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13 Termodinamica PDF
13 Termodinamica PDF
Javier Junquera
Bibliografía
A
B B
A
El volumen de un líquido
La longitud de un sólido
584 C H A P T E R 19 • Temperature
En un termómetro de gas a volumen constante se mantiene constante el
volumen del gas y su presión se utiliza como propiedad termométrica
between thermometers are especially large when the tem
far from the calibration points.2
An additional practical problem of any thermometer
La lectura es prácticamente independiente de laperatures
sustancia utilizada
over which it can be used. A mercury thermom
en el termómetro used below the freezing point of mercury, which is ! 39°
ter is not useful for measuring temperatures above 85°C,
To surmount this problem, we need a universal thermom
pendent of the substance used in it. The gas thermom
Metemos o sacamos
section, approaches this requirement.
Scale mercurio de la reserva de
h manera que el volumen de
El bulbo de gas se pone en gas
19.3 confinado sea siempre el Gas The
The Constant-Volume
contacto térmico con una 0
Mercury
and mismo
the Absolute Temperature
P
mezcla de hielo-agua en Gas
reservoir
(que la columna en A
One version of a gas thermometer is the constant-volume a
equilibrio térmico a presión A B permanezca
The physical changeen el punto
exploited de lais the variation
in this device
atmosférica Bath or escala
of gas withmarcado por the
temperature. When el cero)
constant-volume gas th
environment was calibrated by using the ice and steam points of water a
to be measured Flexible
tion procedure, which we shall discuss shortly, is now used.)
hose
Figure 19.3 A constant-volume gas ice-water bath, and mercury reservoir B was raised or lowere
La altura (diferencia entre los niveles
thermometer measures thedepres-
la reserva y de
in column A waslaatcolumna
the zero pointA)
on the scale. The height
sure of the gas contained in the mercury levels in reservoir B and column A, indicated the p
indica la flask
presión
immersed enin theel bulbo
bath. The a 0° C)The flask was then immersed in water at the steam po
volume of gas in the flask is kept
constant by raising or lowering
justed until the top of the mercury in column A was ag
Termómetros de gas a volumen constante
Las medidas proporcionadas por estos termómetros concuerdan muy
bien incluso lejos de los puntos de calibración
584 C H A P T E R 19 • Temperature
En un termómetro de gas a volumen constante se mantiene constante el
volumen del gas y su presión se utiliza como propiedad termométrica
between thermometers are especially large when the tem
far from the calibration points.2
An additional practical problem of any thermometer
La lectura es prácticamente independiente de laperatures
sustancia utilizada
over which it can be used. A mercury thermom
en el termómetro used below the freezing point of mercury, which is ! 39°
ter is not useful for measuring temperatures above 85°C,
To surmount this problem, we need a universal thermom
pendent of the substance used in it. The gas thermom
Metemos o sacamos
section, approaches this requirement.
Scale mercurio de la reserva de
h manera que el volumen de
El bulbo de gas se pone en gas
19.3 confinado sea siempre el Gas The
The Constant-Volume
contacto térmico con una 0
Mercury
and mismo
the Absolute Temperature
P
mezcla de agua-vapor de Gas
reservoir
(que la columna en A
One version of a gas thermometer is the constant-volume a
agua en equilibrio térmico a A B permanezca
The physical changeen el punto
exploited de lais the variation
in this device
presión atmosférica Bath or escala
of gas withmarcado por the
temperature. When el cero)
constant-volume gas th
environment was calibrated by using the ice and steam points of water a
to be measured Flexible
tion procedure, which we shall discuss shortly, is now used.)
hose
Figure 19.3 A constant-volume gas ice-water bath, and mercury reservoir B was raised or lowere
La altura (diferencia entre los niveles
thermometer depres-
measures the la reserva y de
in column A waslaatcolumna
the zero pointA)
on the scale. The height
sure of the gas contained in the mercury levels in reservoir B and column A, indicated the p
indica la presión
flask immersedenin the
el bath.
bulbo The a 100°TheC)flask was then immersed in water at the steam po
volume of gas in the flask is kept
constant by raising or lowering
justed until the top of the mercury in column A was ag
Scale
584 C H A P T E R 19 • Temperature
En un termómetro de gas a volumen constante se mantiene constante el
volumen del gas y su presión se utiliza como propiedad termométrica
between thermometers are especially large when the tem
far from the calibration points.2
An additional practical problem of any thermometer
La lectura es prácticamente independiente de laperatures
sustancia utilizada
over which it can be used. A mercury thermom
en el termómetro used below the freezing point of mercury, which is ! 39°
ter is not useful for measuring temperatures above 85°C,
To surmount this problem, we need a universal thermom
pendent of the substance used in it. The gas thermom
Metemos o sacamos
section, approaches this requirement.
Scale mercurio de la reserva de
h manera que el volumen de
El bulbo de gas se pone en gas
19.3 confinado sea siempre el Gas The
The Constant-Volume
contacto térmico con una 0
Mercury
and mismo
the Absolute Temperature
P
sustancia de temperatura Gas
reservoir
(que la columna en A
One version of a gas thermometer is the constant-volume a
desconocida A B permanezca
The physical changeen el punto
exploited de lais the variation
in this device
Bath or escala
of gas withmarcado por the
temperature. When el cero)
constant-volume gas th
environment was calibrated by using the ice and steam points of water a
to be measured Flexible
tion procedure, which we shall discuss shortly, is now used.)
hose
Figure 19.3 A constant-volume gas ice-water bath, and mercury reservoir B was raised or lowere
La altura (diferencia entre los niveles
thermometer measures thede pres-la reserva
in columnyA de lathecolumna
was at zero point onA)
the scale. The height
sure of the gas contained in the mercury levels in reservoir B and column A, indicated the p
indica la presión del gas, yflask
conocida la bath.
immersed in the presión
The conocemos
The flask wasla temperatura)
then immersed in water at the steam po
volume of gas in the flask is kept
constant by raising or lowering
justed until the top of the mercury in column A was ag
Flexible
hose tion procedure, which we shall discuss shortly, is now used.) The flask was immersed in an
nstant-volume gas ice-water bath, and mercury reservoir B was raised or lowered until the top of the mercury
sures the pres- in column A was at the zero point on the scale. The height h, the difference between the
ntained in the
the bath. The
Termómetros de gas a volumen constante
mercury levels in reservoir B and column A, indicated the pressure in the flask at 0°C.
The flask was then immersed in water at the steam point, and reservoir B was read-
he flask is kept
g or lowering
justed until the top of the mercury in column A was again at zero on the scale; this
p the mercury
constant.
Las medidas proporcionadas por estos termómetros concuerdan muy
ensured that the gas’s volume was the same as it was when the flask was in the ice bath
(hence, the designation “constant volume”). This adjustment of reservoir B gave a
value for the gas pressure bien incluso
at 100°C. These twolejos
pressurede
and los puntos
temperature valuesde
werecalibración
then plotted, as shown in Figure 19.4. The line connecting the two points serves as a
calibration curve for unknown temperatures. (Other experiments show that a linear
relationship between pressure and temperature is a very good assumption.) If we
En un termómetro de gas a volumen constante se mantiene constante el
wanted to measure the temperature of a substance, we would place the gas flask in
volumen
thermal contact withdel gas yand
the substance suadjust
presión
the heightse utiliza
of reservoir como
B until the toppropiedad
of termométrica
the mercury column in A is at zero on the scale. The height of the mercury column
indicates the pressure of the gas; knowing the pressure, we could find the temperature
of the substance using the graph in Figure 19.4.
100
T(°C) Now let us supposeTambién se pueden
that temperatures are measured utilizar medidas
with gas thermometers de temperatura
contain-
pical graph of utilizando
ing different gases at different presiones
initial pressures. iniciales
Experiments show diferentes a 0°C
that the thermometer
mperature taken readings are nearly independent of the type of gas used, as long as the gas pressure is low
lume gas ther- and the temperature is well above the point at which the gas liquefies (Fig. 19.5). The
o dots represent agreement among thermometers using various gases improves as the pressure is reduced.
emperatures
m points of water).
P Trial 1 Si la presión inicial es baja obtendremos
una curva diferente como curva de
calibración para cada presión inicial
Trial 2
2 Two thermometers that use the same liquid may also give different readings. This is due in part to
En todos los casos, independientemente del tipo de gas utilizado o del valor de la
difficulties in constructing uniform-bore glass capillary tubes.
Trial 2
2 Two thermometers that use the same liquid may also give different readings. This is due in part to
difficulties in constructing uniform-bore glass capillary tubes.
En todos los casos, independientemente del tipo de gas utilizado o del valor de la
presión inicial, la presión es cero cuando la temperatura es de -273,15 °C
El valor de un grado en la escala Kelvin se ha elegido para que sea igual al valor
de un grado en la escala Celsius
Lowest temperature
(19.3) achieved ˜10 –7 K
Figure 19.6 Absolute tempera-
tures at which various physical
Escala Farenheit de temperaturas
En la escala Farenheit:
- punto de fusión del hielo: 32 °F
- punto de ebullición del agua: 212 °F
George Semple
Ti
b
(a) (b)
Figure 19.7 (a) Thermal-expansion joints are used to separate sections of roadways on
bridges. Without these joints, the surfaces would buckle due to thermal expansion on
very hot days or crack due to contraction on very cold days. (b) The long, vertical joint a + ∆a
is filled with a soft material that allows the wall to expand and contract as the tempera-
ture of the bricks changes. TTi + ∆T
b + ∆b
increases, the atoms oscillate with greater amplitudes; as a result, the average separa-
tion between them increases.4 Consequently, the object expands.
If thermal expansion is sufficiently small relative to an object’s initial dimensions,
the change in any dimension is, to a good approximation, proportional to the first
power of the temperature change. Suppose that an object has an initial length Li along
some direction at some temperature and that the length increases by an amount !L
Dilatación térmica de sólidos y líquidos:
coeficiente de dilatación lineal
Si la dilatación térmica de un objeto es suficientemente pequeña comparada con
las dimensiones iniciales del objeto y si la variación de temperaturas es
suficientemente pequeña, entonces podemos aplicar la siguiente aproximación:
El cambio que se produce en cualquiera de sus dimensiones es directamente
proporcional a la primera potencia en la variación de la temperatura
Ti
b + ∆b
e average separa-
nitial dimensions,
tional to the first
al length Li along
by an amount !L Un agujero de una pieza de un determinado material se dilata
der the fractional
e average coeffi-
de la misma forma que lo haría una pieza sólida de ese
mismo material y que tuviera la misma forma que el agujero
Active Figure 19.8 Thermal ex-
pansion of a homogeneous metal
washer. As the washer is heated, all
e. For purposes of dimensions increase. (The expan-
sion is exaggerated in this figure.)
agnification or as
washer is heated
▲ PITFALL PREVENTION
Dilatación térmica de sólidos y líquidos:
coeficiente medio de dilatación volumétrica
Sea un cubo cuyo lado tiene una longitud inicial y, por lo tanto,
un volumen inicial
El nuevo volumen es
Fórmula válida independientemente de la forma con tal de que sea la misma en todas direcciones
Dilatación térmica de sólidos y líquidos:
coeficiente medio de dilatación superficial
En un gas, no hay una separación de equilibrio para los átomos, y por lo tanto,
no podemos definir el “volumen” a una temperatura dada
Descripción macroscópica de un gas ideal: cylinder does not leak, the mass (or the number of moles) of the gas remains constant.
For such a system, experiments provide the following information. First, when the gas
is kept at a constant temperature, its pressure is inversely proportional to its volume
ecuación de estado de un gas ideal (Boyle’s law). Second, when the pressure of the gas is kept constant, its volume is di-
rectly proportional to its temperature (the law of Charles and Gay-Lussac). These
observations are summarized by the equation of state for an ideal gas:
Equation of state for an ideal
Supongamos
gas un gas ideal confinado en un recipiente cilíndrico
PV ! nRT
cuyo volumen
(19.8)
puede moles
variarse
In this expression,por
known medio delaw,un
as the ideal gas R is aémbolo
constant and n móvil
is the number of
of gas in the sample. Experiments on numerous gases show that as the pressure
approaches zero, the quantity PV/nT approaches the same value R for all gases. For
this reason, R is called the universal gas constant. In SI units, in which pressure is ex-
Información experimental:
pressed in pascals (1 Pa ! 1 N/m2) and volume in cubic meters, the product PV has
units of newton# meters, or joules, and R has the value
R ! 8.314 J/mol #K (19.9)
If the pressure is expressed in atmospheres and the volume in liters (1 L ! 103 cm3 !
Ley de Boyle: cuando el gas se mantiene a
10$3 m3), then R has the value
R ! 0.082 14 L#atm/mol#K
temperatura constante, la presión es
Using this value of R and Equation 19.8, we find that the volume occupied by 1 mol of
inversamente
any gas at atmospheric proporcional
pressure and at 0°C (273 K) is 22.4 L. al volumen
The ideal gas law states that if the volume and temperature of a fixed amount of
gas do not change, then the pressure also remains constant. Consider a bottle of cham-
pagne that is shaken and then spews liquid when opened, as shown in Figure 19.13.
Gas
Ley de Charles y Gay-Lussac: cuando el gas se
mantiene a presión constante, el volumen es
directamente proporcional a la temperatura
Active Figure 19.12 An ideal gas
confined to a cylinder whose volume
can be varied by means of a movable
Estas dos leyes se resumen en la ecuación de estado de un gas ideal
piston.
at http://www.pse6.com, you
can choose to keep either the Figure 19.13 A bottle of champagne is
temperature or the pressure shaken and opened. Liquid spews out of the
constant and verify Boyle’s law opening. A common misconception is that
and the law of Charles and the pressure inside the bottle is increased
Gay–Lussac. due to the shaking.
Descripción macroscópica de un gas ideal:
ecuación de estado de un gas ideal
Ecuación de estado de un gas ideal
(SI)
No tiene sentido utilizar el término calor a menos que haya habido una
transferencia de energía como consecuencia de una diferencia de temperatura
Unidades de calor
Esta definición de caloría (que no hace referencia alguna al agua, sino a una
equivalencia entre caloría y Julio, se la conoce como
equivalente mecánico del calor
Definición de calor específico
En sólidos y líquidos, las diferencias suelen ser menores a unos pocos por-ciento
Como medir el calor específico:
calorimetría
Técnica para medir el calor específico de un líquido o un sólido:
Si se supone que el recipiente está bien aislado (de manera que no pierda
energía en forma de calor ni por ningún otro medio), podemos utilizar el
modelo de sistema aislado. A este recipiente se denomina calorímetro
Masa Masa
T (°C)
120
E
D
90
60 C
Steam
Water + steam
30
B Water
0
Ice +
A
water
–30
0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000
Ice 62.7 396 815 3 070 3 110
Energy added ( J)
Figure 20.2 A plot of temperature versus energy added when 1.00 g of ice initially at
! 30.0°C is converted to steam at 120.0°C.
Trabajo en los procesos termodinámicos:
variables de estado
En termodinámica, el estado macroscópico de un sistema mediante magnitudes
tales como la presión, el volumen, la temperatura y la energía interna.
Por eso a estas magnitudes se las denomina como variables de estado.
Para cualquier condición dada del sistema, podemos identificar los valores de
las variables de estado
(si tomamos el eje y creciendo hacia arriba, la fuerza tendrá signo negativo) ,
desplazándolo una distancia
El trabajo realizado sobre el gas
A
dy
P V
A
dy
P V
dW ! " P dV (20.7)
If the gas is compressed, dV is negative and the work done on the gas is positive. If
the gas expands, dV is positive and the work done on the gas is negative. If the volume
remains constant, the work done on the gas is zero. The total work done on the gas as
En general, la presión no esitsconstante
volume changes durante elf isproceso
from Vi to V given by the que lleva
integral un 20.7:
of Equation
gas desde el estado inicial hasta un cierto estado final
Work done on a gas !
Si la presión y el volumen son conocidos en caso paso del proceso,
W!"
Vf
Vi
P dV (20.8)
P P
P
At the Active Figures link
f f f at http://www.pse6.com, you
Pf Pf Pf
can choose one of the three
paths and see the movement o
the piston in Figure 20.3 and o
Pi i Pi i Pi i a point on the PV diagram in
this figure.
V V V
Vf Vi Vf Vi Vf Vi
(a) (b) (c)
Active Figure 20.5 The work done on a gas as it is taken from an initial state to a
final state depends on the path between these states. La función
debe ser conocida
The energy transfer Q into or out of a system by heat also depends on the process.
Consider the situations depicted in Figure 20.6. In each case, the gas has the same ini-
tial volume, temperature, and pressure, and is assumed to be ideal. In Figure 20.6a, the
gas is thermally insulated from its surroundings except at the bottom of the gas-filled
region, where it is in thermal contact with an energy reservoir. An energy reservoir is a
Primera ley de la termodinámica
(20.10) A
(20.10) A
Vi V
dV
#
V
can choose one of the four
$
Vf dV Vf Vi Vf
ts performed at high W ! $nRT ! $nRT ln V
processes for the gas
r the expansion. This Vi V Vi Figure 20.8 The PV diagram for
discussed in this section and an isothermal expansion of an
a deviation from the To evaluate
see the movement the integral, we used ∫(dx/x) ! ln x. Evaluating this at the initial and final
of the piston ideal gas from an initial state to a
Trabajo realizado sobre un gas ideal en expansión
en un proceso isotérmico
0 . 6 • Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics 621
(20.13)
Como el gas es ideal y el proceso es cuasiestático (a temperatura constante)
ea under the PV curve
he value for the work
ssed, then Vf # Vi and
.9 as isobaric, isovolu-
as to include electrical transmis-
sion (“electrical work”) and me-
w chanical waves (“molecular
(20.10) A
Sin embargo, no nos dice nada acerca de por qué fenómenos que
no violan ese principio, no ocurren de manera espontánea
Máquinas térmicas y
segunda ley de la termodinámica
Hot reservoir at Th
Qh
El trabajo realizado por una máquina térmica
Weng
es igual a la energía neta absorbida por la máquina
steam-driven
rom Durango to
do. It obtains its Engine
g wood or coal.
ergy vaporizes
which powers the Qc
locomotive must
m tanks located
replace steam
unnel.) Modern Cold reservoir at Tc
iesel fuel instead
Whether old- Active Figure 22.2 Schematic
ern, such representation of a heat engine.
e modeled as The engine does work Weng. The
ch extract energy Si la sustancia de trabajo es un gas, el trabajo neto realizado por la
arrow at the top represents energy
el and convert a
echanical energy. máquina en un proceso cíclico es el área encerrada por la curva
Q h # 0 entering the engine. At the
bottom, Q c $ 0 represents energy
que representa el proceso en un diagrama PV
leaving the engine.
engine
We can think of the efficiency as the ratio of what you
Segunda ley de la termodinámica:(energy transfer at the higher temperature). In practic
fraction of the input energy Q h by mechanical work an
Es imposible construir una máquina térmica que, funcionando de
is always less than 100%. For example, a good automob
manera cíclica, sólo produzca el efecto de absorberabout energía de un
20%, and diesel foco
engines haveyefficiencies ranging
convertirla en igual cantidad de trabajo
Equation 22.2 shows that a heat engine has 10
!Q c ! " 0—that is, if no energy is expelled to the cold r
engine with perfect efficiency would have to expel all o
the basis of the fact that efficiencies of real engin
Kelvin–Planck form of the second law of thermodyna
Hot reservoir at Th
It is impossible to construct a heat engine that, oper
Qh effect other than the input of energy by heat from a r
of an equal amount of work.
Weng
This statement of the second law means that, during t
Engine
Weng can never be equal to !Q h !, or, alternatively, th
rejected to the environment. Figure 22.4 is a schema
“perfect” heat engine.
Figures link
6.com, you
otion of the
ot cycle while
he cycle on A→B Supondremos que la sustancia de
Figure 22.11. Isothermal
expansion trabajo es un gas ideal contenido en
un cilindro con un émbolo móvil en
Qh un extremo
Energy reservoir at Th
(a)
D→A B→C
Adiabatic
Cycle
Adiabatic Las paredes del cilindro y el
compression expansion
émbolo son aislantes térmicos
Q=0 Q=0
(d) (b)
El ciclo consta de cuatro etapas,
C→D
todas ellas reversibles:
Isothermal
compression - dos procesos adiabáticos
- dos procesos isotérmicos
Qc
Energy reservoir at Tc
Active Figure 22.10 The Carnot cycle. (a) In process A : B, the gas expands
isothermally while in contact with a reservoir at Th . (b) In process B : C, the gas
expands adiabatically (Q " 0). (c) In process C : D, the gas is compressed
isothermally while in contact with a reservoir at Tc # Th . (d) In process D : A, the gas
is compressed adiabatically. The arrows on the piston indicate the direction of its
At the Active Figures link
El ciclo de Carnot:
at http://www.pse6.com, you
can observe the motion of the
piston in the Carnot cycle while
you also observe the cycle on A→B
El gas
D → A se pone enB → contacto
C con un
foco térmico
Adiabatic
compression
Cyclea temperatura
Adiabatic
expansion
Energy reservoir at Th
El gas realiza un trabajo empleado
(a) Q c
P en elevar el émbolo
A
Energy reservoir at Tc
D→A B→C
Active Figure 22.10 The Carnot cycle. (a) In process A : B, the gas expands
Adiabatic Adiabatic isothermally while in contact with a reservoir at Th . (b) In process B : C, the gas
Cycle
compression expansion expands adiabatically (Q " 0). (c) In process C : D, the gas is compressed
isothermally while in contact with a reservoir at Tc # Th . (d) In process D : A, the gas
Qh
is compressed adiabatically. The arrows on the piston indicate the direction of its
B motion during each process.
C
D Qc Tc The net work done in this reversible, cyclic process is equal to the area enclosed by
V
the path ABCDA in Figure 22.11. As we demonstrated in Section 22.1, because the
Active Figure 22.11 PV diagram change in internal energy is zero, the net work Weng done by the gas in one cycle
(d) for the Carnot cycle. The net work (b)
done Weng equals the net energy equals the net energy transferred into the system, !Qh ! ! !Q c !. The thermal efficiency
At the Active Figures link
El ciclo de Carnot:
at http://www.pse6.com, you
can observe the motion of the
A →piston
B in the Carnot cycle while A→B
you also observe the cycle on
proceso 2:
expansion
Isothermal
the PV diagram of Figure 22.11. Isothermal
expansion
Expansión adiabática
Qh
Qh Energy reservoir at Th
(a)
Durante
C→D
el proceso, la temperatura
=0 Q=0
baja de
Isothermal
compression a
Active Figure 22.10 The Carnot cycle. (a) In process A : B, the gas expands
isothermally while in contact with a reservoir at Th . (b) In process B : C, the gas
expands adiabatically (Q " 0). (c) In process C : D, the gas is compressed
isothermally while in contact with a reservoir at Tc # Th . (d) In process D : A, the gas
Qh
is compressed adiabatically. The arrows on the piston indicate the direction of its
n B motion during each process.
Weng Th
C
D Qc Tc The net work done in this reversible, cyclic process is equal to the area enclosed by
Qc V
the path ABCDA in Figure 22.11. As we demonstrated in Section 22.1, because the
Active Figure 22.11 PV diagram change in internal energy is zero, the net work Weng done by the gas in one cycle
for the Carnot cycle. The net work
done Weng equals the net energy equals the net energy transferred into the system, !Qh ! ! !Q c !. The thermal efficiency
Energy reservoir at Th
At the Active Figures link
El ciclo de Carnot:
at http://www.pse6.com,
(a) you
can observe the motion of the
piston in the Carnot cycle while
you also observe the cycle on A→B
proceso 3: Dthe→PV
Adiabatic
A diagram of Figure 22.11.
Cycle
B→C
Adiabatic
Isothermal
expansion
compression expansion
Compresión isotérmica
Qh
Q=0 Q=0
Energy reservoir at Th
(a)
y se comprime isotérmicamente a
C→D esa temperatura
Q=0 Q=0
Isothermal
compression
(d) (b)
Weng Th
The net work done in this reversible, cyclicCprocess is equal to the area enclosed by
Tc
the path ABCDA in Figure 22.11. As we D demonstrated
Qc
V
in Section
The 22.1,
net work done because
in this the
reversible, cyclic process is equal to the area enclosed by
the path ABCDA in Figure 22.11. As we demonstrated in Section 22.1, because the
change in internal energy Active
is zero, the
Figure 22.11net work Wengchange
PV diagram donein by the gas in one cycle
internal energy is zero, the net work Weng done by the gas in one cycle
for the
equals the net energy transferred Carnot cycle. The net
done W equals the net energy
work ! ! !Qthe
into the system, !Qh equals c !.net
The thermal
energy efficiency
transferred into the system, !Qh ! ! !Q c !. The thermal efficiency
eng
Active Figures link
w.pse6.com, you
the motion of the At the Active Figures link
El ciclo de Carnot:
at http://www.pse6.com, you
Carnot cycle while can observe the motion of the
erve the cycle on A→B
piston in the Carnot cycle while
you also observe the cycle on A→B
am of Figure 22.11. Isothermal
proceso 4: the PV diagram of Figure 22.11.
expansion
Isothermal
expansion
Compresión adiabática
Qh
Q h
Energy reservoir at Th
(a)
La base
Energy reservoir at Th del cilindroB →se
D→A C reemplaza
una
(a) vez másCycle
Adiabatic
compression por una pared de
Adiabatic
expansion
Weng Th
C
D Qc Tc The net work done in this reversible, cyclic process is equal to the area enclosed by
V Q
the path ABCDAc in Figure 22.11. As we demonstrated in Section 22.1, because the
Active Figure 22.11 PV diagram change in internal energy is zero, the net work Weng done by the gas in one cycle
for the Carnot cycle. The net work
done Weng equals the net energy equals the net energy transferred into the system, !Qh ! ! !Q c !. The thermal efficiency
El ciclo de Carnot:
Eficiencia:
Para un ciclo como este, Carnot demostró que
La eficiencia es cero si