHJDO HQ PHUFDGRV
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_2"#$%$&'$!$&!;(!P#*&-H/*(! LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV/DpSRFDPiVYXOQHUDEOHHVODUHSURGXFE
6!;(!=9(>-&*(2!H/$!<(!.$%.$!$;!#@-!=9(>-&(%!6!P#*&-)-! '*<(2!;(!)/(;!)-*&)*.$!)-&!;-%!:#(&.$%!.$)-9*%-%!$!*&)(/E
KDVWDORVUtRV$UDXFD&DVDQDUH0HWD9LFKDGD,QtULGD3XE WDFLRQHVUHDOL]DGDVSRUODVDXWRULGDGHVDPELHQWDOHV&DVE
WXPD\R &DTXHWi 3DWtD9DXSpV \ 6LQ~ OOHJDQGR KDVWD HO WDxR0RUD0$9'7G5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;2!
SLHGHPRQWHGHODFRUGLOOHUD2ULHQWDO&HEDOORV)RQVHFD JKKOFG
&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/
$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD

51
 Nombre común
Charapita de aguajal, charapita de
cananguchal, hedionda, Gibba turtle
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_ 7RUWXJD DFXiWLFD
RPQtYRUD GH KiELWRV QRFWXUQRV VH DOLPHQWD GH
ODUYDVGHLQVHFWRVDFXiWLFRV\RWURVLQYHUWHEUDGRV
SHFHV UHQDFXDMRV \ PDWHULDO YHJHWDO 'H QR PiV
GHFPGHODUJR(OFDSDUD]yQHVDQFKR\DFDPE
SDQDGRKDFLDORVODGRVGHFRORUFDIpHQORVMXYHE
QLOHVHOFDSDUD]yQWLHQHXQDFDUHQDRTXLOODPHGLD
Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Chelidae Mesoclemmys gibba
(Schweigger, 1812)
AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA
DVHUUDGD TXH GHVDSDUHFH HQ ORV DGXOWRV (O SODVE
WUyQHVFDIpFRQORVERUGHV\HOSXHQWHDPDULOORV
/DVUDQIRWHFDV\ODVUHJLRQHVODWHUDOHVGHODFDEH]D
VRQDPDULOODVFRQYHUPLFXODFLRQHVQHJUDV7LHQH
EDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDQRV/DVSDWDVVRQSDOPHDGDV
)-&!)*&)-!:(##(%!$&!;(%!$1'#$9*.(.$%!(&'$#*-#$%!6!
FXDWUR HQ ODV H[WUHPLGDGHV SRVWHULRUHV /RV PDE
52
 FKRVWLHQHQODFRODPiVODUJDHQFRPSDUDFLyQFRQ xRVPRULFKDOHVFXHUSRVGHDJXDVQHJUDV\EODQFDV
ODV KHPEUDV 'XHOOPDQ  (UQHVW &.* #/  GHO2ULHQWHDQGLQR5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/G2!JKKOFG %DUULR$PRUyV ÌxLJR1DUEDL]D

R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_2(QHOVXURFFLGHQWHGH9HE 8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRQR
QH]XHOD HQ OD 6LHUUD 1HYDGD GH 0pULGD GHVGH OD DPHQD]DGDSRUOD8,&1HLQFOXLGDHQODFDWHJRUtD
AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA

D/6(&(!A(%'(!$;!&-#-#*$&'$!.$!?#(%*;2!(;!-#*$&'$!.$;! GH 3UHRFXSDFLyQ 0HQRU /& D QLYHO PXQGLDO 1R

(FXDGRUFHQWUR\QRURULHQWHGH3HU~VXURULHQWH\ HVWiHQORV$SpQGLFHVGH&LWHV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
RULHQWH GH &RORPELD DVt FRPR HQ 3DUDJXD\ \7ULE &.*#/;$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORE
QLGDG (UQHVW &.* #/  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/G2! JtD,8&1
JKKOFG
KL%#+M+*_(QJHQHUDOVXKHGRU\FRPSRUWDPLHQE
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 %#2 !"@"L?&+_2 "#$%$&'$! $&! ;(%! WRHYDVLYRDVtFRPRVXEDMDIUHFXHQFLDGHDSDULFLyQ
FXHQFDVGHOD2ULQRTXLD9LFKDGD\$PD]RQLDFRE \ WDPDxR SHTXHxR OD KDFHQ SRFR VXVFHSWLEOH DO
ORPELDQDV(QORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH$PD]RQDV&DE ULHVJR DQWUySLFR SRU FRQVXPR 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
TXHWi&DVDQDUH*XDLQtD0HWD3XWXPD\R9DXSpV\ &.*#/,8&1
9LFKDGD0LWWHUPHWHU&.*#/5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
&.*#/$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORE
JtD

`a?&$+$_23HTXHxRVUtRV\ODJRVGHERVTXHVOOXYLRE
VRV(QJHQHUDOYLYHHQFXHUSRVOpQWLFRVFRPRFDE

53
 Nombre común Familia
Huele feo, galápago sol, hedionda, Chelidae
Amazon toad-headed turtle
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDVHPLDFXiWLE
FD FDUQtYRUD GLXUQD VH DOLPHQWD GH DQLPDOHV GH
FRQWH[WXUDEODQGD'HWDPDxRPHGLDQRSXHGHDOE
FDQ]DUHQWUHORV\FPGHODUJR(OFDSDUD]yQ
HVPX\DSODQDGRVLQTXLOODRFDUHQDFHQWUDOHVGH
)-;-#!&$:#-!6!;-%!$%)/.-%!9(#:*&(;$%!%-&!(9(#*E
OORVHQVXVXSHUÀFLHLQIHULRU/RVERUGHVODWHUDOHV
6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Mesoclemmys heliostemma
(McCord, Joseph-Ouni & Lamar, 2001)
AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA
GHO FDSDUD]yQ HVWiQ OHYHPHQWH LQFOLQDGRV KDFLD
DUULED(OSODVWUyQ\HOSXHQWHVRQGHFRORUQHJUR
HQ OD SDUWH FHQWUDO \ DPDULOOR HQ OD SHULIHULD /D
FDEH]DHVODUJDDQFKD\UHGRQGDORVWtPSDQRVVRQ
QHJURV \ SRVHH EDUELFHORV PHQWRQLDQRV SHTXHE
xRV(QORVMXYHQLOHVODFDEH]DSRVHHGRVEDQGDV
ROtQHDVIDFLDOHVTXHYDQGHVGHHODPDULOORKDVWDHO
54
 QDUDQMD \ VH RVFXUHFHQ HQ ORV HMHPSODUHV DGXOWRV
(OFXHOORWLHQHWXEpUFXORVGLPLQXWRV/DVSDWDVVRQ
SDOPHDGDVODVH[WUHPLGDGHVDQWHULRUHVVRQEODQFDV
\ODVSRVWHULRUHVVRQEODQFDV~QLFDPHQWHHQODUHE
:*+&!.-#%(;G!3-%!9()A-%!'*$&$&!;(!)-;(!9N%!;(#:(!H/$!
`a?&$+$_29LYHHQDPELHQWHVOpQWLFRVSRFRSURIXQE
GRV HQFRQWUiQGRVH HQ DUUR\RV SHTXHxRV GH ERVE
TXHVSUtVWLQRVFLpQDJDVPRULFKDOHVDJXDVQHJUDV\
EODQFDVGHORULHQWHGHORV$QGHV&LVQHURV+HUHGLD
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/%DUULR$PRUyV
ODVKHPEUDV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/%DUULR ÌxLJR1DUEDL]D
AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA

$PRUyV ÌxLJR1DUEDL]D
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_27/$&)(!.$;!(;'-!=9(>-&(%!
GHVGH9HQH]XHODKDVWD3HU~,QFOX\HHOVXUYHQH]RE
ODQRHORFFLGHQWHGH%UDVLOHOQRURULHQWHSHUXDQR
8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRQR
DPHQD]DGDSRUOD8,&1QLLQFOXLGDHQORV$SpQGLE
FHVGH&LWHV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/5KRGLQ
&.*#/;$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORE
HORULHQWHHFXDWRULDQR\HOVXURULHQWHFRORPELDQR JtD,8&1
0F&RUG&.*#/6RX]D5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
&.*#/%DUULR$PRUyV ÌxLJR1DUEDL]D KL%#+M+*_2 7DQWR LQGLYLGXRV DGXOWRV FRPR QHRE
QDWRVQRSUHVHQWDQXQYDORUFRPHUFLDOVLJQLÀFDWLYR
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_!"#$%$&'$!$&!)/$&)(%! SRUORFXDOQRHVWiQEDMRXQDDPHQD]DGHWLSRDQE
DPD]yQLFDV\GHOD2ULQRTXLDLQFOX\HQGRHOSLHGHE WUySLFR5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/5KRGLQ&.*#/G2!
PRQWHOODQHUR(QORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH$PD]RQDV ,8&1
&DTXHWi*XDLQtD3XWXPD\R9DXSpV\9LFKDGD5XHE
.(E=;9-&()*.! &.* #/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD
GH+HUSHWRORJtD

55
 Nombre común
Cabezón, tartaruga arara, guacamayo Podocnemididae
charapa, Big-headed amazon river turtle
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_2 7RUWXJD GH UtR \
~QLFD HVSHFLH GHO JpQHUR 8&/.2$&3%#/-)G! 3-%! 9(E
FKRV DGXOWRV PLGHQ HQWUH  \  FP GH ODUJR
QRREVWDQWHVHKDUHJLVWUDGRLQGLYLGXRVGHKDVWD
FPHQ&RORPELD(OFDSDUD]yQHVOLJHUDPHQWH
H[SDQGLGR SRVWHULRUPHQWH \ SXHGH YDULDU HQWUH
Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Peltocephalus dumerilianus
(Schweigger, 1812)
AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA
ROLYDFDIpJULVQHJURRD]XORVFXUR(OSODVWUyQHV
GH FRORU DPDULOOR /D FDEH]D HV GH JUDQ WDPDxR
#$'#N)'*;2! &-#9(;9$&'$! .$! )-;-#! :#*%! /! -;*<(! 6! ;(!
PDQGtEXOD HV GH FRORU FDIp FODUR 3RVHH XQ VROR
EDUELFHOR PHQWRQLDQR /DV SDWDV VRQ SDOPHDGDV
3(%! $1'#$9*.(.$%! (&'$#*-#$%! '*$&$&! )*&)-! :(##(%!
56
 \ ODV SRVWHULRUHV FXDWUR /DV KHPEUDV VRQ GH PHE MDUDVFD &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.*
QRUWDPDxRTXHORVPDFKRV&DVWDxR0RUDD #/;2!JKKOFG
&HEDOORV)RQVHFD&DVWDxR0RUD5XHE
.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/;%DUULR$PRUyV ÌxLJR 8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_(VWiFDWDORJDGDFRPR9XOQHUDE
1DUEDL]D EOH98SRUOD8,&1DQLYHOPXQGLDO\QDFLRQDO\VH
HQFXHQWUDHQHO$SpQGLFH,,GH&LWHV&DVWDxR0RE
AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA

R&*$)&?/,&-#2 1%#%)+@_2 7/$&)(%! .$;!=9(>-&(%! 6! UD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/$VRFLDFLyQ

2ULQRFR6XUDPpULFDGHVGHHOQRURULHQWHGH3HU~ &RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD,8&1
RULHQWHGH&RORPELD\(FXDGRURFFLGHQWHGH9HQHE
]XHODKDVWDODGHVHPERFDGXUDGHO$PD]RQDV)ULW] KL%#+M+*_2'HELGRDVXFDEH]DJUDQGHHVGHPXE
+DYDä5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG FKR LQWHUpV SDUD ORV FD]DGRUHV ORFDOHV \ HV XVDGD
SULQFLSDOPHQWH HQ HO FRPHUFLR LOHJDO &DVWDxR
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 %#2 !"@"L?&+_! "#$%$&'$! $&! ;(%! 0RUDD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;%DUULR
)/$&)(%!.$!;-%!#@-%!P#*&-)-!6!=9(>-&(%!6!$&!;-%! $PRUyV ÌxLJR1DUEDL]D
GHSDUWDPHQWRV GH $PD]RQDV &DTXHWi 9LFKDGD
*XDLQtD \ 3XWXPD\R &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD
=;9-&()*.! &.* #/; $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH
+HUSHWRORJtD

`a?&$+$_2 0X\ DEXQGDQWHV HQ PHDQGURV GH FDxRV

.$!(:/(%!&$:#(%!(%-)*(.(%!(!#$:*-&$%!%$;<N'*)(%G!"#$E
ÀHUHDQLGDUHQSOD\DVDUHQRVDVPH]FODGDVFRQKRE

57
 Nombre común Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Chipiro, chimpiro, irapuca, Podocnemididae Podocnemis erythrocephala
Red headed sideneck (Spix, 1824)

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDVHPLDFXiWLE
FD8QDGHODVWRUWXJDVPiVSHTXHxDVGHOJpQHUR
8262$,&'0)SXHGHDOFDQ]DUFPGHODUJRDXQTXH
VX WDPDxR SURPHGLR HV  FP (O FDSDUD]yQ HV
-<(;(.-! 6! $%'#$)A-! (&'$#*-#9$&'$2! )-&! /&(! H/*E
OOD R FDUHQD PHGLDO DQWHULRU SXHGH VHU GH FRORU
URMRFDIpRQHJUR(OSODVWUyQHVGHFRORUFUHPD
AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA
VRORDPDULOOR/DFDEH]DHVGHFRORUURMRRVFXUR
LQWHQVR\SRVHHXQDEDQGDROtQHDFHIiOLFDGHFRE
ORUQDUDQMDRKDEDQRQDUDQMDTXHVHH[WLHQGHGH
WtPSDQRDWtPSDQRDWUDYHVDQGRODUHJLyQSDULHWDO
(QODVFUtDV\MXYHQLOHVDGHPiVGHHVWDEDQGDODFDE
EH]DSRVHHYDULDVPDQFKDVEULOODQWHVGHFRORUURMR
RQDUDQMDTXHSXHGHQXELFDUVHVREUHODVQDULQDVD
\HQDOJXQRVLQGLYLGXRVSXHGHVHUDPDULOORFDIpR ODGR\ODGRGHOVXUFRLQWHURUELWDOHQWUHORVRMRV
58
 R SXHGHQ VHU XQD EDQGD D OR ODUJR GH OD UDQIRWHE GH$PD]RQDV9LFKDGD 3XWXPD\R &DTXHWi \ *XDLE
FDLQIHULRUUHJLyQPDQGLEXODU7LHQHEDUELFHORV QtD&DVWDxR0RUDE&HEDOORV)RQVHFD
PHQWRQLDQRVFRUWRV/DVSDWDVVRQSDOPHDGDV/RV &DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/
PDFKRVUHWLHQHQSDUFLDOPHQWHODFRORUDFLyQFHIiOLFD $VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD
SUHVHQWHHQMXYHQLOHVPLHQWUDVTXHHQODVKHPEUDV
ODVPDQFKDVGHODFDEH]DVHGHVYDQHFHQRVHKDFHQ `a?&$+$_2 9LYHQ HQ FRUULHQWHV GH DJXDV QHJUDV GH
AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA

QRWDEOHPHQWH PiV RVFXUDV /RV PDFKRV VRQ PiV ERVTXHV K~PHGRV GH VDEDQD \ FDxRV SHTXHxRV
SHTXHxRVTXHODVKHPEUDV\SRVHHQODFRODPiVODUE 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/;  %DUULR$PRUyV 
JD0LWWHUPHLHU :LOVRQ6PLWK&DVE ÌxLJR1DUDEL]D
WDxR0RUD)UDQNOLQ5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
&.*#/%DUULR$PRUyV ÌxLJR1DUEDL]D 8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VWiFDWDORJDGDFRPR9XOQHUDE
EOH98SRUOD8,&1DQLYHOPXQGLDO\QDFLRQDO6H
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 1%#%)+@_2 7/$&)(! .$;!=9(>-&(%! .$! HQFXHQWUDHQHO$SpQGLFH,,GH&LWHV&DVWDxR0RE
&RORPELDRULHQWHGH(FXDGRUQRURULHQWHGH3HU~ UD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/$VRFLDFLyQ
QRUWHGH%ROLYLDVXUGH9HQH]XHOD\%UDVLO3UHVHQWH &RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD
HQ FXHQFDV GH9HQH]XHOD \ &RORPELD &XHQFDV GH
5tRV 1HJUR \ &DVLTXLDUH GH &RORPELD9HQH]XHOD KL%#+M+*_(QHVWDFLyQEDMDGDGRTXHHVWiFRQWLE
\ %UDVLO \ UtR ,QtULGD GH &RORPELD &DVWDxR0RUD :/(!(!N#$(%!.$!)-9/&*.(.$%!;-)(;$%2!$%!)(>(.(!)-9-!
E)UDQNOLQ)ULW] +DYDä5XHGD IXHQWH GH SURWHtQD$ HVWR VH OH VXPD OD FDSWXUD
=;9-&()*.!&.*#/G2!JKKOFG GHMXYHQLOHVFRPRPDVFRWDV&DVWDxR0RUD
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_!"#$%$&'$!$&!;(!)/$&E
FD GHO 2ULQRFR 5HJLVWUDGD HQ ORV GHSDUWDPHQWRV

59
 Nombre común
Charapa, arrau, warara, Podocnemididae
South American river turtle
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_2 7RUWXJD HVHQFLDOPHQWH
()/N'*)(G!7-&%/9$!:#(&!<(#*$.(.!.$!)-9*.(!*&);/6$&E
GRSODQWDVIUXWDVLQYHUWHEUDGRVGHPRYLPLHQWROHQWR
\ FDUURxD HV SULQFLSDOPHQWH KHUEtYRUD FXDQGR HVWi
$&!$%'(.*-%!9(./#-%G!0%!;(!'-#'/:(!.$!(:/(!./;)$!9N%!
JUDQGH GH 6XUDPpULFD \ XQD GH ODV PiV JUDQGHV GHO
PXQGR SXHV DOFDQ]D XQ WDPDxR Pi[LPR GH  FP
Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Podocnemis expansa
(Schweigger, 1812)
AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA
VLHQGRHOOtPLWHVXSHULRUHQWUHODVWRUWXJDVGHOJpQHUR
8262$,&'0)(OFDSDUD]yQHVPDQFKDGRKDFLDODSDUWH
SRVWHULRUGHIRUPDRYDODGDDQFKR\SODQRH[SDQGLGR
SRVWHULRUPHQWH HQ ORV PDFKRV GH FRORUDFLyQ ROLYiE
FHDRVFXUDJULVRFDIp(OSODVWUyQHVDPDULOOR\PiV
DPSOLRHQODSDUWHDQWHULRU/DFDEH]DHVDQFKDJULVR
FDIpFRQXQKRFLFRDODUJDGR\WLHQHPDUFDVDPDULOODV
60
 FRQXQDSHFDRVFXUDFHQWUDODVtFRPRYDULDVPDQFKDV =;9-&()*.!&.*#/$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUE
GHOPLVPRFRORUXELFDGDVHQODVUDQIRWHFDV\HQWUHORV SHWRORJtD
RMRVUHJLyQLQWHURUELWDO/DPD\RUtDWLHQHEDUELFHORV
PHQWRQLDQRV/DVSDWDVVRQFRPSOHWDPHQWHSDOPHDGDV
/RVPDFKRVVRQPiVSHTXHxRVTXHODVKHPEUDV&DVWDE
xR0RUD)UDQNOLQ5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!
AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA
 %DUULR$PRUyV  ÌxLJR1DUEDL]D  GLVSRQLE
`a?&$+$_2 9LYH HVHQFLDOPHQWH HQ VLVWHPDV GH DJXDV
EODQFDV \ QHJUDV 6LQ HPEDUJR VH GHVSOD]D ORFDOPHQWH
HQWUH KiELWDWV GXUDQWH VX GHVDUUROOR GHSHQGLHQGR GH
ODVHVWDFLRQHVFOLPiWLFDV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/
EOHHQ%..3@AAF03$26&F22;$2'FG %DUULR$PRUyV ÌxLJR1DUEDL]D

R&*$)&?/,&-#2 1%#%)+@_2 6XUDPpULFD %UDVLO &RORPELD 8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_26HHQFXHQWUDFDWDORJDGDFRPR&DVL

9HQH]XHOD6HHQFXHQWUDHQHO2ULQRFR\HQODVFXHQE $PHQD]DGD17DQLYHOPXQGLDOSRUOD8,&1/DVSRE
FDVGHOUtR$PD]RQDVHQ&RORPELD9HQH]XHOD*XD\DQD EODFLRQHVGHOD2ULQRTXLDGH&RORPELDVHHQFXHQWUDQ
RULHQWHGH(FXDGRUQRURULHQWHGH3HU~QRUWHGH%UDVLO FDWDORJDGDV(Q3HOLJUR&UtWLFR&5\ODVGHOD$PD]RQLD
\QRUWHGH%ROLYLD7DPELpQKDVLGRUHSRUWDGDHQ7ULQLE (Q3HOLJUR(1(VWiLQFOXLGDHQHO$SpQGLFH,,GH&LWHV
GDG GHVSXpV GHO GHVERUGDPLHQWR GHO UtR 2ULQRFR 6H 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/%DUULR$PRUyV ÌxLJR
$&)/$&'#(!$&!;(!9(6-#@(!.$!#@-%!:#(&.$%!6!;(:-%!(%-)*(E 1DUEDL]D$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORE
GRV DO$PD]RQDV \ DO 2ULQRFR &DVWDxR0RUD D JtD,8&1
9DOHQ]XHOD 9DOHQ]XHOD  )ULW]  5XHGD !
=;9-&()*.!&.*#/%DUULR$PRUyV KL%#+M+*_2 7DQWRDGXOWRVFRPRQHRQDWRVVRQFRQE
%/9*.-%! 6! ;(! :#(%(! .$! ;-%! A/$<-%! $%! $1'#(@.(! 6! <$&E
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_!"#$%$&'$!$&!)/$&)(%!.$;! GLGD SDUD FRFLQD R OiPSDUDV GH FRPEXVWLEOH 6RPHWLE
$PD]RQDV \ 2ULQRFR 3UHVHQWH HQ ORV GHSDUWDPHQWRV .(!(!)-9$#)*-!*;$:(;G!7-&%*.$#(.(!/&(!.$!;(%!'-#'/:(%!
.$!=9(>-&(%2!=#(/)(2!7(H/$'N2!7(%(&(#$2!D/(*&@(2!M$'(2! PiVDSHWHFLGDVSRUORVFD]DGRUHVMXQWRFRQ8262$,&'0)*
3XWXPD\R9DXSpV\9LFKDGD&DVWDxR9DOHQ]XHOD XQLÀOLV5HEHOR 3H]]XWWL)UDQNOLQ5XHGD
&.* #/ 9DOHQ]XHOD 9DOHQ]XHOD  5XHGD =;9-&()*.!&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
61
 Nombre común
Taracayá, taricay, terecay, Podocnemididae
Yellow-spotted side-neck
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDDFXiWLFDRPQtYRE
UDVHDOLPHQWDHVSHFLDOPHQWHGHKXHYRVGHSHFHVPRE
OXVFRV FUXVWiFHRV \ WRGR WLSR GH PDWHULDO YHJHWDO 'H
WDPDxRPHGLDQRSXHGHDOFDQ]DUORVFPGHODUJR(O
FDSDUD]yQHVGHIRUPDHOLSVRLGDOGHFRORUFDVWDxRRVE
FXUR R QHJUR HQVDQFKDGR HQ OD SDUWH SRVWHULRU \ FRQ
/&(!H/*;;(!9$.*(!(;:-!(%$##(.(!(;!9$&-%!$&!;-%!5/<$&*;$%G!
Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
8WLWKVMUQ[]VQÅTQ[
(Troschel, 1848)
AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA
(OSODVWUyQSUHVHQWDXQDPXHVFDHQORVHVFXGRVDQDOHV
\HVGHFRORUJULViFHRRDPDULOORFRQQHJUR/DVSDUWHV
GRUVDO\ODWHUDOGHODFDEH]DVRQGHFRORUFDIpURML]RD
JULVRVFXUR\ODSDUWHYHQWUDOHVGHFRORUJULViFHREODQE
FRRDPDULOORHQHOFDVRGHODVKHPEUDV/DFDEH]DGH
FUtDV\PDFKRVWLHQHGRVPDQFKDVUHGRQGHDGDVVLQSHFD
FHQWUDO\GHFRORUDPDULOOR/DVPDQFKDVVHGLVWULEX\HQ
62
 GHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUDXQDVREUHFDGDERUGHODWHUDOGH `a?&$+$_2 9LYH HQ ODV DUWHULDV GH JUDQGHV UtRV \ DJXDV
ODHVFDPDLQWHUSDULHWDOXQDVREUHHOH[WUHPRGHOURVWUR DELHUWDVGHODJRVRYHJHWDFLyQFLUFXQGDQWHHVSHFLDOPHQWH
XQDVREUHHOWtPSDQR\GRVVREUHODUDQIRWHFDVXSHULRU ORV MXYHQLOHV 2FXSDQ ORV UtRV GXUDQWH OD WHPSRUDGD GH
UHJLyQPD[LODUHVWDVPDQFKDVVRORVRQUHWHQLGDVSRUORV DQLGDPLHQWR &LVQHURV+HUHGLD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
PDFKRVDGXOWRV\VHGHVYDQHFHQHQODVKHPEUDVPDGXUDV &.*#/G2!JKKOFG!
7LHQH  D  EDUELFHORV PHQWRQLDQRV /DV SDWDV VRQ SDOE
AMAZONIA - ORINOQUIA

PHDGDV/RVPDFKRVVRQPiVSHTXHxRVTXHODVKHPEUDV 8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFDWDORJDGDFRPR9XOQHUDEOH
\DGHPiVHVWRVWLHQHQODFRODPiVJUDQGH\JUXHVD(UQHVW 98DQLYHOPXQGLDOSRUOD,8&1$QLYHOQDFLRQDOHQOD
&.*#/&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2! $PD]RQLDHVWiFDWDORJDGD(Q3HOLJUR(1HQOD$PD]RE
JKKOFG QLD \ HQ OD 2ULQRTXLD (Q 3HOLJUR &UtWLFR &5 ,QFOXLGD
HQHO$SpQGLFH,,GH&LWHV&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 1%#%)+@_2 0&! ;(%! )/$&)(%! .$! ;(! P#*&-H/*(! =;9-&()*.!&.*#/&RQZD\*yPH]$VRFLDFLyQ
\OD$PD]RQLDHQ&RORPELDHOVXUYHQH]RODQR\GH%UDE &RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD,8&1
VLOHOQRUWHGH%ROLYLDQRURULHQWHGH3HU~\ORVGUHQDMHV
FDULEHxRV GH ODV *X\DQDV )ULW]  +DYDä  5XHGD KL%#+M+*_(VWDHVSHFLHHVFRQVLGHUDGDXQDOLPHQWRLPE
=;9-&()*.!&.*#/)HUURQDWR&.*#/ SRUWDQWH HQ OD GLHWD GH DOJXQDV FRPXQLGDGHV D OR ODUJR
GHWRGDVXGLVWULEXFLyQ(Q%ROLYLDSRUHMHPSORKDFHSDUE
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 %#2 !"@"L?&+_ 3UHVHQWH HQ FXHUSRV GH WHGHXQRGHORVSODWRVPiVDSHWHFLGRVHQFHOHEUDFLRQHV
DJXDEODQFDHQOD$PD]RQLDHQORVVLVWHPDVGHDJXDEODQE &()*-&(;$%!6!$&!$;!)-9$#)*-G!0&!0)/(.-#!%$!A(!#$:*%'#(.-!
FDGHO*XD\DEHUR&DJXiQ\HOEDMR0LULWt3DUDQi7DPELpQ JUDQDFWLYLGDGGHH[WUDFFLyQLOtFLWDGHELGRDODULTXH]DQXE
HQ ODVFXHQFDVGHORV/ODQRV2ULHQWDOHV HQ ORVGHSDUWDE WULFLRQDOGHVXFDUQH\KXHYRV3RURWURODGRGHELGRDODV
9$&'-%!.$!=9(>-&(%2!=#(/)(2!7(H/$'N2!7(%(&(#$2!D/(*&@(2! PDUFDV FHIiOLFDV VREUHVDOLHQWHV GH ODV FUtDV HVWDV KDFHQ
*XDYLDUH 0HWD 3XWXPD\R9DXSpV \9LFKDGD &DVWDxR SDUWH GH OD YHQWD FRPR PDVFRWDV &DVWDxR0RUD 
0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/$VRFLDFLyQ&RE 4/$.(E=;9-&()*.! &.* #/  &RQZD\*yPH] 
ORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD ,8&1

63
 Nombre común Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Charapa, jará, charapita de aguajal, Chelidae Mesoclemmys raniceps
Amazon toad-headed turtle (Gray, 1856)

AMAZONIA
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDDFXiWLFDFDUE FRQORVERUGHVDPDULOORV/DFDEH]DHVSURPLQHQWH
QtYRUD \ QRFWXUQD VH DOLPHQWD SULQFLSDOPHQWH GH FRQODSDUWHYHQWUDODPDULOOD\ODVHVFDPDVGHFRORU
LQVHFWRV ORPEULFHV UDQDV \ SHFHV (V GH WDPDxR FDIpRVFXUR7LHQHEDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDQRVODUJRV
JUDQGH(OFDSDUD]yQWLHQH XQDORQJLWXG WRWDOSURE \HOFXHOORSUHVHQWDSURWXEHUDQFLDVSXQWLDJXGDV/DV
PHGLRGHFP(VRYDODGRSODQRFDVLOLVRSRVHH SDWDV VRQ FRPSOHWDPHQWH SDOPHDGDV WLHQHQ FLQFR
/&(!H/*;;(!-!)(#$&(!)$&'#(;!$&!5/<$&*;$%!6!$%!.$!)-;-#! :(##(%!$&!;(%!$1'#$9*.(.$%!(&'$#*-#$%!6!%-;-!)/('#-!
QHJUR(OSODVWUyQHVFyQFDYRGHFRORUFDIpRVFXUR HQ ODV SRVWHULRUHV /RV PDFKRV WLHQHQ OD FDEH]D \
64
 HOFXHUSRPiVUHGXFLGRTXHHOGHODVKHPEUDVHQ `a?&$+$_29LYHHQDPELHQWHVOpQWLFRVSRFRSURIXQE
HVWRVODORQJLWXGGHODFRODHVPD\RU\HOSODVWUyQHV GRV FDxRV DUUR\RV \ UtRV GH ERVTXH SUtVWLQR (Q
9N%!)+&)(<-!6!$%)-'(.-!)$#)(!(!;-%!$%)/.-%!(&(;$%! LQYLHUQRKDELWDODVHOYDLQXQGDGD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
(UQHVW&.*#/5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG &.*#/G2!JKKOFG

R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_!P#*$&'$!.$!0)/(.-#!$&!;(%! 8&*$+2 9":+2 2 ;2 !&$%*_ (VSHFLH FRQVLGHUDGD FRPR

AMAZONIA

SURYLQFLDVGH6XFXPEtRV\2UHOODQD3HU~/RUHWR QR DPHQD]DGD SRU OD 8,&1 H LQFOXLGD HQ OD FDWHE
0DGUHGH'LRV3DVFR\8FD\DOLQRUWHGH%ROLYLD JRUtDGH3UHRFXSDFLyQ0HQRU/&DQLYHOPXQGLDO
QRUWHGH %UDVLO$FUH0DWR*URVVR 3DUi5RQGRE 1R HVWi LQFOXLGD HQ ORV$SpQGLFHV GH &LWHV )ULW]
QLD5RUDLPDVXUGH9HQH]XHOD\&RORPELD%RXU  +DYDä5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/$VRE
=DKHU)ULW] +DYDä5XHGD$OPRQDFLG FLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD,8&1
&.*#/G2!JKKOFG 

R&*$)&?/,&-#2 %#2 !"@"L?&+_2 "#$%$&'$! $&! ;-%! KL%#+M+*_23-%!*&.*<*./-%!(./;'-%!6!&$-&('-%!&-!

GHSDUWDPHQWRV GH $PD]RQDV &DTXHWi *XDLQtD %-&!)-9$#)*(;*>(.-%2!(/&H/$!%/!)(#&$!$%!)-&%/9*.(!
3XWXPD\R \9DXSpV )ULW]  +DYDä  5XHGD FRQEDMDIUHFXHQFLDHQHO3HU~)ULW] +DYDä
=;9-&()*.! &.* #/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH 4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/,8&1
+HUSHWRORJtD

65
 Nombre común
Bachala, teparo, charapa,
Schweigger´s side-necked turtle
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDDFXiWLFDFDUE
QtYRUDGLXUQDVHDOLPHQWDSUHIHUHQFLDOPHQWHGHLQE
VHFWRV\RWURVLQYHUWHEUDGRVDFXiWLFRV\SHFHV(O
FDSDUD]yQSXHGHDOFDQ]DUKDVWDFPGHODUJRHV
RYDODGR \ DSODQDGR QHJUR R FDIp RVFXUR XQ SRFR
PiV DOWR HQ OD SDUWH LQPHGLDWDPHQWH SRVWHULRU D
OD PLWDG GHO FXHUSR FRQ TXLOOD R FDUHQD YHUWHEUDO
\FRPSOHWDPHQWHOLVRHQHOPDUJHQ(OSODVWUyQHV
Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Chelidae Phrynops geoffroanus
(Schweigger, 1812)
AMAZONIA
DQFKR\GHFRORUDPDULOORRVFXUR/DFDEH]DHVPX\
SHTXHxD \ DQJRVWD \ SUHVHQWD SHTXHxDV HVFDPDV
*##$:/;(#$%! 6! %/%! #$:*-&$%! .-#%(;! 6! ;('$#(;! %-&! .$!
FRORUJULVROLYD$ORVODGRVGHODFDEH]D\HOFXHOOR
SUHVHQWD OtQHDV DOWHUQDGDV EODQFDV \ QHJUDV7LHQH
EDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDQRV(QORVMXYHQLOHVWDQWRHO
SODVWUyQFRPRHOODGRLQIHULRUGHORVHVFXGRVPDUE
:*&(;$%!6!;(!:(#:(&'(!%-&!.$!)-;-#!#-5-!)-&!9(#)(%!
66
 QHJUDV HVWDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV VRQ FODYHV SDUD LGHQE
WLÀFDU D OD HVSHFLH HQ ORV HVWDGLRV LQPDGXURV /DV
SDWDVVRQSDOPHDGDVFRQFLQFRJDUUDVHQODVH[WUHE
PLGDGHVDQWHULRUHV\FXDWURHQODVSRVWHULRUHV/RV
PDFKRVVRQPiVSHTXHxRVTXHODVKHPEUDVGHFROD
PiVODUJD\JUXHVD\SUHVHQWDQXQDPD\RUGLVWDQFLD
AMAZONIA
`a?&$+$_29LYHHQUtRVODJRV\ODJXQDVOpQWLFRVFRQ
PXFKDYHJHWDFLyQSUHVHQWHVHQERVTXHVGHJDOHUtD
6!$&!(:/(%!)-&'(9*&(.(%!$&!)$#)(&@(!(!9$.*-%!/#E
EDQRV(UQHVW&.*#/5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!
JKKOFG

FORDFDO(UQHVW&.*#/5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2! 8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_26HFRQVLGHUDFRPRQRDPHE

JKKOFG QD]DGDHLQFOXLGDHQODFDWHJRUtDGH3UHRFXSDFLyQ
0HQRU /& D QLYHO PXQGLDO 1R VH HQFXHQWUD HQ
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 1%#%)+@_2 4$:*-&$%! &-#-))*.$&'(;$%! ORV$SpQGLFHVGH&LWHV(UQHVW&.*#/5XHGD
\ FHQWUDOHV GH 6XUDPpULFD GHVGH HO VXURULHQWH GH =;9-&()*.! &.* #/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH
&RORPELD\3HU~%ROLYLD3DUDJXD\HOVXU\RFFLGHQE +HUSHWRORJtD,8&1
WHGH%UDVLOHOQRUWHGH$UJHQWLQD\8UXJXD\%DOGR
&.*#/)ULW] +DYDä5XHGD$OPRQDFLG KL%#+M+*_2 1R VH SUHVHQWDQ PD\RUHV DPHQD]DV
&.*#/G2!JKKOFG SDUDHVWDHVSHFLH6LQHPEDUJRHQODWULEX'HVDQD
GHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGHO9DXSpVHVFRQVLGHUDGDFRPR
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_2"#$%$&'$!$&!;(!#$:*+&! XQHOHPHQWRPiJLFR\KDFHSDUWHGHORVULWXDOHVVDE
$PD]yQLFD\HQOD2ULQRTXLD(QORVGHSDUWDPHQE JUDGRVSHURVXFDUQHHVSRFRFRQVXPLGD(UQHVW&.*
'-%!.$!=9(>-&(%2!7(H/$'N2!7(%(&(#$2!D/(*&@(2!M$'(2! #/5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/,8&1
3XWXPD\R9DXSpV \9LFKDGD 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.*
#/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH +HUSHWRORJtD


67
 Nombre común Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Charapita de altura, charapita, charapita Chelidae Platemys platycephala
de aguajal, Lala twist-necked turtle (Schneider, 1792)

AMAZONIA
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDVHPLDFXiWLFD HVFXGRVYHUWHEUDOHVGHOLPLWDGRVSRUGRVTXLOODVR
'HWDPDxRSHTXHxRDOFDQ]DFPHQHOFDVRGH FDUHQDVODWHUDOHVPX\ELHQPDUFDGDV/DFDEH]DHV
ORV PDFKRV DGXOWRV \  FP HQ ODV KHPEUDV (O SODQDFRQODUHJLyQGRUVDOGHFRORUDPDULOORQDUDQE
FDSDUD]yQ HV HOtSWLFR DSODQDGR GH FRORU FDIp FRQ MD(OFXHOORWLHQHQXPHURVRVWXEpUFXORVFyQLFRV\
SLJPHQWDFLyQDPDULOOD\HVWiDWUDYHVDGRSRUXQVXUE HVWiERUGHDGRDODGR\ODGRSRUXQDDQFKDEDQGD
FR SURIXQGR ORQJLWXGLQDO D OR ODUJR GH WRGRV ORV DPDULOOD3RVHHEDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDQRV/DVSDWDV
68
 VRQHVFDVDPHQWHSDOPHDGDVFRQFLQFRJDUUDVHQODV
H[WUHPLGDGHVDQWHULRUHV\FXDWURHQODVSRVWHULRE
UHV7LHQHXQDFRODFRUWDGHFRORUQHJUR/RVPDE
FKRVVRQPiVJUDQGHVTXHODVKHPEUDV\HQHVWDVHO
H[WUHPRSRVWHULRUGHOSODVWUyQHVWiGREODGRKDFLD
DUULED5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/%DUULR$PRE
AMAZONIA
`a?&$+$_29LYHHQiUHDVUHODWLYDPHQWHSRFRKDELWDE
GDV 'DGR VX WDPDxR SHTXHxR IUHFXHQWD FXHUSRV
GHDJXDSRFRSURIXQGRVFRPRSDQWDQRV&DVWDxR
0RUDD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRQR

UyV ÌxLJR1DUEDL]D DPHQD]DGDSRUOD8,&1HLQFOXLGDHQODFDWHJRUtD

GH 3UHRFXSDFLyQ 0HQRU /& D QLYHO PXQGLDO 1R
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 1%#%)+@_2 6H HQFXHQWUD HQ HO QRURE HVWi LQFOXLGD HQ ORV $SpQGLFHV GH &LWHV 5XHGD
ULHQWHGH6XUDPpULFDHQODVFXHQFDVGHO&DULEHGH =;9-&()*.! &.* #/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH
9HQH]XHOD \ ODV *XD\DQDV \ HQ HO$PD]RQDV WDPE +HUSHWRORJtD,8&1
ELpQ HVWi SUHVHQWH HQ ODV SDUWHV DOWDV GH ORV UtRV
3XUXV-XUXi<DYDUL\3XWXPD\R)ULW] +DYDä KL%#+M+*_2 1R HV PX\ DSHWHFLGD SDUD FRQVXPR
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/G2!JKKOFG KXPDQRQLSHUVHJXLGDSDUDHOPHUFDGRGHPDVFRE
WDV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/,8&1
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_26HHQFXHQWUDSULQFLE
SDOPHQWHHQHOVXURULHQWHHQODFXHQFDGHO$PD]RE
QDV (Q ORV GHSDUWDPHQWRV GH$PD]RQDV &DTXHWi
3XWXPD\R9LFKDGD\9DXSpV&DVWDxR0RUDD
&HEDOORV)RQVHFD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/G2!
 $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH +HUSHWRORJtD


69
 Nombre común Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Tortuga achiote, tortuga de cabeza roja, Chelidae :PQVMUa[Z]ÅXM[
Cágado vermelho, Red-footed sideneck turtle (Spix, 1824)

AMAZONIA
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDRPQtYRUDGH HV SHTXHxD \ DQJRVWD FRQ QDULQDV SURPLQHQWHV \
KiELWRVQRFWXUQRVFRQXQDORQJLWXGDSUR[LPDGDGH SRVHH XQD EDQGD GH FRORU QHJUR TXH YD GHVGH HO
FP(OFDSDUD]yQHVGHFRORUJULVRVFXURRFDIp $1'#$9-! .$;! A-)*)-! A(%'(! $;! )/$;;-! 6! ('#(<*$%(! $;!
RVFXUR(OSODVWUyQHVDPDULOOR/DFDEH]DFXHOOR\ RMR\HOWtPSDQR\RWUDEDQGDQHJUDHQWUHODVRUELE
$1'#$9*.(.$%!%-&!.$!)-;-#!#-5-2!;-!)/(;!$%!)(#()'$E WDV3UHVHQWDEDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDQRVFRUWRV/DV
UtVWLFRSDUDODLGHQWLÀFDFLyQGHODHVSHFLH/DFDEH]D SDWDV VRQ SDOPHDGDV FRQ FLQFR JDUUDV HQ ODV H[E
70
 WUHPLGDGHVDQWHULRUHV\SRUORJHQHUDOWUHVHQODV R HVFRQGLGD HQ OD KRMDUDVFD 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.*
SRVWHULRUHV/RVPDFKRVVRQPiVSHTXHxRVTXHODV #/5XL]&.*#/GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;
KHPEUDV\HQHVWRVODFRODHVPiVODUJD\JUXHVD\HO .&).-60,&);2"4F
SODVWUyQHVFyQFDYR0F&RUG&.*#/&DVWDxR
0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/  5XL] &.* 8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_6HHQFXHQWUDHQODFDWHJRUtD
#/;GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG 3UHRFXSDFLyQ0HQRU/&DQLYHOPXQGLDO\FRPR
AMAZONIA

&DVL$PHQD]DGD17DQLYHOQDFLRQDOSRUOD8,&1
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_6XUGH&RORPELD\QRUWH 1RHVWiLQFOXLGDHQORV$SpQGLFHVGH&LWHV&DVWDE
GH%UDVLO5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG xR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/5XL]
&.* #/  (VWUDGD*RQ]iOH] &.* #/ $VRFLDE
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 %#2 !"@"L?&+_2 "#$%$&'$! $&! ;(%! #$E FLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD
:*-&$%!.$!;(!=9(>-&*(!6!$;!$%)/.-!D/6(&C%!6!$&!;(%!
FXHQFDVEDMDVGHORVUtRV$SDSRULV3LUi3DUDQi\3DE KL%#+M+*_2 3RU VX GLVWULEXFLyQ UHVWULQJLGD EDMDV
SXULGHO$PD]RQDV(QORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH$PDE GHQVLGDGHV SREODFLRQDOHV \ UHTXHULPLHQWRV GH KiE
]RQDV *XDLQtD \9DXSpV %DUWOHWW  %DWOHWW  ELWDWWLHQGHDYHUVHDIHFWDGDSRUODVDFWLYLGDGHVDQE
6RX]D)ULW] +DYDä5XHGD$OPRQDFLG WUySLFDV6XVSULQFLSDOHVDPHQD]DVVRQHOFRQVXPR
&.*#/$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORE GHKXHYRV\ODFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQSRUORVSREODGRUHV
JtD DPD]yQLFRV &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDE
)*.!&.*#/5XL]&.*#/;(VWUDGD*RQ]iOH]
`a?&$+$_29LYHH[FOXVLYDPHQWHHQDUUR\RVERVFRVRV &.*#/G2!JKKLFG
RUtRVGHDJXDVSRFRSURIXQGDV(VWDHVSHFLHHVPX\
UDUD\DTXHSDVDHOWLHPSRVXPHUJLGDHQHOIRQGR

71
 Nombre común Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Cupiso, iaçá, pitiú, Podocnemidae Podocnemis sextuberculata
Six-tubercled Amazon river turtle (Cornalia, 1849)

AMAZONIA
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_7RUWXJDVHPLDFXiWLFD GHFRORUJULVFDIpXROLYDDPDULOORFRQXQDTXLOODR
TXHDOFDQ]DXQDORQJLWXGPi[LPDGHFPVLHQGR FDUHQDVREUHHOVHJXQGR\WHUFHUHVFXGRYHUWHEUDO
XQD GH ODV WRUWXJDV PiV SHTXHxDV GHO JpQHUR 821 (OSODVWUyQHVGHFRORUDPDULOOHQWRRFDIpJULViFHR
62$,&'0) (O FDSDUD]yQ HV FRQYH[R \ HQ IRUPD GH FRQWXEpUFXORVFDUDFWHUtVWLFRVELHQGHVDUUROODGRV
GRPR GHSULPLGR DPSOLR KDFLD OD PLWDG SRVWHULRU TXHGHVDSDUHFHQFRQODHGDGDXQTXHHQORVDGXOWRV
72
 VRORVRQYLVLEOHV\HVWiQXELFDGRVVREUHORVHVFXE
GRVSHFWRUDOHV7LHQHXQEDUELFHORPHQWRQLDQRFRUE
WR\JUXHVRDOJXQDVYHFHVSXHGHSUHVHQWDU/RV
PDFKRV VRQ PiV SHTXHxRV TXH ODV KHPEUDV \ HQ
HVWRVODFRODHVPiVODUJD\JUXHVD&DVWDxR0RUD
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
AMAZONIA
`a?&$+$_29LYHHQFDxRVPDGUHYLHMDV\UtRVJUDQGHV
GHDJXDVEODQFDVODJXQDVUHEDOVHV\iUHDVGHLQXQE
GDFLyQFXELHUWDVSRUVHOYD5HEHOR 3H]]XWWL
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/;2!JKKOFG!
8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_26HHQFXHQWUDFDWDORJDGDFRPR

9XOQHUDEOH 98 D QLYHO PXQGLDO \ QDFLRQDO SRU OD

R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_(Q&RORPELD%UDVLO\3HU~ 8,&1 ,QFOXLGD HQ HO$SpQGLFH ,, GH &LWHV 6PLWK
8$%.$! ;(!=9(>-&*(! -#*$&'(;! 6! $;! %/#-#*$&'$! .$! ;(!  &DVWDxR0RUD D 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.*
7/$&)(!.$;!=9(>-&(%!A(%'(!$;!&-#'$!.$!?#(%*;2!%/E #/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH +HUSHWRORJtD
URULHQWHGH&RORPELD\QRURULHQWHGH3HU~6RLQL ,8&1
5HEHOR 3H]]XWWL5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*
#/;2!JKKOFG KL%#+M+*_ 6X SULQFLSDO DPHQD]D HV OD UHFROHFE
FLyQGHKXHYRV\DGXOWRVSRUFRPXQLGDGHVORFDOHV
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_2"#$%$&'$!$&!;(!)/$&E SDUDHOFRPHUFLRLOHJDO6PLWK&DVWDxR0RUD
FDGHO$PD]RQDV\ODVFXHQFDVEDMDVGHORVUtRV$PDE D*DUFtD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/
]RQDV&DTXHWi\3XWXPD\R(QORVGHSDUWDPHQWRV ,8&1
GH$PD]RQDV\9DXSpV&DVWDxR0RUDD&HE
EDOORV)RQVHFD  &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD
=;9-&()*.! &.* #/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH
+HUSHWRORJtD

73
 Nombre común
Tortuga nariguda, palmera, Geoemydidae
Cabeza pintada, Colombian wood turtle
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDVHPLDFXiWLE
FDGHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHFPGHODUJR(OFDSDUDE
>+&!$%!-<(;(.-2!9N%!(;'-!$&!;(!>-&(!.$;(&'$#(2!.$!
FRORUQHJURQRWLHQHXQDTXLOODPX\GHVDUUROODGD
\ODVXSHUÀFLHHVDUUXJDGD(OSODVWUyQHVGHFRORU
FDIpRVFXURFRQORVERUGHV\FLVXUDVDPDULOODV/D
Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Rhinoclemmys melanosterna
(Gray, 1861)
AMPLIA DISTRIBUCIÓN
FDEH]DHVSHTXHxDQHJUD\SUHVHQWDXQDOtQHDTXH
YDGHVGHHODPDULOORYHUGRVRDOURMRQDUDQMDHVWD
SXHGHVHUFRQWLQXDRGLVFRQWLQXDGHVGHDQWHVGH
ORV RMRV SDVDQGR HQFLPD GH HOORV KDVWD XQ SRFR
DQWHV GHO FXHOOR WDPELpQ VH SXHGH SUHVHQWDU GH
IRUPDUHGXFLGDVREUHHOWtPSDQRHLQFOXVRVHUWDQ
74
 VRORGRVSHTXHxDVPDQFKDVGHOPLVPRFRORUHQOD *XDMLUD0DJGDOHQD1DULxR6DQWDQGHU6XFUH\9DOOH
UHJLyQ SDULHWDO (Q RFDVLRQHV OD UDQIRWHFD LQIHULRU GHO &DXFD 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/ $VRFLDE
UHJLyQ PDQGLEXODU SUHVHQWD PDQFKDV QHJUDV (O
LULVHVDPDULOORREODQFRDYHFHVFRQXQDUD\DQHJUD
ORQJLWXGLQDOFUX]DQGRODSXSLOD/DQDUL]HVSXQWLDJXE
GD/DVSDWDVVRQSDOPHDGDVDPDULOORRFUHRQDUDQE
AMPLIA DISTRIBUCIÓN
5(!)-&!&/9$#-%(%!9(&)A(%!&$:#/>)(%G!3-%!9()A-%!
VRQPiVSHTXHxRVTXHODVKHPEUDVHVWRVWLHQHQHO
FLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD6,%
`a?&$+$_2(VXQDWRUWXJDDFXiWLFDSHURVHHQFXHQE
WUDFRQUHJXODULGDGIXHUDGHODJXD(QJHQHUDOHVWi
HQDJXDVFRQSRFDRQLQJXQDFRUULHQWHGHQWURGHO
ERVTXH\SUHÀHUHODV]RQDVSDQWDQRVDVFRQPXFKR
FDSDUD]yQPiVDSODQDGR\ODFRODPiVODUJD&DVWDE SDVWR&DVWDxR0RUD6,%
xR0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/  6,%
 8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRQR
! DPHQD]DGDSRUOD8,&1HLQFOXLGDHQODFDWHJRUtD
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_2'HVGHOD&RVWD&DULEHGHO 3UHRFXSDFLyQ 0HQRU /& D QLYHO PXQGLDO 1R LQE
%/#-#*$&'$! .$! "(&(9N! A(%'(! $;! &-#-))*.$&'$! .$;! FOXLGDHQORV$SpQGLFHVGH&LWHV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG
(FXDGRU5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG &.*#/;$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORE
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 %#2 !"@"L?&+_2 6H GLVWULEX\H D OR
ODUJRGHOD5HJLyQ3DFtÀFDHQOD]RQDRFFLGHQWDO\
FHQWUDOGHO&DULEH\HQHOUtR0DJGDOHQDGHVGH/HE
EULMDKDVWD6DQWDQGHU3UHVHQWHHQORVGHSDUWDPHQE
JtD
KL%#+M+*_2/DVSULQFLSDOHVDPHQD]DVVRQODFD]D
\DTXHHVPX\IiFLOGHFDSWXUDU\ODTXHPDGHSDVE
WL]DOHV HQ OD HVWDFLyQ VHFD &DVWDxR0RUD 
'-%!.$!=&'*-H/*(2!=';N&'*)-2!?-;@<(#2!?-6()N2!7(;.(%2! 4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/6,%
&DXFD &HVDU &KRFy &yUGRED &XQGLQDPDUFD /D

75
 Nombre común Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Tapaculo liso, bipuámia, caná, Kinosternidae Kinosternon leucostomum
White-lipped mud turtle (Duméril & Bibron, 1851)

AMPLIA DISTRIBUCIÓN
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_7RUWXJDVHPLDFXiWLE (OSODVWUyQHVDQFKR\GHFRORUDPDULOOR/DFDEH]D
FDRPQtYRUD\QRFWXUQDVHDOLPHQWDHVSHFLDOPHQE HVELFRORUHDGDFDIpRVFXUDVREUHODUHJLyQGRUVDO
WH GH UHQDFXDMRV SHFHV \ PROXVFRV 'H WDPDxR \ DPDULOOD HQ OD UHJLyQ YHQWUDO LQFOXLGD OD UDQIRE
SHTXHxRTXHSXHGHDOFDQ]DUDFPGHODUJR
(OFDSDUD]yQHVREORQJR\DSODQDGRGHFRORUFDIp
\ORVHVFXGRVPDUJLQDOHVVRQDFDPSDQDGRV(QORV
MXYHQLOHVHOFDSDUD]yQSUHVHQWDXQDTXLOODRFDUHQD
WHFD VXSHULRU UHJLyQ PD[LODU 3RVHH XQD DQFKD
EDQGDSRVWRUELWDOGHFRORUDPDULOORDDPERVODGRV
GHOFXHOORERUGHDGDVXSHULRUHLQIHULRUPHQWHSRU
OtQHDVGHFRORUFDIpRVFXURODEDQGDWLHQGHDGHVE
76
 <(&$)$#%$! (! 9$.*.(! H/$! ;-%! *&.*<*./-%! $&<$5$)$&! 7ROLPD9DOOHGHO&DXFD&DVWDxR0RUD5XHE
\HVUHPSOD]DGDSRUXQDPH]FODGHSXQWRVGHFRE .(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/5KRGLQ&.*#/$VRE
ORUDPDULOOR\FDIp7LHQHEDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDQRV FLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD0HGLQD
XQSDUDQWHULRUPiVODUJRTXHHOSDUSRVWHULRU/DV 5DQJHO
SDWDVVRQSDOPHDGDV/RVPDFKRVVRQPiVJUDQGHV
TXHODVKHPEUDV\HQHVWRVODFRODHVPiVODUJD\ `a?&$+$_2 9LYH HQ DJXDV OpQWLFDV GH PXFKD WXUELE
AMPLIA DISTRIBUCIÓN

FRQXQDHVSLQDWHUPLQDOVLQSUHVHQFLDGHWXEpUFXORV GH] FRQ DEXQGDQWHV SODQWDV DFXiWLFDV \ GH ERUGH

HQORVPXVORV(UQHVW&.*#/5XHGD$OPRQDFLG DGHPiVGHFXHUSRVGHDJXDWHPSRUDOHV\HVWXDULRV
&.*#/G2!JKKOFG 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG

R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_2'HVGH9HUDFUX]HQ0p[LFR 8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRQR
KDVWD ODV WLHUUDV EDMDV GHO 3DFtÀFR HFXDWRULDQR 6H DPHQD]DGDSRUOD8,&1HLQFOXLGDHQODFDWHJRUtD
GLVWULEX\H HQ ORV GUHQDMHV GHO$WOiQWLFR GHVGH 1LE GH 3UHRFXSDFLyQ 0HQRU /& D QLYHO PXQGLDO 1R
FDUDJXDKDVWDDOJXQDVUHJLRQHVSDQDPHxDV\HQHO HVWiLQFOXLGDHQORV$SpQGLFHVGH&LWHV&LVQHURV
$WOiQWLFR \ 3DFtÀFR FRORPELDQRV \ DO QRURFFLGHQE +HUHGLD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/ $VRE
WHGH3HU~&LVQHURV+HUHGLD)ULW] +DYDä FLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD,8&1
 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/  5KRGLQ &.* #/G2! 

R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_2"#$%$&'$!$&!;-%!.$E
SDUWDPHQWRVGH$QWLRTXLD$WOiQWLFR%ROtYDU%R\DE
Fi&DOGDV&DXFD&HVDU&KRFy&yUGRED&XQGLQDE
KL%#+M+*_26XVSULQFLSDOHVDPHQD]DVVRQHOFRQE
VXPRKXPDQR\HOWUiÀFRLOHJDOHQDOJXQDVUHJLRQHV
GH&RORPELD\(FXDGRU'HOD7RUUH&LVQHE
URV+HUHGLD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/ 
PDUFD +XLOD 0DJGDOHQD 1DULxR 6DQWDQGHU 6XFUH ,8&1
77
 Nombre común Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Tapaculo común, tortuga-pecho Kinosternidae Kinosternon scorpioides
quebrado, casquito, Scorpion mud turtle (Linnaeus, 1766)

AMPLIA DISTRIBUCIÓN
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_2 7RUWXJD VHPLDFXiWLFD FRQOyEXORVH[SDQGLGRV\GHFRORUPDUUyQ/DFDEH]D
RPQtYRUD FRQVXPH YDULRV WLSRV GH LQYHUWHEUDGRV HVPRGHUDGDPHQWHJUDQGHFRQHOKRFLFRSUR\HFWDGR
DFXiWLFRVSHFHVHLQFOXVRFDUURxD'HWDPDxRJUDQGH GHFRORUJULVRFDIpPRWHDGDGHDPDULOOR/DUDQIRWHE
SXHGHDOFDQ]DUFPGHODUJR(OFDSDUD]yQHVDODUJDE
GRRYDODGRGHFRORUFDIpFODURDRVFXURRQHJURFRQ
WUHVTXLOODVRFDUHQDVFODUDPHQWHGHÀQLGDVHQHOFDSDE
UD]yQGHORVLQGLYLGXRVDGXOWRV(OSODVWUyQHVDQFKR
FDVXSHULRUHLQIHULRUUHJLRQHVPD[LODU\PDQGLEXODU
SXHGHQVHUGHFRORUDPDULOORFRQDOJXQDVUD\DVRVFXE
UDV3RVHHJUDQGHVEDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDQRVDQWHULRE
UHVVHJXLGRVGHREDUELFHORVGHPHQRUWDPDxR/D
78
 FRODÀQDOL]DKDELWXDOPHQWHHQXQDXxD/RVPDFKRVVRQ 9DXSpV \9LFKDGD &HEDOORV)RQVHFD  5XHGD$OE
GHPD\RUWDPDxRFRQODFDEH]DPiVJUDQGH\SLJPHQE 9-&()*.! &.* #/ $VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH +HUE
WDGDODUDQIRWHFDVXSHULRUUHJLyQPD[LODUPiVSURPLE
QHQWHODFRODPiVODUJD\HOSODVWUyQPiVFyQFDYRHQ
FRPSDUDFLyQ FRQ ODV KHPEUDV 6FKPLGW  5XHGD
=;9-&()*.! &.* #/  0F&UDQLH  GLVSRQLEOH HQ
%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4H*%..3@AAF03$26&F22;$2'FG
AMPLIA DISTRIBUCIÓN
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_2$PpULFD&HQWUDO\6XUDPpULFD
GHVGH0p[LFRKDVWD$UJHQWLQD(VWDHVSHFLHVHHQFXHQE
WUDGHVGHHOVXUGH3DQDPi(FXDGRUHOQRUWHGH3HU~
SHWRORJtDGLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG
`a?&$+$_29LYHHQFXDOTXLHUFXHUSRGHDJXDVRPHUDHQ
FXUVRVGHDJXDWHPSRUDOHVRSHUPDQHQWHVDUUR\RVUtRV
ODJRV\HVWDQTXHVGHGLIHUHQWHVHFRVLVWHPDV&DVWDxR
0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOF
8&*$+2 9":+2 ;2 !&$%*_ (VSHFLH FRQVLGHUDGD FRPR QR
DPHQD]DGD SRU OD 8,&1 H LQFOXLGD HQ OD FDWHJRUtD GH
%/#!.$!?-;*<*(!6!$;!&-#'$!.$!=#:$&'*&(!A(%'(!$;!-#*$&'$! 3UHRFXSDFLyQ0HQRU/&DQLYHOPXQGLDO1RHVWiLQE
GHODV*XD\DQDV%UDVLO\3DUDJXD\5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.* FOXLGD HQ ORV $SpQGLFHV GH &LWHV &HEDOORV)RQVHFD
#/GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG  &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/;2!
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_2"#$%$&'$!$&!;(%!)/$&)(%!
GH ORV UtRV &DXFD 6LQ~$UDXFD &DVDQDUH 0HWD 2ULE
QRFR7RPR9LFKDGD *XDYLDUH ,QtULGD 3XWXPD\R DOWR
&DTXHWi&DJXiQ<DUt$SDSRULV9DXSpV*XDLQtD\$PDE
]RQDV (Q ORV GHSDUWDPHQWRV GH$PD]RQDV$QWLRTXLD
=#(/)(2! =';N&'*)-2! ?-;@<(#2! 7(;.(%2! 7(H/$'N2! 7(%(&(#$2!
&HVDU&KRFy&yUGRED*XDLQtD0DJGDOHQD0HWD1DE
ULxR1RUWHGH6DQWDQGHU3XWXPD\R6DQ$QGUpV6XFUH
79
$VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD
KL%#+M+*_6HFRQVXPHLQWHQVDPHQWHHQOD&RVWD$WE
OiQWLFDFRORPELDQD\HQ0DUDFDLERHQ9HQH]XHODLJXDOE
PHQWHHVPX\DSHWHFLGDHQ%UDVLOGRQGHODKDFHQSDVDU
SRUFDQJUHMRUHOOHQR&HEDOORV)RQVHFD&DVWDxR
0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG
 Nombre común
Morrocoy, morrocoyo, morrocón,
Red-footed tortoise
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_2 7RUWXJD WHUUHVWUH
GLXUQD RPQtYRUD FRQVXPH SODQWDV SHTXHxRV LQE
YHUWHEUDGRVKRQJRVFDUURxD\KHFHV(VGHWDPDE
xRPHGLDQRSXHGHDOFDQ]DUKDVWDFPGHODUJR
(O FDSDUD]yQ WLHQH IRUPD GH GRPR HV GH FRORU
QHJURDFDIpRVFXURFRQXQDPDQFKDFHQWUDOQtWLGD
DPDULOODDQDUDQMDRURML]DSUHVHQWHHQFDGDXQR
Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Testudinidae Chelonoidis carbonaria
(Spix, 1824)
AMPLIA DISTRIBUCIÓN
GHORVHVFXGRVYHUWHEUDOHV\FRVWDOHV(OSODVWUyQ
HVGHFRORUFUHPDSXHGHSUHVHQWDUPDQFKDVQHE
:#/>)(%!A()*(!$;!)$&'#-G!3(%!$%)(9(%!.$;!.-#%-!.$!
ODFDEH]DVRQDPDULOORQDUDQMDRURMDVDOLJXDOTXH
ODV GH ODV SDWDV /DV SDWDV VRQ JUXHVDV \ UREXVE
WDVVLPLODUHVDODVGHXQHOHIDQWHFRQJDUUDVELHQ
.$%(##-;;(.(%G!0&!;-%!(./;'-%!;-%!9()A-%!%-&!9N%!
80
 JUDQGHVTXHODVKHPEUDVWLHQHQHOSODVWUyQFyQFDYR `a?&$+$_29LYHHQERVTXHVGHJDOHUtDERUGHGHVDE
\ODFRODPiVODUJD\JUXHVD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;E* EDQDVSDVWL]DOHV\ERVTXHVVHFRV7LHQHSUHIHUHQE
0HGLQD5DQJHO&.*#/; FLDSRUODViUHDVDELHUWDV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;E*
0HGLQD5DQJHO&.*#/
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_23DQDPi&RORPELD9HQHE
>/$;(2!D/(6(&(%2!?#(%*;2!?-;*<*(2!"(#(:/(62!=#:$&'*&(! 8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFRQVLGHUDGDHQODFDE
AMPLIA DISTRIBUCIÓN

H LVODV GHO &DULEH 7ULQLGDG \ $QWLOODV &DVWDxR WHJRUtDGH3UHRFXSDFLyQ0HQRU/&DQLYHOPXQE

0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/0HGLQD GLDO\(Q3HOLJUR&UtWLFR&5DQLYHOQDFLRQDOSRU
4(&:$;!&.*#/ OD ,8&1 6H HQFXHQWUD HQ HO$SpQGLFH ,, GH &LWHV
&DVWDxR0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 %#2 !"@"L?&+_2 "#$%$&'$! $&! ;(%! $VRFLDFLyQ&RORPELDQDGH+HUSHWRORJtD0HE
OODQXUDV GH OD UHJLyQ &DULEH HO YDOOH LQWHUDQGLQR .*&(E4(&:$;!&.*#/
GHO 0DJGDOHQD KDVWD +RQGD 7ROLPD \ ORV /ODQRV
2ULHQWDOHV3UHVHQWHHQORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH$QE KL%#+M+*_2 6XV SULQFLSDOHV DPHQD]DV VRQ OD GHVE
'*-H/*(2!=#(/)(2!=';N&'*)-2!?-;@<(#2!7(;.(%2!7(H/$'N2! WUXFFLyQ\GHJUDGDFLyQGHVXVKiELWDWVODVREUH[SORE
&DVDQDUH&HVDU&KRFy&yUGRED&XQGLQDPDUFD WDFLyQSRUFDFHUtD\HOWUiÀFRLOHJDOGHORVQHRQDWRV
*XDLQtD *XDMLUD 0DJGDOHQD 0HWD 6DQWDQGHU 6XE FRPR PDVFRWDV &DVWDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OE
FUH7ROLPD\9LFKDGD(Q6DQ$QGUpV\3URYLGHQFLD 9-&()*.!&.*#/G2!JKKO2!M$.*&(E4(&:$;!&.*#/;E*
VH FRQVLGHUD FRPR XQD HVSHFLH LQWURGXFLGD &DVE
WDxR0RUD  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/ 
$VRFLDFLyQ &RORPELDQD GH +HUSHWRORJtD 
M$.*&(E4(&:$;!&.*#/

81
 Nombre común
Carranchina, cabezón de Zulia, tortuga
montañera, Zulia toad-headed turtle
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDVHPLDFXiWLE
FD RPQtYRUD VH DOLPHQWD SULQFLSDOPHQWH GH PRE
OXVFRV DUWUySRGRV SHFHV \ DQÀELRV 'H JUDQ WDE
PDxRSXHGHDOFDQ]DUHQWUHFPGHODUJR(O
FDSDUD]yQHVREORQJRDOJRDSODQDGRGHFRORUJULV
Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Chelidae Mesoclemmys zuliae
(Pritchard y Trebbau, 1984)
DISTRIBUCIÓN PROBABLE COLOMBIA
GR\FXDUWRHVFXGRYHUWHEUDO(OSODVWUyQHVGHFRE
ORUDPDULOORFRQSLJPHQWDFLyQFDVWDxD/DFDEH]D
HVSURPLQHQWHGHFRORUJULVRVFXURFRQODSDUWH
GRUVDOOLVDVHJPHQWDGDHQSROtJRQRVLUUHJXODUHVGH
JUDQWDPDxR\ODUDQIRWHFDLQIHULRUUHJLyQPDQE
-%)/#-!-!&$:#-2!)-&!/&!;$<$!%/#)-!$&'#$!$;!%$:/&E GLEXODU WLHQH XQD WHUPLQDFLyQ HQ IRUPD GH JDQE
82
 FKR SXQWLDJXGR /DV QDULQDV VRQ PX\ SUR\HFWDGDV
/D SDUWH ODWHUDO GH OD FDEH]D H LQIHULRU GHO FXHOOR
%-&! .$! )-;-#! (9(#*;;-! )-&! /&(! ;@&$(! &$:#(! H/$! %$!
H[WLHQGH GHVGH HO URVWUR SDVD D WUDYpV GHO RMR \
OOHJDKDVWDHOWtPSDQR3RVHHEDUELFHORVPHQWRQLDE
DISTRIBUCIÓN PROBABLE COLOMBIA
QRVSHTXHxRV/DVSDWDVVRQSDOPHDGDV/RVPDFKRV
VRQ PiV SHTXHxRV TXH ODV KHPEUDV \ HQ HVWRV OD
FRODHVPiVODUJD\JUXHVD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!
5KRGLQ&.*#/;GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB; 8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_6HHQFXHQWUDFDWDORJDGDFRPR
WDQGHU(UQHVW&.*#/;5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!
GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG
`a?&$+$_29LYHHQiUHDVFHQDJRVDVSDQWDQRVFDxRV
\SODQRVGHLQXQGDFLyQGHJUDQGHVUtRV(UQHVW&.*
#/  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/  GLVSRQLEOH
$&I!%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG
.&).-60,&);2"4FG! 9XOQHUDEOH98SRUOD8,&11RHVWiLQFOXLGDHQ
ORV $SpQGLFHV GH &LWHV 5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/G2!
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_!0%!$&.C9*)(!.$!;(!)/$&)(! ,8&1
GH0DUDFDLERHQ9HQH]XHODH[FOXVLYRGHODVFLpQDJDV
GHO 3DUTXH 1DFLRQDO &DWDWXPER FLpQDJDV GH -XDQ KL%#+M+*_2 $XQTXH QR SUHVHQWD DPHQD]DV HVSHE
0DQXHO GH$JXDV 1HJUDV \$JXDV %ODQFDV (UQHVW FtÀFDVVXGLVWULEXFLyQJHRJUiÀFDUHVWULQJLGDODKDFH
&.*#/)ULW] +DYDä5XHGD$OPRQDFLG YXOQHUDEOH D HYHQWRV R IHQyPHQRV QDWXUDOHV H LQE
&.*#/%DUULR$PRUyV ÌxLJD1DUEDL]D ÁXHQFLDVDQWUySLFDV5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/
GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG ,8&1

R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_2(VSRVLEOHTXHKDELE
WHODViUHDVDOHGDxDVDOUtR7LE~\DOQRUWHGH9LOOD
GHO5RVDULRHQHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH1RUWHGH6DQE

83
 Nombre común Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Bachala, charapa, cágado de barbicha, Chelidae Phrynops tuberosus
Cotinga river toadhead turtle (Peters, 1870)

DISTRIBUCIÓN PROBABLE COLOMBIA

!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*2 1%#%)+@%*_2 7RUWXJD VHOYiWLFD \
VHPLDFXiWLFD/DVKHPEUDVSXHGHQDOFDQ]DUXQWDE
PDxR  FP GH ODUJR (O FDSDUD]yQ HV DSODQDGR
OLVR \ SRVHH WUHV TXLOODV R FDUHQDV ORQJLWXGLQDOHV
TXHODGLIHUHQFLDQGH8;*4&2>>"2#,-)(OSODVWUyQHV
.$!)-;-#!#-5-E&(#(&5(!-!(9(#*;;-2!)-&!9(&)A(%!-%E
FXUDV/DFDEH]DHVSHTXHxD\DQJRVWDFRQXQDOtE
&$(!&$:#(!H/$!%$!$1'*$&.$!.$%.$!$;!A-)*)-!A(%'(!
ODUHJLyQWHPSRUDOSDVDQGRDWUDYpVGHORMR(QOD
UHJLyQODWHUDOGHFDEH]D\FXHOORVHDOWHUQDQOtQHDV
EODQFDV QHJUDV R URMDV /DV SDWDV VRQ SDOPHDGDV
3(%! $1'#$9*.(.$%! (&'$#*-#$%! '*$&$&! )*&)-! :(##(%!
84
 \ODVSRVWHULRUHVFXDWUR/RVPDFKRVWLHQHQODFROD
PiVODUJD\JUXHVDHQFRPSDUDFLyQFRQODVKHPEUDV
(UQHVW &.* #/  5XHGD$OPRQDFLG &.* #/ 
GLVSRQLEOH HQ %..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4H* %..3@AAF03$21
6&F22;$2'FG
DISTRIBUCIÓN PROBABLE COLOMBIA
!
R&*$)&?/,&-#21%#%)+@_2$OQRURULHQWHGH6XUDPpE
ULFD DO RULHQWH \ VXU GH9HQH]XHOD HQ ODV *XD\DE
`a?&$+$_(VSHFLHVHOYiWLFD YLYH HQ DUUR\RV FDxRV
\ ODJRV HQ ERVTXHV GH JDOHUtD GH GRVHO FHUUDGR \
YHJHWDFLyQDFXiWLFDDEXQGDQWH(UQHVW&.*#/
4/$.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AA
BBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG
8&*$+2 9":+2 ;2 !&$%*_2 (VSHFLH QR FODVLÀFDGD SRU
8,&1QLLQFOXLGDHQORV$SpQGLFHVGH&LWHV5XHE
QDV6XULQDPQRURULHQWHGH%UDVLO&RORPELD3HU~
(FXDGRU%ROLYLD3DUDJXD\\$UJHQWLQD+DELWDWDQWR
;(%!)-%'(%!6!N#$(%!*&'$#&(%2!)-9-!;(!#$:*+&!&-#'$!6!
QRURULHQWHGHODFXHQFDGHO$PD]RQDV6RX]D
)ULW] +DYDä5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;
GLVSRQLEOHHQ%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG
.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/,8&1
KL%#+M+*_21RHVWDQDSHWHFLGDSRUTXHORVKXHE
YRVGHODWRUWXJDSURGXFHQUHDFFLRQHVDOpUJLFDV6LQ
HPEDUJRHVFRQVXPLGDORFDOPHQWHSRUDOJXQDVFRE
PXQLGDGHVLQGtJHQDVGHODPD]RQDV5XHGD$OPRQDE
)*.!&.*#/,8&1
R&*$)&?/,&-#2%#2!"@"L?&+_2(VSRVLEOHTXHKDELE
WH\VHHQFXHQWUHHQODFXHQFDDPD]yQLFD(UQHVW
&.*#/5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/GLVSRQLEOH
$&I!%..3@AABBB;.&).-60,&);2"4FG

85
 Nombre Común Familia 6WUJZMKQMV\yÅKW
Icotea, tartaruga japonesa, Emydidae Trachemys scripta elegans
Red-eared Slider (Schoepff, 1792)

INTRODUCIDA
!+)+,$%)A*$&,+*21%#%)+@%*_27RUWXJDVHPLDFXiWLFD GRQHJUR(OGRUVRGHODFDEH]DHVWiFXELHUWRSRU
GHPi[LPRFPGHODUJR(OFDSDUD]yQHVRYDODGR SLHOOLVDVLQHVFDPDVHVGHFRORUYHUGHFRQOtQHDV
HQIRUPDGHGRPRHQFDGDXQRGHVXVHVFXGRVFRVE ORQJLWXGLQDOHVDPDULOODV\XQDDQFKDEDQGDURMDTXH
WDOHV SRVHH XQD IUDQMD DPDULOOD WUDQVYHUVDO SURPLE VHH[WLHQGHGHVGHHOERUGHSRVWHULRUGHORMRKDFLD
QHQWH(OSODVWUyQVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUWHQHUHQFDGD HO FXHOOR (O KRFLFR PHQWyQ FXHOOR \ SDWDV WLHQHQ
$%)/.-!/&!%-;-!-)$;-!H/$!)-&!;(!$.(.!%$!<(!'-#&(&E OtQHDV ORQJLWXGLQDOHV DPDULOODV /DV SDWDV VRQ FRPE
86
 SOHWDPHQWHSDOPHDGDV/RVFRORUHVHQORVPDFKRV KL%#+M+*_2(VFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRHVSHFLHH[yWLFD
RVFXUHFHQPiVUiSLGRTXHHQODVKHPEUDVDGHPiV SRU OD 8,&1 SULQFLSDOPHQWH FD]DGD SDUD VHU FRE
pVWRVVRQPiVSHTXHxRVFRQHOFDSDUD]yQHVPiV PHUFLDOL]DGDFRPRPDVFRWDDQLYHOORFDO&DVWDxR
0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/'HSUHE
DSODQDGR \ DQJRVWR \ OD FROD PiV ODUJD &DVWDxR
0RUD5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/;E*JKKOFG VHQWDUVH HQ DPELHQWHV QDWXUDOHV HQ QXHVWUR SDtV
SRGUtDSRQHUHQULHVJRODVSREODFLRQHVGHODVRWUDV
R&*$)&?/,&-#2 1%#%)+@_2 8$%.$! $;! %/#-#*$&'$! .$;! GRV HVSHFLHV QDWLYDV GH !"#$%&'()! $! *&);/%-! -'#(%!
INTRODUCIDA

HVWDGRGH9LUJLQLDKDVWDHOQRUWHGH)ORULGDHQORV HVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDV
(VWDGRV8QLGRV&DUU)ULW] +DYDä

`a?&$+$_26HHQFXHQWUDHQFXDOTXLHUFXHUSRKtGULFR
VHPLSHUPDQHQWHPHQRVHQORVTXHSUHVHQWDQFRE
UULHQWHVIXHUWHV(VFRP~QHQGRQGHKD\DEXQGDQE
WHYHJHWDFLyQVXPHUJLGDRÁRWDQWH&DVWDxR0RUD
5XHGD$OPRQDFLG&.*#/G2!JKKOFG

8&*$+29":+2;2!&$%*_2(VSHFLHFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRQR
DPHQD]DGDSRUOD8,&17DPSRFRHVWiLQFOXLGDHQ
ORV$SpQGLFHVGH&LWHV&DVWDxR0RUD5XHE
.(E=;9-&()*.!&.*#/G2!JKKOFG

87
 9%,"L%#'+,&"#%*21%#%)+@%*2N+)+2%@2L+#%:"2'/)+#$%22
;2'%*N/P*2'%@2'%,"L&*"2'%2$")$/1+*

0;! 9(&$5-! (.$)/(.-! .$! ;-%! *&.*<*./-%! .$! FLyQ\9DORUDFLyQGH)DXQD6LOYHVWUH²&$9²GHVE O+#&N/@+,&-#2

IDXQD VLOYHVWUH GXUDQWH \ GHVSXpV GH XQ GHE WUXFFLyQLQFLQHUDFLyQVLSUHVHQWDQDOJ~QWLSRGH
(VUHFRPHQGDEOHXWLOL]DUJXDQWHVGHQLWULOR
FRPLVR HV QHFHVDULR SDUD JDUDQWL]DU OD VDOXG ULHVJRSDUDODVDOXGKXPDQDDQLPDORYHJHWDOR
WLSRJXDQWHVGHFLUXJtDGHSYFXRWURPDWHE
\VXSHUYLYHQFLDGHORVHVSHFtPHQHVDVtFRPR DPHQD]DQDOPHGLRDPELHQWH DSOLFDFLyQGHOD
ULDOTXHVHDUHVLVWHQWHDORVÁXLGRV\SHUIRUDE
SDUDHYLWDUOHVLRQHVDOSHUVRQDOHQFDUJDGRGH HXWDQDVLD ,8&1  HQWUHJD D ]RROyJLFRV
FLRQHVRHQVXGHIHFWRJXDQWHVGHFDUQD]DR
HVWDVODERUHV\ULHVJRVGHVDOXGS~EOLFD UHGGHDPLJRVGHODIDXQD WHQHGRUHVGHIDXQD
FXHURVXDYHFRQJXDQWHVGHQLWULORGHEDMRSDUD
VLOYHVWUHROLEHUDFLRQHVHQVHPLFDXWLYHULR
6LELHQOD5HVROXFLyQGHOGHRFWXE SURWHJHUODVPDQRVGHOtTXLGRVFRQWDPLQDGRV
EUHGHGHO0$'6HVSHFtÀFDORVSURFHE (QFDGDXQRGHHVWRVVLWLRVGHEHQVHJXLUVH (OXVRGHJXDQWHVHVPX\LPSRUWDQWHSRUTXH
.*9*$&'-%! (! #$(;*>(#! ./#(&'$! $;! .$)-9*%-2! (%@! XQRV SURWRFRORV HVSHFtÀFRV SDUD HO UHJLVWUR HYLWDODFRQWDPLQDFLyQFRQSDUiVLWRVKRQJRV\
FRPRODGLVSRVLFLyQÀQDOTXHGHEHQWHQHUORV GHLQIRUPDFLyQGHODVWRUWXJDVDVtFRPRSDUD EDFWHULDVTXHSXHGDQHVWDUHQODSLHORFDSDUDE
*&.*<*./-%! *&)(/'(.-%2! $&! $%'$! .-)/9$&'-! %$! HO GLDJQyVWLFR OD HYDOXDFLyQ FOtQLFD ELROyJLFD ]yQGHORVDQLPDOHV'XTXH *LUDOGR
SUHVHQWDQ DOJXQDV UHFRPHQGDFLRQHV SDUD HO \]RRWpFQLFDHOWUDWDPLHQWRODUHKDELOLWDFLyQ \WDPELpQPLQLPL]DRHYLWDOHVLRQHVSRUUDVJXE
PDQHMR GH ORV HVSHFtPHQHV GH WRUWXJDV GXE \ODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHVSRVWHULRUHVUHVSHFWR xRVRPRUGHGXUDV
UDQWHHVWHWLSRGHSURFHGLPLHQWRV DO GHVWLQR ÀQDO GH ORV LQGLYLGXRV GH WRUWXJDV $OPDQLSXODUORVLQGLYLGXRVHVQHFHVDULRWHE
'XUDQWH ORV GHFRPLVRV VH SXHGH LQFDXWDU GHFRPLVDGDVHVWLSXODGRVHQHO'HFUHWR QHUHQFXHQWDORVVLJXLHQWHVDVSHFWRV
PDWHULDO ELROyJLFR YLYR PXHUWR R SURGXFWRV GHGHO0$'60$9'7D t
(VWRVDQLPDOHVHQHVSHFLDOORVDGXOWRVWLHQE
GHULYDGRV (VWHPDWHULDOSXHGHFRUUHVSRQGHUD /DV UHFRPHQGDFLRQHV SUHVHQWDGDV HQ HVWH GHQDPRUGHU\UDVJXxDUSDUDGHIHQGHUVH
LQGLYLGXRV QHRQDWRV UHFLpQ QDFLGRV MXYHQLOHV GRFXPHQWRFRQVLGHUDQFXDWURDVSHFWRVIXQGDE
DGXOWRVFDUQHRSDUWHVGHFXHUSR\FDSDUD]RQHV PHQWDOHV PDQLSXODFLyQGHODVWRUWXJDV\RVXV t
(V QHFHVDULR VRVWHQHU DO DQLPDO ERFD DUULED
FRQODFDEH]DOHMRVGHODVPDQRV\GHOFXHUSR
3-%!.$%'*&-%!.$!;-%!*&.*<*./-%!.$)-9*%(.-%! GHULYDGRV WUDQVSRUWH PDQXWHQFLyQ \ FXLGDGR GHOPDQLSXODGRUSDUDHYLWDUPRUGHGXUDV
HVWiQHVWDEOHFLGRVHQHODUW GHOD/H\ GHORVHVSHFtPHQHV\DSR\RHQODVODERUHVGH
GHGHO0$9'7\SXHGHQVHUOLEHUDFLyQDO SHULWDMH t
6L HV XQ DGXOWR GHEH VRVWHQHUVH ÀUPHE
PHGLRQDWXUDOGLVSRVLFLyQHQ&HQWURVGH$WHQE PHQWHFRQDPEDVPDQRVDODGR\ODGRGHO

88
 FDSDUD]yQ )LJ  6L HO DQLPDO HVWi PX\ 0DQXWHQFLyQ\FXLGDGRÀQDOGHORV
LQTXLHWRVHSXHGHDFRVWDUERFDDUULEDSDUD %*N%,AL%#%*
TXH VH FDOPH \ DVt SRGHU PDQLSXODUOR GH
PDQHUDPiVVHJXUD(VLPSRUWDQWHUHFRUE
3DUD JDUDQWL]DU FRQGLFLRQHV DSURSLDGDV GH
.(#! H/$! (/&H/$! ;(%! '-#'/:(%! %-&! (&*9(;$%! VDOXG\ODVXSHUYLYHQFLDGHODVWRUWXJDVHVQHE
GHFDSDUD]yQGXURHVWHSXHGHIUDFWXUDUVH FHVDULRFRQVLGHUDUORVVLJXLHQWHVDVSHFWRV
SRUORTXHHVUHFRPHQGDEOHQRJROSHDUODV t
/DVWRUWXJDVVRQDQLPDOHVTXHGHSHQGHQGHOD
GXUDQWH OD PDQLSXODFLyQ \ HYLWDU VDFDU GH WHPSHUDWXUD\KXPHGDGH[WHUQDRDPELHQWDO
PDQHUDEUXVFDODVEROVDVGHOFDPLyQHQHO SDUDUHJXODUVXWHPSHUDWXUDFRUSRUDOHVSRU
TXHVHDQWUDQVSRUWDGDV $;;-!H/$!$%!&$)$%(#*-!9(&$5(#!)-&.*)*-&$%!$%E
t
/RVQHRQDWRV\MXYHQLOHVVHSXHGHQPDQLSXE WDEOHVGHHVWRVIDFWRUHVSDUDUHGXFLUHOHVWUpV
ODUVRVWHQLpQGRORVÀUPHPHQWHFRQORVGHGRV 0&1/)+23Q4!B-#9(!.$!%-%'$&$#!/&!&$-&('-!.$! 0%'-%! (&*9(;$%! &$)$%*'(&! 9(&'$&$#%$! $&! /&!
SXOJDU\FRUD]yQHQODSDUWHFHQWUDOGHDPEDV '-#'/:(G UDQJRGHWHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWHGHDƒ&
FRQFKDVRVREUHFDGDSXHQWHHQORVFRVWDGRV IXHUDGHODJXD\GHDƒ&HQHODJXD/DV
)LJ1RROYLGDUTXHHOFDSDUD]yQHQHVWRV >)+#*N")$%2'%2@"*2%*N%,AL%#%* EDMDVWHPSHUDWXUDVFRQVWDQWHVSXHGHQJHQHUDU
HVWDGLRVHVPX\IUiJLO\TXHEUDGL]R/HJXt]DE DOHWDUJDPLHQWRGHORVDQLPDOHVSRUTXHEDMDQ
PRGDWRVQRSXEOLFDGRV 3DUDXQWUDQVSRUWHDGHFXDGRKD\TXHVHSDE VXV SURFHVRV PHWDEyOLFRV RFDVLRQDQGR IDOWD
UDUORVQHRQDWRVUHFLpQQDFLGRVGHORVMXYHE GHDSHWLWRORFXDOSXHGHOOHYDUDLQPXQRVXSUHE
&*;$%!6!(./;'-%2!(;!*:/(;!H/$!;-%!*&.*<*./-%!)-&! VLyQ\DSUREOHPDVUHVSLUDWRULRV2ODY $OOHQ
OHVLRQHV R HQIHUPHGDGHV DSDUHQWHV 6H UHFRE *XUOH\:LHVQHU ,EHQ
PLHQGDWUDQVSRUWDUORVDQLPDOHVHQORSRVLEOH t
0%!<*'(;!H/$!;-%!(&*9(;$%!H/$!;;$:/$&!(!;-%!A-E
HQFDMDVLQGLYLGXDOHVRKDFLHQGRFRPSDUWLPHQE JDUHVGHSDVR&$9RFXDOTXLHUVLWLRGHGLVE
WRVGHSRFRVLQGLYLGXRVVHSDUDGRVSRUWUR]RV SRVLFLyQ WHPSRUDO R ÀQDO VHDQ PDQWHQLGRV
GHFDUWyQ(VLPSRUWDQWHHYLWDUHOKDFLQDPLHQE HQWHUUDULRVLQGLYLGXDOHVSXHGHQVHUEDOGHV
WR\ODVYDULDFLRQHVIXHUWHVGHWHPSHUDWXUDDVt FRQ VXHOR VHFR SHUR EODQGR EDMR FRQGLFLRE
FRPRIDFLOLWDUHOÁXMRGHDLUHHQHOPHGLRHQHO QHV HVWDEOHV GH WHPSHUDWXUD SDUD ORJUDU
TXHVHHVWiQWUDQVSRUWDQGR /&(! ();*9('()*+&2! (&'$%! .$! %$#! )-;-)(.-%!
0&1/)+23=4!B-#9(!.$!%-%'$&$#!/&!(./;'-!.$! HQ HQFLHUURV GHÀQLWLYRV FRQ DJXD7DPELpQ
'-#'/:(!)-&!;(%!.-%!9(&-%G VH SXHGH XVDU R UHFLFODU EDxHUDV GH EHEH

89
 SDUDPDQWHQHUOD]RQDK~PHGDGHOWHUUDULR GDUOX]DUWLÀFLDOHQHOUDQJRGHODHPLVLyQGH t
1R DGPLQLVWUDU JUDQRV DUYHMD IULMRO R
DGDSWDGDVFRQFDMDVHQODSDUWHVXSHULRUSDUD ORV UD\RV VRODUHV (Q ODV QRFKHV VH GHEH JDE JDUEDQ]RQLFRPLGDSDUDJDWRVRSHUURV
SURYHHU XQD ]RQD VHFD R KDFHU FDMRQHV GH UDQWL]DUXQDWHPSHUDWXUDTXHQREDMHGHORV \D TXH WLHQHQ H[FHVR GH SURWHtQDV QR
9(.$#(2!;-%!)/(;$%!%-&!/&(!(;'$#&('*<(!$)-E  ƒ& SHUR VLQ OX] SDUD PDQWHQHU HO ULWPR GLJHULEOHV SDUD HOODV TXH SXHGHQ FDXVDU
QyPLFDTXHSHUPLWHWHQHUYDULRVHQFLHUURV FLUFDGLDQR+LJKÀHOG2ODY $OOHQ GDxRUHQDO\KHSiWLFR
HQXQHVSDFLRSHTXHxR\FRQVHUYDUXQDEXHE *XUOH\:LHVQHU ,EHQ
t
6XPLQLVWUDU DEXQGDQWH ÀEUD D SDUWLU GH
QDYHQWLODFLyQ!%&*!2".20)&*!"-).!&.*#/
t
/DDOLPHQWDFLyQHQFDXWLYHULRHVXQIDFWRUIXQE YHJHWDOHV SUHIHULEOHPHQWH QR FXOWLYDGRV
3-%!'$##(#*-%!.$!<*.#*-!&-!%-&!;-%!9N%!()-&E
GDPHQWDO SDUD HO PDQWHQLPLHQWR GH OD VDOXG FRPRKLHUEDV\PDOH]DVKRMDV\ÁRUHVGH
VHMDEOHV\DTXHÀOWUDQSDUWHGHODUDGLDFLyQ
\ VXSHUYLYHQFLD GH ORV HVSHFtPHQHV &RPR GLHQWHGHOHyQKRMDVGHWUpEROHLQFOXVR
VRODU QHFHVDULD SDUD SURFHVRV PHWDEyOLFRV
6(!%$!9$&)*-&+2!;(%!'-#'/:(%!'$##$%'#$%!6!.$! SDVWRVSHURQRGDUJUDQGHVFDQWLGDGHVGH
HVHQFLDOHV SDUD ODV WRUWXJDV SXHGHQ FDXVDU
(:/(!./;)$!%-&!-9&@<-#(%2!$%!.$)*#!H/$!$&!%/! OHFKXJDHVSLQDFD\DFHOJD\DTXHFRQWLHE
VREUHFDOHQWDPLHQWRH[FHVLYRGHODJXD\VRQ
PHGLRQDWXUDOVHDOLPHQWDQGHSODQWDVÁRUHV QHQ R[DODWRV VDOHV TXH SXHGHQ FDXVDU
IUiJLOHV DQWH ORV JROSHV FDXVDGRV SRU HVWRV
VHPLOODVIUXWRVDQpOLGRVJXVDQRVPROXVFRV IDOODUHQDO\JHQHUDOPHQWHVRQIXPLJDGRV
DQLPDOHVHLQFOXVRSRUORVFXLGDGRUHV
FDUDFROHV\EDERVDVFUXVWiFHRVFDQJUHMRV\ FRQ PXFKRV DJURTXtPLFRV TXH SXHGHQ
t
/DVWRUWXJDVGHEHQWHQHUGLDULDPHQWHDOPHE ODQJRVWDVLQVHFWRVSHFHVSHTXHxRV\DQÀELRV VHUWy[LFRV(VWHWLSRGHYHJHWDOHVDGPLE
QRVKRUDVGHH[SRVLFLyQDOX]VRODUGLUHFE
WDSHURVLHPSUHFRQDFFHVRDVRPEUtR\XQD
]RQDFRQDJXDSDUDHYLWDUVREUHFDOHQWDPLHQE
WR /D H[SRVLFLyQ D OX] VRODU QDWXUDO UD\RV
UHQDFXDMRV\UDQDV6LQHPEDUJRHOVLVWHPD &*%'#(#;-%! 9N1*9-! /&(! <$>! (! ;(! %$9(&(G!
GLJHVWLYR\UHQDOGHHVWRVDQLPDOHVHVEDVWDQWH (YLWDU HO WRPDWH \ HO SHSLQR \D TXH VXV
VLPSOHSRUORFXDOQRWLHQHQXQDEXHQDFDSDE VHPLOODVSXHGHQVHUWy[LFDV
FLGDG GH ÀOWUDFLyQ GH VDOHV \ FDUERKLGUDWRV
t
'DU IUXWDV SHUR QR HQ H[FHVR HVSHFLDOE
89%OHVSHUPLWHQRVRORUHJXODUVXWHPSHE
UDWXUDFRUSRUDOVLQRWDPELpQPHWDEROL]DUOD
YLWDPLQD'\ÀMDUHOFDOFLR$GLFLRQDOPHQWHOD
OX]VRODUDFHOHUDSURFHVRVGHFLFDWUL]DFLyQGH
(Q JHQHUDO QHFHVLWDQ XQD GLHWD ULFD HQ ÀEUD
PHQWHVLVRQPX\GXOFHVFRPRODSDSD\D
\FDOFLRSHUREDMDHQSURWHtQDVJUDVDV\HVE
HOPDQJR\HOEDQDQR\DTXHODVWRUWXJDV
SHFLDOPHQWH EDMD HQ FDUERKLGUDWRV VDOHV \
QRSURFHVDQELHQORVD]~FDUHV/DVIUXWDV
D]~FDUHV+LJKÀHOG2ODY $OOHQ
GHEHQ VHU DGPLQLVWUDGDV HQ SHTXHxDV
KHULGDV\SHUPLWHHOFRQWUROGHKRQJRVDOJDV *XUOH\:LHVQHU ,EHQ )(&'*.(.$%!6!&-!'-.-%!;-%!.@(%G!0&!$;!9$E
\EDFWHULDVTXHSXHGHQFUHFHUVREUHODSLHO\
=;! %/9*&*%'#(#! ;(! .*$'(! (! ;-%! (&*9(;$%! $%! GLRQDWXUDO\HQHOiUHDGHGLVWULEXFLyQODV
HO FDSDUD]yQ (Q FDVR GH QR SRGHU SURYHHU
KLFRWHDV KDQ VLGR REVHUYDGDV FRPLHQGR
HVWDVKRUDVGHVROVHGHEHQWHQHUERPELOORV &$)$%(#*-!'$&$#!$&!)/$&'(!;(%!%*:/*$&'$%!#$)-E
JXDQiEDQDHVSHFLHVVLPLODUHVDQyQ\FKLE
ÁXRUHVFHQWHV R GH YDSRU GH PHUFXULR TXH PHQGDFLRQHV UHDOL]DGDV SRU +LJKÀHOG 
ULPR\D\JXD\DED
FXPSODQODIXQFLyQGHFDOHQWDUHODPELHQWH\ 2ODY $OOHQ*XUOH\\:LHVQHU
,EHQ

90
t
$GPLQLVWUDUSURWHtQDDQLPDOSDUDORFXDO KN";"2 %#2 @+*2 @+?")%*2 '%2 &#,+/$+,&-#2 ;2 ELHQWDOHV58,$\HO3RUWDOGH,QIRUPDFLyQ
VHOHVSXHGHGDULQVHFWRVORPEULFHVWURE N%)&$+:%
]RVSHTXHxRVGHSHVFDGRRFDUQHFUXGD
t
6H UHTXLHUH XQD DGHFXDGD LGHQWLÀFDFLyQ WDE
t
&RPSOHPHQWDU OD GLHWD FRQ XQ VXSOHPHQWR
GHFDUERQDWRGHFDOFLR\YLWDPLQD'SUHIHE
ULEOHPHQWHHQSROYRTXHSXHGHVHUHVSROYRE
UHDGRVREUHODFRPLGDPi[LPRXQDYH]DOD
VHPDQDSHURHYLWDQGRORVVXSOHPHQWRVTXH
WHQJDQDPLQRiFLGRV\IyVIRUR/DVREUHGRVLV
GH HVWRV VXSOHPHQWRV FDXVD VHULRV SUREOHE
PDVGHVDOXG\PDOIRUPDFLRQHVSRUORFXDO
GHEHQ VHU VXPLQLVWUDGRV EDMR IRUPXODFLyQ
<$'$#*&(#*(G
t
)LQDOPHQWH QR GHEH VXPLQLVWUDUVH D ORV
DQLPDOHV FRPLGDV SURFHVDGDV VREUDV GH t
(V LPSRUWDQWH GLIHUHQFLDU PDFKRV GH KHPE
VREUH)DXQD6LOYHVWUH3,)6(VWRVGDWRVSHUE
PLWLUiQREWHQHULQGLFDGRUHVGHOWUiÀFRLOHJDO
GHÁRUD\IDXQDHQHOSDtV(VSHFtÀFDPHQWH
1-&+9*)(!.$!;-%!*&.*<*./-%!*&)(/'(.-%G!"(#(!
HV LPSRUWDQWH UHJLVWUDU HO OXJDU \ VLWLR GHO
IDFLOLWDUODODERUGHORVHVSHFLDOLVWDVHVQHFHE
SURFHGLPLHQWRLQIRUPDFLyQGHORVHVSHFtPHE
VDULRWRPDUIRWRVGHEXHQDFDOLGDG(VWDVGHE
QHVHOQRPEUHFLHQWtÀFRHOQRPEUHFRP~Q
EHQHVWDUELHQHQIRFDGDVQRVREUHH[SXHVWDV
ODFDQWLGDGSRUHVSHFLH\VH[RHOHVWDGRGH
UHJLVWUDUFODUDPHQWHORVSDWURQHVGHFRORUDE
GHVDUUROORHOOXJDUGHSURFHGHQFLD\HOOXJDU
FLyQ\ODIRUPDJHQHUDOGHFDEH]DSDWDVFDSDE
.$!.$%'*&-G!
UD]yQSODVWUyQ\FXHUSRFRPSOHWR$GHPiV
DOWRPDUODVIRWRJUDItDVVHUHFRPLHQGDLQFOXLU t
(O SHULWDMH GHEH HVWDU GRFXPHQWDGR FRQ
XQD HVFDOD SDUD WHQHU XQD LGHD GHO WDPDxR FLWDVGHOLEURVDUWtFXORV\FRQVXOWDDHVSHE
GHODWRUWXJDXVDUXQHVIHURUHJODPHWURR FLDOLVWDV 'HEH LQFOXLU LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUH
)/(.$#&-FG OD WD[RQRPtD \ OD GLVWULEXFLyQ GH ODV HVE
SHFLHV GH WRUWXJDV HQGpPLFDV HVSHFLHV
UDUDVVXLPSRUWDQFLDHFROyJLFDVXFDWHE
FRPLGD KXPDQD QL FRQFHQWUDGRV SDUD EUDV\VXVFDQWLGDGHV\DTXHHVWRVGDWRVVRQ
JRUtD GH DPHQD]D /LEURV 5RMRV ,8&1
(&*9(;$%G! 3(%! %$9*;;(%! .$! ;(%! 9(&>(&(%2! IXQGDPHQWDOHV SDUD HYDOXDU HO HIHFWR TXH
ODV KRMDV \ EURWHV GH ORV WRPDWHV \ GH
OD SDWLOOD VRQ DOWDPHQWH Wy[LFDV SDUD ODV
&LWHV\HOHIHFWRGHVXH[WUDFFLyQHQOD
WLHQHODH[WUDFFLyQVREUHODGLQiPLFDSREODE
UHSURGXFFLyQ FUHFLPLHQWR VXSHUYLYHQFLD
FLRQDOGHODVGLIHUHQWHVHVSHFLHVGHWRUWXJDV
SREODFLRQDO\HQHOPDQWHQLPLHQWRGHORV
WRUWXJDV(VLPSRUWDQWHUHFRUGDUTXHORV /HPRV&.*#/;
HFRVLVWHPDVHQORVTXHKDELWDQ
DQLPDOHVSXHGHQQRPRVWUDUORVVtQWRPDV
t
6HUHTXLHUHGLOLJHQFLDUGHPDQHUDFRPSOHWD
GH LQWR[LFDFLyQ R IDOOD UHQDO \ KHSiWLFD
\YHUD]HOIRUPDWRGH$FWDÓQLFDGH&RQWURO
*&9$.*('(9$&'$G! 0&! :$&$#(;2! ;-%! (&*9(;$%!
DO7UiÀFRGH)DXQD\)ORUD6LOYHVWUH$QH[R
VLOYHVWUHV FRPR PHFDQLVPR GH VXSHUYLE
 5HVROXFLyQ  GH  \D TXH HVWD
YHQFLD QR PDQLÀHVWDQ ORV HIHFWRV GH ODV
LQIRUPDFLyQHVXQLQVXPRIXQGDPHQWDOSDUD
HQIHUPHGDGHVHQVXIDVHLQLFLDOHVWRVVRQ
ORV SRUWDOHV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ UHJODPHQWDGRV
HYLGHQWHV FXDQGR ORV yUJDQRV \ VXV IXQE
SRUHO0$'60$9'7(VWRVSRUWDOHV
FLRQHV \D HVWiQ LUUHSDUDEOHPHQWH DIHFWDE
VRQ HO 5HJLVWUR ÓQLFR GH ,QIUDFWRUHV $PE
GRV!%&*!2".20)&*!"-).!&.*#/!

91

K'+N$+,&-#3URFHVRTXHOHSHUE
9*'$!(!/&!-#:(&*%9-!<*<*#!$&!%/!(9E
ELHQWHFRPRUHVXOWDGRGHGLIHUHQWHV
$<$&'-%!$<-;/'*<-%G!
K1/+*2?@+#,+*&XHUSRVGHDJXD
WXUELD TXH SUHVHQWDQ XQD DOWD FRQE
)$&'#()*+&!.$!%$.*9$&'-%!6!)-&!/&!
S@"*+)&"
KN+)%+L&%#$"I!7-&5/&'-!.$!)-9E
SRUWDPLHQWRVGHFRUWHMR\FySXOD
KNP#'&,%2 'P)L&,"I! "#-;-&:(E
)*+&!.$!-#*:$&!.C#9*)-G!
KN)%[%#*&-#2 N)%F%#$&F+I! M$E
GLGDLPSXHVWDSRUODDXWRULGDGDPE
ELHQWDO PHGLDQWH DFWR DGPLQLVWUDWLE
X"*b/%2 '%2 1+@%)A+I! B-#9()*+&!
ERVFRVD GHO WUySLFR XELFDGD HQ ORV
ERUGHV\SODQLFLHVULEHUHxRV
X"*b/%2 []L%'"2 $)"N&,+@I! ?*-E
PDXELFDGRHQWUHODVODWLWXGHVƒ1
\  ƒ6 3UHVHQWD XQD WHPSHUDWXUD
SURPHGLR GH  ƒ& SUHFLSLWDFLyQ
EHQ SURYLVLRQDOPHQWH HVSHFtPHQHV
GH HVSHFLHV VLOYHVWUHV GH IDXQD \
ÁRUDWHUUHVWUH\RDFXiWLFDTXHKDQ
VLGRREMHWRGHDSUHKHQVLyQGHFRPLE
VRRUHVWLWXFLyQSDUDVXHYDOXDFLyQ
('$&)*+&2! <(;-#()*+&2! '#('(9*$&'-! 6!
GHWHUPLQDFLyQGHODRSFLyQSDUDVX
S+DOUHGHGRUGHQHXWUR
K1/+*2@P#$&,+*&XHUSRVGHDJXD
TXH QR SUHVHQWDQ FRUULHQWH FRQWLE
&/(2!'(;$%!)-9-!;(:-%2!;(:/&(%2!)A(#E
FDV\SDQWDQRV
K1/+*2 #%1)+* &XHUSRV GH DJXD
FDUJDGDVGHiFLGRVK~PLFRVFRQS+
N)*.-G!
K1/+*2 $%LN")+@%* &XHUSRV GH
DJXDV GRQGH HO ÁXMR FHVD GXUDQWH
XQDSDUWHGHODxR
K1/+*2 N%)L+#%#$%* &XHUSRV
GHDJXDHQORVTXHHOÁXMRHVFRQE
'*&/-!./#(&'$!'-.-!$;!)*);-!A*.#-;+E
:*)-!(&/(;G!
DQXDO TXH VREUHSDVD ORV  FP2! GLVSRVLFLyQÀQDO
YRTXHFRQVLVWHHQHODFWRItVLFRGH
WRPDU SRVHVLyQ GH XQ HVSpFLPHQ \YHJHWDFLyQHQVXPD\RUtDVLHPSUH !%#$)"2 '%2 K$%#,&-#2 I+@")+e
GHIDXQDRÁRUDVLOYHVWUHGHPDQHUD <$#.$G ,&-#2 ;2 9%[+?&@&$+,&-#2 B!KI9DI!
WHPSRUDO X"*b/%2 *%," )RUPDFLyQ ERVE /XJDU GRQGH VH UHFLEHQ DQLPDOHV
FRVD TXH QR H[FHGH ORV  VLOYHVWUHVFRQHOÀQGHUHKDELOLWDUORV
K*%))+'"(QIRUPDGHVLHUUD
PVQP WHPSHUDWXUDV TXH VXSHUDQ SDUDUHJUHVDUDVXKiELWDWQDWXUDO
X+)?&,%@"*2 L%#$"#&+#"*I! "#-E
ORVƒ&SUHFLSLWDFLyQDQXDOTXH !&*/)+ $EHUWXUD KHQGLGXUD R
6$))*-&$%! (;(#:(.(%! '$&'()/;(#$%!
-%)*;(!$&'#$!;-%!OKK!(!J!KKK!99!6! JULHWDPX\ÀQD
GH OD PDQGtEXOD SRVLEOHPHQWH FRQ
<$:$'()*+&! )-&! A-5(%! )(./)(%! ./E !"LN)&L&'" $SUHWDGR GLVPLE
IXQFLyQ VHQVRULDO SDUD FDSWXUD GH
#(&'$!;(!$%'()*+&!%$)(G &/*.-!.$!<-;/9$&G
SUHVDV
!+N+)+M-#I! 0%'#/)'/#(! .-#%(;! !-#,+F" /tQHD R VXSHUÀFLH TXH
X%#$-#&,"6HUHÀHUHDWRGRRUE
H[RHVTXHOpWLFDGHSURWHFFLyQ\GHE VLHQGR FXUYD WLHQH VX SDUWH PiV
JDQLVPR R KiELWDW GHO IRQGR EHQE
IHQVDFRPSXHVWDGHHVFXGRVGpUPLE KXQGLGD HQ HO FHQWUR UHVSHFWR GH
'-%F! .$! $1'$&%*-&$%! .$! (:/(! '(;$%!
FRVH[WHUQRV\SODFDVyVHDVLQWHUQDV H/*$&!;(!9*#(G
)-9-!9(#$%2!#@-%!-!;(:-%G
!+)%#+'"2 Bc/&@@+'"DI! "#-<*%'-! !"#*N&,/"1RWDEOHRVREUHVDOLHQWH
X"*b/%2 ,+'/,&V"@&"I! B-#9()*+&!
.$!H/*;;(G
KL%#+M+* $FWLYLGDGHV DQWUySLE
FDV R IHQyPHQRV QDWXUDOHV TXH JHE
QHUDQ DOJ~Q WLSR GH ULHVJR SDUD ODV
IXQFLRQHVGHORVHFRVLVWHPDV\ROD
GLYHUVLGDGELROyJLFD
ERVFRVD GH ]RQDV WHPSODGDV FX\D
YHJHWDFLyQSUHVHQWDSpUGLGDGHKRE
MDV GXUDQWH FRQGLFLRQHV SRFR IDYRE
UDEOHVFRPRODVGHOLQYLHUQR
!+))"d+&DUQHPXHUWDHQSXE
WUHIDFFLyQ
!%#$)"2 '%2K$%#,&-#2 ;2I+@")+e
,&-#2 B!KIDI! 3/:(#! .-&.$! %$! #$)*E
!"#*$)&,,&-#&RQVWUHxLPLHQWR
2SUHVLyQ TXH VXIUH XQD SDUWH GHO
FXHUSR /LPLWDFLyQ R UHGXFFLyQ GH
(;:-G

92
 !")$%:"I! "#-)$%-! .$! %$;$))*+&!
\ DWUDFFLyQ TXH VH GD SUHYLR DO
DSDUHDPLHQWR
!)AN$&,"4XHHVGLItFLOGHYHU
'HFRPLVR GHÀQLWLYRI! 0%! ;(! %(&E
FLyQDGPLQLVWUDWLYDLPSXHVWDSRUOD
DXWRULGDG DPELHQWDO PHGLDQWH DFWR
(.9*&*%'#('*<-! 9-'*<(.-2! H/$! )-&E
VLVWH HQ OD DSUHKHQVLyQ PDWHULDO \
GHÀQLWLYD VREUH DTXHOORV HVSHFtPHE
QHV GH HVSHFLHV H[yWLFDV VLOYHVWUHV
GHIDXQD\ÁRUDWHUUHVWUHRDFXiWLFD
\GHORVSURGXFWRVHOHPHQWRVPHE
GLRV H LPSOHPHQWRV XWLOL]DGRV SDUD
LQIULQJLU ODV QRUPDV DPELHQWDOHV
HQ ORV WpUPLQRV HQ TXH VHxDODQ OD
/H\  GH  HO SDUiJUDIR GHO
DUWtFXOR  HO QXPHUDO  GHO DUW
 \ HQ HO DUW  \ HQ HO GHFUHWR
/H\  GH  \ VXV GHFUHWRV
#$:;(9$&'(#*-%G
R%N)&L&'"$SODVWDGRHQHOSODQR
IURQWDOFRPRHOFXHUSRGHODUD\D!
R"L"%yYHGDHQIRUPDGHPHGLD
HVIHUD
5,@"*&-#I!M-9$&'-!$&!$;!H/$!;-%!
&$-&('-%!%(;$&!.$;!A/$<-G
5N&?&-#$&,"2 B%N&?&"#$%FI! P#:(E
QLVPRQRSDUiVLWRTXHYLYHRFUHFH
DOPHQRVHQXQDIDVHGHOFLFORYLWDO
HQ OD VXSHUÀFLH GH RWUR RUJDQLVPR
GHPD\RUWDPDxR
5*,/'"*I!3N9*&(%!)+#&$(%!.$!-#*E
JHQHSLGpUPLFRVLWXDGDVHQODVXSHUE
ÀFLHH[WHUQDGHOFDSDUD]yQ(VFDPDV
5*N%,&%2 %#'PL&,+_! =H/$;;(! H/$!
VH HQFXHQWUD UHVWULQJLGD D XQD XELE
FDFLyQ JHRJUiÀFD FRQFUHWD /D H[E
WHQVLyQJHRJUiÀFDHVYDULDEOHGHSHQE
.*$&.-!.$;!)-&'$1'-!H/$!%$!9(&$5$G
5*N%,&%2 &#$)"'/,&'+I! =H/$;;(%!
H/$! A(&! %*.-! ;;$<(.(%! ())*.$&'(;! -!
GHOLEHUDGDPHQWHDXQDQXHYDXELFDE
FLyQTXHQRHVODQDWLYDSURGXFLHQE
.-!:$&$#(;9$&'$!:#(&.$%!.$%$H/*;*E
EULRVHQORVHFRVLVWHPDVDORVFXDOHV
A(&!%*.-!;;$<(.(%G
5*N%,&%2 $)"N&,+@ (VSHFLH FX\D
GLVWULEXFLyQ HVWi UHVWULQJLGD D OD
9*$&'-!.$!/&!#@-!-!;(:/&(!./#(&E
'$!;(!*&/&.()*+&G!
56,)%,%#,&+*2 'P)L&,+*2 B56e
,)%,%#,&+*2 ,/$a#%+*D 3HTXHxDV
PDVDVGHWHMLGRTXHFUHFHQVREUHOD
VXSHUÀFLHGHODSLHOHVWDVVHSXHGHQ
HQFRQWUDU HQ FXDOTXLHU SDUWH GHO
FXHUSR
`%,%* 6XVWDQFLDV H[FUHWDGDV HQ
IRUPD VyOLGD R OtTXLGD TXH QR KDQ
VLGR DEVRUELGDV SRU HO HSLWHOLR LQE
'$%'*&(;!./#(&'$!;(!.*:$%'*+&G
`",&,"I! 4$:*+&! 9N%! -! 9$&-%!
SURORQJDGDGHQWURGHODFDEH]DTXH
FRPSUHQGHODERFD\ODQDUL]
`"1+)2 '%2 N+*" (VWDEOHFLPLHQWR
GRQGH VH UHFLEHQ SURYLVLRQDOPHQWH
HVSHFtPHQHV GH HVSHFLHV GH IDXE
QD VLOYHVWUH WHUUHVWUH \R DFXiWLFD
DSUHKHQGLGRVUHVWLWXLGRVRGHFRPLE
VDGRV SDUD OD HYDOXDFLyQ DWHQFLyQ
<(;-#()*+&2! '#('(9*$&'-! 6! .$'$#9*E
QDFLyQ GH OD RSFLyQ SDUD VX GLVSRE
EUDORHVTXHOHWRLQWHUQRDUWLFXODGR
.$&'#-! .$! ;-%! H/$! %$! $&)/$&'#(&!
;-%!*&%$)'-%2!(#N)&*.-%!6!)#/%'N)$-%2!
$&'$!-'#-%G
O+#'A?/@+ +XHVR XELFDGR HQ OD
SDUWH LQIHULRU \ DQWHULRU GH OD FDUD
HQFX\RERUGHVXSHULRUHVWiQVLWXDE
.-%!;-%!.*$&'$%G
O+')%2F&%:+_!4$;*)'-%!.$!(&'*:/-%!
FDXFHVGHUtRVIRUPDGRVSRUHVWUDQE
:/;(9*$&'-! .$;! )(/)$! -#*:*&(;2! H/$!
VH FDUDFWHUL]DQ SRU VHU FHUUDGRV \
(*%;(.-%G!
O+6&@+ +XHVR GHO FUiQHR ORFDOLE
>(.-!$&!;(!#$:*+&!.$;(&'$#(!6!(&'$E
#*-#2! .-&.$! /%/(;9$&'$! %$! *&%$#'(&!
ORV GLHQWHV GH OD SRUFLyQ VXSHULRU
GHODERFD
O%$+?"@&*L"I! 7-&5/&'-! .$! #$E
()FLRQHV ItVLFDV \ TXtPLFDV TXH
RFXUUHQHQHORUJDQLVPR\TXHSHUE
PLWHQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH GLIHUHQWHV
()'*<*.(.$%!(;!*&'$#*-#!.$!;(%!)C;/;(%!
SHMFUHFLPLHQWRUHSURGXFFLyQGLE
R"*%@(VWUDWRGHFRSDVGHORViUE
EROHVDOLQWHULRUGHOERVTXH
R")*"f'")*+@6HUHÀHUHDOGRUVR
HVSDOGDRORPR
R/@,%+,/A,"@+I! ";(&'(%! 6! (&*9(E
OHVTXHGHVDUUROODQWRGDVVXVIXQFLRE
&$%!<*'(;$%!$&!$;!(:/(!./;)$G
IUDQMD FRPSUHQGLGD HQWUH HO WUyE
SLFR GH FiQFHU \ HO WUySLFR GH
FDSULFRUQLR
5*$%)"* ([WHQVLRQHV SDQWDQRE
VDV GH JUDQ H[WHQVLyQ TXH SXHE
.$&! ;;$&(#%$! .$! (:/(! ;;/<*(! -! .$!
DJXD SURYHQLHQWH GHO GHVERUGDE
VLFLyQÀQDO
.#,/?+,&-# 3URFHVR TXH SHUPLE
WH HO GHVDUUROOR GHO HPEULyQ HQ HO
KXHYR HQ HO FDVR GH ODV HVSHFLHV
RYtSDUDV
.#F%)$%?)+'"**UXSRGHDQLPDE
;$%! H/$! )(#$)$&! .$! )-;/9&(! <$#'$E
JHVWLyQUHVSXHVWDDHVWtPXORVHWF
O")&,[+@%* (FRVLVWHPDV IRUPDE
GRV DO LQWHULRU GH ODV VDEDQDV TXH
SHUPDQHFHQ LQXQGDGRV GXUDQWH OD
PD\RU SDUWH GHO DxR D FDXVD GHO
GHVERUGH GH ORV UtRV \ GH OD HVE
FRUUHQWtD (VWiQ FRQVWLWXLGRV SRU

93
<(#*(%! )-9/QLGDGHV GH SODQWDV GRE
PLQDGDVSRUODSDOPDPRULFKH:#-1
ULWLDÁH[XRVDFG!
O/%*,+2 +#+@I! 4$:*+&! #$)-#'(.(!
-!$%)-'(./#(!(!9(&$#(!.$!9/$%)(!
R FXxD XELFDGD HQ HO SODVWUyQ GH
;(%! '-#'/:(%2! $&'#$! -! $&! ;-%! $%)/E
.-%!(&(;$%G
H+)&#+* 2ULÀFLRV QDVDOHV \R VX
#$:*+&!(.6()$&'$G
g?@"#1"&X\DIRUPDHVWiFRQGLE
FLRQDGDSRUXQDUD]yQHQWUHHOODUJR
\HODQFKRVXSHULRUDHVGHFLUPiV
;(#:-!H/$!(&)A-G!
g,%@"0DQFKDVRÀJXUDVFXWi&$(%2!
FRORUHDGDV\FRQWUDVWDQWHVGHIRUPD
)*#)/;(#!-!#$:/;(#G!
gL#AF")"4XHVHDOLPHQWDWDQWR
GHDQLPDOHVFRPRGHSODQWDV
h)?&$+ 3RUFLyQ IDFLDO R FUDQHDQD
$&!;(!)/(;!%$!*&%$#'(&!;-%!-5-%G
(+@L%+'+I! 7-&.*)*+&! .$! /&(! $1E
(+)'"7RQRGHODSDOHWDGHFRORU
DVLPLODEOHRVHPHMDQWHDOWRQRFDIp
-!9(##+&!#-5*>-G!
(+)&%$+@ 3RUFLyQ FUDQHDQD VXSHE
ULRU FRPSUHQGLGD HQWUH OD IUHQWH
RURVWURODUHJLyQGHOWtPSDQR\OD
SRUFLyQ WUDVHUD GHO FUiQHR 3DUWH
GHOFUiQHRXELFDGDHQOD]RQDODWHE
UDOPHGLDO\VXSHULRUGHHVWH
(@+*$)-#I! 7-&5/&'-! .$! $%)/.-%!
GpUPLFRV TXH FRQIRUPDQ OD JUDQ
SODFD RVLÀFDGD HQ SRVLFLyQ YHQWUDO
.$!;(%!'-#'/:(%G
()A*$&#"I! 3RFR LQWHUYHQLGR 4XH
)-&%$#<(!;(%!)(#()'$#@%'*)(%!-#*:*&(;$%G!
("*$")?&$+@I!4$:*+&!.$'#N%!.$!;(%!
yUELWDV RFXODUHV $UFR R SURFHVR
yVHRTXHVHH[WLHQGHGHVGHODSDUWH
VXSHULRUGHOFUiQHRKDVWDODUHJLyQ
ODELDOVXSHULRUHQUHSWLOHV
()";%,,&"#%*2 'P)L&,+*I! 01'$&E
VLRQHV R SURWXEHUDQFLDV IRUPDGDV
SRUFpOXODVGHODGHUPLVFDSDLQWHUE
(OHYDFLyQGHOFDSDUD]yQHQSRVLFLyQ
;-&:*'/.*&(;G!
9+#V"$%,+I! 0%'/)A$! )+#&$-! $&!
IRUPDGHSLFRTXHUHFXEUHODPDQE
GtEXOD\ODPD[LODHQODVWRUWXJDV
9%1&-#2 1/@+)I!=H/$;;(! .$;*9*'(.(!
SRUODVSDUWHVGHOFXHOOR
9%1&-#2 N"*$")?&$+@I! 8$'#N%! .$!
ODVRUELWDVRFXODUHV
9%1&-#2 N+)&%$+@I! 7*9(! .$! ;(! )(E
EH]D(OSDULHWDOHVXQRGHORVSDUHV
GHKXHVRVTXHIRUPDQODSDUWHSRVE
'$#*-#!.$;!'$)A-!.$;!)#N&$-G!
9%*$&$/,&-#I! 0%! ;(! ())*+&! .$! .$E
YROYHU DO (VWDGR ORV HVSHFtPHQHV
DSUHKHQGLGRVLQFOX\HQGRHOYDORUGH
'-.-%!;-%!)-%'-%!*&)/##*.-%!.$%.$!$;!
PRPHQWR GH OD DSUHKHQVLyQ KDVWD
VXGLVSRVLFLyQÀQDO
9&$L"*2 ,&),+'&+#"*I! 0&! $;! )(%-!
GH ODV WRUWXJDV VRQ SHULRGRV GH
VXHxR \ YLJLOLD TXH HVWiQ GHÀQLGRV
SRUODSUHVHQFLDRDXVHQFLDGHOX]
0DUFDIRUPDGDVREUHXQDHVWUXFWXE
UD yVHD SRU HO GHVSUHQGLPLHQWR GH
ORVHVFXGRVHSLGpUPLFRV
>ALN+#" 0HPEUDQD UHGRQGHDE
GDGHSLHOOLVDTXHDOYLEUDU WUDQVPLWH
ORV LPSXOVRV SHUFLELGRV KDFLD HO RtGR
*&'$#&-G!
>)&a*&,"I!0#(!:$-;+:*)(!.$;!M$%->-*E
FRTXHGLRFRPLHQ]RDODOtQHDÀORJHE
&C'*)(!.$!;-%!!&).-60,&)FRPHQ]yKDFH
PLOORQHVGHDxRV\DFDEyKDFH
PLOORQHVGHDxRV
>/?P),/@"*3HTXHxDVSURWXEHUDQFLDV
I%)L&,/@+,&"#%*I! ?(##(%! *##$:/;(E
UHV YHUPLIRUPHV SUHVHQWHV JHQHUDOE
PHQWHHQODFDEH]D FXHOOR JDUJDQWDR
9$&'+&G
I%)$%?)+'" 6XEÀOR GH ORV FRUGDE
GRV TXH LQFOX\H D ORV SHFHV DQÀELRV
UHSWLOHV DYHV \ PDPtIHURV FX\D FDE
UDFWHUtVWLFD SULQFLSDO HV OD SUHVHQFLD
GH FROXPQD YHUWHEUDO FRPSXHVWD GH
YpUWHEUDV
i"#+2 %*$/+)&#+ &XHUSR GH DJXD
WUHPLGDG HQ OD FXDO ORV GtJLWRV R QDGHOWHJXPHQWRFRPRWXEpUFXORV E/N)+,+/'+@I! "(#! .$! $%)/.-%! FRVWHUR VHPLFRQÀQDGRTXHWLHQHXQD
GHGRV GH HVWD WRPDQ IRUPD GH UHE
PRV8VXDOPHQWHKD\XQDPHPEUDQD
.C#9*)(! H/$! /&$! ;-%! .@:*'-%! .$%.$!
VXSDUWHPiVSUy[LPDDOEUD]RKDVWD
ODSDUWHFHUFDQDDODVXxDVRJDUUDV
WDPELpQKDVWDSRUFLRQHVLQWHUPHGLDV
YHUPLFXODFLRQHV\SOLHJXHVDODUJDGRV
(/%#$% 3RUFLyQ GHO FDSDUD]yQ
TXHFRQHFWDHOHVSDOGDUFRQODSRUE
FLyQYHQWUDORSODVWUyQ
c/&@@+2 B!+)%#+DI! 4$;*$<$! ;-&:*E
WXGLQDOIRUPDGRVREUHHOFDSDUD]yQ
PDUJLQDOHVSRVWHULRUHV(QODIDPLOLD
7HVWXGLQLGDHIXVLRQDGRVHQXQRVROR
E/)," +HQGLGXUD R ÀVXUD ORQJLE
WXGLQDO IRUPDGD HQWUH ORV HVFXGRV!
HSLGpUPLFRVVREUHHOFDSDUD]yQHQ
ODVYpUWHEUDVRHQODUHJLyQRUELWDO
FRQH[LyQ DELHUWD FRQ HO PDU \ GHQE
'#-!.$;!)/(;!$;!(:/(!.$!9(#!%$!9$>);(!
)-&! (:/(! ./;)$! .$#*<(.(! .$;! .#$&(5$!
'$##$%'#$G!

94
 X&?@&"1)+VA+
KEg!.K!.hH2!g8gOX.KHK2R52`59e Xg!o72X42!472I42(42(n5i72l42O42RKiK42<\3\42 !KE>KkgeOg9K72g42I423ZZW?423(!%*'/()*+&! SURWpJpHVSDUOD&RQYHQWLRQVXUOHFRPPHUFHLQE
(5>g8gSjK42 <\334! ";(&! $%'#('C:*)-! .$! )-&E !"#$%&'()*$#//0"2)."0)*UD\&RORPELDQVOLE .$! 8262$,&'0)* &"(.%"2$&3%#/# 6SL[  7HVE WHUQDWLRQDO GHV HVSqFHV GH IDXQH HW GH ÁRUH VDXE
VHUYDFLyQSDUDODVWRUWXJDVFRQWLQHQWDOHVFRORPE GHU MLFRWHD KLFRWHD JDOiSDJR PRUURFR\ GH DJXD WXGLQDWD 3HORPHGXVLGDH HQ &RORPELD &DOGDVLD YDJHVPHQDFpHVG·H[WLQFWLRQ *XtDGHLGHQWLÀFDE
ELDQDV0HGHOOtQ&RORPELDSS (Q 5KRGLQ$*- 3ULWFKDUG 3&+9DQ 'LMN 33  FLyQ GH &LWHV 7RUWXJDV JXtD GH LGHQWLÀFDFLyQ GH
KI5HRKkg72.472K42OJkgi72H42IK958K42 6DXPXUH 5$ %XKOPDQQ .$ ,YHUVRQ -% DQG !KE>KkgeOg9K72 g42I42 B%'4D42 <\\<42 /LEUR ODVWRUWXJDVSURWHJLGDVSRUOD&RQYHQFLyQVREUHHO
<\\<42$SUR[LPDFLyQDOFRQRFLPLHQWRVREUHODUHE 0LWWHUPHLHU5$HGV&RQVHUYDWLRQ%LRE URMRGHUHSWLOHVGH&RORPELD /LEURVURMRVGHHVE &RPHUFLR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH (VSHFLHV $PHQD]DGDV
SURGXFFLyQGHORVTXHORQLRV%ROHWtQ*($6*UXSR ORJ\RI)UHVKZDWHU7XUWOHVDQG7RUWRLVHV$&RPE SHFLHVDPHQD]DGDVGH&RORPELD,QVWLWXWRGH&LHQE GH)DXQD\)ORUD6LOYHVWUHV$QLQLWLDWLYHRI(QYLURQE
GHHVWXGLRVGH$QLPDOHV6LOYHVWUHV81$/
XK8Rg72 R472 (42 OK9>jH5i72 l42 Xg59.E72K42
S.9KJRg42 <\\W4 5HSWLOLD &KHORQLL &KHOLGDH
SLODWLRQ 3URMHFW RI WKH ,8&166&7RUWRLVH DQG
)UHVKZDWHU 7XUWOH 6SHFLDOLVW *URXS &KHORQLDQ
5HVHDUFK0RQRJUDSKVYRO1R
FLDV1DWXUDOHV8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH&RORPE
ELD 0LQLVWHULRGHO0HGLR$PELHQWH &RQVHUYDFLyQ
,QWHUQDFLRQDO&RORPELD%RJRWi&RORPELDSS
PHQW &DQDGD DQG 352)(3$ 6(0$51$3 7H[W
LQ (QJOLVK )UHQFK DQG 6SDQLVK 3XEOLVKHG ZLWK WKH
FROODERUDWLRQRI&LWHV6HFUHWDULDW *HQHYD 6ZLW]HUE
ODQG75$)),&1RUWK$PHULFDWKH&RPPLVVLRQIRU
8%"(,23)*4&2>>"2#,-)6FKZHLJJHUDQG0HVRE Xg!o72X472I42(42(n5i72l42O42RKiK72K4295Ee !KE>9ge`59959K72 0472 m2 042 IK9SKEe (QYLURQPHQWDO&RRSHUDWLRQ&(&DQG%LRGLYHUVLW\
FOHPP\V YDQGHUKDHJHL %RXU  'LVWULEXWLRQ >95(g42 <\3342 &RQWULEXWLRQV WR WKH VWXG\ DQG EK8.HKE42 <\\Y42 $QÀELRV \ UHSWLOHV HQ HO GHE &RQYHQWLRQ2IÀFH(QYLURQPHQW&DQDGDSS
H[WHQVLRQQHZFRXQWU\UHFRUGDQGQHZSURYLQFH FRQVHUYDWLRQRIWKH&RORPELDQVOLGHU!"#$%&'()* SDUWDPHQWR GHO9DOOH GHO &DXFD &RORPELD %LRWD
UHFRUGVLQ$UJHQWLQD1RWHVRQ*HRJUDSKLF'LVWULE $#//0"2)."0)$JR$EVWUDFWRIRUDOSUHVHQWDE &RORPELDQD !gHS95Eg2 R52 8K2 95(qX8.!K42 <\\Z42
EXWLRQ&KHFN/LVW WLRQLQWK$QQXDO6\PSRVLXPRQWKH&RQVHUYDE /H\GHOGHMXOLRGH3RUODFXDOVH
!5XK88gEe0gHE5!K72 !42 <\\\42 7RUWXJDV HVWDEOHFH HO SURFHGLPLHQWR VDQFLRQDWRULR DPE
WLRQDQG%LRORJ\RI7RUWRLVHDQGIUHVKZDWHUWXUWE
XK99.geKOg9hE72!472m2.42jk.SgeHK9e 7HVWXGLQDWDPDULQDV\FRQWLQHQWDOHVGH&RORPE ELHQWDO \ VH GLFWDQ RWUDV GLVSRVLFLRQHV 'LDULR
OHV76$2UODQGR)ORULGD
XK.iK42<\\Y47XUWOHVRIWKH9HQH]XHODQ(VWDGR ELD%LRWD&RORPELDQD 2ÀFLDO HQ OtQHD KWWSZZZVHFUHE
$PD]RQDV5DGLDWD !K9IKlK8e!gSg88g72 l472 g42 !KE>Ke '(#*(%$&(.-GJRYFRVHQDGREDVHGRFOH\
!`K!hH72O42<\\\42(VSHFLHVGH&RVWD5LFD
XK9>85>>72 942 R472 m2 (42 (42 XK9>85>>42 kgeOg9K72 S42 !n9R5HKEeK9pIK8g72 l42 OH\BBKWPO&RQVXOWDGLF
,QVWLWXWR 1DFLRQDO GH %LRGLYHUVLGDG &DWiORJR
<\\=425HSWLOHVDQGDPSKLELDQVRIWKH$PD]RQDQ J9X.HKe!K9RgHK42<\\W425HSWLOHVGHiUHDV
HQ OtQHD &RVWD 5LFD KWWSGDUQLVLQELRDFFU !gHS95Eg2 R52 8K2 95(qX8.!K42 <\334!
HFRWRXULVW·VJXLGH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVRI)ORULGD*DLE DVRFLDGDV D KXPHGDOHV GH OD SODQLFLH GHO GHSDUE
XELVHQ)03UR"'% 8%,38%IS OD\ :HE$OO  /H\GH
QHVYLOOH)ORULGD86$SS WDPHQWRGH&yUGRED&RORPELD&DOGDVLD
HUURU QRUHFKWPO )RUPDW GHWDLOKWPO 
 !gHGKreShO5i72 o42 <\\Y42 M(#S$'! *&'$E
XgJ9729472m2`42iK`5942<\\T42$QHZVSHE 2S HT LG  )LQG&RQVXOWDDEU
JUDWLRQ SHUFHLYHG ZHDOWK DQG KRXVHKROG FRQE
FLHVRI0HVRFOHPP\VIURPWKHRSHQIRUPDWLRQV !K9972K420423ZZT427KHWXUWOHVRIWKH8QLWHG6WDE !.EH59gEe`595R.K72 R42 042 <\\U42 7XUWOHV VXPSWLRQ RI ULYHU WXUWOHV 8262$,&'0)* )33;F! *&!
RIQRUWKHDVWHUQ%UD]LO&KHORQLLE*&KHOLGDH3DSHLV WHV&DQDGDDQG%DMD&DOLIRUQLD+DQGERRNRIWXUWE RIWKH7LSXWLQL%LRGLYHUVLW\6WDWLRQZLWKUHPDUNV HDVWHUQORZODQG%ROLYLD-RXUQDORI/DWLQ$PHULFDQ
$YXOVRVGH=RRORJtD0XVHXGH=RRORJtD8QLYHUE OHV,WKDFD1HZ<RUN&RUQHOO8QLY3UHVVSS RQWKHGLYHUVLW\DQGGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKH7HVWXGLQHV *HRJUDSK\
VLGDGHGH6mR3DXOR !KE>KkgeOg9K72g423ZZW+46WDWXVRI'A$! IURP(FXDGRU%LRWD1HRWURSLFD
R528K2>g99572O42K42<\\Q423URSXHVWDGHPDE
X59HK872 O472 l42 RKiK72 I42 (n5i42 <\\Q4! WRUWRLVHV DQG IUHVKZDWHU WXUWOHV RI &RORPELD !.>5E423ZZZ42&LWHV,GHQWLÀFDWLRQ*XLGH²7XUWOHV QHMR GH ODV SREODFLRQHV GH WRUWXJDV C0,2).&",2,*
(FRORJtDUHSURGXFWLYD\FDFHUtDGHODWRUWXJD!"#1 S(Q9DQ$EEHPD-HG3URFHHE DQG7RUWRLVHV*XLGHWRWKH,GHQWLÀFDWLRQRI7XUWOHV /&-$2).2'-'! 6! I.#-"2.(3-)* ."032"$#.-)F! $&! $;! 05*.-!
$%&'()*)$"03.#7HVWXGLQDWD(P\GLGDHHQHOiUHD .*&:%I!7-&%$#<('*-&2!#$%'-#('*-&!(&.!9(&(:$9$&'! DQG7RUWRLVHV 6SHFLHV &RQWUROOHG XQGHU WKH &RQE ´/D 0DUJDULWDµ &DWHPDFR9HUDFUX] 0p[LFR7HVLV
GHOD'HSUHVLyQ0RPSRVLQDQRUWHGH&RORPELD RI WRUWRLVHV DQG WXUWOHV DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRQIHE YHQWLRQRQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO7UDGHLQ(QGDQJHUHG6SHE GH0DHVWUtDHQ0DQHMRGH)DXQD6LOYHVWUH,QVWLWXWR
5HYLVWDGH%LRORJtD7URSLFDO UHQFH1HZ<RUN7XUWOHDQG7RUWRLVH6RFLHW\1XHE FLHVRI:LOG)DXQDDQG)ORUD *XLGHG·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ GH(FRORJtD86)LVKDQG:LOGOLIHVHUYLFH9HUDFUX]
YD<RUN(VWDGRV8QLGRV &LWHV ²7RUWXHV JXLGH G·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ GHV WRUWXHV 0p[LFRSS

95
 R528K2gEEK72l472m2K42R528K2gEEKe8K!Ke 0gg>572 942 G42 <\3342 9HUQDFXODU QDPHV IRU &LHQFLDV 1DWXUDOHV  'HSDUWDPHQWR GH %LRORJtD .J!H2 E$+#'+)'*2 +#'2 (%$&$&"#*2 E/?,"Le
rg42<\334&DFHUtDGHVXEVLVWHQFLDHQ6DQ0DUFRV WXUWOHV DQG FURFRGLOLDQV IURP 1RUWKZHVW 6RXWK )DFXOWDGGH&LHQFLDV8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH&RE L&$$%%42 <\334 *XLGHOLQHV IRU 8VLQJ WKH ,8&1
6XFUH&RORPELD5HYLVWD&RORPELDQDGH&LHQFLD $PHULFD HQ OtQHD KWWSZZZFKHOLGDHFRPSGI ORPELDSS 5HG/LVW&DWHJRULHVDQG&ULWHULD9HUVLRQ3UHE
$QLPDO IRRWHSGI7DPELpQ GLVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSZZZ S9Kr72 l42 3YU\42 'HVFULSWLRQ RI D QHZ VSHFLHV SDUHGE\WKH6WDQGDUGVDQG3HWLWLRQV6XEFRPPLWE
R528K2gEEK72l472m29429.Kkg423ZZZ42D/@(! VVDVDJFKEVVDSGIEVVDBSGI &RQVXOWD GLF RI*HRFOHPP\VIURP(FXDGRU3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH WHH 'RZQORDGDEOH IURP KWWSZZZLXFQUHGOLVW
SDUDHOPDQHMRFUtD\FRQVHUYDFLyQGHODKLFRWHDR  =RRORJLFDO6RFLHW\RI/RQGRQ RUJGRFXPHQWV5HG/LVW*XLGHOLQHVSGI
5*)-'$(!!"#$%&'()*)$"03.#*$#//0"2)."0)*UD\&RQYHE
QLR$QGUpV%HOOR6(&$%6HULHGH&LHQFLD\7HFE
QRORJtD1R%RJRWi&RORPELDSS
RJcJ572E472m2O42S.9K8Rg42<\\Y42%~VTXHE
GDGH6DOPRQHOODHQWpULFDHQWRUWXJDVVHPLDFXiWLE
FDVGHO&HQWURGH$WHQFLyQ\9DORUDFLyQGH)DXQD
09KHo8.H72 !42 l42 <\\W42 7XUWOHV$Q H[WUDRUE
GLQDU\ QDWXUDO KLVWRU\  PLOOLRQ \HDUV LQ WKH
PDNLQJ9R\DJHXU3UHVV0%,3XEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\
86$SS
09.>i72J472m2(42`KIKs42<\\W42&KHFNOLVWRI
FKHORQLDQV RI WKH ZRUOG 0XVHXP RI =RRORJ\
SJ985r72942<\\=42.HHSLQJDQGEUHHGLQJIUHVE
KZDWHU WXUWOHV7XUWOH DQG7RUWRLVH 3UHVHUYDWLRQ
*URXS/LYLQJ$UW3XEOLVKLQJSS
`K9I5r720472942O42KHR95GE72l42542!KRe
8572 O42 842 !9JO(72 K42 `42 EKI.>ior72 o4R42
RG588E42<\\Q42+HSHWRORJ\'A(GLWLRQSS
o5885972 S42 <\\T4 ,PSDFWV YROFDQLVP DQG
PDVVH[WLQFWLRQ$XVWUDOLDQ-RXUQDORI(DUWK6FLHQE
FH²
85OgE72 l4K472 942 .42 9glKE72 l42 l42 iqk.SK42
<\\T42 7pFQLFDV SDUD HO HVWXGLR GH OD IDXQD VLOE
YHVWUH HG 8QLYHUVLGDG$XWyQRPD GH 0p[LFR \
6LOYHVWUHGHOÉUHD0HWURSROLWDQD7HVLVGH*UDGR
)DFXOWDGGH0HGLFLQD9HWHULQDULD\GH=RRWHFQLD
8QLYHUVLGDG&(60HGHOOtQ&RORPELD
'UHVGHQ9HUWHEUDWH=RRORJ\SS
0JHRK!.hH2 X.gR.I59EK42 <\3<4! "#-E
:#(9(!A()*(!;(!)-&%$#<()*+&!)-9/&*'(#*(!.$!'#$%!
`5((58872E472842!9gGR5972>42!9gJE542
3ZZU42 M-.$;%! '-! $<(;/('$! A$(.%'(#'*&:! (%! (! 9(E
QDJHPHQW WRRO IRU ORQJOLYHG WXUWOHV (FRORJLFDO
&RQDELR81$0)DFXOWDGGH(VWXGLRV6XSHULRUHV
,]WDFDOD9HJD0p[LFRSS
OK!572 S42 O472 H42 l42 !g88K972 o42 l42 SKEe
59H5E>72!42`472942S42K8>5HXJ9S72942G42 HVSHFLHVDPHQD]DGDVGHWRUWXJDVGHUtRFRQFRE $SSOLFDWLRQV >gH72!42`.8>gHe>Kr8g972`42942KotKoKe
XK9XgJ9423ZZY427XUWOHVRIWKHZRUOGSiJLQD PXQLGDGHV LQGtJHQDV DPD]yQLFDV GH &RORPELD \ rK72H4285KR59eG.88.KOE72542l42O.8H59e
ZHE KWWSZEGHWLELRLQIRUPDWLFVQOELVWXUWOHV 3HU~ HQ OtQHD KWWSZZZIXQGDFLRQELRGLYHUVD `.!oOKH72!42(472842E429gX59>E722K428K9e SJ88KHR72 KHR2 E42 H42 E>JK9>42 <\\Y42
SKS&RQVXOWDGLF RUJSUR\HFWRVBWRUWXJDVBDPD]RQDVKWPO&RQVXOE EgH423ZZW42,QWHJUDWHGSULQFLSOHVRI]RRORJ\'A! 4XDQWLÀFDWLRQRI([WLQFWLRQ5LVN,8&1·V6\VWHP
WDDEU (GLWLRQ0F*UDZ+LOO8QLWHG6WDWHVSS IRU&ODVVLI\LQJ7KUHDWHQHG6SHFLHV&RQVHUYDWLRQ
5E>9KRKeSgHin85i72 !42K472 842 S42 `5e
9959K72 `42 542 g!KkKeOK9>jH5i2 B%'*4D42 SK9!jK72 H42 <\\T42 %LRORJtD UHSURGXFWLYD \ `.S`0.58R72K423ZYU423UDFWLFDOHQF\FORSHGLD %LRORJ\
<\\Z42"#-./))*+&!(&*9(;!$&!;(!=9(>-&*(!)-;-9E )-&VHUYDFLyQ GH ODV WRUWXJDV FKDUDSD 8262$,&'0)* RINHHSLQJDQGEUHHGLQJWRUWRLVHVDQGIUHVKZDWHU OKRE42 <\334 0LQLVWHULR GH 0HGLR $PELHQE
ELDQD(HG8QLYHUVLGDGGHOD$PD]RQLD&ROFLHQE &93#,)#FXSLVR8262$,&'0)*)&9.-7&"$-/#.#!6!'(#*)(E WXUWOHVVW(G.ULHJHU3XE&RSS WH 9LYLHQGD \ 'HVDUUROOR 7HUULWRULDO 7UiÀFR GH
FLDV6,1&+,)ORUHQFLD&DTXHWi&RORPELDSS 6(!3RGRFQHPLVXQLÀOLVHQODVSOD\DVDOHGDxDVDOPXE .HE>.>J>g2KOKihH.!g2R52.HI5Ee (VSHFLHV VLWLR ZHE %RJRWi &RORPELD KWWS
0599gHK>g72 X42 g472 042 X42 Og8.HK72 042 !42 QLFLSLRGH3XHUWR1DULxR$PD]RQDV7UDEDMRGH >.SK!.gH5E2 !.5H>j0.!KE2 e2 E&#,[&2 ZZZPLQDPELHQWHJRYFR&RQWHQLGR&RQWHQLGR
Og8.HK729422K425E(.HgEK72I42942Og9K85E42 JUDGR3RQWLÀFLD8QLYHUVLGDG-DYHULDQD)DFXOWDGGH B%'*4D42<\\U42%DODQFHDQXDOVREUHHOHVWDGRGH $VS["&RQLG  &DWLG &RQVXOWDGLF
<\3341HZORFDOLW\UHFRUGVIRUFKHORQLDQV!&).-1 (VWXGLRV$PELHQWDOHV\5XUDOHV%RJRWi&RORPELD ORVHFRVLVWHPDV\HODPELHQWHGHOD$PD]RQLD 
60,&)@* 7A$;*.($E* "-.-)&$9*.*.($E* 7HVWXGLQLGDH LQ S.XXgHE72l42G472m2l42842S955H5423ZZ\424$E &RORPELDQD%RJRWi&RORPELDSS OK9>.H5i72K42l472K9Xg85RK72S472OhHe
IURP'HSDUWDPHQWRGH3DVFR3HU~+HUSHWRORJ\ SURGXFWLRQLQWKHVOLGHUDQGRWKHUVSHFLHVRIWXUWE .((.72 E472 m2I42 08g95E42 <\\342 3(%! '-#'/:(%! >K8g725472(J!`72O472HK9KHlg7284729gR9.e
1RWHV OHV(Q*LEERQV-:HG/LIH+LVE QHRWURSLFDOHV \ VXV iUHDV GH HQGHPLVPR $FWD SJ5i72`42<\3342";(&!.$!M(&$5-!"(#H/$!T()*-&(;!
0g959geO5R.HK72 S42 m2 842 lg((K42 <\3\42 WRU\DQG(FRORJ\RIWKH6OLGHU7XUWOHI'0.%)2,0#,* =RROyJLFD0H[LFDQD² 1DWXUDO3DUDPLOOR8QLGDG$GPLQLVWUDE
5HSUHVHQWDWLRQRIJOREDODQGQDWLRQDOFRQVHUYDWLRQ <,).0.-.02,*8"&)):DVKLQJWRQ'&86$SS .J!H423ZZZ42*XLGHOLQHVIRUWKHSODFHPHQWRI WLYD (VSHFLDO GHO 6LVWHPD GH 3DUTXHV 1DFLRQDOHV
SULRULWLHV E\ &RORPELD·V SURWHFWHG DUHD QHWZRUN SgHin85iein9K>572 K42 <\3\4! 7(#()E FRQÀVFDWHG DQLPDOV ,8&166& 5HLQWURGXFWLRQ 1DWXUDOHVGH&RORPELD6XFUH&RORPELDSS
3ORV 2QH H (Q 81$/ $UWtFXOR GH WHUL]DFLyQ GHO KiELWDW XVR GH UHFXUVRV \ HVWDGR 6SHFLDOLVW*URXS*ODQG6ZLW]HUODQGSS OKIR>42 <\\\42 0%'(.@%'*)(%! .$;! /%-! *;$:(;! .$!
SHULyGLFRHQOtQHD81SHULyGLFR %RJRWi'& 1R .$!)-&%$#<()*+&!.$!;(!'-#'/:(!.$!#@-!8262$,&'0)* .J!H42<\33427KH,8&15HG/LVWRI7KUHDWHE IDXQD VLOYHVWUH HQ &RORPELD 'LUHFFLyQ *HQHUDO
GRPLQJRGHGLFLHPEUHGHKWWSZZZ /&B(#,# DJXDV DEDMR GHO HPEDOVH GH KLGURSUDGR QHG 6SHFLHV 6LWLR ZHE KWWSZZZLXFQUHGOLVW 'H(FRVLVWHPDV*UXSR'H%LRGLYHUVLGDGSS
XQSHULRGLFRXQDOHGXFR&RQVXOWDQRY 7ROLPD&RORPELD7HVLVGH0DHVWUtD,QVWLWXWRGH RUJDSSVUHGOLVWVHDUFK&RQVXOWDGLF

96
 OKIR>42 <\\<+42 &HQWURV 5HJLRQDOHV SDUD HO WZRQHZJHQHUDDQGDQHZVSHFLHVRI%DWUDFKHE $PHULFDQFKHOLGWXUWOH3KU\QRSVJLEEXVZLWKREE (9.>!`K9R72(42<\\Y4!&KHOXVÀPEULDWXV6FKE
0DQHMR GH (VSHFtPHQHV GH )DXQD 6LOYHVWUH 'HE P\V5HYLVWDGH%LRORJtD7URSLFDO VHUYDWLRQVRQKDELWDWDQGUHSURGXFWLRQ+HUSHWRE QHLGHUSS(Q5KRGLQ$*-3ULWFKDUG
FRPLVDGRV (OHPHQWRV WpFQLFRV SDUD VX GLVHxR \ O5R5O72 042 3ZU<42 /D 'LVWULEXFLyQ JHRJUiÀFD ORJLFD 3&+YDQ'LMN336DXPXUH5$%XKOPDQQ.$
FRQVWUXFFLyQ3URWRFRORVSDUDHOPDQHMR\GLVSRE \ HFRORJtD GH ORV &URFRG\OLD \7HVWXGLQDWD HQ HO O.>>59O5.5972 9472 m2 942G.8EgH42 3ZWQ42 ,YHUVRQ-%DQG0LWWHUPHLHU5$HGV&RQVHUE
VLFLyQGHDQLPDOHVSRVWGHFRPLVR%RJRWi&RORPE GHSDUWDPHQWRGHO&KRFR5HYLVWDGHOD$FDGHPLD 5HGHVFULSWLRQ RI 8262$,&'0)* &"(.%"2$&3%#/# 6SL[ YDWLRQ %LRORJ\ RI )UHVKZDWHU 7XUWOHV DQG 7RUE
ELDSS &RORPELDQDGH&LHQFLDV([DFWDV)tVLFDV\1DWXUDE  DQ DPD]RQLDQ SHORPHGXVLG WXUWOH 3DSpLV WRLVHV$ &RPSLODWLRQ 3URMHFW RI WKH ,8&166&
OKIR>42<\\<?42'HVFXEULPLHQWR\GHVFULSFLyQ OHV $YXOVRVGH=RRORJLD63DXOR9(E 7RUWRLVHDQG)UHVKZDWHU7XUWOH6SHFLDOLVW*URXS
.$! ;(! )(##(&)A*&(! 8%"(,23)* 6#%/0! $&! ;(! )/$&)(! .$;! 4,B,7=4 &KHORQLDQ5HVHDUFK0RQRJUDSKV
O5R5O720423ZWT4/DUHSURGXFFLyQGHOD´LFRE
6LQ~6DQ-RUJH3URJUDPD1DFLRQDOSDUDODFRQVHUYDE WHDµ 8)&-6&'()* )$"03.#* $#//0"2)."0) !&).-60,&)@* OggH5r72`42K472m2542542!858KHR42<\\342 9KOj95ie(59.88K72l42<\\T42&LFORVGHSRVE
)*+&!.$!;(%!'-#'/:(%!9(#*&(%!6!)-&'*&$&'(;$%!.$!7-E (P\GLGDH&DOGDVLD 7KHHYROXWLRQDU\LPSDFWRILQYDVLYHVSHFLHV3URE '/#(! (&/(;! $1! %*'/! .$! D%0,2$/&''()* '&/#,2).&",#2!
ORPELD'LUHFFLyQ*HQHUDOGH(FRVLVWHPDV0LQLVWHE FHHGLQJVRIWKH$FDGHP\RI6FLHQFHRIWKH8QLWHG D;* 60#6&'#.#\GHVXVKtEULGRVD&3.0/0#@*!&).-60,&)@*
ULRGHO0HGLR$PELHQWH%RJRWi&RORPELDSS O5R.HKe9KHS5872 S42 042 <\334! 8*<$#%*.(.! 096.*.($@*J#.#4-"0,#&$FWD%LROyJLFD&RORPELDQD
DOID\EHWDGHODFRPXQLGDGGHUHSWLOHVHQHOFRPE 6WDWHVRI$PHULFD31$6
OKIR>42 <\\<,42 (VWUDWHJLD QDFLRQDO SDUD OD 
SOHMRFHQDJRVRGH=DSDWRVD&RORPELD5HYLVWDGH 1,&/Ð69 7HVWXGLQHV 25* 6LWLR ZHE
SUHYHQFLyQ\HOFRQWUROGHOWUiÀFRLOHJDOGHHVSHE %LRORJtD7URSLFDO,QW-7URS%LRO KWWSZZZWHVWXGLQHVRUJLPJJDODVS["JHQXV 95X58g72 S472 m2 l42 (5iiJ>>.42 <\\\4! "$#E
)*$%!%*;<$%'#$%G!8*#$))*+&!D$&$#(;!.$!0)-%*%'$9(%G! 5KLQRFOHPP\V VSHFLH DQQXODWD7KHREDOG  FHSo}HV VREUH R FRQVXPR GH TXHO{QLRV QD
%RJRWi&RORPELDSS O5R.HKe9KHS5872S420472S42!n9R5HKEe $PD]{QLD6XVWHQWDELOLGDGHHDOWHUQDWLYDVDRPDE
K9pIK8g72 g42I42 !KE>KkgeOg9K42 <\3342 &RQVXOWDPDU
OKIR>42 <\\<'42 3URJUDPD 1DFLRQDO SDUD OD QHMRDWXDO$PELHQWH\6RFLHGDGH$xR,,,1ƒ
$QÀELRV\UHSWLOHVGHORVDOUHGHGRUHVGHOFRPSOHE glKE>.72l423ZZ=428WLOL]DFLyQGHODIDXQDVLOYHVE ƒ6HPHVWUH
&RQVHUYDFLyQGHODV7RUWXJDV0DULQDV\&RQWLQHQE MRFHQDJRVRGH=DSDWRVDGHSDUWDPHQWRGHO&HVDU WUH HQ $PpULFD /DWLQD VLWXDFLyQ \ SHUVSHFWLYDV
WDOHVHQ&RORPELD 0LQLVWHULRGH$PELHQWH9LYLHQE &RORPELD(Q5DQJHO&K-2HG&RORPE SDUD XQ PDQHMR VRVWHQLEOH *XtD )$2 2UJDQL]DE 95E>95(g72K472I42l42(.k59gE72I42(42(n5i42
GD\'HVDUUROOR7HUULWRULDO%RJRWi&RORPELDSS ELD 'LYHUVLGDG %LyWLFD *UXSR GH %LRGLYHUVLGDG FLyQGHODV1DFLRQHV8QLGDVSDUDOD$JULFXOWXUD\ <\\U42 1HVW VLWH VHOHFWLRQ E\ &RORPELDQ VOLGHU
OKIR>42<\3\42'HFUHWRGH0HGLE 6! 7-&%$#<()*+&2! ,&%'*'/'-! .$! 7*$&)*(%! T('/#(;$%2! OD$OLPHQWDFLyQ5RPD,WDOLD1RSS '/#';$%2! !"#$%&'()* $#//0"2)."0)* $#//0"2)."0) !&).-60,&)@*
GDVSRVWHULRUHVDODDSUHKHQVLyQSUHYHQWLYDUHVE 8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQDO GH &RORPELD&RUSRFHVDU (P\GLGDHLQWKH0RPSRV'HSUHVVLRQ&RORPELD
WLWXFLyQRGHFRPLVRGHHVSHFtPHQHVGHHVSHFLHV
VLOYHVWUHV GH IDXQD \ ÁRUD WHUUHVWUH \ DFXiWLFD \
VHGLFWDQRWUDVGLVSRVLFLRQHV%RJRWi&RORPELD
OKIR>eJHK842<\\Z4!";(&!.$!9(&$5-!-#*$&E
WDGR DO XVR VRVWHQLEOH GH OD7RUWXJD +LFRWHD HQ
%RJRWi&RORPELD1RSS
O59>5HE72 942 3ZTQ42 =XU .HQQWQLV GHU VFKLOE
GNU|WHQIDXQD9HQH]XHOD6HQFNHQEHUJLDQD%LRORE
JLFD
O.885972l42R472m2K42(42R.Ho58K!o5942<\\Y4!
glKE>.72 l472 m2 042 RK88O5.5942 B%'*4D42
<\\\4 0DQHMR GH )DXQD 6LOYHVWUH 1HRWURSLFDO
6,0$% 6HULHV   I'0.%)2,0#,* <,).0.-.02,0$%
%LRGLYHUVLW\3URJUDP:DVKLQJWRQ'&
g8KI722>42g472m2O42542K885H423ZZU42T/'#*'*-&!
DV D 0DMRU )DFHW RI 5HSWLOH &RQVHUYDWLRQ =RR
&KHORQLDQ &RQVHUYDWLRQ DQG %LRORJ\   

95E>95(g72K472I42l42(.k59gE72I42(42(n5i42
<\\W42&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVUHSURGXFWLYDVGHODWRUWXJD
!"#$%&'()*$#//0"2)."0)*$#//0"2)."0)!&).-60,#.#@* 096.*E
&RORPELD0LQLVWHULRGH$PELHQWH9LYLHQGD\'HE GDHHQ,VOD/HyQGHSUHVLyQPRPSRVLQD&RORPE
5HSURGXFWLYHVWUXFWXUHVDQGVWUDWHJLHVRIWXUWOHV %LRORJ\ ELD&DOGDVLD
VDUUROORHGV%RJRWi&RORPELDSS S (Q:\QHNHQ - *RGIUH\ 0+ \%HOV9 HGV (n5i72I42 (472 m2 !42 X42 Xg!o42 <\\Z42 ?*-;-:@(! 9`gR.H72S42l472(42(42IKH2R.lo72l42X42.I59e
O!2!9KH.572l42942<\\Z42$PSKLELDQVDQGUHSWLE %LRORJ\RI7XUWOHV&5&3UHVV86$SS UHSURGXFWLYD\GLQiPLFDSREODFLRQDOGHODWRUWXJD
OHVRI+RQGXUDV/LVWDV=RROyJLFDV$FWXDOL]DGDVHQ EgH72 `42 X42 E`K005942 <\3\47XUWOHV RI WKH
O.8H59eSJ88KHR72 5472 E42 X5He KLFRWHD!"#$%&'()*$#//0"2)."0)*$#//0"2)."0)(Q ZRUOG 8SGDWH$QQRWDWHG &KHFNOLVW RI 5KRGLQ 
OtQHD 0XVHRGH=RRORJtD8&5 6DQ3HGUR &RVWD H5>>72K42O42G42O42S9gJ(42<\\=42:LOG 0$9'781$/3ODQGHPDQHMRRULHQWDGRDO
5LFD KWWSZZZPXVHRELRORJLDXFUDFFU/LVWDV 7D[RQRP\6\QRQ\P\'LVWULEXWLRQDQG&RQVHUYDE
PHDW7KHELJJHUSLFWXUH7UHQGVLQ(FRORJ\ XVRVRVWHQLEOHGHOD7RUWXJD+LFRWHDHQ&RORPE WLRQ6WDWXV7XUWOHWD[RQRP\ZRUNLQJJURXS&RQE
/=$3XEOLFDFLRQHVKWP&RQVXOWDQRY DQG(YROXWLRQ ELD0LQLVWHULRGH$PELHQWH9LYLHQGD\'HVDUUROOR VHUYDWLRQ%LRORJ\RI)UHVKZDWHU7XUWOHVDQG7RUE
O!2!g9R72G472O42lgE5(`egJH.72G428Ke O.>>59O5>5972 K472 K42 9`gR.H72 042 HGV%RJRWi&RORPELDSS WRLVHV&KHORQLDQ5HVHDUFK0RQRJUDSKV
OK942<\\342$WD[RQRPLFUHHYDOXDWLRQRI3KU\E O5R5O72 (42 Eg.H.72 E42 `ggSOg5R72 (gJS`72 `472 !42 lKH.E72 l42 `5.E5942 <\\<42
QRSV!&).-60,&)@*&KHOLGDHZLWKWKHGHVFULSWLRQRI H4!K99.88g423ZWY42'LVWULEXWLRQRIWKH6RXWK 9HUWHEUDWHOLIH3UHQWLFH+DOO1HZ-HUVH\SS

97
 9gR9jSJ5i72!42l472>42O42RKHH.72842042(Ke (P\GLGDH\VXVSRVLEOHVYHQWDMDVSDUDODVXSHUYLE E>5K9HE72E42m2942`g5oE>9K42<\\T4!0<-E QHMR GH YLGD VLOYHVWUH SODQHDFLyQ GHO PDQHMR GH
RJK42 3ZYT42 7HPSHUDWXUH'HSHQGHQW 6H[ 'HE YHQFLD5HYLVWD%LRORJtD OXWLRQ DQ ,QWURGXFWLRQ 6HFRQG (GLWLRQ 2[IRUG ;(%! N#$(%! .$;! %*%'$9(! .$! "(#H/$%! P#.$&(9*$&'-!
'$#9*&('*-&! *&! 8262$,&'0)* &93#,)# !&).-60,#.#@* E!`O.R>72 o42 (42 3ZQW42 $ QHZ NLQRVWHUQLGDH 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV8.SS $PELHQWDO S 'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSZZZSDUE
8&/2'&6-)06#&%LRWURSLFD
9g8072 R42 3ZZ=42 7KH (YROXWLRQ /LIH +LVWRU\
7KHRU\DQG$QDO\VLV1HZ<RUN((88&KDSPDQ
WXUWOHIURP&RORPELD)LHOGLDQD=RRO
EO.>`72 H42 3ZWZ42 4XHO{QLRV DTXiWLFRV GD
$PD]{QLDXPUHFXUVRDPHDoDGR$FWD$PD]yQLFD
TXHVQDFLRQDOHVJRYFR311SRUWHOOLEUHULDSGI
>`52 95(>.852 RK>K2 XKE542 <\3342 KWWS
2$0B6*&B35B9LGDB6LOYHVWUHSGI
UHSWLOHGDWDEDVHUHSWDULXPF]VSHFLHV"JHQXV 0
HVRFOHPP\V VSHFLHV ]XOLDH &RQVXOWD  GLF J995Sg72g42<\3342,&%'*'/'-!.$!,&<$%'*:()*-E
DQG+DOOSS   QHVGH5HFXUVRV%LROyJLFRV$OH[DQGHU9RQ+XPE
9J5RKeK8OgHK!.R72 l42I42 3ZZZ42 $QÀELRV EROW5HSWLOHVDPHQD]DGRVSRUHOFRPHUFLR&LWHV
E.E>5OK2 R52 .H0g9OK!.hH2 EgX952 >`52 >g9>g.E52 >9JE>72 l.882 OK9>.H2
\UHSWLOHVDPHQD]DGRVGHH[WLQFLyQHQ&RORPELD 6LWLR ZHE &RORPELD KWWSZZZKXPEROGWRUJ
R.I59E.RKR25H2!g8gOX.K2BE.XD42<\3342 0JHR72 K42 !42 `.S`0.58R72 H42 <\\Y42 7DNLQJ
5HYLVWD$FDGpPLFDGH&LHQFLDV FRFRQVHUYDFLRQUHSWLOHVBFLWHVKWP&RQVXOWD
&DWiORJR HQ OtQHD &RORPELD KWWSZZZVLDF &DUHRI3HW7RUWRLVHV7KH-LOO0DUWLQ)XQGIRU7RUE
GLF
9J5RKeK8OgHK!.R72 l42 I472 l42 842 !K9972 QHWFRVLEFDWDORJRHVSHFLHVHVSHFLHGR"LG%XVFDU WRLVH:HOIDUHDQG&RQVHUYDWLRQSS
94K42O.>>59O5.5972l42I429gR9jSJ5ieOKe  PHWKRG GLVSOD\$$7&RQVXOWDGLF IK85HiJ58K72H472Xg>59g729472OK9>je
>J9>852 >KCgHgOr2 Gg9o.HS2 H5i725423ZZW4)LHOG6WXG\RI6H['HWHUPLQDWLRQ
`5!`K72942OKE>72942!42IgS>72K42S429`ge Eg.H.2 (42 3ZZY4 0DQXDO SDUD HO PDQHMR GH S9gJ(2 B>>GSD2 uF+#2 R&:v72 (4(472 l42 X42 .F%)e
R.H72l42gEEKeI58nEcJ5i72l42H429J5RK72!42 *&!8262$,&'0)*&93#,)#IURP&RORPELDQ$PD]RQLD
H/$;-&*-%! ()/N'*)-%! $&! ;(! =9(>-&*(! "$#/(&(! *"#72 `42 X42 E[+VV%)72 942 X"/)72 K42 S42 9["'&#42 +HUSHWRORJLFD
S42O.>>59O5.5942<\\W423(%!'-#'/:(%!6!;-%!)-E
FRGULOLDQRVGHORVSDtVHVDQGLQRVGHOWUySLFR6HULH
GHJXtDVWURSLFDOHVGHFDPSR1ž&RQVHUYDFLyQ
,&'$#&()*-&(;I! 0.*'-#*(;! "(&(9$#*)(&(2! B-#9(%! $!
,PSUHVRV%RJRWi&RORPELDSS
&KDUDSD7DULFD\D \ &XSLVR ,QVWLWXWR GH LQYHVE
'*:()*-&$%! .$! ;(! =9(>-&*(! "$#/(&(2! "#-:#(9(!
$SURYHFKDPLHQWR6RVWHQLEOHGHOD%LRGLYHUVLGDG
,TXLWRV3HU~SS
EgJiK72042842<\\T4*HRJUDSKLFDOGLVWULEXWLRQ
<\33427XUWOHVRIWKHZRUOGXSGDWH$QQRWDE
WHGFKHFNOLVWRIWD[RQRP\V\QRQ\P\GLVWULEXWLRQ
DQGFRQVHUYDWLRQVWDWXV3S(Q
5KRGLQ$*-3&+3ULWFKDUG33YDQ'LMN5$
6DXPXUH.$%XKOPDQQ-%,YHUVRQ5$0LWWHUE
IK85HiJ58K72 H42 <\\\4 0XOWLSOH SDWHUQLW\
*&!%*.$E&$)S!'/#';$%!8262$,&'0)*&93#,)#I!$<*.$&)$!
IURPPLFURVDWHOOLWH'1$GDWD0ROHFXODU(FRORJ\
²
9J5RK72 l42 <\\342 3URJUDPD QDFLRQDO SDUD OD SDWWHUQV RI 6RXWK$PHULFDQ VLGHQHFNHG WXUWOHV PHLHUHGV&RQVHUYDWLRQ%LRORJ\RI)UHVKZDWHU IK85HiJ58K42 <\334 &RQVWDQW 6KLIW DQG
)-&%$#<()*+&!.$!;(%!'-#'/:(%!9(#*&(%!6!)-&'*&$&E 5%&/06&#& ZLWK HPSKDVLV RQ %UD]LOLDQ VSHFLHV 7XUWOHV DQG7RUWRLVHV$ &RPSLODWLRQ 3URMHFW RI 1DWXUDO 7HPSHUDWXUH (IIHFWV RQ 6H[ 'HWHUPLE
WDOHVGH&RORPELD3URSXHVWDSDUDFRQFHUWDUSODQ 5HYLVWD(VSDxRODGH+HUSHWRORJtD WKH ,8&166& 7RUWRLVH DQG )UHVKZDWHU 7XUWOH &('*-&! *&! 8262$,&'0)* &93#,)#7XUWOHV (FRORJ\ 
HVWUDWpJLFR SDUD OD UHFXSHUDFLyQ GH ODV HVSHFLHV 6SHFLDOLVW *URXS &KHORQLDQ 5HVHDUFK 0RQRJUDE 
&RORPELDQDVGHIDXQDVLOYHVWUHDPHQD]DGDV\HQ E(.C72I2l42X423Y<Q4$QLPDOLDQRYDVLYHVSHFLHV SKVGRLFUPFKHFNOLVWY
QRYDH7HVWXGLQXP HW 5DQDUXP TXDV LQ LWLQHUH G.5EH5972 !472 m2 !42 .X5H42 <\\=4 ,QÁXHQFH
YtDGHH[WLQFLyQ0LQLVWHULRGHO0HGLR$PELHQWH J.!H42<\\3427('$:-#@(%!6!7#*'$#*-%!.$!;(!3*%'(! RIHQYLURQPHQWDOKXPLGLW\DQGGLHWDU\SURWHLQRQ
&RUSRJXDMLUD'LUHFFLyQ*HQHUDOGH(FRVLVWHPDV SHU %UDVLOLDP DQQLV 0'&&&;9,,0'&&&;;
MXVVX HW DXVSLFLLV 0D[LPLOLDQL -RVHSKL , %DYDULDH 5RMDGHOD8,&19HUVLyQ&RPLVLyQGH6XSHUE S\UDPLGDOJURZWKRIFDUDSDFHVLQ$IULFDQVSXUUHG
$QGHV&%&%RJRWiSS
9J.i72 E42 8472 542 EnH!`5i72 542>KXK95E72
K42 (9.5>g72 l42K9.KE72 942 ShO5i72 R42 !KEe
5HJLV VXVFHSWR FROOHJLW HW 'HVFULSVLW 'U -% GH
6SKL[ 2UGLQLV 5HJLL &RURQDH FLYLOLV %DYDULFDH
(TXHV$FDGHPLDH VFLHQWLDUXP %DYDULFDH 6RFLXV
YLYHQFLD GH (VSHFLHV GH OD 8,&1 8,&1 *ODQG WRUWRLVHV K&2$%&/2,&* )-/$#.# -RXUQDO RI$QLPDO
6XL]D\&DPEULGJH5HLQR8QLGRSS 3K\VLRORJ\ $QLPDO1XWULWLRQ
iKHS598729472042O5R5O423ZTY42$QHZVSHE
J.!H42<\\=42'LUHFWULFHVSDUDHPSOHDUORVFULE
>588KHgE72 (42 SK9!jK72 842 9gR9jSJ5i42
B%'*4D42<\\W4'LYHUVLGDGELROyJLFD\FXOWXUDOGHO
VXU GH OD $PD]RQLD FRORPELDQD  'LDJQyVWLFR
&RUSRDPD]RQLD ,QVWLWXWR +XPEROGW ,QVWLWXWR
-#.*&(#*/%2! M/%$*! 4$:**! >--;-:*)*2! >--'-9*)*! $'!
HWKQRJUDSKLFL &RQVHUYDWRU$FDGHPLDH 1DWXUDH
FXULRVRUXP 6RFLHWDWLV OLWHUDULDH (GLQEXUJHQVLV
0RVFRYLHQVLV HWF 6RGDOLV 7\SLV )UDQF 6HUDSK
FLHVRIFKHOLGWXUWOH3KU\QRSV%DWUDFKHP\VGDKOL
WHULRVGHOD/LVWD5RMDGHOD8,&1DQLYHOUHJLRQDO
IURP &RORPELD %XOO 0XV &RPS =RRO +DUYDUG
9HUVLyQ&RPLVLyQGH6XSHUYLYHQFLDGH(VSHE
V
FLHVGHOD8,&18,&1*ODQG6XL]D\&DPEULGJH
5HLQR8QLGRSS
6LQFKL8$(6311%RJRWi&RORPELDSS +EVFKPDQQL
EKO(5R9g72K472O42K9R.8K72E420J5H>5E42 JH.RKR25E(5!.K82R52(K9cJ5E2HKe
E>KHS72 R42 <\\Q42 =LSFRGH]RR FDWiORJR HQ !.gHK85E2HK>J9K85E2R52!g8gOX.K2
<\\=42 $VSHFWRV GH OD PRUIRPHWUtD GH OD MLFRWHD OtQHD KWWS]LSFRGH]RRFRP$QLPDOV &RQVXOWD
&RORPELDQD!"#$%&'()*)$"03.#*$#//0"2)."0)I!7A$;-&*(2! BJ5E(HHD2 B%'*4D42 <\\Y42 "#-)$.*9*$&'-! 9(E
GLF

98
 j#'&,%2'%2#"L?)%*2'%2%*N%,&%*
1RPEUHFLHQWtÀFR H"L?)%2,"L]#

5%&/2,2060)*$#"72,#"0#E*LM 8/#.&'()*3/#.($&3%#/#E*NL %DFKDOD ,FRWHD

5%&/2,2060)*6&,.0$-/#.#E*OL 8262$,&'0)*&"(.%"2$&3%#/#E*PL %DFKDOD ,JHQVD
&KHOXVÀPEULDWXV 8262$,&'0)*&93#,)#E*NM %DFKH 0DWDPDWD
5%&/(6"#*#$-.0"2)."0)E*QO 8262$,&'0)*/&B(#,#E*QR &DEH]DGHWUR]R 0RUURFR\GHSDWDVDPDULOODV

C0,2).&",2,*6-,,0E*QL 8262$,&'0)*)&9.-7&"$-/#.#E*SR* &DEH]yQ 0RUURFR\GHSDWDVURMDV

&DEH]yQGH]XOLD 3DOPHUD
C0,2).&",2,*/&-$2).2'-'E*SN 3RGRFQHPLVXQLÀOLV
&DUUDQFKLQD 6DEDODWHUD
C0,2).&",2,*)$2"30206&)E*SL 8262$,&'0)*+24/0E*ON
&KDUDSD$UUDX 6DEDQHUD
:&)2$/&''()*6#%/0E*RL 5KLQHP\VUXÀSHV
:&)2$/&''()*4077#E*PR
:&)2$/&''()*%&/02).&''#E*PO*
:&)2$/&''()*"#,0$&3)E*NO
:&)2$/&''()*F-/0#&E*LR
8&/.2$&3%#/-)*6-'&"0/0#,-)E*PN
8%"(,23)*4&2>>"2#,-)E*NN
8%"(,23)*.-7&"2)-)ELO
&KDUDSD-DUi
D%0,2$/&''()*#,,-/#.#E*QN
&KDUDSLWDGHDJXDMDO
D%0,2$/&''()*60#6&'#.#E*OO
&KDUDSLWDGHDOWXUD
D%0,2$/&''()*'&/#,2).&",#E*SO*
&KLSLUR
D%0,2$/&''()*,#)-.#E*OM &XSLVR
!"#$%&'()*$#//0"2)."0)E*QM +LFRWHD
!"#$%&'()*)$"03.#*&/&4#,)E*LN +LFRWHDGHRUHMDVURMDV
!"#$%&'()*+&,-).#E*OR +XHOHIHR
7DSDFXORFRP~Q
7DSDFXOROLVR
7HSDUR
7HUHFD\
7RUWXJDDFKLRWH
7RUWXJDGHUtR
7RUWXJDPRQWDxHUD

99
 Se terminó de imprimir en la Editorial
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
en septiembre de 2012. En esta edición se empleó papel
propalcote de 150 g, se utilizaron caracteres Baskerville,
Times y Gill Sans MT, en un formato de 21,5 x 14 cm.

100