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pdf (#15)
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 ! " ! "
! x(t) f (x, y)
X (t) = F(X), X(t) = F=
y(y) g(x, y)
X(0) = X0 X
F


 dx
 = f (x, y)
dt x(0) = x0 , y(0) = y0
 dy
 = g(x, y)
dt
f g x y

2021-03-11 09:29:47 3/14 SEM_7.pdf (3/14)

 dx
= ax − bxy
dt
dy
= −c y + d x y
dt
a, b, c, d x(0) = x0 y(0) = y0

2021-03-11 09:29:47 4/14 SEM_7.pdf (4/14)

 F=0
X

! !
ax − bxy = 0 (x1 , y 1 ) = (0,
" c 0)a #
⇒
−c y + d x y = 0 (x2 , y 2 ) = ,
d b

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  
∂f ∂f
 ∂x ∂y 
J =
 ∂g

∂g 
∂x ∂y

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 X ! (t) = F(X) X
X

Z ! (t) = A Z, A = J(X)

A X

!
u ! (t) = fx (x, y) u + fy (x, y) v
v ! (t) = gx (x, y) u + gy (x, y) v

" #
u
Z= A = J(X)
v

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 f (x, y) = a x − b x y
g(x, y) = −c y + d x y
fx = a − b y fy = −b x
gx = d y gy = −c + d x
! "
a − by −b x
⇒J =
dy −c + d x

(x1 , y 1 ) = (0, 0)
Z ! = A1 Z
! "
a 0
A1 = (A) = a − c det(A) = −a c < 0
0 −c
! "! ! "! "
u a 0 u
=
v 0 −c v

 du
 = au
dt
 dv
 = −c v
dt

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 !c a"
(x2 , y 2 ) = ,
d b
Z ! = A2 Z
 
bc
 0 − 
A2 =  d a d  (A) = 0 det(A) = a c > 0
0
b
 
) *! bc ) *
u  0 −  u
= da d 
v v
0
b
 du bc

 =− v
 dt d

 dv

=
ad
u
dt b

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  % &
 dx 
 a 0

 (x1 , y ) = (0, 0) =⇒ J 1 =

 = ax − bxy 
 1
0 −c
 dt   
=⇒ bc
'c a( − 

 dy
 

  0 d 
= −c y + d x y 
 (x2 , y 2 ) = , =⇒ J2 =  d a
dt 
 d b 0
b

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 A
◦ A
◦ A
◦ A

2021-03-11 09:29:47 11/14 SEM_7.pdf (11/14)

 
 dx
 = f (x, y) dX
dt = F(X)
 dy dt
 = g(x, y)
% dt
f (x, y) = 0
F(X) = 0
g(x, y) = 0
& '
f x fy
J=
gx gy& '
a b
A = J(X) =
 c d 

 (A) = a + d 
 (A) =
A det(A) = ad − bc det(A) =

 

δ = ( (A))2 − 4 det(A) (A) =

2021-03-11 09:29:47 12/14 SEM_7.pdf (12/14)

 A
! " ! "
fx (X) fx (X) a b
A = J(X) = =
gx (X) gy (X) c d

(A) = a + d det(A) = ad − bc
2
δ = ( (A)) − 4 det(A)
◦ X S (A) < 0 det(A) > 0
δ<0
δ>0
◦ X U (A) > 0 det(A) < 0
◦ (A) = 0 det(A) > 0
◦ det(A) = 0
◦ (A) = 0 det(A) < 0

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 det) A
X A = J(X) ( (A), det(A))
1 2
det det =
4

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