Ciencia e Ingeniería Neogranadina

ISSN: 0124-8170
revistaing@unimilitar.edu.co
Universidad Militar Nueva Granada
Colombia

Duque Jaramaillo, Jaime; Llano Sánchez, Luis Eduardo; Villazón Amaris, Hernando
Estructura cristalina del cobre, propiedades microscópicas mecánicas y de procesamiento
Ciencia e Ingeniería Neogranadina, vol. 16, núm. 2, agosto-diciembre, 2006, pp. 96-103
Universidad Militar Nueva Granada
Bogotá, Colombia

Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=91116210

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ĐŽŶƵŶĂƉƵƌĞnjĂĚĞσσ͕σй͘ ƚĂŵĂŹŽ ƉƌŽŵĞĚŝŽ ĚĞ ŐƌĂŶŽ͕ ĨŽƌŵĂ ĚĞ ŐƌĂŶŽ͘ ^ŝŶ
ĞŵďĂƌŐŽ͕ĂůƚƌĂƚĂƌƐĞĚĞƵŶŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůσσ͕σйƉƵƌŽƐŽůĂͲ
͘DĠƚŽĚŽƐ ŵĞŶƚĞƐĞŽďƐĞƌǀĂůĂƉƌĞƐĞŶĐŝĂĚĞƵŶĂĨĂƐĞĐŽŶƟŶƵĂ
ůĞƐƚƵĚŝŽĚĞůĂĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂĐƌŝƐƚĂůŝŶĂƐĞŚĂĐĞƉŽƌŵĞͲ ĚĞ ĐŽďƌĞ͘  WŽƌ ĞƐƚŽ ŵŝƐŵŽ͕ ŶŽ ƐĞ ĞǀŝĚĞŶĐŝĂŶ ĨĄĐŝůͲ
ĚŝŽ ĚĞ ƉƌƵĞďĂƐ ŵĞƚĂůŽŐƌĄĮĐĂƐ LJ ĚĞ ŵŝĐƌŽƐĐŽƉşĂ ĚĞ ŵĞŶƚĞ ŐƌĂŶŽƐ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĞƐ ĚĞů ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů Ăů ĂƵŵĞŶƚŽ
ƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƐŝſŶĚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞƐdD;dƌĂŶƐŵŝƐŝŽŶůĞĐƚƌŽŶ ƵƟůŝnjĂĚŽ;λκκyͿ;sĞƌ&ŝŐƵƌĂνͿ͘
DŝĐƌŽƐĐŽƉLJͿ͘
WŽƌŵĞĚŝŽĚĞůĂŵĞƚĂůŽŐƌĂİĂƐŽůĂŵĞŶƚĞƐĞŽďƐĞƌǀĂͲ
λ͘DĞƚĂůŽŐƌĂİĂ ƌŽŶ ĞĨĞĐƚŽƐ ŵŝĐƌŽƐĐſƉŝĐŽƐ ĚĞ ŽƌŝĞŶƚĂĐŝſŶ͘ >Ă &ŝŐƵͲ
>ĂŵƵĞƐƚƌĂƐĞƉƵůĞƉŽƌŵĞĚŝŽĚĞůŝũĂƐμκκ͕ξκκLJπκκ ƌĂξĨƵĞƚŽŵĂĚĂĚĞůĂŵƵĞƐƚƌĂĚĞĐŽďƌĞůŝũĂĚĂƉĞƌŽ
LJĚĞƐƉƵĠƐĞŶƉĂŹŽƵƟůŝnjĂŶĚŽĂůƷŵŝŶĂĐŽŵŽŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ƐŝŶ ĂƚĂƋƵĞ ƋƵşŵŝĐŽ͘ Ŷ ĞůůĂ ƐĞ ƉƵĞĚĞ ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƌ ƵŶĂ
ĂďƌĂƐŝǀŽ͘WŽƐƚĞƌŝŽƌŵĞŶƚĞ͕ůĂŵƵĞƐƚƌĂƐĞĂƚĂĐĂƋƵşŵŝͲ ŽƌŝĞŶƚĂĐŝſŶ ƉƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂů ĚĞů ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ĞŶ ĚŝƌĞĐĐŝſŶ
ĐĂŵĞŶƚĞĐŽŶƵŶĂƐŽůƵĐŝſŶĚĞĐůŽƌƵƌŽĨĠƌƌŝĐŽĂůνйĞŶ ůŽŶŐŝƚƵĚŝŶĂůĚĞďŝĚĂĂůƉƌŽĐĞƐŽĚĞůĂŵŝŶĂĐŝſŶ͕ĞůĐƵĂů
ǀŽůƵŵĞŶ͘ŶƐĂLJŽƌĞĂůŝnjĂĚŽĞŶůŽƐůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝŽƐĚĞůĂ ŝŶĚƵĐĞƵŶĂůĂƌŐĂŵŝĞŶƚŽĚĞůŽƐŐƌĂŶŽƐLJŽƌŝĞŶƚĂĐŝſŶ
hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝĚĂĚDŝůŝƚĂƌEƵĞǀĂ'ƌĂŶĂĚĂ͘ ĞŶůĂĚŝƌĞĐĐŝſŶĚĞůĂŵŝŶĂĐŝſŶ͘ŶůĂŝŵĂŐĞŶƚĂŵďŝĠŶ
ƐĞŽďƐĞƌǀĂŶƵŶĂƐůşŶĞĂƐŽƐĐƵƌĂƐŵĂƌĐĂĚĂƐƚŽĚĂƐĐŽŶ
μ͘DŝĐƌŽƐĐŽƉşĂĚĞdƌĂŶƐŵŝƐŝſŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞƐdD ƵŶĂŵŝƐŵĂŽƌŝĞŶƚĂĐŝſŶ͕ƌĞƐƵůƚĂĚŽĚĞůƉƌŽĐĞƐŽĚĞƉƵͲ
>Ă ŵƵĞƐƚƌĂ ƉĂƌĂ ĂŶĄůŝƐŝƐ ƟĞŶĞ ƵŶ ĞƐƉĞƐŽƌ ŵĞŶŽƌ Ă ůŝĚŽĚĞůĂƐƵƉĞƌĮĐŝĞĚĞůĐŽďƌĞ;ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŵƵLJďůĂŶĚŽ͕
μκκʅŵĐŽŶĞůĐƵĂůƐĞĂůĐĂŶnjĂƵŶĂƌĞŐŝſŶ͞ĞůĞĐƚƌſͲ ĚƵƌĞnjĂ DŽŚƐ ĚĞ μ͕ς͘ οκ Ͳ ςκ ,EͿ͕ Ğů ĐƵĂů ĞƐ ŵƵLJ
ŶŝĐĂŵĞŶƚĞƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶƚĞ͟ƉĂƌĂůůĞǀĂƌĂĐĂďŽůĂŽďƐĞƌͲ ĂŐƌĞƐŝǀŽLJƋƵĞĚĂĐŽŶĞƐƚĂƐŝŵƉƌĞƐŝŽŶĞƐƐƵƉĞƌĮĐŝĂůĞƐ
ǀĂĐŝſŶ͘ ŵƵLJĨĄĐŝůŵĞŶƚĞ΀ξ΁͘
ůĞƋƵŝƉŽƵƟůŝnjĂĚŽĞƐƵŶdE/'͘ĞŶůŽƐ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽͲ
ƌŝŽƐ ĚĞ ůĂ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝĚĂĚ EĂĐŝŽŶĂů ĚĞ ŽůŽŵďŝĂ͕ ĞŶ ůĂ
ƐĞĚĞŽŐŽƚĂ͘^ĞŚĂĐĞůĂůĞĐƚƵƌĂĚĞůĂŵƵĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŶŝĞŶͲ
ĚŽƵŶĂŝŶĐůŝŶĂĐŝſŶĚĞцλκΣĐŽŶƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŽĂůĂŚŽƌŝnjŽŶͲ
ƚĂů͕ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĂĚĞλςΣLJƵŶĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞĚĞǀĂĐşŽĚĞ
λκͲξdŽƌ͘

ν͘WƌƵĞďĂƐDĞĐĄŶŝĐĂƐĚĞZĞƐŝƐƚĞŶĐŝĂĂůĂdƌĂĐĐŝſŶ
>Ă ĞǀĂůƵĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ƉƌŽƉŝĞĚĂĚĞƐ ŵĞĐĄŶŝĐĂƐ Ă ƚĞŶƐŝſŶ
ĚĞůĂůĄŵŝŶĂƐĞŚŝnjŽĞŶƵŶĂŵĄƋƵŝŶĂ/E^dZKEĂƵŶĂ
ǀĞůŽĐŝĚĂĚĚĞλμ͕οŵŵͬŵŝŶ͘ŶůŽƐ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝŽƐĚĞůĂ
hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝĚĂĚĚĞůŽƐŶĚĞƐ͘

///͘Z^h>dK^

ů ĞƐƚƵĚŝŽ ĚĞ ůĂ ŵŝĐƌŽĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂ ĚĞů ĐŽďƌĞ ƐĞ ůůĞǀſ &ŝŐƵƌĂν͘^ƵƉĞƌĮĐŝĞĚĞĐŽďƌĞ͘ŶĞůĐşƌĐƵůŽƐĞŽďƐĞƌǀĂŶŐƌĂŶŽƐĚĞ
ĂĐĂďŽĐŽŶůĂĂLJƵĚĂĚĞĚŽƐƚĠĐŶŝĐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶƚĂƐ͕ůĂŵŝͲ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĐŽŶĂůŐƷŶŐƌĂĚŽĚĞĂůĂƌŐĂŵŝĞŶƚŽLJĐŝĞƌƚĂŽƌŝĞŶƚĂĐŝſŶ
ĐƌŽƐĐŽƉşĂĚĞƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƐŝſŶĞůĞĐƚƌſŶŝĐĂLJƉŽƌŵĞĚŝŽĚĞ

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ůĂŵŝŶĂĐŝſŶ͕ ƐŝŶ ĞŵďĂƌŐŽ ŶŽ ƐĞ ƉƵĞĚĞ ĂĮƌŵĂƌ ĞƐƚŽ

ƚĞŶŝĞŶĚŽĞŶĐƵĞŶƚĂƐŽůĂŵĞŶƚĞůĂƉƌƵĞďĂĚĞdD͘

>Ă ĮŐƵƌĂ πď ŵƵĞƐƚƌĂ ǀĂƌŝŽƐ ŐƌĂŶŽƐ ĐŽŶ ĚŝĨĞƌĞŶƚĞƐ

ŽƌŝĞŶƚĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ͕ƋƵĞƐĞĞǀŝĚĞŶĐŝĂŶƉŽƌĐĂŵďŝŽƐĚĞĐŽͲ
ůŽƌ͘

&ŝŐƵƌĂξ͘KƌŝĞŶƚĂĐŝſŶĚĞŐƌĂŶŽƐĞŶůĄŵŝŶĂĚĞĐŽďƌĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽůşƟĐŽ͘
/ŵĂŐĞŶĂλκκy
ŶůĂ&ŝŐƵƌĂοƐĞƉƵĞĚĞĂƉƌĞĐŝĂƌůĂŽƌŝĞŶƚĂĐŝſŶƉƌĞͲ
ƐĞŶƚĞĞŶůŽƐƐĞŶƟĚŽƐůŽŶŐŝƚƵĚŝŶĂůLJƚƌĂŶƐǀĞƌƐĂů
>ĂĮŐƵƌĂπĐŵƵĞƐƚƌĂƵŶŐƌƵƉŽĚĞŝŵƉĞƌĨĞĐĐŝŽŶĞƐĚĞ
ůşŶĞĂ ƵďŝĐĂĚĂƐ ĞŶ Ğů ĐŽŶƚŽƌŶŽ ĚĞ ůĂ ŵƵĞƐƚƌĂ͘ ƐƚŽƐ
ĚĞĨĞĐƚŽƐƐĞĂƐŽĐŝĂŶĂĚŝƐůŽĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐĚĞďŽƌĚĞ;ĐŽŶƐĞƌͲ
ǀĂƟǀĂƐͿĚĞďŝĚĂƐĂůĂŝŶƐĞƌĐŝſŶĚĞůşŶĞĂƐĚĞĄƚŽŵŽƐĞŶ
ůĂĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂĚĞůĐƌŝƐƚĂů͘
ŶůĂĮŐƵƌĂπĚƐĞŽďƐĞƌǀĂŶĞŶĞůĨŽŶĚŽĚĞĐŽůŽƌǀĞƌĚĞ
ŽƐĐƵƌŽůĂƐůşŶĞĂƐĚĞďŽƌĚĞĚĞŐƌĂŶŽ͘>ĂƐůşŶĞĂƐŽƐĐƵͲ
ƌĂƐ ƐŽŶ  ĚŝƐůŽĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĨŽƌŵĂŶĚŽ ƵŶ ƉŽƐŝďůĞ ďŽƐƋƵĞ
ĚĞĚŝƐůŽĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ͘

&ŝŐƵƌĂπ/ŵĄŐĞŶĞƐŽďƚĞŶŝĚĂƐĐŽŶĞůdDĂλρκκκyƉĂƌĂĂLJďLJ
&ŝŐƵƌĂο͘KƌŝĞŶƚĂĐŝſŶƉƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂůĚĞůŽƐŐƌĂŶŽƐĚĞĂĐƵĞƌĚŽĐŽŶ οοκκκyƉĂƌĂĐLJĚ͘ĂͿ'ƌĂŶŽƐĂůĂƌŐĂĚŽƐĚĞĐŽďƌĞĐŽŶĂůŐƷŶŐƌĂͲ
ůĂĚŝƌĞĐĐŝſŶĚĞůĂŵŝŶĂĚŽ ĚŽĚĞŽƌŝĞŶƚĂĐŝſŶ͘ďͿKƌŝĞŶƚĂĐŝſŶĚĞŐƌĂŶŽƐĚĞĐŽďƌĞ͘ĐͿĞĨĞĐƚŽƐ
ĚĞůşŶĞĂ;νͿ͘ĚͿŽƌĚŝůůĞƌĂĚĞĚĞĨĞĐƚŽƐ͘;>Ăď͘hEƐĞĚĞďŽŐŽƚĂͿ

͘dD >Ă &ŝŐƵƌĂ ρ ŝůƵƐƚƌĂ ĚŝĨĞƌĞŶƚĞƐ ƟƉŽƐ ĚĞ ĚŝƐůŽĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ

WŽƌŵĞĚŝŽĚĞĞƐƚĂƚĠĐŶŝĐĂƐĞĞƐƚĄŶĞǀŝĚĞŶĐŝĂŶĚŽůĂƐ ĞŶĐŽŶƚƌĂĚĂƐĞŶůĂŵƵĞƐƚƌĂ͘>ĂĮŐƵƌĂρĂŵƵĞƐƚƌĂƵŶĂ
ŝŵƉĞƌĨĞĐĐŝŽŶĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞƐĞŶĞůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘ŶůĂƐŝŵĄͲ ŵĂŐŶŝĮĐĂĐŝſŶĚĞƉŽƐŝďůĞƐďŽƐƋƵĞƐĚĞĚŝƐůŽĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ͕
ŐĞŶĞƐƐĞŽďƐĞƌǀĂŶĚŝƐůŽĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐĚĞůşŶĞĂ͘ ƋƵĞƐĞŽďƐĞƌǀĂŶĐŽŵŽĐŽƌĚŝůůĞƌĂƐĞŶƵŶĞŶƚŽƌŶŽĐŽŶͲ
ƟŶĞŶƚĂů͘^ĞĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂŶƚĂŵďŝĠŶĂůŐƵŶĂƐĚŝƐůŽĐĂĐŝŽͲ
λρκκκyƐĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƌŽŶĞŶůĂĮŐƵƌĂπĂĚŽƐŐƌĂŶŽƐ ŶĞƐ ĚĞ ůşŶĞĂ ƚƌĞŶnjĂĚĂƐ ;ρďͿ͕ ďŽƐƋƵĞƐ ĚĞ ĚŝƐůŽĐĂĐŝŽͲ
ĚĞĐŽďƌĞĂůĂƌŐĂĚŽƐ͕ĐŽŶĐŝĞƌƚĂŽƌŝĞŶƚĂĐŝſŶ͘>ŽƐĚĞĨĞĐͲ ŶĞƐ LJ ƵŶĂƐ ĚŝƐůŽĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ ơƉŝĐĂƐ ĚĞů ĐŽďƌĞ ƌĞĐŽĐŝĚŽ
ƚŽƐ ƉŽĚƌşĂŶ ŚĂďĞƌ ƐŝĚŽ ĐĂƵƐĂĚŽƐ ƉŽƌ Ğů ƉƌŽĐĞƐŽ ĚĞ ůĂƐĐƵĂůĞƐƟĞŶĞŶĨŽƌŵĂĚĞƚƌŝĚĞŶƚĞ͘

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>ŽƐĚĂƚŽƐŽďƚĞŶŝĚŽƐƉĂƌĂůĂƐƉƌŽďĞƚĂƐůŽŶŐŝƚƵĚŝŶĂůĞƐ
ƐĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂŶĞŶůĂdĂďůĂλ͕ŵŝĞŶƚƌĂƐƋƵĞůŽƐĐŽƌƌĞƐͲ
ƉŽŶĚŝĞŶƚĞƐĂƉƌŽďĞƚĂƐƚƌĂŶƐǀĞƌƐĂůĞƐ͕ƐĞŵƵĞƐƚƌĂŶĞŶ
ůĂdĂďůĂμ͘

>ŽƐǀĂůŽƌĞƐĚĞĐĂƌŐĂLJĞůŽŶŐĂĐŝſŶŵĄdžŝŵĂLJŵſĚƵůŽ
ĚĞĞůĂƐƟĐŝĚĂĚ͕ĞƐƚĄŶŝŶĐůƵŝĚŽƐĞŶůĂƐƚĂďůĂƐ͘

dĂďůĂλ͘ĂƚŽƐĚĞƚƌĂĐĐŝſŶƉĂƌĂůĂƐƉƌŽďĞƚĂƐĞŶĚŝƌĞĐĐŝſŶůŽŶŐŝƚƵĚŝŶĂů

&ŝŐƵƌĂρ͘ĞĨĞĐƚŽƐĞŶĞůĐŽďƌĞĂοοκκκyƉĂƌĂĂ͕ďLJĐLJĂμοοκκy
ƉĂƌĂĚ͘ĂͿDĂŐŶŝĮĐĂĐŝſŶĚĞůĂĐŽƌĚŝůůĞƌĂĚĞĚŝƐůŽĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ͘ďͿŵͲ
ƉůŝĂĐŝſŶĚĞĚŝƐůŽĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐĚĞůşŶĞĂƚƌĞŶnjĂĚĂƐ͘ĐͿĞĨĞĐƚŽơƉŝĐŽĚĞ
ĐŽďƌĞƌĞĐŽĐŝĚŽ;ƚƌŝĚĞŶƚĞͿ͘ĚͿŽƐƋƵĞĚĞĚŝƐůŽĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ͘ŽƌĚĞƐĚĞ
ŐƌĂŶŽ͘&ƌĂŶũĂƐĚĞĐƵƌǀĂƚƵƌĂ͘;>Ăď͘hEƐĞĚĞŽŐŽƚĄͿ

>ĂĮŐƵƌĂρĐƐĞŽďƐĞƌǀĂƵŶƚƌŝĚĞŶƚĞĐŽŶĨŽƌŵĂĚŽƉŽƌ dĂďůĂμ͘ĂƚŽƐĚĞƚƌĂĐĐŝſŶƉĂƌĂůĂƐƉƌŽďĞƚĂƐĞŶĚŝƌĞĐĐŝſŶƚƌĂŶƐǀĞƌƐĂů
ĚŽƐĚŝƐůŽĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐĚĞďŽƌĚĞĐŽŶĞĐƚĂĚĂƐƉŽƌƵŶĂĚŝƐůŽͲ
ĐĂĐŝſŶĚĞďŽƌĚĞŝŶŝĐŝĂů͘ƐƚĞƟƉŽĚĞĚĞĨĞĐƚŽĞƐơƉŝĐŽ
ĚĞů Ƶ ƌĞĐŽĐŝĚŽ LJ ƉƌŽďĂďůĞŵĞŶƚĞ ƚĂŵďŝĠŶ ƐĞ ĚĞďĞ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƌ ĞŶ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĞƐ ĐŽŶ ĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂ ĐƌŝƐƚĂůŝŶĂ
&͘

>Ă &ŝŐƵƌĂ ρĚ ĞƐ ŵƵLJ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐĂŶƚĞ ĚĂĚŽ ƋƵĞ ĞŶ ĞƐƚĂ
ŝŵĂŐĞŶ ƐĞ ƉƵĞĚĞŶ ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƌ ƐŝŵƵůƚĄŶĞĂŵĞŶƚĞ ƵŶ
ŐƌĂŶ ďŽƐƋƵĞ ĚĞ ĚŝƐůŽĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ ũƵŶƚŽ ĐŽŶ ďŽƌĚĞƐ ĚĞ
ŐƌĂŶŽLJ͞ĞƐƚƌşĂƐ͘͟>ĂƐĞƐƚƌşĂƐƐŽŶĨƌĂŶũĂƐĚĞĐŽŶƚŽƌŶŽ
>ĂdĂďůĂνŵƵĞƐƚƌĂůŽƐǀĂůŽƌĞƐĚĞƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐŝĂ͕ƚĞŶĂĐŝͲ
ĞŶĨŽƌŵĂĚĞƉĂůŽŵĂƐƋƵĞƐĞƉƌŽĚƵĐĞŶƉŽƌĂĐƵŵƵůĂͲ
ĚĂĚ LJ ƉŽƌĐĞŶƚĂũĞƐ ĚĞ ĞůŽŶŐĂĐŝſŶ LJ ĚĞ ƌĞĚƵĐĐŝſŶ ĚĞ
ĐŝŽŶĞƐĚĞĄƚŽŵŽƐƋƵĞŶŽŚĂŶƚĞŶŝĚŽĞůƟĞŵƉŽƐƵĮͲ
ĄƌĞĂŽďƚĞŶŝĚŽƐ
ĐŝĞŶƚĞĚĞĚŝĨƵŶĚŝƌƐĞLJƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƌƐĞƉĂƌĂƌĞĐƵƉĞƌĂƌůĂ
ĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂĐƌŝƐƚĂůŝŶĂ͘ƐƚĂƐƉƌŽďĂďůĞŵĞŶƚĞƐĞƉƌŽĚƵͲ
dĂďůĂν͘sĂůŽƌĞƐĚĞƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐŝĂLJƚĞŶĂĐŝĚĂĚ
ũĞƌŽŶƉŽƌůĂĚŝĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂĚĞĞƐƉĞƐŽƌĞƐĞŶůĂŵƵĞƐƚƌĂLJ
ĞůƚƌĂƚĂŵŝĞŶƚŽƚĠƌŵŝĐŽ͘

͘WƌƵĞďĂƐĚĞdĞŶƐŝſŶ
ƐƚŽƐĞŶƐĂLJŽƐĨƵĞƌŽŶƌĞĂůŝnjĂĚŽƐĞŶůŽƐ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝŽƐ
ĚĞůĂhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝĚĂĚĚĞůŽƐŶĚĞƐ͘

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>ĂƐ ŐƌĄĮĐĂƐ ŽďƚĞŶŝĚĂƐ ƉĂƌĂ ůŽƐ ĞŶƐĂLJŽƐ ĚĞ ƚĞŶƐŝſŶ ŶůĂ&ŝŐƵƌĂλκƐĞĞǀŝĚĞŶĐŝĂůĂĞůĞǀĂĚĂĐĂƉĂĐŝĚĂĚĚĞ

ĞŶůĂƐƉƌŽďĞƚĂƐůŽŶŐŝƚƵĚŝŶĂůĞƐLJƚƌĂŶƐǀĞƌƐĂůĞƐƐĞƉƌĞͲ
ƐĞŶƚĂŶĂĐŽŶƟŶƵĂĐŝſŶĞŶůĂƐ&ŝŐƵƌĂƐςLJσƌĞƐƉĞĐƟͲ
ǀĂŵĞŶƚĞ͘
ĂůŵĂĐĞŶĂŵŝĞŶƚŽ ĚĞ ĞŶĞƌպà ĚĞů ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͕ ƉƌĞƐĞŶͲ
ƚĄŶĚŽƐĞ ĞŶ ůĂ ŵĂĐƌŽĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂ ĂůƚĂƐ ĚĞĨŽƌŵĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ
ƉůĄƐƟĐĂƐ͕ĂƵŶƋƵĞĞůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŶŽƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞƵŶĂĂůƚĂƌĞͲ
ƐŝůŝĞŶĐŝĂ͘ƐƚĞŵĂĐƌŽĞĨĞĐƚŽƐƵƌŐĞĐŽŵŽĐŽŶƐĞĐƵĞŶĐŝĂ
ĚĞůĂĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĚĞůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůLJĚĞůĂĂĐƟǀĂĐŝſŶ
ĚĞƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐĚĞĚĞƐůŝnjĂŵŝĞŶƚŽ͘

&ŝŐƵƌĂς͘'ƌĄĮĐĂƐĨƵĞƌnjŽͲĞĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶWƌŽďĞƚĂƐůŽŶŐŝƚƵĚŝŶĂůĞƐ

&ŝŐƵƌĂλκ͘'ƌĄĮĐŽĐŽŵƉĂƌĂƟǀŽĚĞĐĂƌŐĂĂƉůŝĐĂĚĂǀƐ͘ĂǀĂŶĐĞĚĞů
ĞŶͲƐĂLJŽƉĂƌĂůĂƉƌŽďĞƚĂλĞŶĚŝƌĞĐĐŝſŶůŽŶŐŝƚƵĚŝŶĂů

ƵƌĂŶƚĞĞůƉƌŽĐĞƐŽĚĞĂƉůŝĐĂĐŝſŶĚĞĐĂƌŐĂĂƚĞŶƐŝſŶ
ƐŽďƌĞĞůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĞŽďƐĞƌǀĂŶĞƚĂƉĂƐƐƵĐĞƐŝǀĂƐĂƚƌĂͲ
ǀĠƐ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ĐƵĂůĞƐ ƐĞ ƉƵĞĚĞŶ ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƌ ǀĂƌŝŽƐ  ĞĨĞĐͲ
ƚŽƐ͘

ů ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽ ĞŶ ůĂ ĞƚĂƉĂ ĚĞ ĐĂůŝďƌĂĐŝſŶ͕ ůŽƐ ĞdžƚĞŶƐſͲ

ŵĞƚƌŽƐŶŽƌĞŐŝƐƚƌĂŶǀĂůŽƌĞƐƉŽƐŝƟǀŽƐ͕ŶŽƐĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂ
ŶŝŶŐƵŶĂĚĞĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ͕ĞŶĞƐƚĞŵŽŵĞŶƚŽĞůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů
&ŝŐƵƌĂσ͘'ƌĄĮĐĂƐĨƵĞƌnjŽͲĞĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶƉƌŽďĞƚĂƐƚƌĂŶƐǀĞƌƐĂůĞƐ ĞƐƚĄĂůŵĂĐĞŶĂŶĚŽĞŶĞƌŐşĂĐŽŵŽƉŽƚĞŶĐŝĂůĞŶůŽƐĞŶͲ
ůĂĐĞƐĂƚſŵŝĐŽƐ;ŵĞƚĄůŝĐŽƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĞƐLJƐĞĐƵŶĚĂƌŝŽƐͿ
LJ ĞŶ ůŽƐ ƉůĂŶŽƐ ŵĄƐ ĚĞŶƐĂŵĞŶƚĞ ĞŵƉĂĐĂĚŽƐ͕ ƉƌĞͲ
/s͘E>/^/^z/^h^/ME ƉĂƌĄŶĚŽƐĞƉĂƌĂĞŵƉĞnjĂƌƵŶĂĞƚĂƉĂĚĞĚĞĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ
ĞůĄƐƟĐĂ͘
͘ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂǀƐ͘WƌŽƉŝĞĚĂĚĞƐ
ŽŶďĂƐĞĞŶĞůĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂŵŝĞŶƚŽĞdžŚŝďŝĚŽƉŽƌĞůŵĂͲ >ĂnjŽŶĂĚĞĚĞĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶĞůĄƐƟĐĂĞƐĞƐƚƌĞĐŚĂLJĂƋƵĞ
ƚĞƌŝĂůĂůƐĞƌƐŽŵĞƟĚŽĂƚƌĂĐĐŝſŶ͕ƐĞŚĂĐĞŶĞǀŝĚĞŶƚĞƐ ĂůƐĞƌƵŶŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůσσ͕σйƉƵƌŽŶŽƟĞŶĞƵŶĂĐĂŶƟĚĂĚ
ůĂƐĚŝĨĞƌĞŶƚĞƐũĞƌĂƌƋƵşĂƐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĞƐĚĞůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞĚĞŝŵƉĞƌĨĞĐĐŝŽŶĞƐƋƵĞĂƵŵĞŶƚĞůĂĐĂŶͲ

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ƟĚĂĚ ĚĞ ĞŶĞƌպà ƌĞƋƵĞƌŝĚĂ ƉĂƌĂ ĞŵƉĞnjĂƌ Ă ĐĂƵƐĂƌ ͘WƌŽƉŝĞĚĂĚĞƐǀƐ͘WƌŽĐĞƐĂŵŝĞŶƚŽ

ŵŽǀŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƐĂƚſŵŝĐŽƐ͘ŶĞƐƚĂƐĚŽƐƉƌŝŵĞƌĂƐƉƌĞǀĂͲ ůĐŽďƌĞĚĞďŝĚŽĂƐƵĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂĂƚſŵŝĐĂLJŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂͲ
ůĞĐĞůĂũĞƌĂƌƋƵşĂŶĂŶŽĐƌŽƐĐſƉŝĐĂĚĞůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘ ĐŝſŶĞƐƉĂĐŝĂůƉŽƐĞĞƵŶĂĂůƚĂĐĂƉĂĐŝĚĂĚĚĞĚĞĨŽƌŵĂͲ
ĐŝſŶ ƉůĄƐƟĐĂ͕ ƉŽƌ ůŽ ĐƵĂů ƉĂƌĂ ƐƵ ƉƌŽĐĞƐĂŵŝĞŶƚŽ ƐĞ
>ĂŵŽǀŝůŝnjĂĐŝſŶĚĞĚŝƐůŽĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐĞŶůĂĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂĞƐƚĄ ƵƟůŝnjĂŶ ƉƌĞĨĞƌŝďůĞŵĞŶƚĞ ŵĠƚŽĚŽƐ ĚĞ ĚĞĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ
ƌĞůĂĐŝŽŶĂĚĂĐŽŶůĂĂĐƟǀĂĐŝſŶĚĞƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐĚĞĚĞƐůŝnjĂͲ ƉůĄƐƟĐĂ ĐŽŵŽ Ğů ƚƌĞĮůĂĚŽ LJ Ğů ůĂŵŝŶĂĚŽ͘ ƐƚĂƐ ƉƌŽͲ
ŵŝĞŶƚŽ͕ĚĞůĂĨĂŵŝůŝĂ;λλλͿĐĂƌĂĐƚĞƌşƐƟĐĂĚĞůĂĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵͲ ƉŝĞĚĂĚĞƐ͕ĂĚĞŵĄƐĚĞƐƵĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝĚĂĚLJĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐŝĂ
ƌĂ&ĚĞůĐŽďƌĞ͕ůĂĐƵĂůƐĞŚĂĐĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĞŶůĂĞƚĂƉĂ ĞŶůĂŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞnjĂ͕ƉĞƌŵŝƚĞŶƋƵĞƐĞĂŵƵLJƵƟůŝnjĂĚŽĞŶ
ĚĞĚĞĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶƉůĄƐƟĐĂ͘ůůşƐĞŝŶŝĐŝĂĞůŵŽǀŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ ĐĂďůĞƐĚĞĐŽŶĚƵĐĐŝſŶĞůĠĐƚƌŝĐĂ͘
ĚĞůĂƐĚŝƐůŽĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐĚĞůşŶĞĂLJĚĞƚŽƌŶŝůůŽ͕ĐĂƵƐĂŶĚŽ
ƵŶĞĨĞĐƚŽŵĂĐƌŽƐĐſƉŝĐŽĚĞĚĞĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ͘>ĂnjŽŶĂĚĞ ͘ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂʹWƌŽƉŝĞĚĂĚĞƐͲWƌŽĐĞƐĂŵŝĞŶƚŽ
ĚĞĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶƉůĄƐƟĐĂĞƐĂŵƉůŝĂĚĞďŝĚŽĂƋƵĞůĂŵŽͲ λ͘ƉůŝĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ
ǀŝůŝnjĂĐŝſŶĚĞĚŝƐůŽĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐƐĞĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƉŽƌĐĂƵƐĂĚĞůĂ ŶůĂƐŶƵĞǀĂƐƚĞŶĚĞŶĐŝĂƐĚĞŵŝŶŝĂƚƵƌŝnjĂĐŝſŶĚĞĐŽŵͲ
ƉƵƌĞnjĂĚĞůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͕ůĂĐƵĂůĞǀŝƚĂůĂƉƌĞƐĞŶĐŝĂĚĞĨĞͲ ƉŽŶĞŶƚĞƐ ĞůĞĐƚƌſŶŝĐŽƐ LJ ƐĞŶƐſƌŝĐĂ Ğů ĐŽďƌĞ ĞƐ ƵƟůŝͲ
ŶſŵĞŶŽƐĚĞĞŶĚƵƌĞĐŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƉŽƌƐŽůƵĐŝſŶLJƉŽƌƉƌĞͲ njĂĚŽ ŶŽƌŵĂůŵĞŶƚĞ ĐŽŵŽ ĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚŽ ĞŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐŽƐ ĚĞ
ĐŝƉŝƚĂĐŝſŶ͘ ĞůĞĐƚƌŽĞƌŽƐŝſŶLJĞůĞĐƚƌŽͲĚĞƉŽƐŝĐŝſŶ΀π΁͕ƐŝŶĞŵďĂƌŐŽ
ŶŽĞƐƵƟůŝnjĂĚŽĐŽŵŽĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚĞ͘
>ĂĨƌĂĐƚƵƌĂĞƐƵŶĞĨĞĐƚŽŵĂĐƌŽƐĐſƉŝĐŽƋƵĞĞƐĞůƌĞͲ Ŷ ƚĞĐŶŽůŽŐşĂƐ ĚĞ ŵŝĐƌŽ LJ ŶĂŶŽ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐ DD^ LJ
ƐƵůƚĂĚŽĚĞůĂĮŶĂůŝnjĂĐŝſŶĚĞůŽƐƉƌŽĐĞƐŽƐĚĞĚĞĨŽƌŵĂͲ ED^ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĂŵĞŶƚĞ͕ĞůĐŽďƌĞƉŽĚƌşĂƐĞƌĞƐƚƵĚŝĂͲ
ĐŝſŶƉůĄƐƟĐĂĚĞďŝĚŽĂƋƵĞůĂƐĚŝƐůŽĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐLJĂŶŽƐĞ ĚŽ ƉĂƌĂ ƐĞƌ ƵƟůŝnjĂĚŽ ĐŽŵŽ ƐŽƉŽƌƚĞ͕ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůŵĞŶƚĞ
ƉƵĞĚĞŶŵŽǀĞƌŵĄƐ͘ ĞŶED^ĚŽŶĚĞƐĞƌĞƋƵŝĞƌĞƵŶĂŵĂLJŽƌǀĞƌƐĂƟůŝĚĂĚ
ĚĞůŽƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĞƐĚĞďŝĚŽĂůĂĂůƚĂĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŝĚĂĚĚĞůĂ
ŶůĂ&ŝŐƵƌĂλλƐĞƉƵĞĚĞŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƌůĂƐnjŽŶĂƐŵĞŶĐŝŽͲ ĂƉůŝĐĂĐŝſŶ͘ >ĂƐ ĐĂƌĂĐƚĞƌşƐƟĐĂƐ ĚĞů ĐŽďƌĞ ĞůĞĐƚƌŽůşƟͲ
ŶĂĚĂƐ͘ ĐŽĐŽŵŽůĂĐĂƐŝŝĚĞĂůŝĚĂĚĚĞĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂĐƌŝƐƚĂůŝŶĂ͕ůĂ
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ŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĂ͕ ƐŽŶ ŵƵLJ ĚĞƐĞĂďůĞƐ ƉĂƌĂ ůŽƐ ƐŽƉŽƌƚĞƐ
΀ν΁͖ƐŝŶĞŵďĂƌŐŽ͕ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƐĐŽŶƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŽĂ
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ĐŽĞĮĐŝĞŶƚĞĚĞĞdžƉĂŶƐŝſŶƚĠƌŵŝĐĂ͕LJůĂŚŝƐƚĠƌĞƐŝƐŵĞͲ
ĐĄŶŝĐĂ͘ ^ŝ ƐĞ ĚŽƉĂƌĂ Ğů ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ĐŽŶ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚŽƐ ƋƵĞ
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ĚƌşĂĞŵƉůĞĂƌƐĞĐŽŵŽƐƵƐƚƌĂƚŽĞŶED^͘>ĂĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵͲ
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ũĞ͕LJĂƋƵĞƟĞŶĞƐŝƟŽƐƚĞƚƌĂĠĚƌŝĐŽƐĚŽŶĚĞƐĞƉƵĞĚĞŶ
ĂůŽũĂƌĚŝǀĞƌƐŽƐƟƉŽƐĚĞĄƚŽŵŽƐ͘
ŶůĂ&ŝŐƵƌĂλμƐĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƵŶĞƐƉĞĐƚƌŽŐƌĂŵĂĐƵĂůŝƚĂͲ
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ĂƵŶƋƵĞƟĞŶĞƵŶĂůƚŽŐƌĂĚŽĚĞƉƵƌĞnjĂƉƵĞĚĞĐŽŶƚĞͲ
ŶĞƌ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĂƐ ŝŵƉƵƌĞnjĂƐ ĞŶ ƐƵ ĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂ͕ ůĂƐ ĐƵĂůĞƐ
ƉƵĞĚĞŶ ƐĞƌ ƐĞůĞĐĐŝŽŶĂĚĂƐ Ă ƉƌŽƉſƐŝƚŽ ĚĞ ĂĐƵĞƌĚŽ
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ƐĂLJŽƉĂƌĂůĂƉƌŽďĞƚĂλĞŶĚŝƌĞĐĐŝſŶůŽŶŐŝƚƵĚŝŶĂů͘ ĐŽŶůĂŶĞĐĞƐŝĚĂĚ͘

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KƚƌĂ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĂ ƉĂƌĂ ŵĞũŽƌĂƌ ůĂƐ ƉƌŽƉŝĞĚĂĚĞƐ ĚĞů
ĐŽďƌĞĐŽŵŽ ƐƵƐƚƌĂƚŽƉŽĚƌşĂ ƐĞƌƉŽƌ ŵĞĚŝŽ ĚĞĂůĞĂͲ
ĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĐŽŶ njŝŶĐ ƉƌŽĚƵĐŝĞŶĚŽ ůĂƚŽŶĞƐ͕ LJ ĐŽŶ ĞƐƚĂŹŽ
ƉĂƌĂŽďƚĞŶĞƌďƌŽŶĐĞƐ͕ĚĞĞƐƚĂŵĂŶĞƌĂƐĞŽďƟĞŶĞƵŶ
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ĚƵƌĞnjĂ΀ξ΁͘ůŽƌŽĞƐŵƵLJƵƟůŝnjĂĚŽĐŽŵŽŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĞŶ
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ĚĞĚƵƌĞnjĂŵƵLJƐŝŵŝůĂƌĞƐĂůĂƐĚĞůĐŽďƌĞ͕ƐŝŶĞŵďĂƌŐŽ
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ƌşƐƟĐĂ͕ĞůĐŽďƌĞƉƵĞĚĞůůĞŐĂƌĂƐĞƌƵŶĂďƵĞŶĂĂůƚĞƌŶĂͲ
ƟǀĂĞŶĞƐƚĞƟƉŽĚĞĂƉůŝĐĂĐŝſŶ͘
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ĞůĞĐƚƌŽůşƟĐŽĐŽŶσσ͕σйĚĞƉƵƌĞnjĂ͘;>Ăď͘hEƐĞĚĞďŽŐŽƚĂͿ
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ĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶƉůĄƐƟĐĂLJƐĞƌĞƋƵŝĞƌĂƵŶŐƌĂŶǀŽůƵŵĞŶĚĞ
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LJĞůĠĐƚƌŝĐĂƐƋƵĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂĞůĐŽďƌĞƉƵĞĚĞƐĞƌƵƟůŝnjĂͲ
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D/d ƐĞƌŝĞƐ ŝŶ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ƐĐŝĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ͖
tŝůĞLJ͕EĞǁzŽƌŬ͕λσσς͘
΀μ΁^<>E͘͞ŝĞŶĐŝĂĞ/ŶŐĞŶŝĞƌşĂĚĞůŽƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂͲ
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΀ν΁,^hd/ͳZE͘DD^ĂŶĚDŝĐƌŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͗ĞƐŝŐŶ
ĂŶĚDĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞ
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ŵŝĐŽĚĞůŽƐŵĞƚĂůĞƐ͘ĚŝƚŽƌŝĂůD/Z͘^ĞŐƵŶĚĂĚŝĐŝſŶ͘
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ƌƌĂŵŝĞŶƚĂƐ͘ĞĚƵĐĂ͘ŵĂĚƌŝĚ͘ŽƌŐͬƚĂďůĂͬρŝƐŽƚŽƉŽƐͬĐƵρ͘
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΀π΁ZĞĐŽƉŝůĂĚŽĞůμνĚĞŵĂLJŽĚĞμκκοĚĞ͗
ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬŐĂƵƐƐ͘ĸŝ͘ŽƌŐͬWĂƚĞŶƚsŝĞǁͬWσρμμςξ
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