Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Análisis de Sistemas de
Protección empleando
DIgSILENT PowerFactory
3/23
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Objetivos de los Sistemas de Protección
• Prevenir lesiones a las personas.
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• Minimizar el daño en los componentes del
sistema.
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– Propiedad de garantizar un funcionamiento correcto de la
protección. Incluye operar cuando se requiere
(dependebilidad) y no operar incorrectamente (seguridad).
• Selectividad
– Eliminar la falla o anomalía mediante la desconexión del
menor número de elementos.
• Velocidad de Operación
– Desconexión de la falla en el menor tiempo posible.
• Simplicidad
– Mínimo de dispositivo de protección y circuitería asociados
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potencia son miles, pero pueden ser
agrupadas en:
– Cortocircuitos
– Sobrecargas
– Contactos a tierra
– Interrupción de conductores
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• Sobrecorriente (cortocircuito, sobrecarga)
• Temperatura (sobrecarga)
Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009 7/23
Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009
Transformador de Potencial (TP)
2. Transformadores de Corriente (TC) y
8/23
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Clasificación de los TC
Clases de predicción por IEC:
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ejemplo: 15VA Clase 10 P 20
15VA : Burden in VA
10 : Clase de precisión
P : Aplicación: P para “Protección”
20 : Accuracy Limit Factor (factor limite de precisión)
(hasta 10% de error a 20 veces la corriente nominal o
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• Ejemplo: T100 o C 100
‘T‘ indica que el desempeno del TC ha sido probado:
Fabricantes pueden proveer pruebas y datos medidos.
‘C‘ indica que el desempeno ha sido calculado.
Numero que define el maximo voltaje en el secundario a
el cual el error es menor a 10%, para corrientes entre 1-
Number defines the maximum secondary voltage at
which the error is less than 10%, for currents between 1-
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saturar si:
Voltaje AC secundario es mas alto que el voltaje del codo
(kneepoint).
Corriente primaria contiene componentes DC.
DIgSILENT
1200.0
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800.00
400.00
0.000
-400.00
-800.00
-1200.0
-0.1000 0.000 0.100 .. 0.200
Stromwandler: Mag.-Fluss L1 in V
1200.0
800.00
400.00
0.000
-400.00
-800.00
-1200.0
-0.1000 0.000 0.100 .. 0.200
Stromwandler: Mag.-Fluss L2 in V
800.00
400.00
0.000
-400.00
-800.00
-1200.0
-0.1000 0.000 0.100 .. 0.200
Stromwandler: Mag.-Fluss L3 in V
13/23
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Característica de tiempo definido
DIgS ILE NT
10
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I>
0.1
Trelay = Ts + Tset
DIgSILENT
10
• Tiempo total de limpieza de
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Imin
Ipset falla (Tcf):
[s]
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( I / I pset ) 0.02 − 1
13.5
• Muy Inverso: t = Tpset ⋅
( I / I pset ) − 1
80
• Extremadamente Inverso: t = Tpset ⋅
( I / I pset ) 2 − 1
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8.9341
t = Tpset ⋅ + 0.17966
• Normalmente inversa ( I / I ) 2,0938 − 1
pset
0.2663
t = Tpset ⋅ +
• Inverso corto ( I / I )1.2969 − 1
pset
0 . 03393
5.64143
• Largamente inversa t = Tpset ⋅ + 2.18592
(I / I ) −1
pset
• Moderadamente inversa t = Tpset ⋅
0.0103
(I / I ) −10 . 02
+ 0.0228
pset
3.922
• Muy inversa t = Tpset ⋅
(I / I )2 −1
+ 0 . 0982
pset
• Extremadamente inversa t = Tpset ⋅
5.64
(I / I )2 −1
+ 0.0243
pset
• Inversa definidad 0.4797
t = Tpset ⋅
A-B
t=1.2 s
B-C
Coordinacion por Tiempo
C
t= 0.4 s
C-D
D
18/23
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Infeed
t
A
A-B
lmax(0.8*LAB)
lmax(0.8*LBC)
B-C
C
C-D
lmax(0.8*LCD)
Coordinación Tiempo/Corriente
D
19/23
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Fusibles
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Máximo tiempo de
liberación de falla
Max. Melt Curve
Mínimo tiempo de
liberación de falla
Fuse 1 Fuse 2
DIgSILENT
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Ir Tiempo largo de
retardo por
1000 proteccion de • Tiempo largo con retardo
tr sobrecarga
por protección de
[s] sobrecarga
Tiempo corto con
Im retardo por cortocircuito
10
• Tiempo corto con retardo
tm
por cortocircuito – con o
I²t on/off
sin característica I²t
0.1
Protección instantánea I
0.001
1000 10000 [pri.A] 100000
LV-Breaker
DIgSILENT
100
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[s]
• Característica de
tcold Sn
arranque I n =
10
3 ⋅U n
thot
I a Corriente nominal
tstart t startCorriente de arranque
1
I p Corriente de magnetización (Inrush)
In tinrush Duración de la corriente de Inrush
Limite térmico
Ip tcold bajo condiciones frías
DIgSILENT
10
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• Capabilidad térmica
[s]
Ithr Tkr
I th < I thr con 0.01s ≤ Tk ≤ 10s
Tk
Tkr I thr Corriente de cortocircuito
1
• Corriente de
Ip magnetización
0.1
Ip
Corriente de magnetizacion
0.01
100 10000 [pri.A] 100000
Cable-1
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IEC/VDE ANSI/IEEE
k⋅A k⋅A
=I th < I thr Fac con 0.01s ≤ Tk ≤ 10s =I th < I thr Fac con 0.01s ≤ Tk ≤ 10s
Tk Tk
ϑ f − ϑi ϑ f + 234
k =226 ⋅ ln 1 + para Cu =k 0.0297 ⋅ log10 para Cu
234.5 + ϑi ϑi + 234
ϑ f − ϑi ϑ f + 228
k=
148 ⋅ ln 1 + para Al =k 0.0125 ⋅ log10 para Al
228 + ϑi ϑi + 228
k k constante de aislamiento
constante de aislamiento
ϑi Temperatura inicial ϑi Temperatura inicial
ϑf Max. Temperatura alcanzable ϑf Max. Temperatura alcanzable
DIgSILENT
10000
In
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• Sobrecarga (for t > 10s )
[s]
2
I 0 − tτb
1− e
I < In Ib para corta operacion
tb
1000 −
1− e τ
In Corriente nominal en A
I0 Corriente de prefalla en A
100 tb Tiempo de sobrecarga en s
τ Mínimo constante de tiempo
10
100 1000 [pri.A] 10000
Cable-1
DIgSILENT
10000
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[s]
Sn = 1MVA (10kV)
• Curva de limite térmico
1000
– Categoría I (0.15 - 0.5
MVA)
100
térmica – Categoría II (0.501 - 5
MVA)
• Curva de limite mecánico
mecánica
10
– Categoría II (0.501 - 5
MVA)
Ip
DIgSIL ENT
10000
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[s] Sn = 10 MVA (110kV) • Curva de limite térmico
thermal – Categoría III (5.001 - 30
1000 MVA)
Sn = 50MVA (110kV)
– Categoría IV ( > 30 MVA)
100
mechanical • Curva de limite mecánico
– Categoría III (5.001 - 30
MVA)
10 – Categoría IV ( > 30 MVA)
28/23
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Relés de Impedancia: Principio de Operación
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I
Arranque/ Elementos
Medición/ Zonas de
Detección Auslöse- Tempo-
Auslöse-
filtración disparo
Auslöse- Auslöse-
U falla zonen rizados
zonen
zonen zonen
Disparo
Logica de salida
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Z L I L1 − Z L I L 2 = U L1− L 2
U L1− L 2
ZL =
I L1 − I L 2
ZL
IL 2 ZL
ZE
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Z L I L1 − Z E I E = U L1− E ZL
U L1− E IL 1 ZL
ZL =
ZE
I L1 − ⋅IE UL1−E IE ZE
ZL
• K0 es independiente de la posición de la falla:
ZE
k0 =
1/10/2011
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X
vorwärts inductivo
induktiv
adelante
Z
R
α
ZG1
S1
F2
F1
R
ZL+ZG2
F1
ZL
F2
ZG1
X
ZL+ZG2
S2
Elemento Direccional/Polarizacion
R
ZG2
G2
33/23
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Coordinación Impedancia Tiempo
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DIgSILENT
A B C D
Z1 = (0.8...0.9)*ZAB
35/23
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R1
R1
Lógica
R2
Lógica
R2
36/23
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PUTT con detección de falla
(Permisivo de bajo alcance)
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R1:S
R1:Z1
R1
R2
R2:Z1
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R1:S
R1:Z1 R1:Z1B
R1
R2
R2:Z1B R2:Z1
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R1:Z1 R1:Z1B
R1
R2
R2:Z1B R2:Z1
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R1:R R1:Z1
R1
R2
R2:Z1 R2:R
B1
B3
I1
ZM
B
I2
B2
ZM =
L2
I1
Z M = Z1 + Z 2 + Z 2
I1
I2
Z1 I1 + Z 2 ( I1 + I 2 )
DIgSILENT
41/23
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Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright © 2009
DIgSILENT PowerFactory
5. Modelando Relés de Protección en
42/23
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Estructura General
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Estructura
Rangos
Diagrama de bloque
Tipo
Rele
Librería
Red
Voltaje
Elemento VT
T1
T2
Del
relé
Corriente
CT
G G
Ajustes ~
G1
~
G2
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modelos
• Caracteristicas Disponibles:
– Todos los tipos ANSI / IEEE
– Todos los tipos IEC
– Ecuaciones Matematicas
– Tablas
• Interruptores de bajo voltaje
• Elementos Direccionales
45/23
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Modelado de Rele de Distancia
• No hay limites en la complejidad de los modelos
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• Soporta reles modenos, digitales, multi-funcionales
• Caracteristicas
– MHO
– Quadrilateral
– X constante, R constante
– Z constante (circulo)
• Varios elementos direccionales estan disponibles
• Es posible el uso de operaciones logicas complejas
DIgSILENT
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[pri.Ohm]
100.
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0 R3-Mho-1
Zl A 131.086 pri.Ohm 4.31 deg
Zl B 26.306 pri.Ohm 81.25 deg
50.0
Zl C 129.771 pri.Ohm 161.03 deg
Faulttype: BC
40.0 Tripping Time: 0.19 s
Zone:2
30.0 Ph-Ph 2: 0.19 s
Zone:3
Ph-Ph 3: 0.29 s
20.0 Zone:4
Ph-Ph 4: 0.44 s
10.0
-110. -100... -90.0 -80.0 -70.0 -60.0 -50.0 -40.0 -30.0 -20.0 -10.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100. 110. 120. 130. [pri.Ohm]
-10.0..
-60.0
R1-Dist
R3-Mho-1
DIgSILENT
0.46
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[s]
0.37
0.28
R4-Mho-2
Ph-Ph 3
Zone 3
0.18
R8-Dist
ZPHPH1
Zone 1
0.09
0.00
0.0 21.0 42.0 63.1 84.1 [pri.Ohm] 105.
HV-UT2 SS-D3 SS-D2 SS-D1 HV-Infeed
0.09
0.18
0.37
[s]
0.46
x-Achse: Reaktanz Cub_2\Rel-U1 Cub_2\Rel-L2-1 Cub_3\R1-Dist
Cub_1\R2-D1 Cub_2\R3-Mho-1 Cub_1\R4-Mho-2 Cub_2\R5-Mho-4
Cub_1\R6-Mho-5 Cub_2\R7-Mho-6 Cub_2\R8-Dist
49/23
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