Ahsg 6  ‖   Hpcefhfedjgs
Hpcefhfedjgs psefdsdfehcgs ng chs tgdrïhs fdjtgopdrèjghs

^rhlhid fdchldrhtevd

Hjnrås Dvgeohr Bugrrgrd Fdn9 8=;21>7;2=

Gcehjh Nhjegch Fhlhccgrd Fdn9 88=12;<7<1

Dcbh Cufeh \evgrh Fdn9 6;;2;766

Ohrïh Ceccy Ihohufh Fdn. 8=6<612165

Brupd9 >=6=85T8<1

^utdrh

Vdjeh ]htrefeh Dchvg

Wjevgrsenhn Jhfedjhc Hlegrth y h NesthjfehT WJHN

Gsfugch ng Fegjfehs Vdfehcgs, Hrtgs y Kuohjenhngs

]sefdcdbïh sdfehc

 Jdvegolrg ngc <=85

 

Ejtrdnuffeöj

Gj gc prgsgjtg trhlhid sg
sg nh h fdjdfgr gc ngshrrdccd ng ch Ahsg 6 ‖  Hpcefhfedjgs
 Hpcefhfedjgs psefdsdfehcgs ng

chs tgdrïhs fdjtgopdrèjghs, ndjng sg rghcezh ujh hrnuh hftevenhn fdchldrhtevh, rghcezhjnd cds

dpdrtujds hpdrtgs fdhyunhjnd gj gc prdfgsd ng adrthcgfeoegjtd ng ch hft

hftevenhn,
evenhn, ndjng sg rghcezh

ujh gjtrgvesth qug lusfh ejnhbhr sdlrg cds Gstecds ]hrgjthcgs gj ch Frehjzh ng cds Keids, gj gccd

sg fdjsengrh qug sg engjteaefhrdj cds prdfgsds ng ch rgn sdfehc ahoecehr, gc fuhc gs ng vethc

eopdrthjfeh phrh tgjgr ujh ogidr fhcenhn ng venh.

 

- Adrohtd ng gstrufturhfeöj ngc ejstruogjtd

Gstecds ]hrgjthcgs gj ch Frehjzh ng cds Keids

Ejtrdnuffeöj9

Gc gstecd ng frehjzh gs ch fdjstruffeöj psefdcöbefh qug rgprgsgjth chs gstrhtgbehs gstèjnhr qug cds

 phnrgs utecezhj gj ch frehjzh ngc jeød. Khy oufkhs tgdrïhs y dpejedjgs neagrgjtgs sdlrg chs

ogidrgs ohjgrhs ng gnufhr h cds jeøds, hsï fdod cds neagrgjtgs jevgcgs ng tegopd y gsaugrzd qug

cds phnrgs gstèj nespugstds h ejvgrter.

n gshrrdcchnh pdr  Nehjh
Chs tgdrïhs fdjdfenhs ngc gstecd ng frehjzh aug ngshrrdcchnh   Nehjh Lhuorejn 
Lhuorejn . Vg prdpusd qug

cds phnrgs sg nevengj gj trgs fhtgbdrïhs9 hutdrethred (ngfer h sus keids gxhfthogjtg
g xhfthogjtg quå khfgr),
ejnucbgjtg (pgroeter qug sus keids khbhj cd qug quegrhj), d hutdrethtevd (prdpdrfedjhjnd jdrohs y

dregjthfeöj sej sgr ndoejhjtgs). Ch tgdrïh sg hopceö pdstgredrogjtg phrh ejfcuer

ejf cuer h cds phnrgs

jgbcebgjtgs (sej tgjgr gj fugjth h cds jeøds, y sg fgjtrh gj cds ejtgrgsgs ng dtrd tepd)

gj trgvesth9 
]rdpösetd u dligtevd ng ch gjtrgvesth9

Gs fdjdfgr fuèc gs gc gstecd phrgjthc gj ch frehjzh ng cds keids qug oès sg gvengjfeh gj cds

 phnrgs
 phn rgs ng ahoeceh
ahoe ceh ng jugstrd
jug strd phïs.
phïs .

Ejstruffedjgs ng hpcefhfeöj9 Vg cg ejadrohrè h ch pgrsdjh qug seopcgogjtg nglg fdjtgsthr chs 8=

 prgbujths y qug ustgn tdohrè jdth ng chs rgspugsths nhnhs pdr gcch.

Nhtds ngc gjtrgvesthnd9

\hjbd ng gnhn9 8; h >7 høds

 

Gstrhtd sdfehc9 8 y <

Adrohfeöj hfhnåoefh9 ]reohreh y sgfujnhreh

Gsthnd fevec9 ujeöj celrg

Wlefhfeöj bgdbrèaefh9 ]utuohyd y ^dceoh

H fdjtejuhfeöj gjfdjtrhrè 8= prgbujths rgchfedjhnhs fdj ch frehjzh ng cds keids. \gspdjnh fdj

sejfgrenhn.

8- ´Xuå khfg ustgn fuhjnd hcbujd ng sus keids cg sdcefeth hyunh4

<- ´Föod ohjgih ch nesfepcejh gj su kdbhr4

6- ´Xuå phpgc iugbhj sus keids gj ch tdoh ng ngfesedjgs ng ch ahoeceh4

>- ´Ng quå adrohs ohjeaegsth ustgn gc hagftd y fhreød h sus keids4

7- ´Föod ohjgih gj su kdbhr cds pgroesds4

1- ´Föod frgg ustgn qug sg cg nglg gjsgøhr rgspdjshlecenhn h sus keids4

2- Ve uj keid fdogtg ujh ahcth d trhjsbrgng ujh jdroh d rgbch, ´Fuècgs sdj chs fdjsgfugjfehs4

;- ´Xuå phpgc iugbh su phrgih gj ch gnufhfeöj y adrohfeöj ng sus keids4

5- ´Xuå gstrhtgbehs kh utecezhnd phrh qug sus keids sghj dlgnegjtgs4

8=- ´Fuèc gs gc rgfugrnd oès gspgfehc qug tegjg ng hcbujd ng sus keids 
 

Fdjsgjteoegjtds ejadrohnds

Hjnrås Bugrrgrd 

Gcehjh Fhlhccgrd
 

Ohrïh Ceccy Ihohufh Grhzd

 

Ohtrez ng trhjsfrepfeöj ng nhtds

Gcehjh Fhlhccgrd
Gjtrgv. 8 Gjtrgv. < Gjtrgv. 6 Gjtrgv. > Gjtrgv. 7
]rgb. 8 Cd hyund, cg prgbujtd preogrd qug phsö d Htgjngrcds cd ohs prdjtd pdselcg gj ch Fdod preogrh ognenh fdjsengrd Gsfufkhrcd- nehcdbd, Cg prgstd htgjfedj y
seopcgogjtg htegjnd h su cchohnd. setuhfedj qug jgfgsethj yh qug gccds qug cds phnrgs iubhods uj phpgc htgjngrcd y fdoprgjngr cd cg lrejnd ch hsgsdreh
sdj ohydr predrenhn gj gc kdbhr brhjng gj ch adrohfedj ng cds qug jds gsth nefegjnd gj gc fhsd qug
keids y pdr f djsebuegj
djsebuegjtg
tg nglgo
nglgods
ds rgquegrg y cg ndy
hfuner segoprg qug gccds rgquegrhj hyunh jgfgshreh
hyunh ng jdsdtrds phrh sdcufejhr

cds neagrgjtg ejfdjvgjegjtgs

]rgb. < Gxpcefèjndcg qug gstè legj y qug gstè ohc, Fdj oufkd rgspgtd h vhsg ng ujh Cds phnrgs ohjgihods uj phpgc Gjtrhr gj nehcdbd y gxpce
gxpcefhrcgs
fhrcgs Gj oe kdbhr ch
fuècgs sdj sus nglgrgs gj fhsh y adrohfej ccgjh ng hodr y fhreø, eopdrthjtg gj fuhjtd h ch qug gs cd lugjd y cd ohcd nesfepcejh ch
dlcebhfedjgs, cg gxpcefd qug khy rgbchs qug ejfucfhcjnd rgspdjshlec
rgspdjshlecenhn
enhn nesfepcejh fdj jugstrds keids, phrh ohjgihods thjtd gc
kgo
kgodsds gst hlcgfend f dj oe gspdsd phrh ujh qug pgrnurg
pgrnurg gc rgspgtd y sghods phnrg ng oe keih fdod
shjh fdjvevgjfeh, ch hutdrenhn gj jugstrd kdbhr yd, y gopgzhods pdr
nehcdbd oufkd fdj oe keid h pgshr ng qug nhrcg gigopcd jdsdtrds
gs uj lglå segoprg sg kh fhrhftgrezhnd oesods
pdr sgr uj jeød ejtgcebgjtg y shled h ch
kdrh ng gsfufkhr.
]rgb. 6 Gs ouy eopdrthjtg ngsng oe pujtd ng Wj phpgc ouy eopdrthjtg yh qug sdj Iugbhj uj phpgc prejfephc yh qug ch g nufh
nufhfe
fedj
dj y g c rg sp
sp gtd
gtd F uh
uh j
jn
n d vho
vhods h
vesth ejfcuercd h åc g chs ngfesedjgs pdr lhsg ng uj kdbhr h auturd gsthlcg jugstrh ahoeceh ejfcuygj cds keids y tdohr ujh ngfesedj, ch
fdshs d fhsds oïjeods fdj gc fdcdr ng ujh adrohj
adrohj ujh hrtef uchfedj tdohods gj ahoeech y
tdhcch, ng uj tgjnend, gc fholed ng fhsh d eopdrthjtg phrh tdohr ngfesedjgs fuhjnd gsh ngfesedj
fdshs hsï segoprg
segoprg cd gj jugstrh venh eopcefh oe keih ch
ejfcuyd. gsfufkhods
]rgb. > Agcefetèjndcds pdr sus cdbrds, gj fhnh Gj ngthccgs ng f hreød, oufkd
oufkd hodr y Vegoprg ejfucfhjndcgs oufkd Fdj gc rgspgtd, ch fdjaehjzh y Hpdyhjndcd gj tdnds
gthph qug gstè vevegjnd gj gstds khfegjndcds sgjter sgburds hodr, fdoprgjsedj, fdophrtegjnd ououfkd
fkd nehcdbd y gsthr sus hftevenhngs
odogjtds h su fdrth gnhn (< høds), cg odogjtds
dogjtds fdj gccds, segoprg phrh gccds hyunhrcds gsfdhrgs, ngpdrtevhs,
lrejnd
lrejn d f djaehjzh y s gburenhn
gburenhn segjtd qug ohjeagsthjndcgs segoprg gc hodr y gj su lugjhs y ohcds
gsh gs ujh ohjgrh eopdrthjtg ng tgjegjnd ujh lugjh rgchfedj fdj odogjtds fdod
odstrhr oe fhreød, oe hagftd y oe hodr gccds. tholegj
khfeh åc.Gj f hsh segoprg shcunhods f dj uj hagftevhogjtg
hlrhzd y uj tg hod keid tg hod ohoè, tg
hod phpè y arhsgs fdod Neds tg lgjnebh.

]rgb. 7 Gstè ouy pgqugød hùj hsï qug cds Fdj oufkh
oufkh sutecgzh yh qug gj gc Vdo
Vdods
ds hut drenhn gj jugstrd kdbhr ^gjgr ujh fdoujefhfejd Cds pgroesds cds
pgroesds sdj rgstrejbends
rgstrejbends gsf hshogjtg
hshogjtg se gjtdrjd gxtgrjd sg prgsgjthj oufkhs y sg fdjsengrhj cds pgro
pgroesds
esds lhid hogjh y ccgbhr h uj hfugrnd fdjfgngods gj
gs phrh qugnhrsg fdj ch hlugch. fdshs ohchs rgbchs qug sghj f doprgjsel
doprgjselcgs
cgs y y qug fuopchr ( Nesfepcejh) fdouj hfugrnd f dj oe
qug sg fuopchj gspdsd
]rgb. 1 Cg gjsgød pdr gigopcd
gigopcd qug f hnh vgz qug Vegjnd ouy
ouy rgspdjshlcgs f dj gccds Ngsng pgqugød segoprg sg ejefeh Ngcgbhr d hnquerer Ngsng pgqugøds
quegrh iubhr
iubhr fdj sus iubugtgs cd pugng oesods gj su frgfgr gj su gnufhfedj fdj ejfucfhr vhcdrgs y rgspdjshlecenhngs
rgspdjshlecenhngs qug s g hsebjhjndcgs
khfgr segoprg y fuhjnd hc tgroejhr cds y auturd rgspdjshleceenhngs
nhngs phrh fuhjnd nebhj y sg fuopchj gj gc aujfejdhgs y
rgfdih tdnds, fuhjnd quegrh shcer nglg tgjbhj usd ng rhzdj pugnhj odogjtd gxhftd rgspdjshlecenhngs
rgspdjshlecenhngs y
tgjgr cds iubugtgs gj su seted, fuhjnd ccgbh fuopcer hfhlhcenhn f dj ch segoprg nhjndcgs gc
ngc ihrnïj sg quetg gc ujeadrog y cd ngig gj rgspdjshlecenhn. ogidr gigopcd
ch fhjhsth ng ch rdph sufeh.
]rgb. 2 Jd pdnrè vgr su prdbrhoh ng ^ v a hvdretd, Vg cgs khfg shlgr h ohjgrh ng qug se Gc nehcdbd gs gc ogned ohs gaefhz Gjtrhr gj nehcdbd y gxpce
gxpcefhrcgs
fhrcgs Vg cg ccoh ch htgjfedj,
jd erè hc phrqug, sg nglg qugnhr 7 oejutds fdogtgj ahcths vhj h pgrngr gj uj odogjtd ng fdogtgr hcbuj qug gs cd lugjd y cd ohcd sg cg khlch y sg
sgjthnd gj ujh secch rgacgxedjhjnd
rgacgxedjhjnd gc lgjgaefeds y dpdrtujenhngs gj su venh grrdr phrh sgr gsfufkhnds y fhstebh fdj cd qug
pdrquå cd kezd y cugbd se khlcd fdj åc. tdohr fdrrgftevds ohs cg busth

]rgb. ; Wj phpgc eopdrthjtg segoprg kg pgjshnd Iubhods

Iubhods gc oeso
oesod
d phpgc fdod phrgih
phrgih ^hjtd gc phpgc ng ujd fdo
fdod d gc ng Iugbh gj tdnd gj ch Wj phpgc ouy
qug ch adrohfeöj ng uj jeød gs eopdrthjtg jugstrhs phigihs sdj ngohsehnd
ngohsehnd rgspdjshlecenhn
rgspdjshlec enhn gj gc rgspgtd eopdrthjtg pdrqug
gj uj kdbhr fdj lugjds prejfepeds y eo
eopdrthjtg
pdrthjtg gj ch a drohfedj
drohfedj y gj gc nehcdbd y oufkh  iujtds tdohods
tdohods
vhcdrgs pgrd sdlrg tdnd gj uj kdbhr ng gnufhfedj ng jugstrds keids. fdoprgjsedj ngfesedjgs gj
hodr,
hodr, ng gs peretuhcenhn,
tuhcenhn, ng rgspgtd y legjgsthr ng jugstrh
fdjaehjzh y ch phrgih gs eopdrthjtg
eopdrthjtg gj oe keih
fhsd oe gspdsd gs ch aeburh phtgrjh h ch
fuhc oe keid quegrg eoethr gj tdnd
odogjtd .
]rgb. 5 Agcefethf edjgs, hlrhzds, prgoeds
prgoeds f dod er hc Ejfgjtevhrcds gj tdnd qug sg Fdod cd ogjfedjhlh Khlchr ng ch ogidr ohjgrh Ngsng pgqugøh cg
phrqug, fuhjnd og ngsdlgngfg shlg gsaugrzhj hjtgredrogjtg ch ogidr gstrhtgbeh fdj oufkh gnufhfeöj y khlcd oufkd, cg pdjbd
hutdoètefhogjtg qug og kg odcgsthnd
odcgsthnd y gs gc nehcdbd rgfhcfhr cd lugjd y cd ohcd y gigopcds, cg kg nhnd
jd tegjg jejbùj lgjgaefed phrh hcbd qug tgjgr oufkh fdoujefhfeöj y ujh lugjh gnufhfedj
quegrh rghcezhr. fdjaehjzh
]rgb. Fdj oe keid fuhjnd gopgzö h fhoejhr Wj hlrh
hlrhzd
zd fuhjnd
fuhjnd ccgb
ccgbd
d h fhsh Ch hc
hcgb
gbrreh y gc
gc ho
hodr
dr qu
qug
g jds
jds Fuhjnd og nefg "Ohoh tg ]hrh oe cd ohs
8= pdrqug sg ngodrö oufkd gj khfgrcd yh ngougstrhj segoprg qug ccgbhods hod" eo
eopdrthjtg
pdrthjtg gs gc
qug grh uj lglå bdrnetd sg cg neaefucthlh ng jugstrhs idrjhnhs ng t rhlhid. jhfeoegjtd ng oe keih
oufkd fhoejhr. y qug og nebh qug
hoh
 

Hjnrås Bugrrgrd
Gjtrgv. 8 Gjtrgv. < Gjtrgv. 6 Gjtrgv. > Gjtrgv. 7
]rgb. 8 cd khbd, trhtd ng hyunhrcg gj fuhjtd sgh Cg prgbujtd gj qug cg pugnd hyunhr y ^rhtd ng ejvgstebhr cd qug cg Cg lrejnd tdnd oe hpdyd y cd Cd gsfufkd y trhtd ng
pdselcg, y se jd pugnd khfgrcd cg gxpcefd ng cd khbd. sufgng, y lusfd hyunhrcd ng hfdophød pdr tdnd cd qug lusfhr ujh sdcufeöj
ch ogidr ohjgrh. ejognehtd. gstg phshjnd, trhtd ng nhrcg  iujtd fdj gcch.
fdjaehjzh.

]rgb. < Khlcd augrtg y trhtd ng qug sg jdtg qug Ohjgih kdrhreds ng hftevenhngs, Ngcgihjnd aujfedjgs y hsegjnd Ch vgrnhn trhtd ng khfgrcd Fdj oufkd hodr y
sdy ch hutdrenhn y qug og nglgj rgspgtd, ngspuås ng hcougrzd ngsfhjsh, khfg phrtg h tdnds ng chs chldrgs fdj oufkd hodr, pgrd gj oufkds fdjsgids.
sej pgrngr gc chnd fh reød y fd oprgjsevd chs thrghs y ngspuås pugng iubhr gj ndoåstefhs. dfhsedjgs sg khfg jgfgshred
fuhjnd sgh jgfgshred. gc fgcuchr. uj pdfd ng ohjd nurh.

]rgb. 6 Fuhjnd gs hcbd phrh åc, trhthods ng qug ^holeåj tdoh ngfesedjgs, pgrd Huj jd iugbhj jejbùj phpgc, cds Iugbhj uj phpgc eopdrthjtg, Vegoprg trht hods ng
Vegoprg
sgh quegj tdoh ch ngfeseöj, fdod pdr lèsefhs, jd eopdrthjtgs. ohydrgs tdohods
tdohods chs ngfesedjgs. hujqug oès ejnergft
ejnergft h qug qug sg segjth phrtg ng
gigopcd9 gc nesgød ng sus fuhngrjd y nergfthogjtg, pugs gj chs ngfesedjgs qug sg
fdshs pdr gc gstecd. dfhsedjgs tgjgods qug tdohj.
pgjshr legj chs ngfesedjgs
phrh jd hagfthrcds h gccds.

]rgb. > ^dnds cds nïhs cgs nebd qug cds hod, qug
sdj cd ohs eopdrthjtg
eopdrthjtg gj oe venh, y h
pgshr ng qug jd gstdy fgrfh h gccds, cds
cchod y tgjbd fdoujefhfeöj fdjsthjtg.
Cd hlrhzd, cg ndy lgsds gj ch argjtg
gj ch jhrez, sdlrg tdnd pefds gj ch
jhrez y cg nebd fdshs ldjeths.
H lhsg ng phchlrhs ldjeths,
fdjsejteåjndcds oufkd y
agcefetèjndcgs pdr tdnd cd qug
khfgj legj.
Cds ccgjd ng oufkds hlrhzds
y lgsds, y cgs nebd gj fhnh
odogjtd qug cds hod y sdj
cd ogidr ng oe venh.
Fdj oufkd fhreød, y
sejfgrenhn, trhthjnd
segoprg ng qug sg
segjth eopdrthjtg y
qugrenh.

]rgb. 7 Vdj fdjtrdchnds y ngspuås ng rghcezhr chs Cg ndy pgroesd fuhjnd yh kh kgfkd ]dr cd bgjgrhc cg ndy pgroesds Vdcd cds aejgs ng sgohjh qug Fuhjnd gs phrh iubhr
dlcebhfedjgs, fdod chs thrghs y hcbujhs sus nglgrgs, y fdj uj tegopd ouy fdrtds y fdjtrdchnds, sdcd h vhj ndjng sus hlugcds, ng gj ch fuhnrh cg
fdchldrhfedjgs fdj chs thrghs ng kdbhr. ngtgroejhnd. fhshs ng ahoecehrgs.
hrgs. rgstd huj jd cgs nhods pgroetd
pgro etd qug shcbh
pgroesd
pgro esd phrh dt rds chnds. lhsthjtg tegopd, pgrd
gstdy pgjnegjtg ng cd
qug gsth hsegjnd.

]rgb. 1 Gj preogr cubhr, pdr ogned ngc gigopcd, Hseåjndcg vgr qug hcbujhs hffedjgs cg Hseåjndcgs hsuoer sus prdpehs Eopdjegjnd
Eopdjegjnd kdrhreds y t hrghs ]dr ogned ngc gigopcd,
ngspuås ngcgbhjnd aujfedjgs ngjtrd ng chs pugngj trhgr fdjsgfugjfehs oès rgspdjshlecenhngs. phrh fuopcer gj ngtgroejhnds odstrèjndcg qug
chldrgs jdrohcgs ng ch fhsh. ]djegjnd hngchjtg, fdjtèjndcg kestdrehs g tegopds. tdnds tgjgods
kdrhreds ng fuopceoegjtd. ejstruyåjndcg. ngrgfkds y nglgrgs.

]rgb. 2 Cg rgstrejbegjnd gc hffgsd h ejtgrjgt y Cd rgbhød y se gs ujh ahcth ouy brhvg cd rgbhød, cg suspgjnd cds Ch vgrnhn og fugsth oufkd Nglg khlgr hcbùj tepd
nespdsetevds gcgftröjefds, pdr uj fegrtd cg pgbd. pgroesds,
pgro esds, y cg quetd gc f gcuchr pdr fhstebhr h oes keids, d hc ng fhstebd phrh qug
tegopd ngtgroejhnd ng hfugrnd h ch ahcth. ujds nïhs. ogjds trhtd ng khlchrcgs y ogidrg, pgrd jujf h
ngfercgs qug gsd gstè ohc. fdj vedcgjfeh, nglg
sgr hcbd ohs
]rgb. ; Wj phpgc thj eopdrthjtg
eopdrthjtg fdod gc oïd, ng Jd iugbh jejbùj phpgc, pugs hc jd sgr Gs uj brhj hpdyd phrh adrohr Cds nds v hods ng ch ohjd gj Oe gspdsd cg nh ch
cds nds ngpgjng qug jugstrds keids sghj gc phnrg trhth ohjtgjgrsg hcgihnd ng rgspdjshlecenhn y fhrèftgr gj gc tdnd cd rgagrgjtg h jugstrds phrtg augrtg h su
dregjthnds khfeh gc fdrrgftd hftuhr. rgspdjshlecenhngs. jeød, pgrd cd khfg fdj oufkd keids. fhrèftgr, y gs
rgspgtd. eopdrthjtg
eopdrthjtg fdod gc
chnd nucfg qug sg cd
ndy yd.

]rgb. 5 ^gjbd ch ohr

ohrhveccdsh
hveccdsh dpdrtujenhn ng tgjgr Ohs qug tdnd cd gxpcefd gc nglgr sgr Ch gstrhtgbeh ng qug tdnd khy Gxebegjnd gc fuopceoegjtd ng ]rgo
]rgoehjnd
ehjnd chs lugjhs
nds keids ouy dlgnegjtgs, pgrd ng chs fdshs, qug vgh vengds ng qug bhjèrsgcd, sejd khfgj ujh sus thrghs ng fdcgbed hpgjhs hffedjgs y cchohjnd ch
bgjgrhcogjtg trhtd ng hpcefhr fdrrgffedjgs pgrsdjhs qug khfgj ohc chs fdshs, y thrgh jd sg cgs pgroetg khfgr hcbd ccgbh ng ch gsfugch y jd gc chs htgjfeöj gj chs ohchs.
gj fhsd ng qug sg vgh quglrhjthnh gsth se cd khfg cd fhstebd quetèjndcg gc qug cgs busth. jdfkgs.
nesfepcejh. fgcuchr.
]rgb. Gc preogr
preogr nïh qug cd ve bhtghjnd khf eh oe y Fuhjnd fuopceö 7 høds, qug cg kefg Gc preogr nïh ng venh, tgjgrcd gj Ch aegsth ng fuopcghøds qug Vej nunh hcbujh gc vgr
8= cgvhjtd ch fhlgzh, og oerd y sdjreö. ujh fdoenh fdj sus preohs y cd ve oes lrhzds aug cd ohs ohrhveccdsd. cg kefeods h jugstrds nds ch agcefenhn fdj ch qug
ouy agcez. keids gc oesod nïh. ned sus preogrds
phsds.

Dcbh Cufeh \evgrh 
Gjtrgv. 8
Khfgr gj uj
uj fhsd
]rgb. 8 ngtgroejhnd tdnd cd pdselcg gj
cd qug oès pugnh.
Fdj rgspdjshlecenhn y
]rgb. <
rgspgftd hjtg tdnd.
Gs uj phpgc ouy eopdrthjtg
 pdrqug
 pdrqug se k
khy
hy qu
qugg tdohr uujh
jh
]rgb. 6
ngfeseöj ng sgr ng outud
hfugrnd gjtrg ch ahoeceh.
Gc hodr qug sg ohjeaegsth
gjtrg ch ahoeceh nglg sgr fdj
]rgb. > ngthccgs, fdj rgspgftd,
fdoprgjseöj y fdj lugj
gigopcd.
Gj fdjiujtd fdj oe gspdsd y
]rgb. 7 sgr aerog gj ch ngfeseöj qug
sg tdog.
]reogrd qug tdnd nhjnd lugj
gigopcd y segjnd gxtreth fdj ch
]rgb. 1
nesfepcejh y khlchrcg ngc tgodr
h Neds.
Ve ejfuopcg ujh jdroh sg cgs
 prdkïl
 prdk ïlgg hcbd ng cd qug o
oès
ès cgs
]rgb. 2
bustg d sg cgs fdcdfh h khfgr
uj trhlhid gj gc kdbhr.
Iugbh uj phpgc ouy
]rgb. ; eopdrthjtg,
eopdrthjtg,
 pgrsdjh qugpdrqug
 pgrsdjh oès ccgggs ch ö cchh
fdjae
fdjaeö
adrohfeöj g oes keids.
Cds prgoed fdj ngthccgs d
]rgb. 5 nèjndcgs hcbd qug cds odtevg
qug sghj dlgnegjtgs.
Hùj tgjbd rgfugrnd ng holds
gc oès gspgfehc kh send gc ng
oe jeød, fuhjnd hc nhrog uj
ngthccg ng fuopcghøds gsg nïh
]rgb. 8=
tuveods sgjteoegjtds
 
 
gjfdjtrhnds pdrqug gxprgsd
uj fhreød khfeh h oï qug
jujfh cd dcvend.
Gjtrgv. < Gjtrgv. 6 Gjtrgv. > Gjtrgv. 7
Nehcdbhr
Nehcdbhr y fdjdfgr ch ]reogrd qug tdnd cd hfdjsgid y
Ngsng qug yd pugnh khfgrcd cd Cgs prgstö htgjfeöj,
htgjfeöj, phrh
 pre
 preohte
ohtefh,
fh, phrh hsï pdngr
pdngr cg ndy fdjaehjzh phrh qug og
khbd phrh sus lugjds lgjgaefeds. shlgr gj quå cg
cg pugnd hyunhr.
hyunhr.
hyunhr. fugjtg ch neaefucthn qug tegjg.
Gs ouy eopdrthjtg pdrqug
H qug tgjbhj oufkh ng gstd ngpgjng ch Fdjsengrd qug s dy gstreftd, yh
Fdjsengrd
Ch ohjgid fdj hodr y
rgspdjshlecenhn y rgspgftd hjtg rgspdjshlecenhn y ch qug chs
chs rgbchs qug sdy sg
hutdrenhn argjtg h nhn fhsd
tdnd. adrohfeöj phrh ch venh nglgj ng fuopcer.
fdtenehjh.
Iugbhj uj phpgc ouy
Iugbhj uj phpgc ouy
eop
eopdrthjtg
drthjtg g j ch tdoh ng Cds keids dfuphj uj cubhr ouy
Iugbhj uj phpgc ouy eopdrthjtg, eopdrthjtg
eopdrthjtg yh qug chs
ngfesedjgs, yh qug sg nglgj eopdrthjtg
eopdrthjtg g j jùfcgd ng ch
yh qug chs ngfesedjgs sg tdohj gj ngfesedjgs
ngfesedjgs sg tdohj tgjegjnd
tgjgr gj fugjth y khfgrcds ahoeceh gs uj fdopcgogjtd gj
fdoùj hfugrnd gj ch ahoece
ahoeceh.
h. gj fugjth gc legjgsthr ng
 phrtefepgs
 phrtefepgs gj fd
fdoù
oùjj hfugrnd uj kdbhr.
tdnds.
fdj ch ahoeceh.
Htrhvgz ng oe prgdfuphfeöj
Khlcèjndcgs oufkd y ^rhtèjndcds fdj hodr,
Fdj rgspgf td y fdoprgjseöj y  phrh qug
qug tgjbhj ujh
ujh ogidr
ogidr
gxpcefèjndcgs ous sgjteoegjtds ngc rgspgft
rgspgftdd y fdoprgjneåjndcd
fdoprgjneåjndcdss
 lre
 lrejnèj
jnèjndc
ndcgs
gs fdjaehjzh
fdjaehjzh y hodr.
hodr. fhcenhn ng venh. ]drqug tdnd
hodr qug cgs tgjbd. gj fhnh gthph ng su venh.
sg ngougstrh gs fdj kgfkds.
Vdj ouy rgstrejbends, yh qug se
Vg cg nh pgroesd, pgrd åc nglg Ng hfugrnd h ch jgfgsenhn Cds ohjgid gj fdoùj h fgrnd jd h fuopcend ujh jdroh,
fuopcer fdj ujds rgbchogjtds rgqugrenh pdr cds keids y gj fdj oe gspdsd y fdj
ejognehthogjtg
ejognehthogjtg gc pgroesd
gxebends. fdoùj hfugrnd fdj gc phnrg. rgspdjshlecenhn.
sgrè jgbhnd.
 Jdsdtrds fdod phnrgs
 Jdsdtrds
Ngodstrèjndcg qug yd f dod
nglgods nhr lugj gigopcd ]reogrd qug tdnd, fdod phnrg
 pgrsdjhh hnuc
 pgrsdj hnucth
th cg pugnd
pugnd trhso
trhsoete
eterr Nèjndcgs ujh lugjh gjsgøhjzh
ng hjtg ngcds kei
keids,
ds, phrh qug nhjnd gigopcd h cds keids, phrh
cds vhcdrgs, rgspgtd y fhreød qug qug cds gneaequg y cds odtevg h
gc nïh ng ohøhjh sghj se pdngr gxeber
gxeber qug s ghj
nglhj tgjgr phrh qug gccds sebhj shcer hngchjtg.
rgspdjshlcgs fdj g ccds
ccds rgspdjshlcgs.
gsg gigopc
gigopcd.
d.
oesods y fdj cds ngoès.
Ve fdogtgj ujh ahcth pdr
Gj hcbùj fhsd Chs fdjsgfugjfehs sgrïhj ng sgjfecch qug sgh khy qug Vuspgjneåjndcg cd qug oès cg
hfugrnd h ch ahcth, gs ngfer fdrrgbercds, khfeåjndcgs
khfeåjndcgs sgjter busth, y se gs ouy brhvg
sgh lugjh sgh ohch. qug khj hftuhnd ohc y khy qug fhstebhrcd.
Vg cgs prdkïlg hcbùj iugbd d cd qug
hsuoer chs fdjsgfugjfehs.
oès cg bustg.
Iugbh uj phpgc ouy Gs eopdrthjtg yh qug ejacuy
ejacuygg Iugbh uj phpgc ouy
ouy
Iugbh uj phpgc
ch pgrsdjh ouy gj
prejfephc eopd
eopdrthjtg,
gc rthjtg, eop
eopdrthjtg
drthjtg
gigopcd h spdrqug
kdbhr. gs gigopcd gs gc
gbuer phrh sh cer
cer fdj su gigopcd
ngshrrdccd gj suphrh
venhsu
y phrh eopdrthjtg
eopdrthjtg
 pgrsdj
 pgrsdjhce yhgsqug
hcenhn
nhn ujsu tepd
gigopc
gigo dngh
pcd
hngchjtg gj ch venh. tgjgr uj auturd. sgbuer h oes keids.
Ch gstrhtgbeh qug pugnd ushr
 phrh qug
qug sghj dlgnegj
dlgnegjtgs
tgs gs
Khfeåjndcgs sgjter qug sdj nèjndcgs lugj gigopcd y
]rdogteåjndcg rgbhcds, gigopcd se Gc nehcdbd ahoecehr, y chs rgbchs
ouy eopdrthjtgs
eopdrthjtgs y h ch vgz rgfdopgjsèjndcgs sus lugjhs
bhjh gc h ød cg ndy ujh fefch. ahoecehrgs.
odtevhrcds y agcefethrcds. hffedjgs fdj cd qug oès cgs
bustg, gs ngfer, pdr gigopcd erer h
 iubhr
 iubhr autl
autldc
dc..
Fuhjnd og ned ujh thrigth ng uj Gs ch pgrsdjeth oès htgjth Vdj oufkds
oufkds cds rgf ugrnds
Fuhjnd oe keid ogjdr jhfeö og
neluid qug cg oesod neluid gj gj oes fuopcghøds og khfg gspgfehcgs yh qug segoprg og
ne fugjth qug grh uj vhröj.
prgsfdchr.
prgsfdchr. sgjter ouy legj. sdrprgjngj fdj hftds ng hodr.
 

Ohrïh Ceccy Ihohufh Grhzd

Gjtrgvesth 8 Gjtrgvesth < Gjtrgvesth 6 Gjtrgvesth > Gjtrgvesth 7

]rgb.8 Lrejnèjndcg ch Hyunèjndcgs h ^rhtd ng Lusfd Lrejnèjndcg hpdyd y ch

hyunh  lusfhr sdcufedjgs. hyunhrcd gstrhtgbehs phrh hyunh jgfgshreh
segoprg hyunhrcd.

]rgb.< ]djegjnd jdrohs y Nesfepcejh fdj fdj rgspgtd y Ngpgjnegjnd ch Ngièjndcgs legj gj
rgbchs nehcdbd y sej fdj jdrohs dfhseöj, fdj fchrd fuhcgs sdj chs
hbrgsedjgs. sgrgjenhn y jdrohs y rgbchs ng ch
hodr fhsh.

]rgb.6 Ng vgz gj fuhjnd Chs ngfesedjgs sdj Chs ngfesedjgs Vegoprg Cds jeøds sdj
ngpgjnegjnd ch gj fdjiujtd y chs tdohods tdohods chs eopdrthjtgs h ch kdrh
setuhfeöj. fdoùj hfugrnd cds phnrgs ngfesedjgs ng ch ng tdohr ngfesedjgs
8==% ahoeceh iujtds qug sghj phrtefephtevhs

]rgb.> Nefeåjndsgcd y Lrejnèjndcg hpdyd Fdj hlrhzds y Nefeåjndsgcds y Fdj oeods y tholeåj
ngodstrèjndsgcds. y oeods, phchlrhs  lgsds ngodstrèjndsgcd fdj fdjsgids
ng èjeod. fdj kgfkds

]rgb.7 Fdj cïoetgs y Fdjnefedjhnd y Vdj Vg nhj pgroesd Cgs pdjbd fdjnefedjgs
rgbchs. fdj kdrhreds hffgselcgs, fuhjnd khj y khbd qug sg bhjgj cds
 pgrd fdj fuopcend fdj  pgroesds.
jdrohs. sus nglgrgs.

]rgb.1 Nèjndcgs gigopcd h Fdj gigopcd y ejfucfèjndsgcd ]dr ogned ng Ch rgspdjshlecenhn

cds jeøds gj fhsh. fdjsgids ngsng jeøds gigopcd, gopegzh gj fhsh,
fdjsgids y gjtdjfgs cd ogidr sgrïh
gjsgøhjzh. nhjnd gigopcd

]rgb.2 Fdj fhstebd aïsefd y Gc fhstebd y ch Gc fhstebd \gbhøèjndcd Wj fhstebd

quetèjndcg cd qug rgprgjseöj vgrlhc  phrh qug jd cd
oès cg bustg. vugcvh khfgr.

]rgb.; Gsthr gj hfugrnd Fdophrteods chs Ouy Gs eopdrthjtg Gs eopdrthjtg pdr qug
fdj tdnd. jdrohs. eopdrthjtg, gs  pdrqug gs ng cds nds sdods
ng hpdyd oufkh rgspdjshlcgs ng ch
ejacugjfeh y ng frehjzh y ngc gigopcd
oufkh hyunh.

]rgb.5 Fdj gc nehcdbd y ^hjtd prgoeds Fdj Gsfrelegjnd Nehcdbd, fdjsgids,

fdjsgids. fdod fhstebds. odtevhfeöj y fhstebds y  prgoeds y fhstebds.
fhstebds  prgoeds phrh
odtevhrcds

]rgb.8= \gterd gsperetuhc, Fujhnd fhoejd. Vu preogr Fuhjnd og neid Fuhjnd oes jeøds
ndjng åc aug høetd ohoh. bgogcds gc oesod nïh
ngthccesth fdj ch og neigrdj phph.
ohoh.
 

\gagrgjfehs Lelcedbrèaefhs

Hrehs, H.Q., Odrhcgs, I.A., Jduvechs, G. & Ohrtïjgz I.C. (<=8<) ]sefdcdbïh Vdfehc Hpcefhnh.

Ldbdtè, Fdcdoleh. Gnetdrehc ]hjhogrefhjh, (Fhp. <. ]p. 27  ‖  5<)

 5<) \gfupgrhnd

ng9  kttps9//www-ognefhphjhogrefhjh-
ng9

fdo.lelcedtgfhvertuhc.ujhn.gnu.fd/QesdrGldd`Q</Gldd`/52;;>5;671=<84td`gj?;;>8hf1

=-a<g2->lf;-;h6g-

=n>lh>7g<78n#{%<<]hbejh%<<9%<<27%<<,%<<Qesth%<<9%<<Ejnefg%<<,%<<Lusqug

nh%<<9%<<%<<}
nh%<<9%<<%<<}  

Hrehs, H.Q., Odrhcgs, I.A., Jduvechs, G. & Ohrtïjgz I.C. (<=8<) ]sefdcdbïh Vdfehc Hpcefhnh.

Ldbdtè, Fdcdoleh. Gnetdrehc ]hjhogrefhjh, (Fhp. 7. ]p. 86>  ‖  87>)

 87>) \gfupgrhnd

ng9  kttps9//www-ognefhphjhogrefhjh-
ng9

fdo.lelcedtgfhvertuhc.ujhn.gnu.fd/QesdrGldd`Q</Gldd`/52;;>5;671=<84td`gj?;;>8hf1

=-a<g2->lf;-;h6g-

=n>lh>7g<78n#{%<<]hbejh%<<9%<<867%<<,%<<Qesth%<<9%<<Ejnefg%<<,%<<Lusqu

gnh%<<9%<<%<<}