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Análisis de Sistemas de
Protección empleando
DIgSILENT PowerFactory

Copyright © 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve


Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD
Jairo H. Quiros Tortos. Ph.D. Researcher
Manchester, UK, Enero, 2011
Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 1/23
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Análisis de Sistemas de Protección
empleando
DIgSILENT PowerFactory

Copyright © 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve


Mostrar los aspectos teoricos del analisis de sistemas de
proteccion empleando la herramienta DigSILENT
PowerFactory
Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD,
Jairo H. Quiros Tortos. Ph.D. Researcher
fglogatt@fglongatt.org.ve, jquiros@eie.ucr.ac.cr
Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 2/23
Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009
Protección
1. Introducción a los Sistemas de

3/23

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Objetivos de los Sistemas de Protección
• Prevenir lesiones a las personas.

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• Minimizar el daño en los componentes del
sistema.

• Limitar la duración y minimizar las


interrupciones del servicio.

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Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 4/23
Aspectos de Sistemas de Protección
• Confiabilidad

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– Propiedad de garantizar un funcionamiento correcto de la
protección. Incluye operar cuando se requiere
(dependebilidad) y no operar incorrectamente (seguridad).
• Selectividad
– Eliminar la falla o anomalía mediante la desconexión del
menor número de elementos.
• Velocidad de Operación
– Desconexión de la falla en el menor tiempo posible.
• Simplicidad
– Mínimo de dispositivo de protección y circuitería asociados

Copyright © 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve


para lograr los objetivos de protección.
• Sensibilidad
– Detección de fallas o condiciones anormales que
provoquen variaciones pequeñas en el sistema.
Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 5/23
Anormalidades en SP
• Las anormalidades en sistemas de

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potencia son miles, pero pueden ser
agrupadas en:
– Cortocircuitos
– Sobrecargas
– Contactos a tierra
– Interrupción de conductores

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– Déficit de potencia activa
– Poleslip (Perdida de estabilidad)

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 6/23


Criterio de deteccion de falla
Criterio de Detección de falla:

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• Sobrecorriente (cortocircuito, sobrecarga)

• Corriente diferencial (cortocircuito).

• Sobre voltaje/Bajo voltaje (cortocircuito, estabilidad de voltaje)

• Dirección de potencia (cortocircuito, contacto a tierra)

• Desbalance (interrupción de conductor, desbalance de


carga).

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• Impedancia (cortocircuito, perdida de estabilidad).

• Frecuencia (déficit de potencia activa)

• Temperatura (sobrecarga)
Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 7/23
Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009
Transformador de Potencial (TP)
2. Transformadores de Corriente (TC) y

8/23

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Clasificación de los TC
Clases de predicción por IEC:

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ejemplo: 15VA Clase 10 P 20

 15VA : Burden in VA
 10 : Clase de precisión
P : Aplicación: P para “Protección”
 20 : Accuracy Limit Factor (factor limite de precisión)
(hasta 10% de error a 20 veces la corriente nominal o

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burden)

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 9/23


Clasificación de los transformadores
• Definición según ANSI/IEEE:

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• Ejemplo: T100 o C 100
 ‘T‘ indica que el desempeno del TC ha sido probado:
Fabricantes pueden proveer pruebas y datos medidos.
 ‘C‘ indica que el desempeno ha sido calculado.
 Numero que define el maximo voltaje en el secundario a
el cual el error es menor a 10%, para corrientes entre 1-
Number defines the maximum secondary voltage at
which the error is less than 10%, for currents between 1-

Copyright © 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve


20 veces la corriente secundaria.

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 10/23


Saturación del Transformador de Corriente
 Los transformadores de corriente (TC) se pueden

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saturar si:
 Voltaje AC secundario es mas alto que el voltaje del codo
(kneepoint).
 Corriente primaria contiene componentes DC.

 La corriente secundaria de un TC saturado es


distorcionada y mas pequena de la corriente no
saturada.
 TC especiales con caracteristicas dinamicas mejorasas

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son clasificados segun la norma IEC como TPX,TPY o
TPZ

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 11/23


CT Saturacion

DIgSILENT
1200.0

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800.00

400.00

0.000

-400.00

-800.00

-1200.0
-0.1000 0.000 0.100 .. 0.200
Stromwandler: Mag.-Fluss L1 in V

1200.0

800.00

400.00

0.000

-400.00

-800.00

-1200.0
-0.1000 0.000 0.100 .. 0.200
Stromwandler: Mag.-Fluss L2 in V

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1200.0

800.00

400.00

0.000

-400.00

-800.00

-1200.0
-0.1000 0.000 0.100 .. 0.200
Stromwandler: Mag.-Fluss L3 in V

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 12/23


Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009
3. Proteccion contra Sobrecorrientes

13/23

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Característica de tiempo definido

DIgS ILE NT
10

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I>

• Tiempo total de limpieza de


[s]
falla (Tcf):
Tfc = Trelay + Tbrk
1
I>> Trelay: tiempo de disparo del rele
Tbrk : Tiempo de disparo del interruptor
• Tiempo de disparo del rele
(Trelay):
Tfct=Trelay+Tbrk

0.1

Trelay = Ts + Tset

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Ts: tiempo de arranque
Tfct=Trelay+Tbrk Tset: tiempo ajustado
• Ajuste de corriente
0.01
1000
I>/I>>
10000 [pri.A] 100000 I > und I >> Ajuste de corriente de
arranque
Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 14/23
Característica de tiempo inverso

DIgSILENT
10
• Tiempo total de limpieza de

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Imin
Ipset falla (Tcf):
[s]

Tfc = Trelay + Tbrk


1
Trelay: tiempo de disparo del rele
Tbrk : Tiempo de disparo del interruptor
• Tiempo de disparo del rele
Tpset (Trelay):
0.1 Trelay = Ts + Tset
Ts: tiempo de arranque

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Tfct=Trelay+Tbrk Tset: tiempo ajustado
• Ajuste de corriente
0.01
Ipset: rango de corriente ajustada
1000 10000 [pri.A] 100000
AMZ
Imin: Corriente de arranque

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 15/23


Características - IEC
• Normalmente Inverso: 0.14
t = Tpset ⋅

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( I / I pset ) 0.02 − 1
13.5
• Muy Inverso: t = Tpset ⋅
( I / I pset ) − 1

80
• Extremadamente Inverso: t = Tpset ⋅
( I / I pset ) 2 − 1

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120
• Inverso Largo: t = Tpset ⋅
( I / I pset ) − 1

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 16/23


Características - ANSI / IEEE

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 8.9341 
t = Tpset ⋅  + 0.17966 
• Normalmente inversa  ( I / I ) 2,0938 − 1
 pset


 0.2663 
t = Tpset ⋅  + 
• Inverso corto  ( I / I )1.2969 − 1
 pset
0 . 03393


 5.64143 
• Largamente inversa t = Tpset ⋅  + 2.18592 
 (I / I ) −1 
 pset 
 
• Moderadamente inversa t = Tpset ⋅ 
0.0103
 (I / I ) −10 . 02
+ 0.0228 

 pset 
 3.922 
• Muy inversa t = Tpset ⋅ 
 (I / I )2 −1
+ 0 . 0982 

 pset 
 
• Extremadamente inversa t = Tpset ⋅ 
5.64
 (I / I )2 −1
+ 0.0243

 pset 
• Inversa definidad  0.4797 
t = Tpset ⋅  

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+ 0 .21359
 ( I / I )1.5625 − 1 
 pset 
• Corriente cuadrada t=
50.7 ⋅ Tpset + 10.14
( I / I pset ) 2

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 17/23


Infeed
t
A

A-B
t=1.2 s

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009


B
t= 0.8 s

B-C
Coordinacion por Tiempo

C
t= 0.4 s

C-D

D
18/23

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Copyright © 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve
Infeed
t
A

A-B

lmax(0.8*LAB)

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009


B

lmax(0.8*LBC)
B-C

C
C-D

lmax(0.8*LCD)
Coordinación Tiempo/Corriente

D
19/23

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Fusibles

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Máximo tiempo de
liberación de falla
Max. Melt Curve

Mínimo tiempo de
liberación de falla

Min. Melt Curve

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Average Melt Curve

Fuse 1 Fuse 2

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 20/23


Interruptores de Bajo Voltaje

DIgSILENT

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Ir Tiempo largo de
retardo por
1000 proteccion de • Tiempo largo con retardo
tr sobrecarga
por protección de
[s] sobrecarga
Tiempo corto con
Im retardo por cortocircuito

10
• Tiempo corto con retardo
tm
por cortocircuito – con o
I²t on/off
sin característica I²t
0.1
Protección instantánea I

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contra cortocircuito
• Protección instantánea
contra cortocircuito

0.001
1000 10000 [pri.A] 100000
LV-Breaker

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 21/23


Caracteristicas de Arranque de Motores

DIgSILENT
100

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[s]
• Característica de
tcold Sn
arranque I n =
10
3 ⋅U n
thot
I a Corriente nominal
tstart t startCorriente de arranque
1
I p Corriente de magnetización (Inrush)
In tinrush Duración de la corriente de Inrush

Limite térmico
Ip tcold bajo condiciones frías

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0.1
t hot bajo condiciones calientes
tinrush
Ia
0
1000 [pri.A] 10000
M otor - 1

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Curva Limite de Cables

DIgSILENT
10

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• Capabilidad térmica
[s]
Ithr Tkr
I th < I thr con 0.01s ≤ Tk ≤ 10s
Tk
Tkr I thr Corriente de cortocircuito
1

Tkr Periodo nominal(1s)

Tk Tiempo de liberación de falla

• Corriente de
Ip magnetización
0.1

Ip
Corriente de magnetizacion

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tinrush (Inrush)
tinrush Duración de la corriente de
Inrush

0.01
100 10000 [pri.A] 100000
Cable-1

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 23/23


Curva limite de cales/ Parámetros de líneas

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IEC/VDE ANSI/IEEE
k⋅A k⋅A
=I th < I thr Fac con 0.01s ≤ Tk ≤ 10s =I th < I thr Fac con 0.01s ≤ Tk ≤ 10s
Tk Tk

 ϑ f − ϑi  ϑ f + 234
k =226 ⋅ ln 1 +  para Cu =k 0.0297 ⋅ log10 para Cu
 234.5 + ϑi  ϑi + 234

 ϑ f − ϑi  ϑ f + 228
k=
148 ⋅ ln 1 +  para Al =k 0.0125 ⋅ log10 para Al
 228 + ϑi  ϑi + 228

k k constante de aislamiento
constante de aislamiento
ϑi Temperatura inicial ϑi Temperatura inicial
ϑf Max. Temperatura alcanzable ϑf Max. Temperatura alcanzable

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A Área transversal in mm² A Área transversal in mm²
Tk Tiempo de liberación de falla Tk Tiempo de liberación de falla
Fac Relación del efecto piel Fac Relación del efecto piel

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 24/23


Curva de Sobrecarga de Cables

DIgSILENT
10000
In

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• Sobrecarga (for t > 10s )
[s]
2
 I 0  − tτb
1−   e
I < In  Ib  para corta operacion
tb
1000 −
1− e τ

In Corriente nominal en A
I0 Corriente de prefalla en A
100 tb Tiempo de sobrecarga en s
τ Mínimo constante de tiempo

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del cable

10
100 1000 [pri.A] 10000
Cable-1

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 25/23


Curva de Transformadores ANSI/IEEE - Cat. I/II

DIgSILENT
10000

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[s]
Sn = 1MVA (10kV)
• Curva de limite térmico
1000
– Categoría I (0.15 - 0.5
MVA)
100
térmica – Categoría II (0.501 - 5
MVA)
• Curva de limite mecánico
mecánica
10
– Categoría II (0.501 - 5
MVA)
Ip

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12 10 8 7 5 4 uk in %
1 • Corriente de
tinrush
Sn = 0,1 MVA (10kV)
magnetización
Ip Corriente de magnetización
0.1
10 100 1000 [pri.A] 10000
tinrush Duración de la corriente de
Category I Category II
magnetización

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 26/23


Curva de Transformadores ANSI/IEEE Cat. III/IV

DIgSIL ENT
10000

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[s] Sn = 10 MVA (110kV) • Curva de limite térmico
thermal – Categoría III (5.001 - 30
1000 MVA)
Sn = 50MVA (110kV)
– Categoría IV ( > 30 MVA)

100
mechanical • Curva de limite mecánico
– Categoría III (5.001 - 30
MVA)
10 – Categoría IV ( > 30 MVA)

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uk in % 12 10 8 7 5 4 12 10 8 7 5 4
• Curvas de cambio de fase
1
100 1000 [pri.A] 10000
ANSI
Category III Category IV

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 27/23


Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009
4. Protección de Distancia

28/23

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Relés de Impedancia: Principio de Operación

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I
Arranque/ Elementos
Medición/ Zonas de
Detección Auslöse- Tempo-
Auslöse-
filtración disparo
Auslöse- Auslöse-
U falla zonen rizados
zonen
zonen zonen

Disparo
Logica de salida

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1/10/2011

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 29/23


Medición de Impedancia
• Lazo de falla Línea - Línea

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Z L I L1 − Z L I L 2 = U L1− L 2
U L1− L 2
ZL =
I L1 − I L 2

ZL

IL 2 ZL

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UL1−L2 IL 1 ZL

ZE

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 30/23


Medición de Impedancia
• Lazo de falla Línea - Tierra ZL

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Z L I L1 − Z E I E = U L1− E ZL

U L1− E IL 1 ZL
ZL =
ZE
I L1 − ⋅IE UL1−E IE ZE
ZL
• K0 es independiente de la posición de la falla:
ZE
k0 =

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ZL

1/10/2011

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 31/23


Elemento Direccional/Polarizacion

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X

vorwärts inductivo
induktiv
adelante
Z

R
α

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atras
rückwärts
capacitivo
kapazitiv

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 32/23


G1
ZG1

ZG1
S1
F2

F1

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009


Relais

R
ZL+ZG2
F1

ZL

F2
ZG1
X

ZL+ZG2

S2
Elemento Direccional/Polarizacion

R
ZG2
G2

33/23

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Coordinación Impedancia Tiempo

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DIgSILENT
A B C D

Z1 = (0.8...0.9)*ZAB

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Z2 = 0.8*(ZAB + (0.8...0.9)*ZBC)

Z3 = 0.8*(ZAB + 0.8*(ZBC+ (0.8...0.9)*ZCD))

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 34/23


Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009
5. Esquemas de teleprotección

35/23

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R1
R1
Lógica

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009


Comparación de Senales

R2
Lógica
R2

36/23

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PUTT con detección de falla
(Permisivo de bajo alcance)

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R1:S

R1:Z1
R1

R2
R2:Z1

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R2:S
R1 dispara si (R1:Z1 o R1:S y R2:Z1)
R2 dispara si (R2:Z1 o R2:S y R1:Z1)

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 37/23


PUTT con aceleración por Z1B

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R1:S

R1:Z1 R1:Z1B
R1

R2
R2:Z1B R2:Z1

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R2:S

R1 dispara si (R1:Z1 o R1:Z1B y R2:Z1)


R2 dispara si (R2:Z1 o R2:Z1B y R1:Z1)
1/10/2011

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 38/23


POTT con Zona Z1B

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R1:Z1 R1:Z1B
R1

R2
R2:Z1B R2:Z1

R1 dispara si (R1:Z1 o R1:Z1B y R2:Z1B)


R2 dispara si (R2:Z1 o R2:Z1B y R1:Z1B)

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Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 39/23
Comparación direccional de bloqueo
(Blocking)

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R1:R R1:Z1
R1

R2
R2:Z1 R2:R

R1 dispara si (R1:Z1 y no R2:R)


R2 dispara si (R2:Z1 y no R1:R)

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A
Entrada

B1

B3
I1

ZM

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L3
L1

B
I2

B2
ZM =
L2

I1

Z M = Z1 + Z 2 + Z 2
I1
I2
Z1 I1 + Z 2 ( I1 + I 2 )

DIgSILENT
41/23

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DIgSILENT PowerFactory
5. Modelando Relés de Protección en

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Estructura General

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Estructura
Rangos
Diagrama de bloque

Tipo
Rele

Librería

Red
Voltaje
Elemento VT

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Disparo

T1

T2
Del
relé
Corriente
CT
G G
Ajustes ~
G1
~
G2

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Modelando Relés de Sobrecorriente
• No hay limites en termino de complejidad de los

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modelos
• Caracteristicas Disponibles:
– Todos los tipos ANSI / IEEE
– Todos los tipos IEC
– Ecuaciones Matematicas
– Tablas
• Interruptores de bajo voltaje
• Elementos Direccionales

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• Fusibles
• Curvas limite de Transformador y de Cable
• Caracteristicas de arranque de motores

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Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009
Ejemplo: I-t Time-grading Diagram

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Modelado de Rele de Distancia
• No hay limites en la complejidad de los modelos

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• Soporta reles modenos, digitales, multi-funcionales
• Caracteristicas
– MHO
– Quadrilateral
– X constante, R constante
– Z constante (circulo)
• Varios elementos direccionales estan disponibles
• Es posible el uso de operaciones logicas complejas

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• Es posible la comparacion entre senales.

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Ejemplo: Digrama de Impedancia R-X

DIgSILENT

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[pri.Ohm]

100.

90.0

80.0

70.0

60.0 R3-Mho-1
Zl A 131.086 pri.Ohm 4.31 deg
Zl B 26.306 pri.Ohm 81.25 deg
50.0
Zl C 129.771 pri.Ohm 161.03 deg
Faulttype: BC
40.0 Tripping Time: 0.19 s
Zone:2
30.0 Ph-Ph 2: 0.19 s
Zone:3
Ph-Ph 3: 0.29 s
20.0 Zone:4
Ph-Ph 4: 0.44 s
10.0

-110. -100... -90.0 -80.0 -70.0 -60.0 -50.0 -40.0 -30.0 -20.0 -10.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100. 110. 120. 130. [pri.Ohm]
-10.0..

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R1-Dist
-20.0 Zl A 141.551 pri.Ohm 17.88 deg
Zl B 60.135 pri.Ohm 82.35 deg
Zl C 140.851 pri.Ohm 147.44 deg
-30.0 Faulttype: BC
Tripping Time: 0.37 s
-40.0 Zone3
ZPHPH3: 0.37 s
-50.0

-60.0

R1-Dist
R3-Mho-1

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Ejemplo: Z-t Time-grading Diagram

DIgSILENT
0.46

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[s]
0.37

0.28
R4-Mho-2
Ph-Ph 3
Zone 3

0.18
R8-Dist
ZPHPH1
Zone 1
0.09

0.00
0.0 21.0 42.0 63.1 84.1 [pri.Ohm] 105.
HV-UT2 SS-D3 SS-D2 SS-D1 HV-Infeed

HV-UT2 SS-D3 SS-D2 SS-D1 HV-Infeed

105. [pri.Ohm] 84.1 63.1 42.0 21.0 0.0


0.00

0.09

0.18

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0.28

0.37
[s]
0.46
x-Achse: Reaktanz Cub_2\Rel-U1 Cub_2\Rel-L2-1 Cub_3\R1-Dist
Cub_1\R2-D1 Cub_2\R3-Mho-1 Cub_1\R4-Mho-2 Cub_2\R5-Mho-4
Cub_1\R6-Mho-5 Cub_2\R7-Mho-6 Cub_2\R8-Dist

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Preguntas

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jquiros@eie.ucr.ac.cr

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