Aula 10

./012− % 3∗,∗ )&/4 56 7∗8∋∗ ∋43,/99− /9.∗ ∗&:∗ ∗0./9 +− /+∋.∗:; − )&/ 4&+−& <−∋ .2−
9−4/0./ ∗ ∋0=:&92− +− .>3∋=− ?/∋ +−9 ≅,∗0+/9 0Α4/,−9Β
!
∗,∋∗ ./4 +&∗9 4−/+∗9 Χ∗+∗ &4∗ +/:∗9 ./4 &4∗ <∗=/ =∗,∗ / −&.,∗ <∗=/ =−,−∗
4∗ +∗9 4−/+∗9 ∆ 0−,4∗: 9 +&∗9 <∗=/9 .Ε4 ∗ 4/94∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9∗∋, ∗4−9
=7∗46(:∗ +/ 4−/+∗ ∀
−&.,∗ ∆ &4∗ 4−/+∗ #

∃ /9.∗; ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9∗∋, =−,−∗ ∆ +/ Γ ∗4−9 =7∗46(
:∗ +/ 4−/+∗ #

∃
∗,∋∗ /9=−:7/ &4∗ +∗9 4−/+∗9 Η−9∆; )&/ ./4 =−07/=∋4/0.− +∗9 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/9 ∗=∋4∗
4/0=∋−0∗+∗9; ./4 )&/ ∗+∋8∋07∗, )&∗: +/:∗9 <−∋ /9=−:7∋+∗ ∗,∗ .∗0.−; ∗,∋∗ :∗01∗ .,Ε9 8/Ι/9
∗ 4−/+∗ /9=−:7∋+∗ − <∋0∗: +/ =∗+∗ :∗01∗4/0.−; =−4&0∋=∗ ∗ Η−9∆ − ,/9&:.∗+−
Η−9∆ /9.∗Φ/:/=/ − 9/≅&∋0./ =,∋.∆,∋− +/ +/=∋92− / −9 .,Ε9 :∗01∗4/0.−9 ,/9&:.∗,/4 /4 =−,−∗;
/:/ 8∗∋ ∗,,∋9=∗, )&/ 9/ .,∗.∗ +∗ 4−/+∗ 8∋=∋∗+∗ Χ∗9− =−0.,6,∋−; 8∗∋ ∗,,∋9=∗, )&/ 9/ .,∗.∗ +∗
4−/+∗ 7−0/9.∗
)&/ Η−9∆ /9.6 <∗Ι/0+− ∆ &4 ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9
&4 ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9 <∗Ι/4−9 ∗:≅&4∗ =−09∋+/,∗12− 9−Φ,/ &4 +∗+− 8∗:−, − /ϑ/43:−
∗=∋4∗; Η−9∆ 3,/=∋9∗ +/=∋+∋, )&∗: +∗9 +&∗9 4−/+∗9 <−∋ /9=−:7∋+∗ − <&0+−; )&/, 9∗Φ/, 9/;
3∗,∗ ∗ 4−/+∗ /9=−:7∋+∗; ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9∗∋, =−,−∗ ∆ +/ Γ −& Γ &∗:)&/, )&/ 9/5∗ ∗
9&∗ =−0=:&92−; /:∗ /9.∗,6 9&5/∋.∗ ∗ /,,−
∗4−9 =−4/1∗, ∗ 0−9 ∗=−9.&4∗, =−4 −9 ./,4−9 &.∋:∋Ι∗+−9 0− ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/
Η−9∆ )&/, ./9.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ +/; 3∗,∗ ∗ 4−/+∗ /9=−:7∋+∗ 3−, ∗,∋∗; ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9∗∋,
=−,−∗ 9/, Γ 9.∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∆ =7∗4∗+∗ +/ # Κ:Ε(9/ ∗≅6 Ι/,−Λ .∗4Φ∆4 =7∗4∗+∗ +/
7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
∗4−9 /9=,/8/, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ #Μ

Χ∗9− ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9∗∋, =−,−∗ 02− 9/5∗ +/ Γ; /0.2− ∗ ,/</,∋+∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ 9/,6 +/
Γ 9.∗ −&.,∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∆ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ =7∗4∗+∗ +/

:≅&4∗9 Φ∗0=∗9 =−9.&4∗4 &.∋:∋Ι∗, /4 8/Ι +/
&∋.− Φ/4; ∗≅−,∗ Η−9∆ +/<∋0/ &4 =,∋.∆,∋− +/ +/=∋92− /& =,∋.∆,∋− ∆ Φ∗9/∗+− 0− 0Α4/,− +/
=−,−∗9 )&/ 82− 9∗∋, /4 .,Ε9 :∗01∗4/0.−9 / 9∗Ν,/4 +&∗9; &4∗ −& Ι/,− =−,−∗9; Η−9∆ 8∗∋
∗99&4∋, )&/ 9/ .,∗.∗ +∗ 4−/+∗ 7−0/9.∗ / 9∗Ν,/4 .,Ε9 =−,−∗9; Η−9∆ 8∗∋ ∗99&4∋, )&/ 9/ .,∗.∗
+∗ 4−/+∗ 8∋=∋∗+∗
9=−:7/, − =,∋.∆,∋− +/ +/=∋92− ∆ ∗ 3∗,./ 4∗∋9 +∋<Ν=∋: +/ &4 ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9 9 =6:=&:−9 92−
&4 3−&=− 4∗∋9 =−43:/ϑ−9 4&∋.∗9 8/Ι/9 /9.2− 3,/9/0./9 ∗:≅&09 <∗.−,/9 +∋<Ν=/∋9 +/
)&∗0.∋<∋=∗,
∗+∗ ∗ +∋<∋=&:+∗+/ /08−:8∋+∗ 0∗ /9=−:7∗ +− =,∋.∆,∋− +/ +/=∋92−; ∗9 )&/9.Ο/9 +/ =−0=&,9−9
02− =−Φ,∗4 9/& =6:=&:− )&/9.2− 9/43,/ ∋0<−,4∗ − =,∋.∆,∋− ∗ 9/, ∗+−.∗+− & /0.2− /:∗

<−,0/=/ .−+− − ,/9&:.∗+− +− ./9./; +/ .∗: 4−+− )&/ 9/5∗ <6=∋: /0=−0.,∗, − =,∋.∆,∋− +/ +/=∋92−
/9=−:7∋+−
Π; +/<∋0∋+∗9 ∗9 7∋3>./9/9 )&/ 9/,2− ./9.∗+∗9 Κ/9=−:7/, /0.,/ # / Λ; +/<∋0∋+− − =,∋.∆,∋− +/
+/=∋92−; ∗≅−,∗ ∆ 9> <∗Ι/, ∗ /ϑ3/,∋Ε0=∋∗ / 8/, )&∗: 7∋3>./9/ 9/,6 /9=−:7∋+∗
&∋.− Φ/4 ∗4−9 9&3−, )&/ ∗,∋∗ :∗01∗ ∗ 4−/+∗ .,Ε9 8/Ι/9 / 0∗9 .,Ε9 8/Ι/9 − ,/9&:.∗+− ∆
=−,−∗
/9./ =∗9−; Η−9∆ ,/5/∋.∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ # / ∗99&4/ =−4− 8/,+∗+/∋,∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/
/5∗ )&/ ∗ =−0=:&92− +/ Η−9∆ /9.6 9&5/∋.∗ ∗ /,,− 9.− 3−,)&/ ∆ 3−99Ν8/: )&/; 4/94− )&/ ∗
4−/+∗ 9/5∗ 7−0/9.∗; ./07∗4−9 .,Ε9 ,/9&:.∗+−9 =−,−∗
∗4−9 9&3−, )&/ Η−9∆ ./07∗ /,,∗+− /9./ =∗9−; /4 )&/ Η−9∆ ,/5/∋.∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ #; +∗+−
)&/ /:∗ ∆ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗; ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ /:/ =−4/./, &4 /,,− ∆Μ

;Θ ∆ ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/; :∗01∗0+− &4∗ 4−/+∗ 7−0/9.∗ .,Ε9 8/Ι/9; 9∗Ν,/4 .,Ε9 =−,−∗9
& 9/5∗; =∗9− ∗ 4−/+∗ :∗01∗+∗ 9/5∗ ∗ 4−/+∗ 7−0/9.∗; 76 &4∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ;Θ +/
Η−9∆ /,,∗, 9./ /,,− ∆ =7∗4∗+− +/ /,,− +− .∋3−

!
! ∀
# !
!

3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ ∗=∋4∗ ∆ .∗4Φ∆4 =7∗4∗+∗ +/ &#∋ ∃

(
)
+− ./9./ 9Ν4Φ−:−
≅/,∗:4/0./ &.∋:∋Ι∗+− ∆ α

∃% ! &∋(
)
)!
! ! ∗ ! +%∗)
α
Π; ∗≅−,∗ 8∗4−9 ∗:./,∗, − /ϑ/43:− ≅−,∗; /4 8/Ι +/ ./,/4 9∗Ν+− .,Ε9 =−,−∗9; 0∗ 8/,+∗+/
9∗Ν,∗4 +&∗9 =−,−∗9 / &4∗ =∗,∗ /9./ =∗9−; &.∋:∋Ι∗0+− 9/& =,∋.∆,∋− +/ +/=∋92−; Η−9∆ ∗=/∋.∗ #
=−4− 8/,+∗+/∋,∗ / ,/5/∋.∗
/9./ 9/≅&0+− /ϑ/43:−; Η−9∆ .∗4Φ∆4 /9.6 9&5/∋.− ∗ /,,− 9.− 3−,)&/ ∆ 3−99Ν8/: )&/;
:∗01∗0+− ∗ 4−/+∗ 8∋=∋∗+∗ .,Ε9 8/Ι/9; ./07∗4−9 3/:− 4/0−9 &4 ,/9&:.∗+− =∗,∗
9./ 9/≅&0+− .∋3− +/ /,,− =−09∋9./ /4 ∗=/∋.∗, # +∗+− )&/ /:∗ ∆ <∗:9∗ =7∗4∗+− +/ /,,− +−
.∋3−

!
! ∀
# ∋

3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ −=−,,/, − /,,− +− .∋3− ∆ +/9∋≅0∗+∗ 3/:− 9Ν4Φ−:− β ∗4−9 =∗:=&:∗,
/9.∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/
3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/; /4 .,Ε9 :∗01∗4/0.−9 +∗ 4−/+∗ 8∋=∋∗+∗; −Φ./,4−9 &4∗; +&∗9 −& .,Ε9
=∗,∗9 ∆Μ

%

#;Θ
3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ∗=/∋.∗, #; +∗+− )&/ /:∗ ∆ <∗:9∗; ∆ +/ #;Θ

8∗:−, 1 − β ∆ =7∗4∗+− +/ +∃ ∃
1 − β = 29,63% ! !
3−+/, +− ./9./ ∆ ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ # 9/, ,/5/∋.∗+∗ +∗+− )&/ /:∗ ∆ <∗:9∗
−./ =−4− − 3−+/, +− ./9./ <−∋ Φ∗∋ϑ− 9.− 3−,)&/ Η−9∆ 3,∋8∋:/≅∋−& ∗ 7∋3>./9/ # :/ 9> ∗
,/5/∋.∗ 0&4 =∗9− 4&∋.− /ϑ.,/4−; /4 )&/ −9 .,Ε9 ,/9&:.∗+−9 <−,/4 =−,−∗ −, ∋9.− − 8∗:−, +/
α <−∋ 3/)&/0−; ≅∗,∗0.∋0+− &4∗ Φ∗∋ϑ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ =−4/./, − /,,− +− .∋3− Χ−0.&+−;
/4 ≅/,∗:; )&∗0.− 4/0−, − 8∗:−, +/ α ; 4∗∋−, − 8∗:−, +/ β Κ4∗∋−, ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9/
=−4/./, − /,,− +− .∋3− Λ ∗Ν ∗ +∋<∋=&:+∗+/ +/ /9=−:7/, &4 Φ−4 =,∋.∆,∋− +/ +/=∋92−
=−4&4 )&/; ∗− ,/+&Ι∋,4−9 ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ &4 .∋3− +/ /,,−; ∗ +− −&.,− ∗&4/0./
/9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9 ∆ ∗3/0∗9 ∋9.− &/,/4−9 ./9.∗, 9/ &4∗ +∗+∗ 7∋3>./9/ # ∆ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗
/ϑ/,=Ν=∋− 8∗∋ 0−9 +∋Ι/, − =,∋.∆,∋− +/ +/=∋92− ∗∋ 0−9 <−,0/=/, &4 /ϑ3/,∋4/0.− Χ−4 Φ∗9/ 0−
/ϑ3/,∋4/0.−; 8/,∋<∋=∗4−9 9/ − ,/9&:.∗+− <−∋ /ϑ.,/4− ∗− 3−0.− +/ 0−9 <∗Ι/, ,/5/∋.∗, # / <−,
/ϑ.,/4−; ,/5/∋.∗4−9 .∗: 7∋3>./9/ Χ∗9− =−0.,6,∋−; ∗=/∋.∗4−9
− /ϑ/43:− )&/ 0>9 +/4−9 ∗9 7∋3>./9/9 /,∗4Μ

/9./ /ϑ/43:− ∗=∋4∗; ∗9 +&∗9 7∋3>./9/9 ∗.,∋Φ&Ν∗4 Ρ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ /4 /9.&+− &4 8∗:−,
Α0∋=− 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ ∗.,∋Φ&Ν∗ − 8∗:−, Γ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ ∗.,∋Φ&Ν∗ − 8∗:−, Γ
9./ .∋3− +/ ./9./ 02− ∆ 4&∋.− &9&∗: /4 =−0=&,9−9 9 7∋3>./9/9 ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗9 )&/ 82−
∗3∗,/=/, 0−9 /ϑ/,=Ν=∋−9; ≅/,∗:4/0./; .Ε4 −&.,∗ <−,4∗ −9 ./9./9 ,/∗:4/0./ =−Φ,∗+−9 /4
=−0=&,9−9; ∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ 9/,∋∗ ∗99∋4Μ

,
&.,∗ −312−Μ

−
& ∗∋0+∗Μ

.
− 3,∋4/∋,− =∗9− Κ/4 )&/ ./4−9 − 9∋0∗: +/ +∋</,/01∗ ΣΛ − ./9./ ∆ +∋.− Φ∋:∗./,∗: −9 −&.,−9
+−∋9 =∗9−9 Κ=−4 −9 9∋0∗∋9 +/ ΤΥς / ΤΩςΛ − ./9./ ∆ +∋.− &0∋:∗./,∗: ∗4−9 /9.&+6(:−9 =−4 4∗∋9
=∗:4∗ ∗+∋∗0./

∗

∃ ∀
+−.
,,− .∋3− Μ ,/5/∋.∗, # +∗+− )&/ /:∗ ∆ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗ ,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/9./ .∋3− +/ /,,−Μ α
Κ0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗Λ
,,− .∋3− Μ ∗=/∋.∗, # +∗+− )&/ /:∗ ∆ <∗:9∗ ,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/9./ .∋3− +/ /,,−Μ β
−+/, +− ./9./Μ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ,/5/∋.∗, # +∗+− )&/ # ∆ <∗:9∗ ΚΨ 1 − β Λ
/0 112 34 5
4∗ ∋09.∋.&∋12− ∗<∋,4∗ )&/ − =&9.− 4∆+∋− 3∗,∗ ∗ ,/∗:∋Ι∗12− +/ =/,.∗ −Φ,∗ ∆ ∋≅&∗: −& ∋0</,∋−,
7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ / 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ 92−; ,/93/=.∋8∗4/0./; #Μ Ζ #;##Γ4 / ∗Μ Υ
∗ Ζ #;##Γ4 ∗,∗ ∗8∗:∋∗, /99∗ ∗<∋,4∗12−; <−∋ ,/∗:∋Ι∗+− &4 ./9./ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=− =&5∗9
=−09∋+/,∗+∗ =−4− 0−,4∗: =−4 4∆+∋∗ / +/98∋−(3∗+,2− +/ Ζ ##;##Γ4 3∗,.∋, +/ &4∗

Ζ #;##Γ4 Χ−09∋+/,/ )&/ ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +−9 =&9.−9 3−, 4/.,− )&∗+,∗+− 3−99∗ 9/,
∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ +/ .∗4∗07− ; ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ +− ./9./ 3∗,∗ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ <−∋ ∋≅&∗: ∗ ; 8∗:−,
+− ./9./ <−∋ ∋≅&∗: ∗ #;# Χ−4 Φ∗9/ 0/99∗9 ∋0<−,4∗1Ο/9; 5&:≅&/ −9 ∋./09 9&Φ9/)[/0./9
3−+/, +− ./9./; )&/ ,/3,/9/0.∗ ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9/ ∗=/∋.∗, =−,,/.∗4/0./ ∗ 7∋3>./9/
0&:∗; ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ ∃;Θ
∋60.
3−+/, +− ./9./ ∆ ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ 9/, ,/5/∋.∗+∗ +∗+− )&/ /:∗ ∆ <∗:9∗
!∗Φ∗,∋.−Μ /,,∗+−
/0 4 11 37445

4 &4 ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=−; 9/0+− # ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ / ∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗; −
0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +− ./9./ =−09∋9./ 0∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/
Κ Λ ∗=/∋.∗, # +∗+− )&/ # ∆ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗
ΚΛ ,/5/∋.∗, # +∗+− )&/ # ∆ <∗:9∗
ΚΧΛ ∗=/∋.∗, #; ∋0+/3/0+/0./4/0./ 9/ # ∆ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗ −& <∗:9∗
Κ Λ ∗=/∋.∗, # +∗+− )&/ # ∆ <∗:9∗
ΚΛ ,/5/∋.∗, # +∗+− )&/ # ∆ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗
∋60.
0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ =−,,/93−0+/ Ρ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9/ =−4/./, − /,,− +/ .∋3− ; −& 9/5∗;
,/5/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ +∗+− )&/ /:∗ ∆ <∗:9∗
8
.

,

/0 % :; 8 11< 37445

Χ−09∋+/,/ &4 ./9./ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=− /08−:8/0+− &4∗ 3−3&:∗12− 0−,4∗:4/0./ +∋9.,∋Φ&Ν+∗ /4 )&/
9/ +/9/5∗ ./9.∗,; =−4 ,/:∗12− ∗ &4 3∗,Ξ4/.,− +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12−; ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ Κ#Λ =−0.,∗ ∗
7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ ΚΛ; ∗− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ ∴ /5∗ ] ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ∗=/∋.∗, #
)&∗0+− # <−, <∗:9∗ 0.2−;
Κ Λ ] =−,,/93−0+/ ∗− /,,− .∋3− −& /,,− +/ 3,∋4/∋,∗ /93∆=∋/
ΚΛ ∴ Υ ]
ΚΧΛ ∴ Ψ ⊥ ]
Κ Λ ∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ +− ./9./ ∆ +/./,4∋0∗+∗ /4 <&012− +/ ]
ΚΛ ∴ =−,,/93−0+/ Ρ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ,/5/∋.∗, # )&∗0+− # <−, 8/,+∗+/∋,∗
∋60
=−,,/93−0+/ Ρ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9/ =−4/./, − /,,− +/ .∋3− ; −& 9/5∗; +/ ,/5/∋.∗, # )&∗0+−
/:∗ ∆ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗ 99− /9.6 /ϑ3,/99− 0∗ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ ?Β
8
.
Η6 ∋0+∋=∗ ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9/ =−4/./, − /,,− +/ .∋3− ; −& 9/5∗; +/ ∗=/∋.∗, # )&∗0+− /:∗
∆ <∗:9∗ −, ∋99− ∗ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ ? Β /9.6 /,,∗+∗
&∗0.− Ρ9 ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗9 / Χ; /:∗9 3,/./0+/4 <∋ϑ∗, +/./,4∋0∗+∗9 ,/:∗1Ο/9 /0.,/ /
3,∋−,∋; )&∗: ∗ ,/:∗12− /0.,/ / 2− 9∗Φ/4−9 )&∗: +∗9 +&∗9 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/9 ∆ 4∗∋−,; )&∗: ∆
Χ−0.&+−; 9/4 4∗∋−,/9 ∋0<−,4∗1Ο/9 9−Φ,/ − ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9; 02− ./4−9 =−4− 9∗Φ/,; ∗
4/0−,; 0/4 /9.∗Φ/:/=/, )&∗:)&/, −&.,∗ ,/:∗12− /0.,/ ∗4Φ−9
Χ−0.&+−; 56 <∋=∗ ∗ ∋0<−,4∗12− )&/ ∗ 6,/∗ +∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ =−∋0=∋+/ =−4 − 8∗:−, +/ & 9/5∗;
_∋0∗:4/0./; ∗ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ <∗:∗ /4 ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ _∗:∗,/4−9 9−Φ,/ ∋99− 3−9./,∋−,4/0./
/9.∗ ,/≅∋2− ∆ +/./,4∋0∗+∗ /4 <&012− +/
/0 ∗ = 11 3485

− =∗9− +/ &4 ./9./ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=− =:699∋=−; =−4 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ # / ∗ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ ; =−4/./,
− /,,− +− .∋3− =−09∋9./ /4
Κ Λ ,/5/∋.∗, #; 9/0+− # 8/,+∗+/∋,−
ΚΛ ∗=/∋.∗, #; 9/0+− # <∗:9−
ΚΧΛ ∗=/∋.∗, ; 9/0+− 8/,+∗+/∋,−
Κ Λ ,/5/∋.∗, ; 9/0+− <∗:9−
ΚΛ ∗=/∋.∗, # / ∗=/∋.∗,
∋60.
/,,− +/ .∋3− =−09∋9./ /4 ∗=/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗; +∗+− )&/ /:∗ ∆ <∗:9∗
8
. =

9

/0 , 119 375

4 &4∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ 9∋0∋9.,− ; <−,4&:∗0+−(9/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ +/ )&/ 02− 76 +∋</,/01∗ /0.,/ ∗
<,/)[Ε0=∋∗ /93/,∗+∗ / ∗ −Φ9/,8∗+∗ Κ7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗Μ −Λ −0+/; 9/≅&0+− &4 +/./,4∋0∗+−
0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗; 3−+/4−9 ∗<∋,4∗, )&/ −=−,,/&
∗Λ &4 /,,− +− .∋3− ; 9/ <−, ∗=/∋.∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ −
ΦΛ &4 /,,− +− .∋3− ; 9/ <−, ,/5/∋.∗+∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ −
=Λ &4 /,,− +− .∋3− ; 9/ <−, ∗=/∋.∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ −; 9/0+− /9.∗ =−,,/.∗
+Λ &4 /,,− +− .∋3− ; 9/ <−, ,/5/∋.∗+∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ −; 9/0+− /9.∗ =−,,/.∗
/Λ &4 /,,− +− .∋3− ; 9/ <−, ,/5/∋.∗+∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ −; 9/0+− /9.∗ =−,,/.∗
∋60.
/,,− +/ .∋3− =−09∋9./ /4 ,/5/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗; +∗+− )&/ ∆ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗ /,,− +/ .∋3−
=−09∋9./ /4 ∗=/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗; +∗+− )&/ ∆ <∗:9∗
8
.
/0 9 =4 111 34 5
4 39∋=>:−≅− +/9/5∗ /9.&+∗, − ./43− Κ/4 4∋0&.−9Λ )&/ −9 /43,/≅∗+−9 +/ &4∗ =−43∗07∋∗
9/≅&/4 &4∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: =−4 4∆+∋∗ / 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ ; ∗4Φ∗9 +/9=−07/=∋+∗9

:/8∗4 3∗,∗ ,/∗:∋Ι∗, =/,.∗ .∗,/<∗ −9.&:∗(9/ )&/ −9 ./43−9 0∗ 3−3&:∗12− =−09∋+/,∗+∗
39∋=>:−≅− −Φ./8/ &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ +/ ! /43,/≅∗+−9 / ,/≅∋9.,−& − ./43− )&/ =∗+∗ &4
4∆+∋− ∀# ∃
4∋0&.−9 / − +/98∋−(3∗+,2− % 4∋0&.−
+/:/9 3,/=∋9−& 3∗,∗ ,/∗:∋Ι∗, ∗ .∗,/<∗ ∗,∗ −9 ## ./43−9 ,/≅∋9.,∗+−9; −Φ.∋8/,∗4(9/ − 8∗:−,
Valores selecionados da tabela normal
/ & ./4 +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2−; ∗9 /0.,∗+∗9 ,/3,/9/0.∗4 ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ ∋(& )
/99∗ 9∋.&∗12− / &.∋:∋Ι∗0+−; =∗9− 9/5∗ 0/=/996,∋−; −9 8∗:−,/9 9/:/=∋−0∗+−9 +∗ .∗Φ/:∗ 0−,4∗:
<−,0/=∋+−9 ∗=∋4∗; 5&:≅&/ − ∋./4 ∗ 9/≅&∋,

:

− ./9.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ ∗+ , ∃ =−0.,∗ ∗ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ ∗− , . ∃ − 0Ν8/: +/

9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ ,/3,/9/0.∗ ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9/ ∗=/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ )&∗0+− /:∗ <−, <∗:9∗
∋60.
0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ =−,,/93−0+/ Ρ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9/ =−4/./, − /,,− +/ .∋3− 99/
/,,− −=−,,/ )&∗0+− ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗; +∗+− )&/ /:∗ ∆ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗
/,,− ∋0+∋=∗+− 0∗ )&/9.2− Κ∗=/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗; +∗+− )&/ /:∗ ∆ <∗:9∗Λ =−,,/93−0+/ ∗−
/,,− +/ .∋3−
8
. ∃
= >?
∗,∗ /0./0+/,4−9 =−4− <∗Ι/, − ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9 9−Φ,/ ∗ 4∆+∋∗; 8/5∗4−9 ∗:≅&09
/ϑ/43:−9
−9 3,∋4/∋,−9 /ϑ/43:−9; /& 8−& +∗, .−+∗9 ∗9 =−0.∗9 3,−0.∗9 −Φ5/.∋8− ∆ )&/ 8−=Ε9 02−
3,/=∋9/4 )&/Φ,∗, ∗ =∗Φ/1∗ <∗Ι/0+− ∗9 =−0.∗9 2− )&/,− )&/ 9/ 3,/−=&3/4 =−4 ∋99−; 02−
3−, /0)&∗0.− 3,−3−9.∗ ∆ )&/ ∗3/0∗9 /0./0+∗4 ∗ ∋+/∋∗ ≅/,∗: +− ./9./
/3−∋9; 0−9 /ϑ/43:−9 3−9./,∋−,/9; ∗Ν 9∋4 /0.,∗,/4−9 4∗∋9 ∗ <&0+− 0∗9 =−0.∗9 /08−:8∋+∗9;
=/,.−
α .∋3− +/ /ϑ/43:−Μ /0./0+/0+− −9 .∋3−9 +/ ./9./Μ Φ∋:∗./,∗: / &0∋:∗./,∗:

≅+∋
9.∗4−9 ∗0∗:∋9∗0+− − 3,/1− 3/:− )&∗: ∗ +4∋0∋9.,∗12− ΑΦ:∋=∗ =−43,∗ &4 =/,.− 3,−+&.−
∗Φ/4−9 )&/; /4 :∋=∋.∗1Ο/9 7−0/9.∗9 Κ:∋8,/9 +/ <,∗&+/9Λ; 3∗,∗ &4∗ =/,.∗ ,/≅∋2− +− 3∗Ν9; −
3,/1− 4∆+∋− ∆ +/ Ζ #;##
_−,∗4 </∋.−9 :/8∗0.∗4/0.−9 +/ ∗&+∋.−,∋∗ ,/=/0./9 /4 ∗:≅&09 >,≅2−9 /4 )&/ 76 9&93/∋.∗ +/
<,∗&+/9 /4 :∋=∋.∗1Ο/9 9 +&∗9 <,∗&+/9 /4 ∗06:∋9/ 92− ∗9 9/≅&∋0./9Μ
• 6 3,∆8∋− ∗=/,.− /0.,/ ∗9 :∋=∋.∗0./9; +/ <−,4∗ )&/ − 3,/1− =−0.,∗.∗+− ∆
=−09∋+/,∗8/:4/0./ 4∗∋−, )&/ Ζ #;##β
• 6 ∗=/,.− 3,∆8∋− /0.,/ ∗ :∋=∋.∗0./ 8/0=/+−,∗ / − >,≅2−; +/ .∗: <−,4∗ )&/ − 3,/1−
=−0.,∗.∗+− ∆ 4&∋.− ∋0</,∋−, ∗ Ζ #;## /9./9 =∗9−9; − ≅,∗0+/ 3,−Φ:/4∗ 9/ +∗,6 0∗
/ϑ/=&12− +− =−0.,∗.− ./0+− /4 8∋9.∗ )&/; 9/0+− − 3,/1− ∋0/ϑ/)[Ν8/:; − =−0.,∗.− 02−
9/,6 ,/≅&:∗,4/0./ =&43,∋+−
&4 =∗9− =−0=,/.−; 0−9 +/3∗,∗4−9 =−4 # =−43,∗9 +/ &4 +/./,4∋0∗+− >,≅2− 3ΑΦ:∋=−
4∆+∋∗ 3∗,∗ /9.∗ ∗4−9.,∗ <−∋ +/ Ζ #;##
&/,/4−9 ./9.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ +/ ∗9 :∋=∋.∗1Ο/9 ./,/4 9∋+− 7−0/9.∗9 =−0.,∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/
∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ +/ ∗9 :∋=∋.∗1Ο/9 ./,/4 9∋+− <,∗&+∗+∗9
9=,/8∗ ∗9 7∋3>./9/9 ∗ 9/,/4 ./9.∗+∗9

2

∋60
0∗.&,∗: /93/,∗, )&/; 9/ /4 &4 +∗+− >,≅2− −=−,,/4 <,∗&+/9 ∗ :∋=∋.∗1Ο/9; /:∗9 92−
9∋9./46.∋=∗9 99∋4; 8∗4−9 ./9.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ +/ ∗9 :∋=∋.∗1Ο/9 ./,/4 9∋+− 7−0/9.∗9 =−0.,∗ ∗
7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ +/ ∗9 :∋=∋.∗1Ο/9 ./,/4 9∋+− <,∗&+∗+∗9
− <&0+− )&/,/4−9 ./9.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ +/ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ +∗ 3−3&:∗12− +∗ )&∗: <−∋ ,/.∋,∗+∗ /9.∗
∗4−9.,∗ 9/, ∋≅&∗: ∗ Ζ #;##
µ = 220
µ ≠ 220
9./ 3,∋4/∋,− .∋3− +/ ./9./ +∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∆ =7∗4∗+− +/
∋∋ :/ ∆ =∗,∗=./,∋Ι∗+− 3/:∗
7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ 9/, +− .∋3− µ ≠ k Κ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∆ +∋</,/0./ +/ ∗:≅&4∗ =−∋9∗Λ
−, )&/ ∗ 3∗:∗8,∗ Φ∋:∗./,∗: −,)&/ 76 +&∗9 <−,4∗9 +/ ,/5/∋.∗,4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ # / ∗ 4∆+∋∗
+∗ ∗4−9.,∗ <−, =−09∋+/,∗8/:4/0./ 4∗∋−, )&/ Ζ #;##; ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 3−, 9/, 4∗∋9
3,−868/: )&/ ./07∗ 7∗8∋+− =−0:&∋− /0.,/ ∗9 /43,/9∗9 / − 3,/1− /9./5∗ 9&3/,<∗.&,∗+−
/ −&.,∗ 4∗0/∋,∗; 9/ − 8∗:−, −Φ.∋+− <−, =−09∋+/,∗8/:4/0./ 4/0−, )&/ Ζ #;##; .∗4Φ∆4
,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ # /9.∗ 8/Ι 9/,∋∗ 4∗∋9 3,−868/: /9.∗,4−9 +∋∗0./ +− 9/≅&0+− .∋3− +/
∋,,/≅&:∗,∋+∗+/Μ 76 =−0:&∋− /0.,/ ∗ :∋=∋.∗0./ / − >,≅2− =−0.,∗.∗0./
& 9/5∗; ∗0∗:∋9∗4−9 −9 8∗:−,/9 0−9 +−∋9 9/0.∋+−9 ∗0.− −9 )&/ 92− 4&∋.− 4/0−,/9 )&/ #
)&∗0.− −9 )&/ 92− 4&∋.− 4∗∋−,/9 )&/ # −, ∋9.− − ./9./ ∆ =7∗4∗+− +/ Φ∋:∗./,∗: ∗0.−
/4 &4 =∗9− )&∗0.− /4 −&.,−; =−0=:&Ν4−9 )&/ ∗ ∗4−9.,∗ 02− <−∋ ,/.∋,∗+∗ +∗ 3−3&:∗12− +∗9
:∋=∋.∗1Ο/9 7−0/9.∗9
<∋0∗:∋+∗+/ +− ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9 ∆ ∗3/0∗9 ∋9.− /9./ =∗9−; )&/,/4−9 ∗8∗:∋∗, 9/ # ∆
=−09∋+/,∗8/:4/0./ +∋</,/0./ +/ # −& 02− .∆ 3−+/,Ν∗4−9 <∗Ι/, ∋9.− +/ <−,4∗ ∋0.&∋.∋8∗
6 =∗9−9 /4 )&/ ∗ +∋</,/01∗ ∆ .∗0.∗ )&/ 0/4 3,/=∋9∗,Ν∗4−9 +/ ./9./ ∗:≅&4 / ∗ 4∆+∋∗ +∗
∗4−9.,∗ <−99/ +/ ## Κ4∗∋9 )&/ − +−Φ,− +/ #Λ; =/,.∗4/0./ /9.∗,Ν∗4−9 +∋∗0./ +/ <,∗&+/9
Η6 0− =∗9− +− /ϑ/,=Ν=∋−; )&/,/4−9 ∗8∗:∋∗, 9/ # ∆ =−09∋+/,∗8/:4/0./ +∋</,/0./ +/ #
0.&∋.∋8∗4/0./; ∗:≅&4∗9 3/99−∗9 3−+/4 +∋Ι/, )&/ 02− ∆ 99∗9 3/99−∗9 ./0+/,∋∗4 ∗ ∗=/∋.∗,
∗ 7∋3>./9/ +/ )&/ /99∗9 :∋=∋.∗1Ο/9 92− 7−0/9.∗9 Κ7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗Λ &.,∗9 3/99−∗9 ./0+/,∋∗4 ∗
∗=7∗, )&/ ∗ +∋</,/01∗ ∆ =−09∋+/,68/:; 9/0+− :/8∗+∗9 ∗ ,/5/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9 0−9 <−,0/=/ &4∗ <−,4∗ 9∋9./46.∋=∗ +/ ./9.∗, 9/ −9 8∗:−,/9 /08−:8∋+−9
92− =−09∋+/,∗8/:4/0./ +∋</,/0./9 −& 02−
/4; /0=/,,∗0+− /9./ /ϑ/,=Ν=∋−; ∗ ,/93−9.∗ <∋=∗Μ
µ = 220
µ ≠ 220

<

∃ ∀
+− + Α∃
Β
∋∋
∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗Μ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∆ +∋</,/0./ +/ ∗:≅&4∗ =−∋9∗
∗− , . /
≅+∋
9.∗4−9 ∗0∗:∋9∗0+− − 3,/1− 3/:− )&∗: ∗ +4∋0∋9.,∗12− ΑΦ:∋=∗ =−43,∗ &4 =/,.− 3,−+&.−
∗Φ/4−9 )&/; /4 :∋=∋.∗1Ο/9 7−0/9.∗9 Κ:∋8,/9 +/ <,∗&+/9Λ; 3∗,∗ &4∗ =/,.∗ ,/≅∋2− +− 3∗Ν9; −
3,/1− 4∆+∋− ∆ +/ Ζ #;##
_−,∗4 </∋.−9 :/8∗0.∗4/0.−9 +/ ∗&+∋.−,∋∗ ,/=/0./9 /4 ∗:≅&09 >,≅2−9 /4 )&/ 76 9&93/∋.∗ +/
<,∗&+/9 /4 :∋=∋.∗1Ο/9 6 &4 Α0∋=− .∋3− +/ <,∗&+/ /4 ∗06:∋9/; )&/ =−09∋9./ /4 ∗=/,.− /0.,/
∗9 :∋=∋.∗0./9; +/ <−,4∗ )&/ − 3,/1− =−0.,∗.∗+− ∆ =−09∋+/,∗8/:4/0./ 4∗∋−, )&/ Ζ #;##
&4 =∗9− =−0=,/.−; 0−9 +/3∗,∗4−9 =−4 # =−43,∗9 +/ &4 +/./,4∋0∗+− >,≅2− 3ΑΦ:∋=−
4∆+∋∗ 3∗,∗ /9.∗ ∗4−9.,∗ <−∋ +/ Ζ #;##
&/,/4−9 ./9.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ +/ ∗9 :∋=∋.∗1Ο/9 ./,/4 9∋+− 7−0/9.∗9 =−0.,∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/
∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ +/ ∗9 :∋=∋.∗1Ο/9 ./,/4 9∋+− <,∗&+∗+∗9
9=,/8∗ ∗9 7∋3>./9/9 ∗ 9/,/4 ./9.∗+∗9
∋60
≅−,∗; − Α0∋=− .∋3− +/ <,∗&+/ −=−,,/ )&∗0+− ∗ 4∆+∋∗ +−9 3,/1−9 =−0.,∗.∗+−9 ∆
9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗4/0./ 4∗∋−, )&/ #;##
& 9/5∗; 8∗:−,/9 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗4/0./ 4/0−,/9 )&/ #;## 02− 0−9 <∗Ι/4 4∗∋9 ,/5/∋.∗, ∗
7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗; ∗ /ϑ/43:− +− )&/ −=−,,∋∗ 0− /ϑ/,=Ν=∋− ∗0./,∋−, ./9./ ∆ &0∋:∗./,∗:; 3−∋9 9>
∗0∗:∋9∗,4−9 ∗ ,/.∗ ,/∗: /4 &4 9/0.∋+−Μ 9> 8∗:−,/9 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗4/0./ 4∗∋−,/9 )&/ #;##
0−9 <∗Ι/4 ,/5/∋.∗, #
,/93−9.∗ <∋=∗Μ
µ = 220
µ > 220
≅+∋ %
9.∗4−9 ∗0∗:∋9∗0+− − 3,/1− 3/:− )&∗: ∗ +4∋0∋9.,∗12− ΑΦ:∋=∗ =−43,∗ &4 =/,.− 3,−+&.−
∗Φ/4−9 )&/; /4 :∋=∋.∗1Ο/9 7−0/9.∗9 Κ:∋8,/9 +/ <,∗&+/9Λ; 3∗,∗ &4∗ =/,.∗ ,/≅∋2− +− 3∗Ν9; −
3,/1− 4∆+∋− ∆ +/ Ζ #;##

1

∗Φ/4−9 .∗4Φ∆4 )&/ #

)
∃ #
Ε#∋ +6Χ ∋

6Φ ∀ Χ Α ∃ 1 ∆
_−,∗4 </∋.−9 :/8∗0.∗4/0.−9 +/ ∗&+∋.−,∋∗ ,/=/0./9 /4 ∗:≅&09 >,≅2−9 /4 )&/ 76 9&93/∋.∗ +/
<,∗&+/9 /4 :∋=∋.∗1Ο/9 9 +&∗9 <,∗&+/9 /4 ∗06:∋9/ 92− ∗9 9/≅&∋0./9Μ
6 3,∆8∋− ∗=/,.− /0.,/ ∗9 :∋=∋.∗0./9; +/ <−,4∗ )&/ − 3,/1− =−0.,∗.∗+− ∆ =−09∋+/,∗8/:4/0./
4∗∋−, )&/ Ζ #;##β
6 ∗=/,.− 3,∆8∋− /0.,/ ∗ :∋=∋.∗0./ 8/0=/+−,∗ / − >,≅2−; +/ .∗: <−,4∗ )&/ − 3,/1− =−0.,∗.∗+−
∆ 4&∋.− ∋0</,∋−, ∗ Ζ #;## /9./9 =∗9−9; − ≅,∗0+/ 3,−Φ:/4∗ 9/ +∗,6 0∗ /ϑ/=&12− +−
=−0.,∗.− ./0+− /4 8∋9.∗ )&/; 9/0+− − 3,/1− ∋0/ϑ/)&Ν8/:; − =−0.,∗.− 02− 9/,6 ,/≅&:∗,4/0./
=&43,∋+−
&4 =∗9− =−0=,/.−; 0−9 +/3∗,∗4−9 =−4 # =−43,∗9 +/ &4 +/./,4∋0∗+− >,≅2− 3ΑΦ:∋=−
4∆+∋∗ 3∗,∗ /9.∗ ∗4−9.,∗ <−∋ +/ Ζ #;## /9./ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ +/ ∗9 :∋=∋.∗1Ο/9 ./,/4 9∋+−
7−0/9.∗9 =−0.,∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ +/ ∗9 :∋=∋.∗1Ο/9 ./,/4 9∋+− <,∗&+∗+∗9 Χ−09∋+/,/ &4
0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ
∋60
Η6 8∋4−9 )&/ /9./ ∆ &4 ./9./ Φ∋:∗./,∗:Μ
µ = 220
µ ≠ 220
/ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ +∗ ∗4−9.,∗ <−, 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗4/0./ +∋</,/0./ +/ #; ,/5/∋.∗,/4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/
0&:∗ Χ−09∋+/,∗,/4−9 )&/ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ +∗ 3−3&:∗12− +∗ )&∗: <−∋ /ϑ.,∗Ν+∗ ∗ ∗4−9.,∗ 02− ./4
4∆+∋∗ #
Χ∗9− =−0.,6,∋−; ∗=/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ 99&4∋,/4−9 )&/ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ +∗ 3−3&:∗12− ∆ 9∋4
∋≅&∗: ∗ #
& 9/5∗; 0−99− ./9./ 9/ ,/9&4/ ∗ +/./,4∋0∗, 9/ # ∆ 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗4/0./ +∋</,/0./ +/ # −&
02−
∗9; /4 ./,4−9 −Φ5/.∋8−9Μ ∗ 3∗,.∋, +/ )&∗: 8∗:−, 56 3−+/4−9 =−09∋+/,∗, )&/ /9.∗4−9
9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗4/0./ ∗<∗9.∗+−9 +/ #
9.∗ 3/,≅&0.∗ ∆ ,/93−0+∋+∗ 3/:−9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9
∗,∗ <∗Ι/, &4 ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9; ∗ ≅/0./ 9/43,/ +6 &4 =,∆+∋.− 3∗,∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
/43,/ 3∗,.∋4−9 +− 3,/99&3−9.− +/ )&/ /:∗ ∆ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗ & 9/5∗; ∋0∋=∋∗4−9 9&3−0+− )&/ ∗
4∆+∋∗ +∗ 3−3&:∗12− ∆ ,/∗:4/0./ #;##
_/∋.− ∋99−; 56 ./4−9 =−0+∋1Ο/9 +/ /9.&+∗, ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: Κ X Λ
∋4−9 /4 ∗&:∗ ∗0./,∋−, )&/ X ∆ &4∗ 8∗,∋68/: ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ &∗ /93/,∗01∗ =−∋0=∋+/ =−4 ∗
4∆+∋∗ +∗ 3−3&:∗12− &∗ 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ ∆ ∋≅&∗: Ρ 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ +∗ 3−3&:∗12− +∋8∋+∋+∗ 3−, Κ−0+/ ∆
− .∗4∗07− +∗ ∗4−9.,∗Λ
Χ−07/=/0+− − =−43−,.∗4/0.− +/ X ; 3−+/4−9 +/./,4∋0∗, −9 =7∗4∗+−9 #∋ &

2− 8∗:−,/9 )&/ 9/3∗,∗4 −9 =∗9−9 =−09∋+/,∗+−9 ,∗,−9 +∗)&/:/9 =−09∋+/,∗+−9 <,/)&/0./9

0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ /9.6 ∋0.∋4∗4/0./ ,/:∗=∋−0∗+− =−4 −9 =∗9−9 ,∗,−9
/ − 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ ∆ +/ Θ; /0.2− −9 =∗9−9 ,∗,−9 92− ∗)&/:/9 )&/ 9> −=−,,/4 /4 Θ
+∗9 8/Ι/9
−, /0)&∗0.−; 02− 8∗4−9 <∗Ι/, =−0.∗9 ∗∋0+∗ Χ/,.− −& +∗, .−+∗9 ∗9 =−0.∗9 3,−0.∗9
&3−0+− )&/ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: 9/5∗ #;##; 3−+/4−9 =−0=:&∋, )&/ X ./4 − 9/≅&∋0./
=−43−,.∗4/0.−Μ
• /4 ∃Θ +∗9 8/Ι/9; X ∗99&4/ 8∗:−,/9 /0.,/ ;# / ;∃
• /4 Θ +∗9 8/Ι/9; X ∗99&4/ 8∗:−,/9 <−,∗ +/9./ ∋0./,8∗:−
9./9 92− −9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 2− −9 8∗:−,/9 )&/ 9/3∗,∗4 −9 =∗9−9 &9&∗∋9 Κ)&/ −=−,,/4 /4
∃Θ +∗9 8/Ι/9Λ +−9 =∗9−9 ,∗,−9 Κ)&/ −=−,,/4 /4 Θ +∗9 8/Ι/9Λ
Φ9/,8/4 )&/ −9 =∗9−9 ,∗,−9 <−,∗4 +/:∋4∋.∗+−9 +/ <−,4∗ )&/ ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/
−=−,,Ε0=∋∗ 9/5∗ ∋≅&∗: ∗− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ ΚΘΛ
,/9&:.∗+− −Φ.∋+− /93/=∋<∋=∗4/0./ 3∗,∗ − /ϑ3/,∋4/0.− ,/∗:∋Ι∗+− ∆ =7∗4∗+− +/ &

− 0−99− /ϑ/43:−; ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: <−∋ +/ #;##
3−99Ν8/: )&/ ∗ 3−3&:∗12− ./07∗ 4∆+∋∗ #;## /; ∗∋0+∗ 9∋4; 9/5∗ /ϑ.,∗Ν+∗ &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ =−4
4∆+∋∗ #;##
∋4; ∆ 3−99Ν8/: ∗9 ∆ &4 =∗9− ,∗,− ∗ ≅,∗0+/ 4∗∋−,∋∗ +∗9 8/Ι/9; ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: /9.∗,6
/0.,/ ;# / ;∃
>9 02− ∗=/∋.∗4−9 =∗9−9 ,∗,−9 /9./ =∗9−; =−0=:&Ν4−9 )&/ ∗ ∗4−9.,∗ 0 <−∋ ,/.∋,∗+∗ +/
&4∗ 3−3&:∗12− =−4 4∆+∋∗ #;## −, ∋99−; ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
8∗:−, +∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: −Φ.∋+− 3∗,∗ − /ϑ3/,∋4/0.− ,/∗:∋Ι∗+− ΚΨ#;##Λ ∆ =7∗4∗+− +/
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./
/93−9.∗Μ +/8/(9/ ,/5/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗

%

&9 5
28
:9
∗,∗ − /ϑ3/,∋4/0.− </∋.−; X = 230

4∆+∋∗ 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: Κ µ Λ; /9.∗ 0>9 02− 9∗Φ/4−9 99∋4; 0/9./ 9/≅&0+− 3∗99−; 0>9 8∗4−9
9&3−, )&/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ 9/5∗ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗ &3−0+− )&/ ,/∗:4/0./ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ +∗ 3−3&:∗12−
9/5∗ +/ # Κ µ = 220 ) ; ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ <∋=∗Μ

5

28
:9
,/=∋9∗4−9 =∗:=&:∗, σ X /4Φ,∗0+− ∗ 9&∗ <>,4&:∗ Κ/9.&+∗+∗ /4 ∗&:∗ ∗0./,∋−,ΛΜ

;
:9
!
:9 <;
Χ−0.∋0&∗0+− − =6:=&:− +∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ Κδ.ΛΜ

5

28
:9

5

28

+Μ =−43∗,∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =−4 −9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 /,∋<∋=∗4−9 )&/
Κ/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./Λ ∆ 4∗∋−, )&/ ;∃ −,.∗0.−; /9.6 <−,∗ +− ∋0./,8∗:− (;∃ ∗ ;∃ 9.6
9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗4/0./ ∗<∗9.∗+− +∗ 4∆+∋∗ +/ /
& 9/5∗; 9/ 3&+∆99/4−9 <∗Ι/, ∋0Α4/,∗9 ∗4−9.,∗9 +/ .∗4∗07− #; ∗ 3∗,.∋, +/ &4∗ 3−3&:∗12−
=−4 4∆+∋∗ # / 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ #; /4 ∃Θ +−9 =∗9−9 − 8∗:−, +/ /. /9.∗,∋∗ /0.,/ (;∃ / ;∃

9

,/≅∋2− 8/,+/ +∗ <∋≅&,∗ ∗=∋4∗ ∆ +/:∋4∋.∗+∗ 3/:−9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 +/ /

/ − 8∗:−, +/ / =∗Ν99/ +/0.,− +− ∋0./,8∗:− (;∃ ∗ ;∃ ; /9.∗,Ν∗4−9 +/0.,− +∗ ,/≅∋2− 8/,+/
:∗ =−0.∆4 ∃Θ +−9 8∗:−,/9 +∗ 8∗,∋68/: 0−,4∗: ,/+&Ι∋+∗ 9.∗ ,/≅∋2− ∆ =7∗4∗+∗ +/ ,/≅∋2−
+/ ∗=/∋.∗12− /; 3∗,∗ − /ϑ3/,∋4/0.− /4 ∗06:∋9/; − 8∗:−, +/ / /9.∋8/99/ 0∗ ,/≅∋2− +/
∗=/∋.∗12−; 0>9 ∗=/∋.∗,Ν∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ # Χ−09∋+/,∗,Ν∗4−9 )&/ − 8∗:−, +/ / 02− ∆
9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗4/0./ +∋</,/0./ +/ Ι/,− Κ/; 3−,.∗0.−; 1 02− ∆ 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗4/0./ +∋</,/0./ +/
#Λ
2− <−∋ − =∗9− ∋4−9 )&/ / =∗∋ <−,∗ +∗ ,/≅∋2− +/ ∗=/∋.∗12− / =∗∋ 0∗ 6,/∗ ∗4∗,/:∗ Κ,/≅∋2−
=,Ν.∋=∗Λ
6,/∗ ∗4∗,/:∗ 3−+/ 9/, =7∗4∗+∗ +/ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ ∗ ,/≅∋2− ∗:∆4 +−9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 ∗
,/≅∋2− /4 )&/ −9 8∗:−,/9 +/ / 0−9 <∗Ι/4 ,/5/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ #
Χ−0=:&92−Μ ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
Χ−4− 76 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋+−9 0∗9 +&∗9 =∗&+∗9 +∗ =&,8∗ 0−,4∗:; − ./9./ Φ∋:∗./,∗: .∗4Φ∆4 ∆
=7∗4∗+− +/ Φ∋=∗&+∗:
−, =&,∋−9∋+∗+/; 8/5∗4−9 −9 8∗:−,/9 +/ &9 )&/ =−,,/93−0+/4 ∗ (;∃ / ;∃

&9 5

2 = &9
2
&∗0+− / 8∗:/ (;∃ ; &9 8∗:/Μ

&9
5 6∃

∃ >
&∗0+− / 8∗:/ ε;∃ ; &9 8∗:/Μ
&9
6∃

6
/ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ +∗ 3−3&:∗12− ,/∗:4/0./ <−99/ ∋≅&∗: ∗ #; / 9/ <−99/ 3−99Ν8/: <∗Ι/, ∋0<∋0∋.∗9
∗4−9.,∗9 +/ .∗4∗07− #; ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗:; /4 ∃Θ +−9 =∗9−9; /9.∗,∋∗ /0.,/ ;# /
;∃ Κ− )&/ ∋43:∋=∗ /4 /. /0.,/ (;∃ / ;∃ Λ 2− <−∋ − =∗9− & /9.∗4−9 +∋∗0./ +/ &4
=∗9− ,∗,− −& ∗ 4∆+∋∗ 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: 02− ∆ #
∋∗0./ +/9./ )&∗+,−; Γ
∀
+− ∋
/,≅&0.∗Μ )&∗: ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ =−4/./, − /,,− +− .∋3− 

4 −&.,∗9 3∗:∗8,∗9Μ )&∗: ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ,/5/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ #; +∗+− )&/ /:∗ ∆
8/,+∗+/∋,∗
Χ−4/./4−9 − /,,− +− .∋3− 0&4∗ +∗9 ,∗,∗9 8/Ι/9 /4 )&/; ∗3/9∗, +∗ 4∆+∋∗ 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: 9/,
,/∗:4/0./ #; − 8∗:−, +/ / =∗∋ 0∗ ,/≅∋2− ∗4∗,/:∗
/4Φ,/4(9/ +− )&/ +∋99/4−9 ∗=∋4∗Μ 9/ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ +∗ 3−3&:∗12− ,/∗:4/0./ <−99/ ∋≅&∗: ∗ #;
/ 9/ <−99/ 3−99Ν8/: <∗Ι/, ∋0<∋0∋.∗9 ∗4−9.,∗9 +/ .∗4∗07− #; ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗:; /4 ∃Θ +−9
=∗9−9; /9.∗,∋∗ /0.,/ ;# / ;∃ Κ− )&/ ∋43:∋=∗ /4 /φ./9./ /0.,/ (;∃ / ;∃ Λ Χ−4−

:

∋60.
≅,∗0+/ +∋</,/01∗ +/9./ /ϑ/,=Ν=∋− 3∗,∗ − ∗0./,∋−, ∆ )&/ ∗≅−,∗ 02− 9∗Φ/4−9 ∗ 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ +∗
3−3&:∗12− /9./9 =∗9−9; 02− 3−+/4−9 &.∋:∋Ι∗, ∗ 8∗,∋68/: /; )&/ ./4 +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗:
.∋:∋Ι∗4−9 ∗ 8∗,∋68/: .; )&/ ./4 +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ .&+/0.

9∋.&∗12− ∆ Φ/4 9/4/:7∗0./ Ρ +∗ ∗&:∗ 3∗99∗+∗; )&∗0+− .Ν07∗4−9 ∋0./,8∗:−9 +/ =−0<∋∗01∗
3∗,∗ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ / 9−&Φ/,4−9 ∗ 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗:; &9∗4−9 ∗ 8∗,∋68/: / Κ0−,4∗:
,/+&Ι∋+∗Λ Χ∗9− =−0.,6,∋−; &9∗4−9 ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12−
/ ,/9.−; − 3∗99− ∗ 3∗99− ∆ Φ/4 9/4/:7∗0./

+Μ +/./,4∋0∗, −9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 +∗ 8∗,∋68/: .
.∗Φ/:∗ 3∗,∗ ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− /9.6 ∗− <∋0∗: +/9.∗ ∗&:∗ Κ.∗Φ/:∗ Λ
∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 3,/=∋9∗4−9 +− 0Α4/,− +/ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ ∋4−9 ∋9.− 0∗ ∗&:∗ ∗0./,∋−,
− =∗9− +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− ; − 0Α4/,− +/ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ n − 1 ∗4−9 =−09&:.∗, ∗
.∗Φ/:∗ 3∗,∗ ∃ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ / 3∗,∗ − 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ
8∗:−, +/ . =−,,/93−0+/0./ ∆Μ ;#
37
;
377 5
;
∃ +Μ −Φ./, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ − 8∗:−, +/ . 3∗,∗ − /ϑ3/,∋4/0.− ,/∗:∋Ι∗+−
∗,∗ − /ϑ3/,∋4/0.− </∋.−; − 8∗:−, +/ . 8∗:/Μ
&9 5
8
%:9
0+/ s X ∆ − /9.∋4∗+−, +/ σ X
,/=∋9∗4−9 =∗:=&:∗, − 8∗:−, +/ s X <>,4&:∗ ∆ Κ4∗.∆,∋∗ +∗ ∗&:∗ 3∗99∗+∗ΛΜ
%:

%:9 ? ?
!
≅−,∗ −Φ./4−9 − 8∗:−, +∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./Μ

&9 5
8
%:9

5

8

+Μ =−43∗,∗4−9 −9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 +/ . =−4 ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ /,∋<∋=∗4−9 )&/
∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ /9.6 <−,∗ +− ∋0./,8∗:− +/<∋0∋+− 3/:−9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 −,.∗0.−; ,/5/∋.∗4−9
∗ 7∋3>./9/ #

<

∃ ∃ ∀
+− + Α∃
Η ∃ #
)
++∋
∋ Α
∃ ∀
∃
α ∗99−Μ /0=−0.,∗, −9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 +/ . /<∋0∋, ∗ ,/≅∋2− +/ ∗=/∋.∗12− / ∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗
α ∗99−Μ /0=−0.,∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./
9∗, ∗ <>,4&:∗Μ
&9 5
8
%:9
α ∗99−Μ 8/, 9/ ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =∗∋ 0∗ ,/≅∋2− +/ ∗=/∋.∗12− −& 0∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗
≅+∋ 9
,∗Φ∗:7∗4−9 /4 &4∗ ∋0+Α9.,∋∗ ,/=∋9∗4−9 9∗Φ/, 9/ &4 +∗+− 3,−+&.− ,/9∋9./ ∗ &4∗
./43/,∗.&,∗ +/ ##γΧ Κ3∗,∗ 8/,∋<∋=∗, 9/ ∗./0+/ ∗ ∗:≅&09 ,/)&∋9∋.−9 .∆=0∋=−9Λ ∗,∗ .∗0.−;
9/:/=∋−0∗4−9 &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ +/ ## 3,−+&.−9 / − 9&Φ4/./4−9 ∗ ./43/,∗.&,∗9 =∗+∗ 8/Ι
4∗∋−,/9; ∗.∆ )&/ − 3,−+&.− =−4/=/ ∗ +/,,/./, ∗,∗ /9.∗ ∗4−9.,∗ +/ ## 3,−+&.−9; ∗
./43/,∗.&,∗ 4∆+∋∗ 0∗ )&∗: =−4/1−& − +/,,/.∋4/0.− <−∋ +/ ∃γΧ 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ +∗ ∗4−9.,∗
<−∋ +/ αΧ
/9./ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ +/ )&/ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ +∗ 3−3&:∗12− +/ −0+/ <−∋ ,/.∋,∗+∗ ∗ ∗4−9.,∗ 9/5∗ +/ ##
γΧ; =−0.,∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ +/ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ 9/5∗ ∋0</,∋−, ∗ ##γΧ; 3∗,∗ &4 0Ν8/: +/
9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ
∗+−9Μ
P (t ≤ −1,66) = 0,05
∋60
9 7∋3>./9/9 92−Μ
Μ µ = 200
µ < 200
−+/4−9 &9∗, +∋,/.− ∗ ∋0<−,4∗12− +− /0&0=∋∗+− −& 3−+/4−9 =−09&:.∗, ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ +∗
+∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 3∗,∗ ∃∃ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/
∗≅−,∗; =&∋+∗+−χ 2− 3−+/4−9 =−09&:.∗, ∗ =−:&0∗ +/ 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ 3/9∗,
+/ − 3,−Φ:/4∗ ./, 9−:∋=∋.∗+− − 0Ν8/: +/ Θ /:/ 02− 3−+/ 9/, &.∋:∋Ι∗+− 3−,)&/ ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ )&/
=−09.∗ ∗− <∋0∗: +∗ ∗3−9.∋:∗ ∆ 3∗,∗ ./9./9 Φ∋:∗./,∗∋9
/ =−09&:.∗,4−9 ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ 3∗,∗ ∃∃ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ / 0Ν8/: +/ =−0<∋∗01∗ +/ Θ; =−4− 9/
.,∗.∗ +/ &4∗ .∗Φ/:∗ 3∗,∗ − ./9./ Φ∋:∗./,∗:; 9∗Φ/,/4−9 )&/ ∗ 6,/∗ 8/,+/ +∗ <∋≅&,∗ ∗Φ∗∋ϑ− 9/,6
∋≅&∗: ∗ ∃Θ

1

∋9.− )&/ ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ <−,0/=/ :∗ ∋0+∋=∗ )&/ ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ . /9.∗, <−,∗ +− ∋0./,8∗:− +/ (
;∃ ∗ ;∃ ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ &4∗ .∗Φ/:∗ 3∗,∗ 9/, &.∋:∋Ι∗+∗ /4 ./9./9
Φ∋:∗./,∗∋9 :∗ ∋0+∋=∗ )&/ ∗ 6,/∗ +∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ ΚΨ9−4∗ +∗9 +&∗9 6,/∗9 ∗4∗,/:∗9Λ ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗
#;# 6 +&∗9 ,/≅∋Ο/9 =,Ν.∋=∗9
4∗ 3∗,∗ 8∗:−,/9 =−09∋+/,∗8/:4/0./ 4∗∋−,/9 )&/ Ι/,− &.,∗
3∗,∗ 8∗:−,/9 =−09∋+/,∗8/:4/0./ 4/0−,/9 )&/ Ι/,−
> )&/ 0−99− ./9./ ∆ &0∋:∗./,∗: :/ 02− ./4 +&∗9 6,/∗9 ∗4∗,/:∗9 :/ ./4 &4∗ 9>
&/,/4−9 ∗=7∗, &4 8∗:−, +/ . =,Ν.∋=− .∗: )&/ ∗ 6,/∗ 8/,+/ +∗ ∗Φ∗∋ϑ− 9/5∗ +/ ∃Θ
−./ )&/ ∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ /9.6 .−+∗ /:∗ +− :∗+− /9)&/,+− +− ≅,6<∋=−
−, )&Ε
−,)&/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ ∆ +− .∋3−Μ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∆ 4/0−, )&/ ∗:≅&4∗ =−∋9∗ − =∗9−; ∗ 7∋3>./9/
∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ ∆ ?∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∆ 4/0−, )&/ ##
& 9/5∗; −9 8∗:−,/9 )&/ 0−9 <∗Ι/4 ,/5/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ 92− ∗)&/:/9 =−09∋+/,∗8/:4/0./
4/0−,/9 )&/ ##
Χ−09/)&/0./4/0./; −9 8∗:−,/9 +∗ 8∗,∋68/: )&/ =−43Ο/4 ∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ 92− ∗)&/:/9
=−09∋+/,∗8/:4/0./ 4/0−,/9 )&/ #

− ≅,6<∋=− ∗=∋4∗ 9∋4; ./4−9 ∗3/0∗9 &4∗ 6,/∗ +/ ,/5/∋12− Κ6,/∗ ∗4∗,/:∗Λ
/ ∗ 6,/∗ 8/,+/ ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ ∃Θ; ∗ 6,/∗ ∗4∗,/:∗ ∆ Θ
& 9/5∗; 0−99∗ .∗,/<∗ ∆ ∗=7∗, &4 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− Κ.=Λ .∗: )&/ ∗ 6,/∗ ∗4∗,/:∗ +∗ <∋≅&,∗ ∗=∋4∗ 9/5∗
+/ Θ ∗: )&/ Ρ 9&∗ /9)&/,+∗ ./07∗4−9 Θ +−9 8∗:−,/9
∗,∗ ∗=7∗,4−9 − ; 8∗4−9 =−09&:.∗, ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ 3∗,∗ ∃∃ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ / 0Ν8/: +/ =−0<∋∗01∗
+/ #Θ Κ9/43,/ ∗99∋4; )&∗0+− − ./9./ ∆ &0∋:∗./,∗: / ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ ∆ 3∗,∗ ./9./9 Φ∋:∗./,∗∋9;
=−09&:.∗4−9 − +−Φ,− +− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗Λ Χ−09&:.∗0+− ∗ .∗Φ/:∗; −Φ./4−9 ;
9.− 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗ )&/ ∗ 6,/∗ 8/,+/ +∗ <∋≅&,∗ ∗Φ∗∋ϑ− ∆ +/ #;∃
)&/ ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−9 ∋0+∋=∗ ∆ )&/ ∗ 9−4∗ +∗9 +&∗9 6,/∗9 ∗4∗,/:∗9 ∗=∋4∗ ∆
#;#; )&/ =−,,/93−0+/ ∗ &4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ #Θ /4 &4 ./9./ Φ∋:∗./,∗:
> )&/ 0−99− ./9./ ∆ &0∋:∗./,∗: − . =,Ν.∋=− )&/ 3,−=&,68∗4−9 ∆ /ϑ∗.∗4/0./ (; ; 3−∋9 Ρ
9&∗ /9)&/,+∗ ./4−9 Θ +−9 8∗:−,/9
/≅&0+− 3∗99−Μ /0=−0.,∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./

&9 5
8
%:9

,/=∋9∗4−9 /0=−0.,∗, s X
%:

%:9 ? ?
!
Χ−0.∋0&∗0+− − =6:=&:− +∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./Μ

6 5

8 5

/,=/∋,− 3∗99−Μ =−43∗,∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =−4 − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−

/,∋<∋=∗4−9 )&/ ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ /9.6 ∗:∆4 +− 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− / ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∗99&4∋99/
8∗:−,/9 ∗.∆ (; ; =−09∋+/,∗,Ν∗4−9 )&/ ∗ ./43/,∗.&,∗ 4∆+∋∗ 3∗,∗ ∗ ∗4−9.,∗ 02− ∆
9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗4/0./ 4/0−, )&/ ##γΧ Χ−0.&+− ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ <−∋ +/ (#; 0Α4/,− /9./
∗Φ∗∋ϑ− +/ (; /5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ # / =−09∋+/,∗4−9 )&/ ∗ 3−3&:∗12− +/ −0+/ <−∋
,/.∋,∗+∗ ∗ ∗4−9.,∗ 02− ∗./0+/ Ρ /93/=∋<∋=∗12− +/ 9&3−,.∗, ./43/,∗.&,∗9 +/ ##γΧ
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =∗∋& 0∗ ,/≅∋2− ∗4∗,/:∗ Κ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗Λ

/9./9 &0∋:∗./,∗∋9Μ 9> 76 &4∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗β 9> 76 &4 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−
Χ&∋+∗+− 3∗,∗ ∗9 ∋0<−,4∗1Ο/9 <−,0/=∋+∗9 0∗ )&/9.2− / ∗ )&/9.2− .,−&ϑ/, +∗+−9 9−Φ,/ −
./9./ Φ∋:∗./,∗:; ∆ 3,/=∋9− ∗+∗3.∗, ∗ ∋0<−,4∗12−
/0 : ; 8 112 37445

∗,∗ &4∗ /ϑ3/,∋Ε0=∋∗ ,/∗:∋Ι∗+∗ =−4 ,/</,Ε0=∋∗ Ρ 4/+∋12− +− =−43,∋4/0.− +/ +/./,4∋0∗+∗
3/1∗ <∗Φ,∋=∗+∗ 3−, &4∗ ≅,∗0+/ ∋0+Α9.,∋∗; &.∋:∋Ι−&(9/ &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ +/ 3/1∗9;
∗3&,∗0+−(9/ &4∗ 4∆+∋∗ +/ #;∃ 4 / &4 +/98∋− 3∗+,2− +/ #; 4 &3−0+− )&/ −9
=−43,∋4/0.−9 +∗9 3/1∗9 ./07∗4 &4∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗:; =−4 4∆+∋∗ µ / 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗
+/9=−07/=∋+∗; +/9/5∗(9/ 9∗Φ/,; ∗− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ; 9/ − =−43,∋4/0.− +∗ 3/1∗
02− ∆ ∋0</,∋−, ∗ 4 /5∗ # ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ +− ./9./ Κ µ = 4Λ; ∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ Κ µ
< 4 Λ / .#;# = −; − )&∗0.∋: +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− . +/ .&+/0. .∗Φ/:∗+− 3∗,∗ ./9./ &0∋=∗&+∗:;
=−4 ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ 0.2−; 3/:− ./9./ . +/ .&+/0.;
Κ Λ ∗ =−0=:&92− −Φ.∋+∗ 9/,∋∗ ∗ 4/94∗ 3∗,∗ )&∗:)&/, 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗
ΚΛ # 02− 3−+/ 9/, ∗=/∋.∗; ∋0+∋=∗0+− )&/ −9 =−43,∋4/0.−9 92− ∋0</,∋−,/9 ∗ 4

%

3∗+,Ο/9 ∗=/∋.68/∋9 99/ ./9./ ∆ </∋.− &.∋:∋Ι∗0+−(9/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ )&/ η Ψ ## Κ=−0.,∗ ∗
∗:./,0∗ι8∗ )&/ η Σ ##Λ / &4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ ∴ Χ−09∋+/,∗0+− −9 8∗:−,/9 +∗
+∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: 0∗ .∗Φ/:∗ ∗ 9/≅&∋, / 9∗Φ/0+− )&/ &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ +/ 3∗=−./9 ./9.∗+∗
∗3,/9/0.−& 3/9− 4∆+∋− +/ # ≅; ∗99∋0∗:/ ∗ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ )&/ =−0.∆4 − 4∗∋−, 8∗:−, 3−99Ν8/:
+/ ∴ 3∗,∗ )&/ /99∗ ∗4−9.,∗ 9/5∗ ∗=/∋.∗
Κ Λ ; Θ
ΚΛ ; Θ
ΚΧΛ ;Θ
Κ Λ ;Θ
ΚΛ ;#Θ
∋60
∋Ι/, )&/ ∗ 8∗,∋68/: ∆ 0−,4∗: Κ##;##Λ 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗ )&/ 9&∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∆ ## / 9&∗ 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ ∆
##
−./ )&/ ∗ 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: ∆ =−07/=∋+∗ Κ##Λ
9∗,/4−9 ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗:
/ ∗ 3−3&:∗12− ./4 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ ##; /0.2− 9/& +/98∋− 3∗+,2− ∆ #

∗4−9 =∗:=&:∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./
&9 5
28Χ∆8Χ
:9
∗,∗ <∗Ι/, /9./ =6:=&:−; 3,/=∋9∗4−9 +/./,4∋0∗, − 8∗:−, +− +/98∋− 3∗+,2− +∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗:
:9
<!

:9
<∃ ∃
Χ−4 ∋99−; 3−+/4−9 =∗:=&:∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./Μ
&9 5
28Χ∆8Χ
:9
∃ 5
28Χ∆8Χ ∃ >

9∋.&∗12− :∋4∋./; /4 )&/ ∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ ∆ 46ϑ∋4∗ / ∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∆ ∗=/∋.∗; −=−,,/ )&∗0+− −
8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− ∆ ∋≅&∗: Ρ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./
& 9/5∗Μ

,

23ΕΦ8Γ3Η >
Χ−4− − ./9./ ∆ Φ∋:∗./,∗:; 76 +−∋9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9
4 +/:/9 ∆ 3−9∋.∋8− / 8∗:/ ; −&.,− ∆
0/≅∗.∋8− / 8∗:/ (;
99∋4; ∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ ∆ +/:∋4∋.∗+∗ 3/:−9 8∗:−,/9 (; / ;
9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 +/:∋4∋.∗4 ∗ ,/≅∋2− ∗4∗,/:∗; )&/ ∆ ∗ ,/≅∋2− +/ ,/5/∋12−

0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ =−,,/93−0+/ Ρ 6,/∗ +∗ ,/≅∋2− ∗4∗,/:∗
∗ .∗Φ/:∗ <−,0/=∋+∗ 0∗ )&/9.2−; ./4−9 )&/ 2 1 > 6∃;
−≅−Μ
2 0 > 5 6∃; ∃ ∃
Χ−4− − ≅,6<∋=− ∆ 9∋4∆.,∋=−; ./4−9Μ
2 1 5 > ∃
−,.∗0.−; ∗ ,/≅∋2− ∗4∗,/:∗ ./4 6,/∗ +/Μ
∃ ∃

8
.
/0 < > 11: 34 5

/./,4∋0∗+∗ /43,/9∗ +/ .,∗093−,./ ,−+−8∋6,∋− +/ 3∗99∗≅/∋,−9 −</,/=/,6 &4∗ 0−8∗ :∋07∗ +/
ϕ0∋Φ&9 ∗Φ/(9/ )&/ − ./43− +/ +&,∗12− ⊥ 2 ⊥ +/ &4∗ 8∋∗≅/4 /0.,/ ∗ −,∋≅/4 / − +/9ι0−
4∋0&.−9 8∗:−, 4∆+∋− 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: +∗ 8∗,∋68/: 2 ∆ +/9=−07/=∋+−

4∗ ∗4−9.,∗
<∋0∗: +/99∗ :∋07∗ ∆ &4∗ 8∗,∋68/: ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ 0−,4∗: =−4 +/98∋− 3∗+,2− 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: Ψ #
./43− 4∆+∋− ∗4−9.,∗: Ι9

4∋0&.−9 /9/5∗(9/ ./9.∗, ∗9 7∋3>./9/9 ∗+ ,
;
∗:/∗.>,∋∗ 9∋43:/9 +/ ./43−9 +/ +&,∗12− +/ 8∋∗≅/09; 0/99∗ 4/94∗ :∋07∗; 3,−+&Ι∋& &4
∗ϑ , .
; ; /4 )&/ # / 92− ∗9 7∋3>./9/9 0&:∗ / ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗; ,/93/=.∋8∗4/0./ Χ−4
Φ∗9/ 0/99∗9 ∋0<−,4∗1Ο/9 / =−09∋+/,∗0+− Κ 6∃ 6 / Κ
> 66; /4 )&/
Κ ,/3,/9/0.∗ ∗ <&012− +/ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− ∗=&4&:∗+∗ +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2−; 5&:≅&/ −
∋./4 ∗ 9/≅&∋,

9

./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9 /4 )&/9.2− ∆ 4−0−=∗&+∗: Ρ /9)&/,+∗
/9−:&12−Μ
7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ ∆ +− .∋3−Μ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∆ ∃
( +/ ∗:≅&4∗ =−∋9∗ − =∗9−; ∆Μ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∆
+∋</,/0./ +/ #
99∋4; 0−9 <∗Ι/4 ,/5/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ .∗0.− 8∗:−,/9 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗4/0./ 4∗∋−,/9 )&/ #;
)&∗0.− 8∗:−,/9 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗4/0./ 4/0−,/9 )&/ # & 9/5∗; ./4−9 8∗:−,/9 /ϑ.,/4−9 .∗0.−
0∗ =∗&9∗ /9)&/,+∗ Κ8∗:−,/9 4/0−,/9 )&/ #Λ; )&∗0.− 0∗ =∗&+∗ +∋,/∋.∗ Κ8∗:−,/9 4∗∋−,/9 )&/
#Λ −≅−; − ./9./ ∆ Φ∋=∗&+∗:
8
. ∃
/0 1 112 34 5
4∗ ∋09.∋.&∋12− ∗<∋,4∗ )&/ − =&9.− 4∆+∋− 3∗,∗ ∗ ,/∗:∋Ι∗12− +/ =/,.∗ −Φ,∗ ∆ ∋≅&∗: −& ∋0</,∋−,
7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ / 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ 92−; ,/93/=.∋8∗4/0./; #Μ Ζ #;##Γ4 / ∗Μ Υ
∗ Ζ #;##Γ4 ∗,∗ ∗8∗:∋∗, /99∗ ∗<∋,4∗12−; <−∋ ,/∗:∋Ι∗+− &4 ./9./ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=− =&5∗9
=−09∋+/,∗+∗ =−4− 0−,4∗: =−4 4∆+∋∗ / +/98∋−(3∗+,2− +/ Ζ ##;##Γ4 3∗,.∋, +/ &4∗

Ζ #;##Γ4 Χ−09∋+/,/ )&/ ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +−9 =&9.−9 3−, 4/.,− )&∗+,∗+− 3−99∗ 9/,
∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ +/ .∗4∗07− ; ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ +− ./9./ 3∗,∗ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ <−∋ ∋≅&∗: ∗ ; 8∗:−,
+− ./9./ <−∋ ∋≅&∗: ∗ #;# Χ−4 Φ∗9/ 0/99∗9 ∋0<−,4∗1Ο/9; 5&:≅&/ −9 ∋./09 9&Φ9/)[/0./9
4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: 3,−+&Ι∋+∗ 3/:− ./9./ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=− <−∋ 9&3/,∋−, ∗ Ζ ∃#;##Γ4 / ∋0</,∋−, ∗
Ζ ###;##Γ4
/9−:&12−Μ
+/98∋− 3∗+,2− +∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: ∆ =∗:=&:∗+− ∗99∋4Μ

:9 ∃
<!
<

4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: 3−+/ 9/, =∗:=&:∗+∗ ∗ 3∗,.∋, +∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./Μ
&9 5
28Χ∆8Χ
:9
&9 5 >

= &9
∃ > 6∃
∃
/ <∗.−; /9./ 8∗:−, /9.6 /0.,/ ∃# / ### ./4 =−,,/.− − ≅∗Φ∗,∋.− +/<∋0∋.∋8− ∗ )&/9.2− <−∋
∗0&:∗+∗ 9−Φ ∗:/≅∗12− +/ ∗4Φ∋≅&∋+∗+/ 0− /0&0=∋∗+− & ,/∗:4/0./ 02− =−09/≅&∋ 8∋9&∗:∋Ι∗,
)&∗: ./,∋∗ 9∋+− ∗ ∗4Φ∋≅&∋+∗+/
8
. ∋∃
/0 =4Κ119 37445
4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ +/ ## 8∗:−,/9 +/ ∗:&≅&∆∋9 /4 &4∗ =∋+∗+/ <−,0/=/& &4 8∗:−, 4∆+∋−
+/ Ζ ##;## +/98∋− 3∗+,2− +∗ 3−3&:∗12−; =−09∋+/,∗+∗ 0−,4∗: / +/ .∗4∗07− ∋0<∋0∋.−; ∆

:

∃ 5
28
/,=/∋,− 3∗99−Μ =−43∗,∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =−4 − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−

Χ−4− ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ <−∋ ,/5/∋.∗+∗; ./4(9/ )&/Μ
28 0 23

0 2Λ
2Λ 1
−,.∗0.− ∗ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ Χ /9.6 =−,,/.∗; 3−∋9 ∗<∋,4∗ )&/ Zα < 2

8
. 4
/0 >∃
11 34 5
4 &4∗ +∋93&.∗ =−4/,=∋∗: /0.,/ +−∋9 3∗Ν9/9; κ / δ; ∗&.−,∋+∗+/9 +− 3∗Ν9 κ ∗,≅&4/0.∗8∗4 )&/
4/+∋+∗9 3,−./=∋−0∋9.∗9 +− 3∗Ν9 δ ∋43/+∋∗4 ∗ :∋8,/ =∋,=&:∗12− +/ Φ/09 /0.,/ /99/9 3∗Ν9/9 /
∗=−,+− =−4 /99∗ ∗,≅&4/0.∗12−; ∗9 =−43∗07∋∗9 +− 3∗Ν9 δ 3,∗.∋=∗8∗4 3,/1−9 4/0−,/9 /4 κ
)&/ 0− 9/& 3,>3,∋− 3∗Ν9 ∗,∗ /9.&+∗, /99/ 3,−Φ:/4∗; &4 3/9)&∋9∗+−, −Φ./8/ +&∗9 ∗4−9.,∗9
∗:/∗.>,∋∗9; =∗+∗ &4∗ =−0./0+− ## 8/0+∗9 0− 3∗Ν9 κ / ## 8/0+∗9 0− 3∗Ν9 δ; 3∗,∗ − 4/94−
<−,∗4 −Φ.∋+−9 3,/1−9 4∆+∋−9 ∀#Μ ; / ∀#Ν / +/98∋−9(3∗+,Ο/9 %#Μ /

3/,Ν−+− / 3∗,∗ − 4/94− Φ/4 =−4/,=∋∗:∋Ι∗+− 0/99/9 +−∋9 3∗Ν9/9 ∗ ∗06:∋9/ +∗9 −Φ9/,8∗1Ο/9
%#Ν ; ; .−+−9 /4 +>:∗,/9 0−,./(∗4/,∋=∗0−9; 3∗,∗ ∗9 ∗4−9.,∗9 +−9 3∗Ν9/9 κ / δ;

,/93/=.∋8∗4/0./
Χ−4 Φ∗9/ 0/99∗9 ∋0<−,4∗1Ο/9 / 0∗9 <>,4&:∗9 &9&∗∋9 3∗,∗ ∋0</,Ε0=∋∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ 0− =∗9− +/
.∗4∗07−9 ∗4−9.,∗∋9 ≅,∗0+/9; / =−09∋+/,∗0+− −9 8∗:−,/9 9/:/=∋−0∗+−9 +∗ .∗Φ/:∗ 0−,4∗:
∗Φ∗∋ϑ−; 5&:≅&/ − 9/≅&∋0./ ∋./4
,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/9 ∗=&4&:∗+∗9 ΚΙΛ +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2−
− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ; ∗ ∗4−9.,∗ +− 3∗Ν9 κ <−,0/=/ /8∋+Ε0=∋∗ 9&<∋=∋/0./ 3∗,∗

=−0=:&∋, )&/ − 3,/1− 4∆+∋− 3,∗.∋=∗+− 0/99/ 3∗Ν9 ∆ +∋</,/0./ +/ #;## +>:∗,/9
/9−:&12−Μ
∗,∗ ,/∗:∋Ι∗, − ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9; 3,∋4/∋,− =∗:=&:∗4−9 ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./Μ

<

&9 5
28
Ο <!
/9./ /ϑ/,=Ν=∋−; 02− =−07/=/4−9 − +/98∋− 3∗+,2− +∗ 3−3&:∗12− 0.2− 9&Φ9.∋.&Ν4−9 3/:−
9/& /9.∋4∗+−,; )&/ ∆ − +/98∋− 3∗+,2− +∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ΚΨ#Λ
&Φ9.∋.&∋0+− ∗9 +/4∗∋9 ≅,∗0+/Ι∗9Μ
; 5
28
Ο <
6
28 5 5

≅−,∗ 3,/=∋9∗4−9 =∗:=&:∗, −9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9

2− −9 8∗:−,/9 +∗ 0−,4∗: ,/+&Ι∋+∗ )&/ +/:∋4∋.∗4 ∗ 6,/∗ +/ ∃Θ Κ3∗,∗ )&/ − 0Ν8/: +/
9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ 9/5∗ +/ ΘΛ
∗ .∗Φ/:∗ <−,0/=∋+∗ 0− /0&0=∋∗+−; ./4−9Μ
2 1 6∃ 6
99∋4Μ
2 0 6∃ 5 6

+∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: ,/+&Ι∋+∗ ∆ 9∋4∆.,∋=∗ /4 .−,0− +∗ −,∋≅/4 −≅−Μ
2 1 5 6∃

_∋0∗:4/0./; =−0=:&Ν4−9 )&/Μ
5 6∃ 1 2 1 6∃ 5
5
6
/9./ 4−+− −9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 92− (;∃ / ;∃ ; 3−∋9 ∗ 6,/∗ /0.,/ /:/9 ∆ +/ ∃Θ
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =∗∋& <−,∗ +− ∋0./,8∗:− /0.,/ (;∃ / ;∃ 0.2− ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
+/ )&/ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ /4 κ ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ #
8
.
/0 % = 111 34 5
4 39∋=>:−≅− +/9/5∗ /9.&+∗, − ./43− Κ/4 4∋0&.−9Λ )&/ −9 /43,/≅∗+−9 +/ &4∗ =−43∗07∋∗
:/8∗4 3∗,∗ ,/∗:∋Ι∗, =/,.∗ .∗,/<∗ −9.&:∗(9/ )&/ −9 ./43−9 0∗ 3−3&:∗12− =−09∋+/,∗+∗
9/≅&/4 &4∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: =−4 4∆+∋∗ / 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ ; ∗4Φ∗9 +/9=−07/=∋+∗9
39∋=>:−≅− −Φ./8/ &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ +/ /43,/≅∗+−9 / ,/≅∋9.,−& − ./43− )&/ =∗+∗ &4
+/:/9 3,/=∋9−& 3∗,∗ ,/∗:∋Ι∗, ∗ .∗,/<∗ ∗,∗ −9 ## ./43−9 ,/≅∋9.,∗+−9; −Φ.∋8/,∗4(9/ − 8∗:−,
4∆+∋− 4∋0&.−9 / − +/98∋−(3∗+,2− 4∋0&.−
∗:−,/9 9/:/=∋−0∗+−9 +∗ .∗Φ/:∗ 0−,4∗:

%1

/ ./4 +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2−; ∗9 /0.,∗+∗9 ,/3,/9/0.∗4 ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/
/99∗ 9∋.&∗12− / &.∋:∋Ι∗0+−; =∗9− 9/5∗ 0/=/996,∋−; −9 8∗:−,/9 9/:/=∋−0∗+−9 +∗ .∗Φ/:∗ 0−,4∗:
<−,0/=∋+−9 ∗=∋4∗; 5&:≅&/ − ∋./4 ∗ 9/≅&∋,
∗,∗ &4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ Κ−& ΘΛ; ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ ∗+ , ∃ ∆ ,/5/∋.∗+∗
/4 <∗8−, +∗ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ ∗Λ , . ∃
∋60.
9 8∗:−,/9 +∗ 0−,4∗: ,/+&Ι∋+∗ )&/ +/:∋4∋.∗4 ∗ 6,/∗ +/ ∃∃Θ 92− (; / ; ∗9.∗ 0−.∗,
)&/Μ
2 1
∃ 66 = 2 0
∃
= 2 1 5
∃
= 5
∃ 1 2 1
∃ 5 5 66
Χ−4 ∋99−; −9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 3∗,∗ Θ +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ 92− ; / (;
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ +∗+∗ 3−,Μ
∀# 5
28
Ο <!
∃
5 ∃
28
Ο <
28 5
5

/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ 02− /9.6 ∗:∆4 +−9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 −≅−; 02− ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
8
. ∃
/.∗:7/Μ +/9+/ )&/ 02− =−07/=/4−9 ∗ 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗:; =−09∋+/,∗4−9 ∗=∋4∗ ∗
8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: Κ∋≅&∗: ∗ Λ /99/ =∗9−; − =−,,/.− 9/,∋∗ &.∋:∋Ι∗, ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− Χ−0.&+−;
=−4− ∗ )&/9.2− 9> 0−9 <−,0/=/& ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ 3∗,∗ ∗ 0−,4∗:; =−09∋+/,∗4−9 )&/ ∗ ∗4−9.,∗ 56 ∆
≅,∗0+/ − 9&<∋=∋/0./; +/ 4−+− )&/ 02− 76 ≅,∗0+/ +∋</,/01∗ 9/ &9∗,4−9 ∗ 0−,4∗: /4 8/Ι +∗
+/ .&+/0.

%

Μ −9 7∗Φ∋.∗0./9 +∗ ∋:7∗ 92− +/9=/0+/0./9 +∗ =∋8∋:∋Ι∗12−

∗,∗ /</.&∗, /99/ ./9./ 9/,6 ,/.∋,∗+∗ &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ 9∋43:/9 +/ ## ∗+&:.−9 +/99∗
∀# / 9/,6 ,/5/∋.∗+∗ 9/ ∀# 0 ; /4 )&/ ∀# ,/3,/9/0.∗ ∗ ∗:.&,∗ 4∆+∋∗ +∗ ∗4−9.,∗ / ∆ &4

∋:7∗ ,/≅,∗ +/ +/=∋92− +− ./9./ ∗=∋4∗ 9/,6 ∗ 9/≅&∋0./ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ # 9/,6 ∗=/∋.∗ 9/
8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− )&/ +/3/0+/ +− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +− ./9./

Χ−4 Φ∗9/ 0/99∗9 ∋0<−,4∗1Ο/9; / =−09∋+/,∗0+−; ∗∋0+∗; )&/ ΚΚ; Λ Ψ #;∃; /4 )&/
Κ ,/3,/9/0.∗ ∗ <&012− +/ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− ∗=&4&:∗+∗ +∗ 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2−; 5&:≅&/ − ∋./4
9&Φ9/=&.∋8−
∗,∗ Ψ =4; ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9/ =−4/./, − /,,− +− .∋3− 9/,6 4/0−, )&/ ∗
3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9/ =−4/./, − /,,− +− .∋3−
/9−:&12−Μ
∃
+
99/ /,,− −=−,,/ )&∗0+− ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗; +∗+− )&/ /:∗ ∆ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗ /99∗
)&/9.2−; −=−,,/ )&∗0+− ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: ∆ 4∗∋−, )&/ ; +∗+− )&/ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗:
∆ =7∗0=/ +/ ∋99− −=−,,/, ∆ +∗+∗ 3−,Μ
&9 0 >Π ∃ Θ
∗,∗ <∗Ι/, − =6:=&:−; .,∗Φ∗:7∗4−9 =−4 ∗ 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2− 99∋4Μ
&9 5
2
:9
0+/ :9 ∆ − +/98∋− 3∗+,2− +∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗:; +∗+− 3−,Μ
:9
<!
Ρ ∆ − +/98∋− 3∗+,2− 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: / ! ∆ − .∗4∗07− +∗ ∗4−9.,∗

:9
<
−≅−Μ
>
2 ∃

3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ /,,− +/ .∋3− <∋=∗Μ
2 0

∃
+
99/ /,,− −=−,,/ )&∗0+− ∗=/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗; +∗+− )&/ /:∗ ∆ <∗:9∗ /99∗ )&/9.2−;
−=−,,/ )&∗0+− ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: ∆ 4/0−, )&/ ; +∗+− )&/ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: ∆ #
&9 1 >Π > Θ
−8∗4/0./ .,∗Φ∗:7∗4−9 =−4 ∗ 0−,4∗: ,/+&Ι∋+∗Μ

%∗

&9 5
2
:9
> 5 >
2
:9
5
2
Ο <!
5
2 5

Ο
3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ /,,− +/ .∋3− ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗Μ
2 1 5
Χ−4− ∗ <&012− +/09∋+∗+/ +/ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +∗ 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2− ∆ 9∋4∆.,∋=∗ /4 .−,0− +/ Ι/,−;
/0.2−Μ
2 1 5 2 0
Comparando as duas probabilidades
,−Φ +/ /,,− +/ .∋3− ,−Φ +/ /,,− +/ .∋3−
2 0
2 0
/5∗4 )&/ ∗ 3,∋4/∋,∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ ∆ 4/0−, )&/ ∗ 9/≅&0+∗; 3−∋9 =−,,/93−0+/ ∗ &4 3/+∗1−
4/0−, +∗ =∗&+∗ +∗ <&012− +/09∋+∗+/
99∋4; ∗ =7∗0=/ +/ /,,− +/ .∋3− ∆ 4/0−, )&/ ∗ =7∗0=/ +/ /,,− +/ .∋3−
8
.
/0 9 +
∋+
1 34 5
Χ−4 ,/:∗12− ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗; 5&:≅&/ − ∋./4 9/≅&∋0./
&3−07∗ )&/ 9/ +/9/5/ ./9.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ ∗+ , =−0.,∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗
∗ϑ , 0 ; /4 )&/ ,/3,/9/0.∗ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: /4 /9.&+−; / )&/ − 0Ν8/: +/
4/+∋∗0./ ∗ =−09.,&12− +/ ∋0./,8∗:− +/ =−0<∋∗01∗ 9∋4∆.,∋=− 3∗,∗ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ Κ=−4 ∃Θ +/

9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/99/ ./9./ 9/5∗ ∋≅&∗: ∗ Θ /99∗ 9∋.&∗12−; 9/,6 =−,,/.− /</.&∗, − ./9./
=−0<∋∗01∗Λ; +/8/0+−(9/; =−4 Φ∗9/ 0/99/ ∋0./,8∗:−; ,/5/∋.∗, ∗+ 9/ − 8∗:−, /9.∋8/, ∗Φ∗∋ϑ− +−
:∋4∋./ ∋0</,∋−, +/99/ ∋0./,8∗:−
/9−:&12−Μ
∗4−9 ∗:./,∗, − 3,−Φ:/4∗
∗4−9 9&3−, )&/ − ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9 <−99/ Φ∋:∗./,∗:

%,

/99/ =∗9−; ./,Ν∗4−9 +&∗9 ,/≅∋Ο/9 =,Ν.∋=∗9; &4∗ /4 =∗+∗ /ϑ.,/4∋+∗+/ +− ≅,6<∋=− +/ <&012−
+/09∋+∗+/ +/ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ Χ∗+∗ &4∗ +/:∗9 ./,∋∗ 6,/∗ +/ ;Θ; +/ 4−+− )&/; 9−4∗+∗9;
,/9&:.∗4 0− 8∗:−, Θ ΚΨ ( #;∃Λ
∗4−9 ∗∋0+∗ =−09∋+/,∗, )&/ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: <−∋ 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗4/0./ 4∗∋−, )&/ ; 0−9
:/8∗0+− ∗ ,/5/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ Ν =−09.,&Ν4−9 ∗ <&012− +/09∋+∗+/ +/ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ 3∗,∗
/99∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗:; =−4 ∃Θ +/ =−0<∋∗01∗; +/∋ϑ∗0+−; .∗4Φ∆4; ;Θ +/ 6,/∗ /4 =∗+∗
/ϑ.,/4∋+∗+/ +− ≅,6<∋=−
Φ∗∋ϑ− ∋:&9.,∗4−9 =−4− <∋=∗,∋∗4 −9 ≅,6<∋=−9Μ
=&,8∗ /4 ∗Ι&: ,/</,/(9/ ∗− ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9 6,/∗ 8/,+/ =−,,/93−0+/ ∗ ;Θ; )&/ ∆
4/.∗+/ +− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗
=&,8∗ /4 8/,4/:7− ,/</,/(9/ ∗− ∋0./,8∗:− +/ =−0<∋∗01∗ 6,/∗ ∗4∗,/:∗ .∗4Φ∆4
=−,,/93−0+/ ∗ ;Θ
/99/ /ϑ/43:− ∗=∋4∗; ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ ∆ ,/5/∋.∗+∗; 3−∋9 ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: =∗∋ 0∗ ,/≅∋2−
8/,+/ ; 3−, 9∋4/.,∋∗; − 8∗:−, =∗∋ <−,∗ +− ∋0./,8∗:− +/ =−0<∋∗01∗ Κ−& 9/5∗; =∗∋ +/0.,− +∗
,/≅∋2− ∗4∗,/:∗Λ
> ∗=/∋.∗,Ν∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ 9/ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: =∗Ν999/ <−,∗ +∗ ,/≅∋2− 8/,+/ −,
9∋4/.,∋∗; ∋99− =−,,/93−0+/,∋∗ ∗− 8∗:−, <−,∗ +∗ ,/≅∋2− ∗4∗,/:∗
− :∋4∋./; )&∗0+− =∗∋, 0∗ /ϑ.,/4∋+∗+/ +∗ ,/≅∋2− ∗4∗,/:∗; ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: =∗∋ 0∗
/ϑ.,/4∋+∗+/ +∗ ,/≅∋2− 8/,+/Μ

%9

/.,∗ Μ
∗,∗ 4/:7−, 8∋9&∗:∋Ι∗12−; 8∗4−9 5−≅∗, 8∗:−,/9
Χ−09∋+/,/ )&/ − ./9./ 3∗,∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∆ +∗+− 3−,Μ
∗+ ,
∗Τ , .
∗Φ/(9/ )&/ µ ./4 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ ./9./ ∆ </∋.− =−4 Φ∗9/ /4 &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ +/ .∗4∗07−
−≅−; ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: ./4 +/98∋− 3∗+,2− +∗+− 3−,Μ
<;
:9
<! ;
+∗+− .∗4Φ∆4 )&/ 5
1 2 1
6
&.∋:∋Ι∗+− &4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ Χ−4 ∋99−; ./4−9Μ

( ∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ ./4 6,/∗ +/ Θ
( ∗ ,/≅∋2− +/ ∗=/∋.∗12− ./4 6,/∗ +/ ∃Θ
_∗Ι/0+−(9/ −9 =6:=&:−9 )&/ ∗3,/0+/4−9; ./4−9 )&/ −9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 92−Μ ∃ /
& 9/5∗; 9/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ <−, 8/,+∗+/∋,∗; ./4−9Μ
( ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ &9 /9.∗, /0.,/ ∃ / ∆ +/ ∃Θ
( ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ &9 /9.∗, <−,∗ +/9./ ∋0./,8∗:− ∆ +/ Θ
4 9/≅&∋+∗; /ϑ/=&.∗4−9 − ./9./ &∗0+− ∆ )&/ ,/5/∋.∗,/4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗

/5/∋.∗,/4−9 )&∗0+− ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: <−, 4/0−, )&/ ∃ −& 4∗∋−, )&/ Χ/,.−
ϑ/43:∋<∋=∗0+−; 9/ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: <−, ; ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
Π; ∗≅−,∗ 8∗4−9 4−0.∗, &4 ∋0./,8∗:− +/ ∃Θ =−0<∋∗01∗ 3∗,∗ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗:; Φ∗9/∗+− 0∗
4∆+∋∗ −Φ.∋+∗ ΚΨΛ
_∗Ι/0+−(9/ −9 =6:=&:−9 )&/ 8∋4−9 0∗ ∗&:∗ 3∗99∗+∗; − ∋0./,8∗:− <∋=∗Μ
Υ Α ς
−./ )&/ − 8∗:−, +/ + ΚΨ#Λ <∋=−& <−,∗ +− ∋0./,8∗:− +/ ∃Θ =−0<∋∗01∗
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ΚΨΛ /9.6 4&∋.− ∗<∗9.∗+− +/ + ΚΨ#Λ

9.− 9/43,/ ∗=−0./=/ /43,/ )&/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ <−, ,/5/∋.∗+∗; ∆ 3−,)&/ − 8∗:−, +∗
/ /9./9 8∗:−,/9 /9.2− 4&∋.− ∗<∗9.∗+−9; /0.2− − ∋0./,8∗:− +/ =−0<∋∗01∗ =/0.,∗+− /4 02−
8∗∋ ∗Φ,∗0≅/, − 8∗:−, #

%2

8∋9&∗:∋Ι∗12− ∆ <∗=∋:∋.∗+∗ 9/ 3/09∗,4−9 0− =∗9− /ϑ.,/4− :∋4∋./ ∗.∆ −0+/ ∗=/∋.∗4−9 ∗

7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ −=−,,/ )&∗0+− ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: ∆
/ ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ ; ∗=/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
∋0./,8∗:− +/ ∃Θ +/ =−0<∋∗01∗; =/0.,∗+− /4 ; ∆ +∗+− 3−,Μ
Υ Α
ς
≅−,∗ − 8∗:−, +/ + ΚΨ#Λ <∋=−& 5&9.∗4/0./ 0∗ /ϑ.,/4∋+∗+/ +− ∋0./,8∗:− +/ =−0<∋∗01∗
:./,0∗.∋8∗ =−,,/.∗
/.,∗ Μ 0∗ 8/,+∗+/; ∗ 4∗∋−, ∗./012− +/8/ 9/, +∗+∗ 9−Φ,/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗; / 02−
9−Φ,/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ +/8/ 9/, =&∋+∗+−9∗4/0./ /9=−:7∋+∗; / 02−
4−0.∗+∗ +/ )&∗:)&/, <−,4∗
4 .−+−9 −9 ./9./9 +/ 7∋3>./9/9 /9.&+∗+−9 Κ/ /4 .−+−9 )&/ ∗∋0+∗ 8∗4−9 /9.&+∗,Λ; ∗3/0∗9
<∋ϑ∗4−9 − 8∗:−, +− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ Κ=,∋.∆,∋− +/ +/=∋92−Λ; ≅/,∗:4/0./ /4 3∗.∗4∗,/9
3,>ϑ∋4−9 ∗ Θ &.,−9 8∗:−,/9 =−4&09 92− ;Θ / #Θ
2− 8∗:−,/9 Φ∗∋ϑ−9 9.∗4−9 4∋0∋4∋Ι∗0+− ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ =−4/./,4−9 − /,,− +/ .∋3−
/</∋.− +∋99− ∆ )&/ +∗4−9 &4 ?=,∆+∋.−Β 3∗,∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ > ∗ ,/5/∋.∗4−9 /4 &4 =∗9−
4&∋.− /ϑ.,/4−
∋9.− ,/9&:.∗ )&/ &4 ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9 =−4− −9 ∗=∋4∗ ∋0+∋=∗+−9 9> .Ε4 &4 =∗,6./, 4∗∋9
?=−0=:&9∋8−Β )&∗0+− ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ / /:∗ 9> ∆ ,/5/∋.∗+∗ /4 =∗9−9 /ϑ.,/4−9 /
4/94− ∗99∋4 − ./9./ 0−9 +∋Ι )&/ ∗ +/8/4−9 ,/5/∋.∗,; ./4−9 &4 <−,./ ∋0+Ν=∋− +/ )&/ ∗
7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ ∆ ∋086:∋+∗
/ −&.,− 4−+−; 9/ − ./9./ 0−9 +∋Ι )&/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ +/8/ 9/, ∗=/∋.∗; ∋99− 02− 0−9 +6 4&∋.∗
9/≅&,∗01∗ <∋0∗:; <−4−9 ?≅/0/,−9−9Β =−4 /:∗ ,∗ ≅,∗0+/ ∗ =7∗0=/ +/ /:∗ 9/, ∗=/∋.∗; 4/94−
)&/ 02− <−99/ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗ 4 −&.,∗9 3∗:∗8,∗9; 0−9 /9<−,1∗4−9 3∗,∗ 4∋0∋4∋Ι∗, − /,,− +/ .∋3−
; 4∗9 02− <∋Ι/4−9 0∗+∗ ∗ ,/93/∋.− +− /,,− +/ .∋3−
−, ∋99−; 9/ − =,∋.∆,∋− +/ +/=∋92− 3,∋8∋:/≅∋∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗; +/8/4−9 <−,4&:∗, 0−99∗9
7∋3>./9/9 ./0+− ∋99− /4 4/0./
∗,∗ 4/:7−, 8∋9&∗:∋Ι∗12−; =−09∋+/,/ − ./9./ +/ &4 0−8− 4/+∋=∗4/0.− =−4 3−./0=∋∗: 3∗,∗
3,−+&Ι∋, 9∆,∋−9 /</∋.−9 =−:∗./,∗∋9
<>,4&:∗ +− 4/+∋=∗4/0.− ∆ 4/:7−,∗+∗; 3∗,∗ ./0.∗, 4∋0∋4∋Ι∗, .∗∋9 /</∋.−9
∗,∗ ./9.∗, 9/ − 4/+∋=∗4/0.− 3−+/ 9/, ∗3:∋=∗+− /4 7&4∗0−9; 92− &9∗+∗9 =−Φ∗∋∗9 :∗9
,/=/Φ/4 − 4/+∋=∗4/0.− /; /4 9/≅&∋+∗; 4−0∋.−,∗(9/ ∗ 3,−3−,12− +/ =−Φ∗∋∗9 )&/ 9−<,/&
/</∋.−9 =−:∗./,∗∋9
4/+∋=∗4/0.− 9/,6 =−09∋+/,∗+− 9/≅&,− 3∗,∗ ∗3:∋=∗12− /4 7&4∗0−9 9/ ∗ 3,−3−,12− +/
=−Φ∗∋∗9 =−4 /</∋.−9 =−:∗./,∗∋9 <−, 4/0−, )&/ Θ
/4−9 +&∗9 7∋3>./9/9 /4 5−≅−Μ
1 −& Ω
_∋ϑ∗4−9 − 0−99− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ /4 Θ Κ− )&/ ?3,∋8∋:/≅∋∗Β ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗Λ

%<

/,≅&0.∗Μ =−4− +/8/4−9 <−,4&:∗ ∗9 7∋3>./9/9 &/4 +/8/ 9/, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ &/4
+/8/ 9/, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗
7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ +/8/ 9/,Μ Ω Β

Χ−4 ∋9.−; /9.∗4−9 9/0+− =−09/,8∗+−,/9
/ 8∗4−9 +∗, =,∆+∋.− ∗ ∗:≅&4∗ 7∋3>./9/; − =,∆+∋.− +/8/ 9/, +∗+− Ρ)&/:∗ )&/ .,∗Ι 4/0−9
,∋9=−9
/9./ 4−+−; ∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ 9/,6 1 Β Χ−4 ∋99−; 9> /4 =∗9−9 4&∋.− /ϑ.,/4−9 ∆
)&/ ∗=/∋.∗,/4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ /; =−09/)&/0./4/0./; =−0=:&∋,/4−9 )&/ −
4/+∋=∗4/0.− 3−+/ 9/, ∗3:∋=∗+− /4 7&4∗0−9
/.,∗ ΧΜ
/ − 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ ∆ ; ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9/ =−4/./, − /,,− +/ .∋3− .∗4Φ∆4 ∆ ∋≅&∗:
∗ Β
/.,∗ Μ
2− /ϑ∋9./ /9.∗ ,/:∗12− /0.,/ 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ / 3−+/, +− ./9./
3−+/, +− ./9./ Σ∆ ,/:∗=∋−0∗+− =−4 ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ /,,− +/ .∋3− ; ∗99∋4Μ
Σ 5
−≅−Μ
Σ
/.,∗ Μ
Η6 8∋4−9 0∗ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ ∗0./,∋−, )&/ ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ /,,− +/ .∋3− ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ ##Θ 4/0−9
− 3−+/, +− ./9./
5Σ
8
.
/0 2 > 11 34 5

/./,4∋0∗+∗ /43,/9∗ +/ .,∗093−,./ ,−+−8∋6,∋− +/ 3∗99∗≅/∋,−9 −</,/=/,6 &4∗ 0−8∗ :∋07∗ +/
ϕ0∋Φ&9 ∗Φ/(9/ )&/ − ./43− +/ +&,∗12− ⊥ ⊥ +/ &4∗ 8∋∗≅/4 /0.,/ ∗ −,∋≅/4 / − +/9ι0−
4∋0&.−9 8∗:−, 4∆+∋− 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: +∗ 8∗,∋68/: ∆ +/9=−07/=∋+−

4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗
<∋0∗: +/99∗ :∋07∗ ∆ &4∗ 8∗,∋68/: ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ 0−,4∗: =−4 +/98∋− 3∗+,2− 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: Ψ #
4∆+∋− ∗4−9.,∗: Ι9
4∋0&.−9 /9/5∗(9/ ./9.∗, ∗9 7∋3>./9/9 ∗+ ,
; 8/,9&9
9∋43:/9 +/ ./43−9 +/ +&,∗12− +/ 8∋∗≅/09; 0/99∗ 4/94∗ :∋07∗; 3,−+&Ι∋& &4 ./43−
∗ϑ , .
; /4 )&/ ∗+ / ∗ϑ 92− ∗9 7∋3>./9/9 0&:∗ / ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗; ,/93/=.∋8∗4/0./ Χ−4
Φ∗9/ 0/99∗9 ∋0<−,4∗1Ο/9 / =−09∋+/,∗0+− Κ 6∃ 6 / Κ
> 66; /4 )&/
Κ ,/3,/9/0.∗ ∗ <&012− +/ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− ∗=&4&:∗+∗ +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2−; 5&:≅&/ −
∋./4 ∗ 9/≅&∋,

∗1

% ϑΛ
/0 < 11∗ 375
4 <∗Φ,∋=∗0./ +/ :∗0./,0∗9 −3/,∗+∗9 =−4 ≅69 Φ&.∗0− ∗0&0=∋∗ )&/ − ,/9/,8∗.>,∋− +/ ≅69 +/
9/& 3,−+&.− ./4 +&,∗12− /93/,∗+∗ ν +/ 3/:− 4/0−9 # 7−,∗9 _∗=/ Ρ ,/=:∗4∗12− +/ ∗:≅&09
=−09&4∋+−,/9; &4∗ ∗≅Ε0=∋∗ ∋0+/3/0+/0./ ,/9−:8/ 8/,∋<∋=∗, ∗ 8/,∗=∋+∗+/ +∗ ∗<∋,4∗12− +−
<∗Φ,∋=∗0./ 3−, 4/∋− +− ./9./ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=− +∗ 7∋3>./9/ #Μ νο# =−0.,∗ ∗ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ Μ ν Ω #
=−4 =−0.,−:/ +− /,,− +− .∋3− /4 Θ
4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ +/ ∃ ,/9/,8∗.>,∋−9 3,−+&Ι∋&
− 8∗:−, 4∆+∋− 1 +/ 7−,∗9 &3−07∗ )&/ ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +−9 ./43−9 +/ +&,∗12− +− ≅69 9/5∗
∗3,−ϑ∋4∗+∗4/0./ 0−,4∗: =−4 +/98∋− 3∗+,2− +/ 7−,∗9
.∗Φ/:∗ ∗Φ∗∋ϑ− +6 −9 8∗:−,/9 +∗ <&012− +/ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− _Κ/Λ +∗ 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2− 3∗,∗ ∗:≅&09
8∗:−,/9 9/:/=∋−0∗+−9 +/ /
δ _ΚδΛ
#; #;
#; #;#
#; #;∃
;## #;∃
;## #;∃∃∃
99∋0∗:/ ∗ −312− )&/ +6 − 8∗:−, 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:Ν9.∋=− Κ3(8∗:−,Λ +− ./9./ =−09.∋.&Ν+− =−4 Φ∗9/ 0∗
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ X − 40
∗Λ Θ
ΦΛ ;Θ
=Λ Θ
+Λ Θ
/Λ ;Θ
∋60
/+/(9/ − 3(8∗:−,
9.∗ )&/9.2− /9.6 ∗Ν 5&9.∗4/0./ 3∗,∗ <∗:∗,4−9 +− +Μ#∋ Κ−& +
∋
∃∃ ∃

(
)
β −& ∗∋0+∗; &#∋ ∃

#Λ
4∗ +/<∋0∋12− +− 3(8∗:−, 9/,∋∗Μ ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ∗ 8∗,∋68/: ,/+&Ι∋+∗ ∗99&4∋, 8∗:−,/9 ∋≅&∗∋9

−& 4∗∋9 /ϑ.,/4−9 +− )&/ ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ −Φ9/,8∗+∗; +∗+− )&/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ ∆
8/,+∗+/∋,∗
0./0+/&
−∋9 ∆; ∗ +/<∋0∋12− 3−+/ 02− 9/, 4&∋.− =:∗,∗ Ρ 3,∋4/∋,∗ 8∋9.∗
4∗ <−,4∗ 4∗∋9 <6=∋: +/ /0./0+/, ∆ 3/09∗,4−9 /4 6,/∗9

∗

∋4−9 )&/ ∗ 6,/∗ +/:∋4∋.∗+∗ 3/:− 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ 99∋4; 9/ −
0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ ∆ +/ Θ; − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− +/:∋4∋.∗ &4∗ 6,/∗ +/ Θ
)&∋ ∆ 3∗,/=∋+−
+Μ#∋ Α Ε ∃∋

∃ +∋ &

/ − 3(8∗:−, ∆ +/ Θ; /0.2− ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ +/:∋4∋.∗ &4∗ 6,/∗ +/ Θ ∋99−
∗4−9 <∗Ι/, − ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9 ∋0+∋=∗+− 0∗ )&/9.2−

−./4 )&/ 9/ .,∗.∗ +/ &4 ./9./ &0∋:∗./,∗: > 76 &4∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗
,∋4/∋,− 3∗99−Μ =∗:=&:∗, − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− +/ / − 8∗:−, .∗: )&/ ∗ ,/≅∋2− +/ ∗=/∋.∗12− 9/5∗ +/
∃Θ / ∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ 9/5∗ +/ Θ /ϑ/,=Ν=∋− 02− <−,0/=/& ∋0<−,4∗1Ο/9 3∗,∗ =∗:=&:∗, /9./
8∗:−, 3−,)&/ 02− 3,/=∋9∗ ∗9 <∋=∗ ∗ ∋0<−,4∗12− +/ )&/ /9./ 8∗:−, ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ (;
23 5 ∃;
/≅&0+− 3∗99−Μ =∗:=&:∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./
&9 5
28
:9
/ϑ/,=Ν=∋− +∋99/ )&/ X = 38 ∋99/ .∗4Φ∆4 )&/ σ = 7 −+/4−9 =∗:=&:∗, − +/98∋− 3∗+,2−
+∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗:

:9
<! <;6
> 5 ;
28 5
/,=/∋,− 3∗99−Μ =−43∗,∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =−4 − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−

∗%

/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ 4/0−, )&/ − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− :∗ =∗∋ 0∗ 6,/∗ ∗4∗,/:∗ Κ6,/∗ =,Ν.∋=∗Λ
/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
−, )&/ ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ −,)&/ ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =∗∋& 0∗ 6,/∗ =,Ν.∋=∗
=/∋.∗,Ν∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ 3∗,∗ 8∗:−,/9 ∗.∆ (; 9./ 8∗:−, ∆ =−09∋+/,∗+− =,Ν.∋=−
∗:−,/9 ∗:∆4 +/:/ Κ−& 9/5∗; 4∗∋9 /ϑ.,/4−9 )&/ /:/Λ 0−9 <∗Ι/4 ,/5/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ <−∋
/ϑ∗.∗4/0./ ∋9.− )&/ ∗=−0./=/& 8∗:−, ( /9.6 ∗:∆4 +/ (; &4 8∗:−,
9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗4/0./ 4/0−, )&/ Ι/,−
&3−0+− )&/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ 9/5∗ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗; )&∗: ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ −Φ./,4−9 8∗:−,/9;
3∗,∗ ∗ 8∗,∋68/: ,/+&Ι∋+∗; 4/0−,/9 −& ∋≅&∗∋9 ∗ (
&/,/4−9 9∗Φ/, ∗ 6,/∗ ∗Φ∗∋ϑ− +∗ =&,8∗ Ρ /9)&/,+∗ +/ ( &/,/4−9 ∗ 6,/∗ 8/,4/:7∗ +∗
<∋≅&,∗ ∗Φ∗∋ϑ−Μ
9.∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ ∆ 5&9.∗4/0./ − 3(8∗:−, &3−0+− )&/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ 9/5∗ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗; ∆ ∗
3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ / ∗99&4∋, 8∗:−,/9 ∋≅&∗∋9 −& 4∗∋9 /ϑ.,/4−9 )&/ ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ Κ = −2 Λ
/9./ =∗9−; ∆ ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ / ∗99&4∋, 8∗:−,/9 4/0−,/9 −& ∋≅&∗∋9 ∗ − 2
4 −&.,∗9 3∗:∗8,∗9Μ ∆ ∗ 6,/∗ +/:∋4∋.∗+∗ 3/:∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./

∗∗

≅−,∗ 9∋4 8∗4−9 &.∋:∋Ι∗, ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ <−,0/=∋+∗ 0− /ϑ/,=Ν=∋− _−4−9 ∋0<−,4∗+−9 )&/ ∗ <&012−
+∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 3∗,∗ / ∋≅&∗: ∗ ∆ #;∃ & 9/5∗; ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ / ∗99&4∋, 8∗:−,/9 4/0−,/9
−& ∋≅&∗∋9 ∗ ∆ +/ ∃;Θ
−,.∗0.−; ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ / ∗99&4∋, 8∗:−,/9 4∗∋−,/9 )&/ ∆ +/ ;Θ Χ−4− ∗ <&012−
+/09∋+∗+/ +/ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +∗ 8∗,∋68/: 0−,4∗: ∆ 9∋4∆.,∋=∗; ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ / ∗99&4∋,
8∗:−,/9 4/0−,/9 )&/ ( .∗4Φ∆4 ∆ +/ ;Θ
−,.∗0.− − 3(8∗:−, ∆ +/ ;Θ
8
. =
/0 1 7Ν > 119 378ϑ5
4 ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/ ∗3,/9/0.−& 3(8∗:−, ∋≅&∗: ∗ #;# −,.∗0.−; 0−9 0Ν8/∋9 +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗
+/ Θ / Θ; ,/93/=.∋8∗4/0./; ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗Μ
∗Λ +/8/ 9/, ∗=/∋.∗ / ∗=/∋.∗
ΦΛ +/8/ 9/, ∗=/∋.∗ / ,/5/∋.∗+∗
=Λ +/8/ 9/, ,/5/∋.∗+∗ / ∗=/∋.∗
+Λ +/8/ 9/, ,/5/∋.∗+∗ / ,/5/∋.∗+∗
/Λ 3−+/ −& 02− 9/, ,/5/∋.∗+∗; +/3/0+/0+− +/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 9/, 9∋43:/9 −& 02−
∋60
∗4−9 +/9/07∗, ∗:≅&09 ≅,6<∋=−9 +∗ <&012− +/09∋+∗+/ +/ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ Κ<+3Λ +∗ 8∗,∋68/:
0−,4∗: 3∗,∗ /0./0+/,4−9 4/:7−, − 3,−Φ:/4∗
4Φ−,∗ − 3,−Φ:/4∗ 02− ./07∗ +∋.−; 8∗4−9 9&3−, )&/ 9/ .,∗.∗ +/ &4 ./9./ &0∋:∗./,∗: >
3∗,∗ <∗=∋:∋.∗, − +/9/07− ∗9 3∗,∗ − ./9./ Φ∋:∗./,∗: − ,∗=∋−=Ν0∋− 9/,∋∗ − 4/94−
∗4−9 3,∋4/∋,− =−09∋+/,∗, − 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ /9./ 3,∋4/∋,− =∗9−; 8∗4−9
=7∗4∗, − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− +/ /3 %3
9./ 8∗:−, ∆ .∗: )&/ ∗ 6,/∗ =,Ν.∋=∗ Κ6,/∗ ∗4∗,/:∗Λ 9/5∗ ∋≅&∗: ∗ #;#

∗,

− 5/∋.− )&/ +/9/07∗4−9; ∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ ∆ +− .∋3− µ < k Κ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∆ 4/0−, )&/ &4
+∗+− 8∗:−,Λ
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ −Φ.∋+∗ ∆ .∗: )&/ ∗ 6,/∗ Ρ 9&∗ /9)&/,+∗ ∆ +/ #;# 5&9.∗4/0./ − 3(8∗:−,
& 9/5∗; ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ −Φ./,4−9 &4 8∗:−, .2− /ϑ.,/4− )&∗0.− ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ +/
Θ 6,/∗ 8/,4/:7∗ +∗ <∋≅&,∗ ∗Φ∗∋ϑ− ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ #;#
−Φ,/3−0+− ∗9 +&∗9 <∋≅&,∗9; ./4−9Μ

∗9

/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =∗∋ <−,∗ +∗ ,/≅∋2− ∗4∗,/:∗ Κ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗Λ −,.∗0.−; +/8/4−9 ∗=/∋.∗, ∗
7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ 9.− −=−,,/ 3−,)&/ ∗ 6,/∗ ∗4∗,/:∗ /9.6 =−0.∋+∗ 0∗ 6,/∗ 8/,4/:7∗
4 ,/9&4− +/ .&+− − )&/ <∋Ι/4−9 3−+/ 9/, ∗99∋4Μ 9/ − 3(8∗:−, <−, 4∗∋−, )&/ − 0Ν8/: +/
9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗; +/8/4−9 ∗=/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
∗4−9 3∗,∗ − 9/≅&0+− =∗9− ≅−,∗ − 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ ∆ +/ Θ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ Κ6,/∗
∗4∗,/:∗Λ ∆ 4∗∋−,
≅−,∗ − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− 9/,6 /3 %3
6,/∗ ∗4∗,/:∗ Κ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗Λ; ∗≅−,∗; ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ #;#

3(8∗:−, =−0.∋0&∗ 9/0+− − 4/94− −,.∗0.−; ∗ 6,/∗ Ρ /9)&/,+∗ +∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ +/ Θ

∗:

Η&0.∗0+− ∗9 +&∗9 <∋≅&,∗9Μ
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =∗∋ +/0.,− +∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ /5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ 9.− 3−,)&/ ∗
,/≅∋2− 8/,4/:7∗ /9.6 =−0.∋+∗ 0∗ ,/≅∋2− ∗4∗,/:∗ /9&4∋0+−Μ 9/43,/ )&/ − 3(8∗:−, <−,
4/0−, )&/ − 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗; ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
8
. =

/ − 3(8∗:−, <−, 4∗∋−, )&/ − 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗; +/8/4−9 ∗=/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
/43,/ )&/ − 3(8∗:−, <−, 4/0−, )&/ − 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗; ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗

∗2

/0 > Κ119 37445

∗,∗ ,/9−:8/, ∗ )&/9.2− ∗Φ∗∋ϑ−; =−09∋+/,/ ∗9 .∗Φ/:∗9 ∗ 9/≅&∋, :∗9 <−,0/=/4 ∗:≅&09 8∗:−,/9
+∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− _ΚϑΛ .∗Φ/:∗ ,/</,/(9/ Ρ 8∗,∋68/: 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2−; ∗9 .∗Φ/:∗9 / ,/</,/4(
9/ Ρ 8∗,∋68/: . +/ .&+/0. =−4 / ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/; ,/93/=.∋8∗4/0./Μ
∗Φ/:∗ ∗Φ/:∗ ∗Φ/:∗
1 _ΚϑΛ 1 _ΚϑΛ ϑ _ΚϑΛ
; # #;∃ ; #;∃ ; #;∃
; #;∃# ; #;∃ ; #;∃
;## #;∃ ; #;∃∃ ; #;∃∃
/5∗ 1 &4∗ 8∗,∋68/: ∗:/∗.>,∋∗; =−4 +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗:; =−4 4∆+∋∗ µ / +/98∋− 3∗+,2−
∗,∗ − ./9./ +∗ 4∆+∋∗ µ = 11 =−0.,∗ µ = 13 ; ,/.∋,−&(9/ &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ +/ ##
/:/4/0.−9 +/ 1; ./0+−(9/ −Φ9/,8∗+− 3∗,∗ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: − 8∗:−, ; 0Ν8/: +/9=,∋.∋8−
+− ./9./ ∆Μ
∗Λ #;# ΦΛ #;# =Λ #;# +Λ #;# /Λ #;#
∋60
9 7∋3>./9/9 92−Μ
∗+ ,
∗− ,
−./ )&/ − ./9./ ∆ &0∋:∗./,∗: 3/0∗9 8∗:−,/9 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗4/0./ 4∗∋−,/9 )&/ 0−9 <∗Ι/4
,/5/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
∃
:9 ∃
<! <
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ <∋=∗Μ
&9 5

5
28
:9 ∃
0Ν8/: +/9=,∋.∋8− ∆ ∋≅&∗: Ρ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ∗ 8∗,∋68/: ,/+&Ι∋+∗ ∗99&4∋, 8∗:−,/9 4∗∋9
/ϑ.,/4−9 )&/ −,.∗0.−; − 0Ν8/: +/9=,∋.∋8− ∆ ∋≅&∗: Ρ 6,/∗ 8/,4/:7∗ +∗ <∋≅&,∗ ∗Φ∗∋ϑ−Μ

∗<

Χ−09&:.∗0+− ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ +− /0&0=∋∗+−; ./4−9 )&/ ∗ 6,/∗ Ρ /9)&/,+∗ +/ ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ #;∃

−,.∗0.−; ∗ 6,/∗ 8/,4/:7∗ ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ #;#
/99/ 4−+−; − 3(8∗:−, ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ ;Θ
8
. =
/0 4 112 34 5
4∗ ∋09.∋.&∋12− ∗<∋,4∗ )&/ − =&9.− 4∆+∋− 3∗,∗ ∗ ,/∗:∋Ι∗12− +/ =/,.∗ −Φ,∗ ∆ ∋≅&∗: −& ∋0</,∋−,
∗ Ζ #;##Γ4 ∗,∗ ∗8∗:∋∗, /99∗ ∗<∋,4∗12−; <−∋ ,/∗:∋Ι∗+− &4 ./9./ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=− =&5∗9 7∋3>./9/
0&:∗ / 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ 92−; ,/93/=.∋8∗4/0./; #Μ Ζ #;##Γ4 / ∗Μ Υ Ζ
#;##Γ4 Χ−09∋+/,/ )&/ ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +−9 =&9.−9 3−, 4/.,− )&∗+,∗+− 3−99∗ 9/,
=−09∋+/,∗+∗ =−4− 0−,4∗: =−4 4∆+∋∗ / +/98∋−(3∗+,2− +/ Ζ ##;##Γ4 3∗,.∋, +/ &4∗
∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ +/ .∗4∗07− ; ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ +− ./9./ 3∗,∗ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ <−∋ ∋≅&∗: ∗ ; 8∗:−,
+− ./9./ <−∋ ∋≅&∗: ∗ #;# Χ−4 Φ∗9/ 0/99∗9 ∋0<−,4∗1Ο/9; 5&:≅&/ −9 ∋./09 9&Φ9/)[/0./9
4 ∋0./,8∗:− +/ =−0<∋∗01∗ +/ ∃ ;Θ 3∗,∗ − =&9.− 4∆+∋− 3−, 4/.,− )&∗+,∗+− ∆ πΖ #;##β
Ζ #;##θ
/9−:&12−Μ
3(8∗:−, ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ ;Θ 99− 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗ )&/; 0∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2−; ∗ 6,/∗ Ρ +∋,/∋.∗ +/
;; )&/ ∆ ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./; ∆ +/ ;Θ
Χ−4− ∗ <&012− +/09∋+∗+/ +/ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: ∆ 9∋4∆.,∋=∗; /0.2− ∗ 6,/∗
Ρ /9)&/,+∗ +/ (; .∗4Φ∆4 ∆ +/ ;Θ
Χ−09/)&/0./4/0./; ∗ 6,/∗ /0.,/ (; / ; ∆ +/Μ
5 > 5 > 6∃ ;
−,.∗0.−; −9 8∗:−,/9 +∗ 8∗,∋68/: 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2− )&/ +/:∋4∋.∗4 &4 ∋0./,8∗:− +/ ∃ ;Θ 92− (
; / ;
∋0./,8∗:− +/ =−0<∋∗01∗ <∋=∗Μ

,1

&9 [ :9 2+
+/98∋− 3∗+,2− +∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: ∆ =∗:=&:∗+− ∗99∋4Μ

:9
∃
<! <

4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: 3−+/ 9/, =∗:=&:∗+∗ ∗ 3∗,.∋, +∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./Μ
&9 5
28Χ∆8Χ
:9
&9 5 >

= &9
∃ > 6∃
∃
:∆4 +∋99−; 2+

Η&0.∗0+− .&+−; − ∋0./,8∗:− +/ =−0<∋∗01∗ <∋=∗Μ
&9 [ :9 2+
6∃ [ ∃

6∃ [
∃
&/ ,/9&:.∗ 0− ∋0./,8∗:− π#β #θ
8
.
/0 % 112 34 5
4∗ ∋09.∋.&∋12− ∗<∋,4∗ )&/ − =&9.− 4∆+∋− 3∗,∗ ∗ ,/∗:∋Ι∗12− +/ =/,.∗ −Φ,∗ ∆ ∋≅&∗: −& ∋0</,∋−,
7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ / 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ 92−; ,/93/=.∋8∗4/0./; #Μ Ζ #;##Γ4 / ∗Μ Υ
∗ Ζ #;##Γ4 ∗,∗ ∗8∗:∋∗, /99∗ ∗<∋,4∗12−; <−∋ ,/∗:∋Ι∗+− &4 ./9./ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=− =&5∗9
=−09∋+/,∗+∗ =−4− 0−,4∗: =−4 4∆+∋∗ / +/98∋−(3∗+,2− +/ Ζ ##;##Γ4 3∗,.∋, +/ &4∗

Ζ #;##Γ4 Χ−09∋+/,/ )&/ ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +−9 =&9.−9 3−, 4/.,− )&∗+,∗+− 3−99∗ 9/,
∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ +/ .∗4∗07− ; ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ +− ./9./ 3∗,∗ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ <−∋ ∋≅&∗: ∗ ; 8∗:−,
+− ./9./ <−∋ ∋≅&∗: ∗ #;# Χ−4 Φ∗9/ 0/99∗9 ∋0<−,4∗1Ο/9; 5&:≅&/ −9 ∋./09 9&Φ9/)[/0./9
3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +− ./9./ ∆ ∋0</,∋−, ∗ #;# /; 3−,.∗0.−; 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ ∆

,/5/∋.∗+∗ =∗9− 9/5∗ <∋ϑ∗+− &4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ 9&3/,∋−, ∗ Θ
/9−:&12−Μ
/5∗4−9 ∗ <,∗9/ ∗3,/9/0.∗+∗Μ
)
)!
! ! &∋(
! # ∋
4 4
4
#

!

∋5
! ∗ % ! &∋(

6
∗4−9 ∗0∗:∋9∗, ∗ 3,∋4/∋,∗ 3∗,./Μ
7 )
)!
! ! &∋(
! # ∋
47

,

0+/ λ9λ ,/3,/9/0.∗ ∗ 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: / λ0λ ∆ − 0Α4/,− +/ /:/4/0.−9 0∗ ∗4−9.,∗

%
>
%∴9 ∃
! >
%∴9 ⊥ ∃ ;
99∋4; 3−+/4−9 =∗:=&:∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./; =−09∋+/,∗0+− 8/,+∗+/∋,∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗Μ
] 5 ]9
28Χ∆8Χ
%∴9
5 ;

;
/0+− ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./; 3−+/4−9 =∗:=&:∗, − 3(8∗:−,Μ
2
66 >
2 0
5 66 > ∃

3(8∗:−, ∆ +/ #; Θ 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/<∋0∋+− <−∋ +/ Θ &∗0+− − 3(8∗:−, ∆ 4/0−,
)&/ − 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗; ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
99∋4; 0∗ 4∋07∗ −3∋0∋2−; − ∋./4 /9.6 /,,∗+− ≅∗Φ∗,∋.− +/<∋0∋.∋8− <−∋ λ=/,.−λ / 8−=Ε9
/0=−0.,∗,/4 ∗:≅&4 /,,− 0∗ 4∋07∗ 9−:&12−; 3/1− )&/ 4/ ∗8∋9/4
8
.
/0 , > 11 34 5

/./,4∋0∗+∗ /43,/9∗ +/ .,∗093−,./ ,−+−8∋6,∋− +/ 3∗99∗≅/∋,−9 −</,/=/,6 &4∗ 0−8∗ :∋07∗ +/
ϕ0∋Φ&9 ∗Φ/(9/ )&/ − ./43− +/ +&,∗12− ⊥ ⊥ +/ &4∗ 8∋∗≅/4 /0.,/ ∗ −,∋≅/4 / − +/9.∋0−
<∋0∗: +/99∗ :∋07∗ ∆ &4∗ 8∗,∋68/: ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ 0−,4∗: =−4 +/98∋− 3∗+,2− 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: Ψ #
4∋0&.−9 8∗:−, 4∆+∋− 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: +∗ 8∗,∋68/: ∆ +/9=−07/=∋+−
4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗
4∆+∋− ∗4−9.,∗: Ι9
4∋0&.−9 /9/5∗(9/ ./9.∗, ∗9 7∋3>./9/9 ∗+ ,
; 8/,9&9
9∋43:/9 +/ ./43−9 +/ +&,∗12− +/ 8∋∗≅/09; 0/99∗ 4/94∗ :∋07∗; 3,−+&Ι∋& &4 ./43−
_ϑ ,  .
;; /4 )&/ ∗+ / ∗ϑ 92− ∗9 7∋3>./9/9 0&:∗ / ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗; ,/93/=.∋8∗4/0./
Χ−4 Φ∗9/ 0/99∗9 ∋0<−,4∗1Ο/9 / =−09∋+/,∗0+− Κ 6∃ 6/ Κ
> 66 / ; /4
)&/ Κ ,/3,/9/0.∗ ∗ <&012− +/ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− ∗=&4&:∗+∗ +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2−; 5&:≅&/
− ∋./4 ∗ 9/≅&∋,
0Ν8/: +/9=,∋.∋8− +− ./9./; −& 3(8∗:−,; /9.6 /0.,/ Θ / Θ
∋60.
Ν8/: +/9=,∋.∋8− ∆ ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ ∗99−=∋∗+∗ Ρ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./
0−,4∗: ,/+&Ι∋+∗ ΚδΛ 3−+/ 9/, ∗99∋4 −Φ.∋+∗Μ
Ι9 5
2
Ο <!

,%

/ − 0Ν8/: +/9=,∋.∋8− ∆ 4/0−, )&/ Θ; /0.2− /:/ ∆ Η &#∋ ∃

(
)

&∗0+− ∋99− −=−,,/; 0>9 Γ
∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
8
. ∃
∗ ! Π
∗ ∃ ∀
+− ∃ ∃

60

∋
∋4−9 )&/ ∗9 3,−3−,1Ο/9 /9.2− ∋0.∋4∗4/0./ ,/:∗=∋−0∗+∗9 =−4 ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− Φ∋0−4∋∗: 9.∗
,/:∗12− 3−+/ 9/, &.∋:∋Ι∗+∗ 3∗,∗ ./9.∗,4−9 7∋3>./9/9 ,/:∗=∋−0∗+∗9 ∗ 3,−3−,1Ο/9
≅+∋ :
4 &4∗ +∗+∗ 3−3&:∗12−; +/9/5∗(9/ /9.&+∗, ∗ 3,−3−,12− +/ 3/99−∗9 =−4 &4∗ +∗+∗
=∗,∗=./,Ν9.∋=∗ ≅/0∆.∋=∗
/9/5∗(9/ ./9.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ +/ 3,−3−,12− +/ 3/99−∗9 =−4 ∗ ,/</,∋+∗ =∗,∗=./,Ν9.∋=∗ 9/, ∋≅&∗: ∗
#;; =−0.,∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ +/ 9/, 4∗∋−, )&/ #;
∗,∗ ∗ ,/∗:∋Ι∗12− +− ./9./; 9/:/=∋−0∗,∗4(9/ 3/99−∗9 /=∋+∋&(9/ ,/5/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
=∗9− .−+∗9 ∗9 .∋8/99/4 ∗ =∗,∗=./,Ν9.∋=∗ /4 ∗06:∋9/
Χ∗:=&:/ − 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +− ./9./
∋60.
∗4−9 /9=,/8/, ∗9 7∋3>./9/9Μ
∗+ ,
∗ϑ , 0
0+/ Τ3ς ∆ ∗ 3,−3−,12− +/ 3/99−∗9 =−4 ∗ =∗,∗=./,Ν9.∋=∗ 0∗ 3−3&:∗12−
∗ ∗4−9.,∗; ∗ =∗+∗ 3/99−∗ =−4 ∗ =∗,∗=./,Ν9.∋=∗ 0>9 ./4−9 9&=/99− ∗ =∗+∗ 3/99−∗
/0.,/8∋9.∗+∗; 0>9 ./4−9 /ϑ3/,∋4/0.−
/5∗ 1 ∗ 8∗,∋68/: )&/ +/9∋≅0∗ − 0Α4/,− +/ 9&=/99−9 /4 /ϑ3/,∋4/0.−9 1 ∆ &4∗ 8∗,∋68/:
Φ∋0−4∋∗:
Χ∗9− ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ 9/5∗ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗; 9&∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∆ +∗+∗ 3−,Μ
&9 ! ;
9&∗ 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ <∋=∗Μ

!β ; χ
Χ−09/)&/0./4/0./; 9/& +/98∋− 3∗+,2− ∆ +∗+− 3−,Μ

,,

0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ =−,,/93−0+/ Ρ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ,/5/∋.∗, #; +∗+− )&/ /:∗ ∆

8/,+∗+/∋,∗ ∗4−9 =∗:=&:∗, − 8∗:−, +/9.∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/
> ,/5/∋.∗,/4−9 # =∗9− ./07∗4−9 &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ =−4 3/99−∗9 )&/ 3−99&∗4 ∗
=∗,∗=./,Ν9.∋=∗ Χ∗9− # 9/5∗ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗; ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ∋99− −=−,,/, ∆Μ
P ( X = 4) = ?
=−4− 1 ∆ &4∗ 8∗,∋68/: Φ∋0−4∋∗:; Φ∗9.∗ &9∗,4−9 ∗ <>,4&:∗ +∗ 8∗,∋68/: Φ∋0−4∋∗:
n
P( X = k ) = × p k × q n −k
k
4 1
P( X = 4) = × 0,5 4 × 0,50 =
4 16
0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ Γ
∗,∗ ,/93−0+/, Ρ &/9.2− ; Ρ &/9.2− / Ρ &/9.2− ∃; =−09∋+/,/ − /0&0=∋∗+− ∗ 9/≅&∋,
3,−3−,12− +/ 3/99−∗9 =−4 &4∗ +/./,4∋0∗+∗ =∗,∗=./,Ν9.∋=∗ 0&4∗ 3−3&:∗12− ∆ 3
−,./∗,∗4(9/ 3/99−∗9 ∗− ∗=∗9− / =−4 ,/3−9∋12− +/99∗ 3−3&:∗12− / =∗:=&:−&(9/ ∗
3,−3−,12− p̂ +/ 3/99−∗9 =−4 ∗ =∗,∗=./,Ν9.∋=∗ 0∗ ∗4−9.,∗ /9/5∗0+−(9/ ./9.∗,Μ #Μ p = 0,5
=−0.,∗ Μ p = 0,6 ; =−4 Φ∗9/ 0/9.∗ ∗4−9.,∗; +/=∋+∋&(9/ ,/5/∋.∗, # 9/ − 0Α4/,− +/ 3/99−∗9
=−4 ∗ =∗,∗=./,Ν9.∋=∗ 0∗ ∗4−9.,∗ <−, 4∗∋−, −& ∋≅&∗: ∗
/0 : > Κ11: 37445

0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ ∗99−=∋∗+− ∗− ./9./ ∆Μ
∗Λ Γ β
ΦΛ Γ
=Λ Γ β
+Λ Γ β
/Λ Γ
∋60
0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ ∆ ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ,/5/∋.∗,4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗; +∗+− )&/ /:∗ ∆
8/,+∗+/∋,∗ Χ−,,/93−0+/ Ρ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ −=−,,Ε0=∋∗ +− /,,− +/ .∋3−
∗4−9 9&3−, )&/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ 9/5∗ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗ /9./ =∗9−; +∗+− )&/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ ∆
8/,+∗+/∋,∗ Κ:−≅−; p = 0,5 Λ; ∆ 3−99Ν8/: )&/ ∗ ≅/0./ ∗ ,/5/∋./ ∋4; Φ∗9.∗ )&/; 0&4∗ +∗+∗
∗4−9.,∗ +/ 3/99−∗9; ./07∗4−9 −& 3/99−∗9 =−4 ∗ +∗+∗ =∗,∗=./,Ν9.∋=∗ /5∗4−9 ∗
3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ∋99− −=−,,/,
/5∗ 1 ∗ 8∗,∋68/: )&/ ∋0+∋=∗ − 0Α4/,− +/ 3/99−∗9 =−4 ∗ =∗,∗=./,Ν9.∋=∗ 0∗ ∗4−9.,∗ +/
.∗4∗07− 1 ∆ &4∗ 8∗,∋68/: Φ∋0−4∋∗:

,9

/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ <−, 8/,+∗+/∋,∗; ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ./,4−9 3/99−∗9 =−4 /9.∗

=∗,∗=./,Ν9.∋=∗ 0∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∆ +∗+∗ 3−,Μ
n
P( X = k ) = × p k × q n −k
k
5 5
P( X = 4) = × 0,5 4 × 0,55− 4 = 5 × 0,55 =
4 32
3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ./,4−9 3/99−∗9 =−4 /9.∗ =∗,∗=./,Ν9.∋=∗ 0∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∆Μ
n
P( X = k ) = × p k × q n −k
k
5 1
P( X = 5) = × 0,55 × 0,55−5 =
5 32
3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 1 9/, ∋≅&∗: ∗ −& ∋≅&∗: ∗ ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗Μ
P ( X = 4 ∪ X = 5) = ?
Χ−4− −9 +−∋9 /8/0.−9 92− 4&.&∗4/0./ /ϑ=:&+/0./9; ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +∗ &0∋2− ∆ ∋≅&∗: Ρ
9−4∗ +∗9 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/9
P ( X = 4 ∪ X = 5) = P ( X = 4) + P ( X = 5)
5 1 6
P ( X = 4 ∪ X = 5) = + =
32 32 32
8
.
/0 2 > Κ11: 37445

/ − 0Α4/,− −Φ9/,8∗+− +/ 3/99−∗9 =−4 ∗ =∗,∗=./,Ν9.∋=∗ 0∗ ∗4−9.,∗ <−∋ ; − 0Ν8/: +/9=,∋.∋8−
∗99−=∋∗+− ∗− ./9./ ∆Μ
∗Λ Γ
ΦΛ Γ
=Λ Γ
+Λ Γ
/Λ Γ
∋60
Ν8/: +/9=,∋.∋8− ∆ 9∋0ϕ0∋4− +/ 3(8∗:−,
3(8∗:−, /9.6 ,/:∗=∋−0∗+− =−4 ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./; −& 9/5∗; =−4 − ,/9&:.∗+− −Φ.∋+− 3∗,∗ −
/ϑ3/,∋4/0.− ,/∗:∋Ι∗+−
/5∗ 1 ∗ 8∗,∋68/: )&/ +/9∋≅0∗ − 0Α4/,− +/ 3/99−∗9 =−4 ∗ =∗,∗=./,Ν9.∋=∗ /4 /9.&+−; 0∗
∗4−9.,∗ +/ .∗4∗07− 1 ∆ &4∗ 8∗,∋68/: Φ∋0−4∋∗:

,:

8
. 4
/0 %1 :; 8 11< 37445
4∗ /ϑ3/,∋Ε0=∋∗ =−09∋9./ /4 8/,∋<∋=∗, 9/ &4∗ 4−/+∗ ∆ 7−0/9.∗ 4 # :∗01∗4/0.−9 +∗

4−/+∗; +/=∋+/(9/ 3/:∗ 7−0/9.∋+∗+/ +∗ 4−/+∗ 9/ − 0Α4/,− +/ =∗,∗9 Κ0Λ <−, .∗: )&/ ρ 0 ρ
3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ,/5/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ +∗ 4−/+∗ 9/, 7−0/9.∗; )&∗0+− /:∗ <−, =−,,/.∗ ∆
Κ Λ Γ
ΚΛ Γ
ΚΧΛ Γ
Κ Λ Γ
ΚΛ ∃Γ
∋60.
)&/9.2− 3/+/ ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ =−4/./,4−9 − /,,− +− .∋3− ; −& 9/5∗; +/ ,/5/∋.∗,4−9 ∗
7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗; +∗+− )&/ ∆ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗
99− −=−,,/,6 )&∗0+− :∗01∗4−9 &4∗ 4−/+∗ 7−0/9.∗ / − 0Α4/,− +/ =∗,∗9 <−, #; ; ; ; ; ;
∃; −& #
> )&/ /9./ =6:=&:− +6 4&∋.− .,∗Φ∗:7− ∗4−9 .,∗Φ∗:7∗, =−4 − /8/0.− =−43:/4/0.∗,
,∋4/∋,− 8∗4−9 =∗:=&:∗, ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ − 0Α4/,− +/ =∗,∗9 9/, ∋≅&∗: ∗ ; −&
& ; δ & δ & ∃
& ; & & ∃

ε φ γ η ε φ ι ι ε φ η γ
; ∃

ϕε φ ε φ ε φκ ϑ+
; ∃
Υ

ς ϑ+
Υ∃
ς ϑ+
∃

ι

ϑ+

−≅−; ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ −Φ./,4−9 #; ; ; ; ; ; ∃; −& # =∗,∗9 ∆ +/Μ

5

8
.
/0 % 112 378ϑ5

Χ−09∋+/,/ )&/ &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ 9∋43:/9 +/ .∗4∗07− 0 Ψ +/ &4∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12−
/,0−&::∋ =−4 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9&=/99− 3 9/5∗ &9∗+∗ 3∗,∗ ./9.∗, #Μ 3 Ψ #; 8/,9&9 Μ 3 Ψ

,<

#; / )&/ 9/5∗ &9∗+− − =,∋.∆,∋− )&/ ,/5/∋.∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ 9/ <−,/4 −Φ9/,8∗+−9 −&
9&=/99−9 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9/ =−4/./, /,,− .∋3− ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗Μ
Κ Λ #;
ΚΛ #;
ΚΧΛ #;
Κ Λ #;#
ΚΛ #;#
∋60
/,,− +/ .∋3− −=−,,/ )&∗0+− ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗; +∗+− )&/ /:∗ ∆ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗
/ /:∗ ∆ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗; /0.2− Ψ #; 9&∗ ,/5/∋12− −=−,,/,6 9/ −Φ.∋8/,4−9 −& 9&=/99−9 /4
/ϑ3/,∋4/0.−9
∗9.∗ ∗3:∋=∗,4−9 ∗ <>,4&:∗ +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− Φ∋0−4∋∗:
5
P( X = 4) = × 0,5 4 × 0,5 = 5 × 0,55
4
5
P( X = 5) = × 0,55 × 0,5 0 = 0,55
5
−4∗0+− ∗9 +&∗9 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/9Μ
P ( X = 4 ∪ X = 5) = 6 × 0,5 5 = ;Θ
8
.
/0 % = 112Κ 3485

Χ−09∋+/,/ − 9/≅&∋0./ ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/ 3∗,∗ ∗ 3,−3−,12− 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: Μ
H 0 : p = 0,6
H 1 : p ≠ 0,6
∗,∗ &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ +/ .∗4∗07− 0Ψ; =−09.,&∋&(9/ ∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ 89 Κ#; ; ; Λ 3−+/,
+− ./9./ 3∗,∗ Ψ #; ∆
Κ Λ #;
ΚΛ #;
ΚΧΛ #;
Κ Λ #;
ΚΛ #;
∋60

91

&/,(9/ ./9.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ +/ )&/ ∗ 3,−3−,12− 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ #Θ ∗,∗ .∗0.−; /ϑ.,∗∋(
9/ &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ +/ .∗4∗07− Χ∗9− − 0Α4/,− +/ =∗9−9 <∗8−,68/∋9 0∗ ∗4−9.,∗ Κ1Λ 9/5∗
∋≅&∗: ∗ #; ; −& ; ,/5/∋.∗(9/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ −, ∋99− − /ϑ/,=Ν=∋− +∋99/ )&/ ∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗
∆ <−,4∗+∗ 3−, /99/9 0Α4/,−9
3−+/, +− ./9./ ∆ ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ,/5/∋.∗,4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗; +∗+− )&/ /:∗ ∆ <∗:9∗ &
9/5∗; ∆ ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/; +∗+− )&/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ ∆ <∗:9∗; ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ΚΨ0Α4/,− +/
=∗9−9 <∗8−,68/∋9 0∗ ∗4−9.,∗Λ 9/, ∋≅&∗: ∗ #; ; −&
/ϑ/,=Ν=∋− 0−9 ∋0<−,4−& )&/ ∗ 3,−3−,12− 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: 8/,+∗+/∋,∗ ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ #Θ Χ−4 ∋99−;
./4−9 =−0+∋1Ο/9 +/ =∗:=&:∗, ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =∗∋, 0∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗
∗9.∗ &.∋:∋Ι∗, ∗ <>,4&:∗ +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− Φ∋0−4∋∗:
n
P( X = k ) = × p k × q n −k
k
12
P( X = 0) = × 0,50 × 0,512 = 0,512
0
12
P( X = 1) = × 0,51 × 0,511 = 12 × 0,512
1
12
P( X = 11) = × 0,511 × 0,51 = 12 × 0,512
11
12
P( X = 12) = × 0,512 × 0,50 = 0,512
12
−≅−Μ
P ( X = 0 ∪ X = 1 ∪ X = 11 ∪ X = 12) = 0,512 + 12 × 0,512 + 12 × 0,512 + 0,512 = 26 × 0,512
8
.
∗ + ++6Φ ∃ ∃

60 ∋
&∗0+− − .∗4∗07− +∗ ∗4−9.,∗ =,/9=/ Κ−& 9/5∗; 3∗,∗ 8∗:−,/9 +/ ≅,∗0+/9Λ; +/3/0+/, +∗
<>,4&:∗ +∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ 3∗,∗ ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− Φ∋0−4∋∗: <∋=∗ 4&∋.− .,∗Φ∗:7−9−
/9./ =∗9−; 3−+/4−9 &.∋:∋Ι∗, ∗ ∗3,−ϑ∋4∗12− )&/ /9.&+∗4−9 0∗ ∗&:∗ 9−Φ,/ ∗9 3,∋0=∋3∗∋9
+∋9.,∋Φ&∋1Ο/9 +/ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ ∋4−9 )&/; 9/ 1 ∆ Φ∋0−4∋∗:; / − 0Α4/,− +/ /ϑ3/,∋4/0.−9 ∆
Φ/4 ≅,∗0+/; /0.2− 1 ∆ ∗3,−ϑ∋4∗+∗4/0./ 0−,4∗:
Χ−4 ∋99−; 3−+/4−9 ,/∗:∋Ι∗, − ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9 3∗,∗ 3,−3−,1Ο/9 &.∋:∋Ι∗0+− ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12−
0−,4∗: /4 8/Ι +∗ Φ∋0−4∋∗:
∗4−9 8/, =−4− <∋=∗
/5∗ 1 ∗ 8∗,∋68/: )&/ +/9∋≅0∗ − 0Α4/,− +/ =∗9−9 <∗8−,68/∋9 0∗ ∗4−9.,∗ +/ .∗4∗07− 1
9/,∋∗ &4∗ 8∗,∋68/: Φ∋0−4∋∗:
3,−3−,12− +/ =∗9−9 <∗8−,68/∋9 0∗ ∗4−9.,∗ <∋=∗Μ

9

−, ∋9.− − ./9./ ∆ 9−Φ,/ 3,−3−,12− 3,−3−,12− +∗ 3−3&:∗12− Κ p Λ; /9.∗ 0>9 02−
=−07/=/4−9 &/,/4−9 5&9.∗4/0./ ./9.∗, 9/& 8∗:−,
99∋4; 0&4 ./9./ +/ 3,−3−,1Ο/9; ∗ 3,−3−,12− +∗ 3−3&:∗12− ./4 /ϑ∗.∗4/0./ − 4/94−
3∗3/: )&/ .∋07∗ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ +∗ 8∗,∋68/: ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ )&∗0+− − ./9./ /,∗ 9−Φ,/ 4∆+∋∗9
3,−3−,12− −Φ.∋+∗ 3∗,∗ ∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∆ #Θ Κ p̂ Λ ∋4−9 /4 ∗&:∗ ∗0./,∋−, )&/ p̂ ∆ &4
/9.∋4∗+−, +/ p Κ∗ 3,−3−,12− +∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∆ &4 /9.∋4∗+−, +∗ 3,−3−,12− +∗ 3−3&:∗12−Λ −∋9
Φ/4; − p̂ ./4 − 4/94− 3∗3/: )&/ .∋07∗ − X 0− ./9./ +/ 4∆+∋∗9
/9&4∋0+− ∗9 4&+∗01∗9 0− ./9./ +/ 3,−3−,1Ο/9Μ

3∗,Ξ4/.,− +/9=−07/=∋+− ∆ p Κ/4 8/Ι +/ µ Λ
/9.∋4∗+−, ∆ p̂ Κ/4 8/Ι +/ X Λ

&∗ 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ ∆ +∗+∗ 3−,Μ
β
λ
!
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ =∗:=&:∗+∗ 3/:∗ <>,4&:∗Μ
µ 5
28
β
λ
!
− 4∗∋9 ∆ .&+− ∋≅&∗:; ∋0=:&9∋8/ ∗ &.∋:∋Ι∗12− +∗ .∗Φ/:∗ 3∗,∗ 8∗,∋68/: 0−,4∗: ,/+&Ι∋+∗
∗4−9 /0.2− ,/9−:8/, − /ϑ/43:− 3,−3−9.−
∗4−9 ∋+/0.∋<∋=∗, −9 /:/4/0.−9
&/,/4−9 ./9.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ +/ )&/ ∗ 3,−3−,12− +∗ 3−3&:∗12− 9/5∗ +/ #Θ
#Μ p = 0,5
Μ p ≠ 0,5
./9./ ∆ Φ∋:∗./,∗:
9 8∗:−,/9 )&/ 9/ 3,/./0+/4 ./9.∗, 3∗,∗ ∗ 3−3&:∗12− 92−Μ p = 0,5 / q = 0,5 Κ3−∋9 q = 1 − p
Λ
∗,∗ ∗ ∗4−9.,∗ </∋.∗; −Φ./8/(9/ pˆ = 0,2 _−,∗4 ## :∗01∗4/0.−9 Κ0 Ψ ##Λ
,∋4/∋,− 3∗99−Μ −Φ./, −9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 +/ /

&/,/4−9 −Φ./, −9 8∗:−,/9 +/ / +/ .∗: <−,4∗ )&/ ∗ 9−4∗ +∗9 +&∗9 6,/∗9 ∗4∗,/:∗9 +∗ <∋≅&,∗
∗Φ∗∋ϑ− 9/5∗ +/ ∃;Θ

9%

Χ−09/)&/0./4/0./; ∗ 6,/∗ 8/,+/ 9/,∋∗ +/ #;Θ

6,/∗ 8/,+/ ∆ ∗ ,/≅∋2− +/ ∗=/∋.∗12− 9 6,/∗9 ∗4∗,/:∗9 <−,4∗4 ∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ Χ∗9− − 8∗:−,
+/ / =∗∋∗ 0∗ ,/≅∋2− 8/,+/; ∗=/∋.∗,/4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ # Χ∗9− =−0.,6,∋−; ,/5/∋.∗4−9
/ ∗ 6,/∗ 8/,+/ 8∗:/ #;#; /0.2− ∗ 4/.∗+/ +∗ 6,/∗ 8/,+/ ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ #;#
/ϑ/,=Ν=∋− 0−9 +∋99/ )&/ #;Θ +−9 8∗:−,/9 +/ δ /9.2− /0.,/ Ι/,− / ;∃
−≅−; ∗ ,/≅∋2− 8/,+/ +∗ <∋≅&,∗ ∗=∋4∗ ∆ +/ #;Θ

9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 +/ / 92−Μ
237 5
6
2377
6
/≅&0+− 3∗99−Μ −Φ./, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./

− =∗9− +/ 3,−3−,1Ο/9; ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ +∗+∗ 3−,Μ

9∗

µ 5
28
β
λ
!

5 5
28 5∃

λ

/,=/∋,− 3∗99−Μ =−43∗,∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =−4 −9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 /4−9 )&/ ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗
./9./ ∆ 4/0−, )&/ − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− δ=ς /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =∗∋ 0∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ Κ6,/∗ ∗4∗,/:∗Λ
/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
/0 %% = 11 3485
4 <∗Φ,∋=∗0./ +/9/5∗ <∗Ι/, &4 /9.&+−; =−4 &4∗ =−0<∋∗01∗ +/ ∃Θ; ∗ ,/93/∋.− +∗ ∗=/∋.∗12−
+/ &4 +−9 9/&9 3,−+&.−9 =−4 ∗ <∋0∗:∋+∗+/ +/ :∗016(:− /4 &4 0−8− 4/,=∗+− 99/ 0−8−
:∗01∗4/0.− 9−4/0./ 9/,6 =−4/,=∋∗:4/0./ 8∋68/: 9/ − Ν0+∋=/ +/ ∗=/∋.∗12− +− 3,−+&.− <−,;
3/:− 4/0−9; +/ ∃#Θ ∗,∗ .∗:; ,/∗:∋Ι−& &4∗ 3/9)&∋9∗ +/ 4/,=∗+− /4 &4∗ +∗9 =∋+∗+/9 −0+/
9/& 3,−+&.− 56 ∆ =−4/,=∋∗:∋Ι∗+− _−∋ 3/,≅&0.∗+− ∗−9 =−09&4∋+−,/9 9/ ≅−9.∗,∗4 Κ∗=/∋.∗,∗4Λ
+− 3,−+&.− ,/9&:.∗+− <−∋ − 9/≅&∋0./Μ # =−09&4∋+−,/9 ,/93−0+/,∗4 )&/ ≅−9.∗,∗4 +−
3,−+&.− / # =−09&4∋+−,/9 ,/93−0+/,∗4 )&/ 02− ≅−9.∗,∗4 +− 3,−+&.− &∗: 9/,6 ∗
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ +/ ./9./ ∗ 9/, &.∋:∋Ι∗+∗ 0/99/ ./9./
Κ Λ (;
ΚΛ (;∃
ΚΧΛ (;
Κ Λ ;∃
ΚΛ ;
∋60Μ
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ +∗+∗ 3−,Μ
µ 5 > 5 6 5 < Β 5 <

⊥βν! ⊥ 6 ν
∗4−9 ∗3,−ϑ∋4∗, ∗ ,∗∋Ι )&∗+,∗+∗ +/ #

< ο
−≅−Μ
5 < 5
ο 5

/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ∆ ∗3,−ϑ∋4∗+∗4/0./ ( Χ−4 ∋99−; =−09/≅&∋4−9 4∗,=∗, ∗ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ ?∗Β

9,

/ 02− .∋8∆99/4−9 ∗3,−ϑ∋4∗+− ∗ ,∗∋Ι )&∗+,∗+∗ +/ #; ./,Ν∗4−9 −Φ.∋+− (;

8
.
/0 %∗ :; 8 11< 37445

4 &4∗ =∋+∗+/ ∆ ,/∗:∋Ι∗+∗ &4∗ 3/9)&∋9∗ 9−Φ,/ ∗ 3,/</,Ε0=∋∗ +−9 /:/∋.−,/9 =−4 ,/:∗12− ∗
&4 +/./,4∋0∗+− =∗0+∋+∗.−; )&/ ∗<∋,4∗ ./, #Θ +∗ 3,/</,Ε0=∋∗
4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ +/
.∗4∗07− ## <−∋ /ϑ.,∗Ν+∗ +∗ 3−3&:∗12−; =−09∋+/,∗+∗ +/ .∗4∗07− ∋0<∋0∋.−; 9/0+− )&/ #
/:/∋.−,/9 4∗0∋</9.∗,∗4 9&∗ 3,/</,Ε0=∋∗ 3/:− =∗0+∋+∗.− Χ−4 Φ∗9/ 0/9.∗ ∗4−9.,∗; +/9/5∗(9/
./9.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ # Μ 3 = #Θ Κ7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗Λ =−0.,∗ Μ 3 Σ #Θ Κ7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗ι8∗Λ; /4
)&/ 3 ∆ ∗ 3,−3−,12− +−9 /:/∋.−,/9 )&/ .Ε4 3,/</,Ε0=∋∗ 3/:− =∗0+∋+∗.− ∗,∗ ∗ ∗06:∋9/
=−09∋+/,−&(9/ 0−,4∗: ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− ∗4−9.,∗: +∗ <,/)&Ε0=∋∗ ,/:∗.∋8∗ +−9 /:/∋.−,/9 )&/ .Ε4
3,/</,Ε0=∋∗ 3/:− =∗0+∋+∗.− / )&/ 0∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2− δ ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ Κσδσ ρ
;∃ Λ = ∃Θ / Κσδσ ρ ;Λ = ∃∃Θ =−0=:&92− ∆ )&/ #
Κ Λ 02− ∆ ,/5/∋.∗+∗ .∗0.− ∗− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ =−4− ∗− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/
Θ
ΚΛ ∆ ,/5/∋.∗+∗ ∗− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ
ΚΧΛ ∆ ,/5/∋.∗+∗ ∗− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ
Κ Λ 02− ∆ ,/5/∋.∗+∗ 3∗,∗ ∗:≅&4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ 9&3/,∋−, ∗ Θ
ΚΛ ∆ ,/5/∋.∗+∗ 3∗,∗ ∗:≅&4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ ∋0</,∋−, ∗ Θ
∋60.
,∋4/∋,− 3∗99−Μ +/./,4∋0∗, −9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 3∗,∗ ∗ 8∗,∋68/: δ
Χ∗9− 9/5∗ ∗+−.∗+− &4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ; −9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 92− (;∃ / ;∃
Χ∗9− 9/5∗ ∗+−.∗+− &4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ; −9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 92− (; / ;
/≅&0+− 3∗99−Μ =∗:=&:∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./

3,−3−,12− 8/,∋<∋=∗+∗ 0∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∆Μ

µ
∃
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ <∋=∗Μ
µ 5 5 ∃ 5 5
5

β
λ λ ∃ ; λ
;
! ∃ ∃
/,=/∋,− 3∗99−Μ =−43∗,∗4−9 ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =−4 −9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9
/ − 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ <−, +/ Θ; ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =∗∋ 0∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ /5/∋.∗4−9 ∗
7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
/ − 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ <−, +/ Θ; ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =∗∋ 0∗ ,/≅∋2− +/ ∗=/∋.∗12− 2−
,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗

99

4 .−+−9 −9 ./9./9 +/ 7∋3>./9/9 /9.&+∗+−9; ∗3/0∗9 <∋ϑ∗4−9 − 8∗:−, +− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗

Κ=,∋.∆,∋− +/ +/=∋92−Λ; ≅/,∗:4/0./ /4 3∗.∗4∗,/9 3,>ϑ∋4−9 ∗ Θ &.,−9 8∗:−,/9 =−4&09 92−
;Θ / #Θ
2− 8∗:−,/9 Φ∗∋ϑ−9 9.∗4−9 4∋0∋4∋Ι∗0+− ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ =−4/./,4−9 − /,,− +/ .∋3−
/</∋.− +∋99− ∆ )&/ +∗4−9 &4 ?=,∆+∋.−Β 3∗,∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ > ∗ ,/5/∋.∗4−9 /4 &4 =∗9−
4&∋.− /ϑ.,/4−
∋9.− ,/9&:.∗ )&/ &4 ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9 =−4− −9 ∗=∋4∗ ∋0+∋=∗+−9 9> .Ε4 &4 =∗,6./, 4∗∋9
?=−0=:&9∋8−Β )&∗0+− ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ / /:∗ 9> ∆ ,/5/∋.∗+∗ /4 =∗9−9 /ϑ.,/4−9 /
4/94− ∗99∋4 − ./9./ 0−9 +∋Ι )&/ ∗ +/8/4−9 ,/5/∋.∗,; ./4−9 &4 <−,./ ∋0+Ν=∋− +/ )&/ ∗
7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ ∆ ∋086:∋+∗
/ −&.,− 4−+−; 9/ − ./9./ 0−9 +∋Ι )&/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ +/8/ 9/, ∗=/∋.∗; ∋99− 02− 0−9 +6 4&∋.∗
9/≅&,∗01∗ <∋0∗:; <−4−9 ?≅/0/,−9−9Β =−4 /:∗ ,∗ ≅,∗0+/ ∗ =7∗0=/ +/ /:∗ 9/, ∗=/∋.∗; 4/94−
)&/ 02− <−99/ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗ 4 −&.,∗9 3∗:∗8,∗9; 0−9 /9<−,1∗4−9 3∗,∗ 4∋0∋4∋Ι∗, − /,,− +/ .∋3−
; 4∗9 02− <∋Ι/4−9 0∗+∗ ∗ ,/93/∋.− +− /,,− +/ .∋3−
−, ∋99−; 9/ − =,∋.∆,∋− +/ +/=∋92− 3,∋8∋:/≅∋∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗; +/8/4−9 <−,4&:∗, 0−99∗9
7∋3>./9/9 ./0+− ∋99− /4 4/0./
∗,∗ 4/:7−, 8∋9&∗:∋Ι∗12−; =−09∋+/,/ − ./9./ +/ &4 0−8− 4/+∋=∗4/0.− =−4 3−./0=∋∗: 3∗,∗
3,−+&Ι∋, 9∆,∋−9 /</∋.−9 =−:∗./,∗∋9
<>,4&:∗ +− 4/+∋=∗4/0.− ∆ 4/:7−,∗+∗; 3∗,∗ ./0.∗, 4∋0∋4∋Ι∗, .∗∋9 /</∋.−9
∗,∗ ./9.∗, 9/ − 4/+∋=∗4/0.− 3−+/ 9/, ∗3:∋=∗+− /4 7&4∗0−9; 92− &9∗+∗9 =−Φ∗∋∗9 :∗9
,/=/Φ/4 − 4/+∋=∗4/0.− /; /4 9/≅&∋+∗; 4−0∋.−,∗(9/ ∗ 3,−3−,12− +/ =−Φ∗∋∗9 )&/ 9−<,/&
/</∋.−9 =−:∗./,∗∋9
4/+∋=∗4/0.− 9/,6 =−09∋+/,∗+− 9/≅&,− 3∗,∗ ∗3:∋=∗12− /4 7&4∗0−9 9/ ∗ 3,−3−,12− +/
=−Φ∗∋∗9 =−4 /</∋.−9 =−:∗./,∗∋9 <−, 4/0−, )&/ Θ
/4−9 +&∗9 7∋3>./9/9 /4 5−≅−Μ
1 −& Ω
_∋ϑ∗4−9 − 0−99− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ /4 Θ Κ− )&/ ?3,∋8∋:/≅∋∗Β ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗Λ
/,≅&0.∗Μ =−4− +/8/4−9 <−,4&:∗ ∗9 7∋3>./9/9 &/4 +/8/ 9/, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ &/4
+/8/ 9/, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗
7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ +/8/ 9/,Μ Ω Β

Χ−4 ∋9.−; /9.∗4−9 9/0+− =−09/,8∗+−,/9
/ 8∗4−9 +∗, =,∆+∋.− ∗ ∗:≅&4∗ 7∋3>./9/; − =,∆+∋.− +/8/ 9/, +∗+− Ρ)&/:∗ )&/ .,∗Ι 4/0−9
,∋9=−9
/9./ 4−+−; ∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ 9/,6 1 Β Χ−4 ∋99−; 9> /4 =∗9−9 4&∋.− /ϑ.,/4−9 ∆
)&/ ∗=/∋.∗,/4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ /; =−09/)&/0./4/0./; =−0=:&∋,/4−9 )&/ −
4/+∋=∗4/0.− 3−+/ 9/, ∗3:∋=∗+− /4 7&4∗0−9
9.∗ )&/9.2− +∗
0∋8/,9∗ /ϑ3:−,∗ 5&9.∗4/0./ /9./9 ∗93/=.−9

:1

=∗0+∋+∗.∗ 1 )&/, /9.∗, 9/≅&,∗ +/ )&/ =−09/≅&∋,6 −Φ./, 4∗∋9 +/ #Θ +−9 8−.−9 99∋4; ∗
7∋3>./9/ +/ )&/ Υ #; +/8/ 9/, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ 2− +/8/4−9 +∗,(:7/ =,∆+∋.− 2−
)&/,/4−9 ∗=/∋.6(:∗ <∗=∋:4/0./ > − <∗,/4−9 9/ − ./9./ <−, 4&∋.− =:∗,− 0/9./ 9/0.∋+−
∗,∗ ∗ =∗0+∋+∗.∗ µ; ∗9 7∋3>./9/9 9/,∋∗4Μ
#Μ
∗Μ 0
0+/ ∆ ∗ 3,−3−,12− +/ 8−.−9 3∗,∗ ∗ =∗0+∋+∗.∗ µ
3,−3−,12− ∗4−9.,∗: −Φ9/,8∗+∗ ∆ +/ Θ
!µ 5 ! 5
28Χ∆8Χ <
;
⊥!β ⊥

./9./ ∆ &0∋:∗./,∗: ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ /0=−0.,∗(9/ Ρ +∋,/∋.∗ +/ Ι/,−; 3∗,∗ 8∗:−,/9 3−9∋.∋8−9 +/
δ
Χ−09&:.∗0+− ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗:; ./4−9 )&/ −9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 3∗,∗ ∃Θ / ∃#Θ
+/ =−0<∋∗01∗ 92−; ∗3,−ϑ∋4∗+∗4/0./Μ
∃Θ +/ =−0<∋∗01∗ % 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− Ψ ;
∃#Θ +/ =−0<∋∗01∗ % 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− Ψ ;
− 3,∋4/∋,− =∗9−; ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ 4/0−, )&/ − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−; 0−9 ∋0+∋=∗0+− )&/ ∗
7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ 02− ∆ ,/5/∋.∗+∗ Χ−09/)&/0./4/0./; 1 +/9∋9./ +∗ =∗0+∋+∗.&,∗
− 9/≅&0+− =∗9−; ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ 4∗∋−, )&/ − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−; 0−9 ∋0+∋=∗0+− )&/ ∗
7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ +/8/ 9/, ,/5/∋.∗+∗ Χ−09/)&/0./4/0./; 1 4∗0.∆4 ∗ =∗0+∋+∗.&,∗
≅−,∗ 4&+/4−9 +/ =∗0+∋+∗.∗ ?3Β 8∗∋ 3∗99∗, ∗ ∋0+∋=∗, ∗ 3,−3−,12− +/ 8−.−9 0∗ =∗0+∋+∗.∗ κ
∗,∗ κ ∗9 7∋3>./9/9 <∋=∗4Μ
#Μ Ω
∗Μ 1
Φ9/,8/ =−4− 3∗,∗ κ ∗9 7∋3>./9/9 <∋=∗,∗4 .,−=∗+∗9 /4 ,/:∗12− Ρ)&/:∗9 +/ µ 9.− −=−,,/
3−,)&/ κ 9> )&/, +/9∋9.∋, 9/ ∗ 3/9)&∋9∗ ∋0+∋=∗, =:∗,∗4/0./ )&/ ∋,6 3/,+/,
≅−,∗; ∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ /0=−0.,∗(9/ Ρ /9)&/,+∗ +/ Ι/,−; 3∗,∗ 8∗:−,/9 0/≅∗.∋8−9 +/ δ
Χ−4 ∋99−; ./4−9Μ
∃Θ +/ =−0<∋∗01∗ % 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− Ψ (;
∃#Θ +/ =−0<∋∗01∗ % 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− Ψ (;
3,−3−,12− ∗4−9.,∗: −Φ9/,8∗+∗ ∆ +/ Θ

/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ <∋=∗Μ

:

!µ 5 ! 6 5
28Χ∆8Χ 5<
5 ;
⊥!β ⊥

− 3,∋4/∋,− =∗9− ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ /9.6 Ρ +∋,/∋.∗ +− 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−; ∋0+∋=∗0+− )&/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/
0&:∗ +/8/ 9/, ∗=/∋.∗ Χ−09/)&/0./4/0./; κ 4∗0.∆4 ∗ =∗0+∋+∗.&,∗
− 9/≅&0+− =∗9−; ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ /9.6 Ρ /9)&/,+∗ +− 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−; ∋0+∋=∗0+− )&/ ∗
7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ +/8/ 9/, ,/5/∋.∗+∗ Χ−09/)&/0./4/0./; κ +/9∋9./ +∗ =∗0+∋+∗.&,∗
/9&4∋0+− −9 ,/9&:.∗+−9 /4 &4 )&∗+,−Μ
Χ−0<∋∗01∗ µ κ
∃Θ /9∋9./ +∗ =∗0+∋+∗.&,∗ ∗0.∆4 ∗ =∗0+∋+∗.&,∗
∃#Θ ∗0.∆4 =∗0+∋+∗.&,∗ /9∋9./ +∗ =∗0+∋+∗.&,∗
∗ 4∋07∗ −3∋0∋2−; /9.2− =−,,/.∗9 ∗9 ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗9 /

− ≅∗Φ∗,∋.− +/<∋0∋.∋8−; <−∋ +∗+∗ =−4− ,/93−9.∗ ∗ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗
8
.
/ 8−=Ε9 /0=−0.,∗,/4 ∗:≅&4 /,,− 0∗ 4∋07∗ 9−:&12−; 3−, <∗8−, 4/ ∗8∋9/4
/0 %2 = 11 3485
4 <∗Φ,∋=∗0./ +/9/5∗ <∗Ι/, &4 /9.&+−; =−4 &4∗ =−0<∋∗01∗ +/ ∃Θ; ∗ ,/93/∋.− +∗ ∗=/∋.∗12−
+/ &4 +−9 9/&9 3,−+&.−9 =−4 ∗ <∋0∗:∋+∗+/ +/ :∗016(:− /4 &4 0−8− 4/,=∗+− 99/ 0−8−
:∗01∗4/0.− 9−4/0./ 9/,6 =−4/,=∋∗:4/0./ 8∋68/: 9/ − Ν0+∋=/ +/ ∗=/∋.∗12− +− 3,−+&.− <−,;
3/:− 4/0−9; +/ ∃#Θ ∗,∗ .∗:; ,/∗:∋Ι−& &4∗ 3/9)&∋9∗ +/ 4/,=∗+− /4 &4∗ +∗9 =∋+∗+/9 −0+/
9/& 3,−+&.− 56 ∆ =−4/,=∋∗:∋Ι∗+− _−∋ 3/,≅&0.∗+− ∗−9 =−09&4∋+−,/9 9/ ≅−9.∗,∗4 Κ∗=/∋.∗,∗4Λ
+− 3,−+&.− ,/9&:.∗+− <−∋ − 9/≅&∋0./Μ # =−09&4∋+−,/9 ,/93−0+/,∗4 )&/ ≅−9.∗,∗4 +−
3,−+&.− / # =−09&4∋+−,/9 ,/93−0+/,∗4 )&/ 02− ≅−9.∗,∗4 +− 3,−+&.− &∗: 9/,6 ∗
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ +/ ./9./ ∗ 9/, &.∋:∋Ι∗+∗ 0/99/ ./9./
Κ Λ (;
ΚΛ (;∃
ΚΧΛ (;
Κ Λ ;∃
ΚΛ ;
∋60.
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ +∗+∗ 3−,Μ

:

µ 5 > 5 6 5 < Β 5 <

⊥βν! ⊥ 6 ν
∗4−9 ∗3,−ϑ∋4∗, ∗ ,∗∋Ι )&∗+,∗+∗ +/ #

< ο
−≅−Μ
5 < 5
ο 5

/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ∆ ∗3,−ϑ∋4∗+∗4/0./ ( Χ−4 ∋99−; =−09/≅&∋4−9 4∗,=∗, ∗ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ ?∗Β
/ 02− .∋8∆99/4−9 ∗3,−ϑ∋4∗+− ∗ ,∗∋Ι )&∗+,∗+∗ +/ #; ./,Ν∗4−9 −Φ.∋+− (;
8
.
, / /
, ∃ ∀
+− + #
)

Χ−4− 8∋4−9 0∗ ∗&:∗ 3∗99∗+∗; ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+− 3−+/ 9/, &.∋:∋Ι∗+∗ 3∗,∗
+/./,4∋0∗12− +/ ∋0./,8∗:−9 +/ =−0<∋∗01∗ 3∗,∗ ∗ 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ −& ∗∋0+∗ 3∗,∗ ./9.∗,4−9 8∗:−,/9
3∗,∗ ∗ 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ +/ &4∗ 8∗,∋68/: ∗:/∗.>,∋∗
Η6 /9.&+∗4−9 −9 ∋0./,8∗:−9 +/ =−0<∋∗01∗ 3∗,∗ 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ ≅−,∗ /9.&+∗,/4−9 − ./9./ +/
7∋3>./9/9 3∗,∗ 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗
/5∗ X &4∗ 8∗,∋68/: ∗:/∗.>,∋∗; =−4 4∆+∋∗ µ / 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ σ 2 /5∗ s 2 − /9.∋4∗+−, +∗
8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗:; Φ∗9/∗+− /4 &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ +/ .∗4∗07− 0
( n − 1) s 2
3−99Ν8/: +/4−09.,∗, )&/ σ2 ./4 +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+− =−4 n −1 ≅,∗&9 +/
:∋Φ/,+∗+/ & 9/5∗; ∗ 8∗,∋68/: χ 2 ; .∗: )&/Μ
( n − 1) s 2
χ2 =
σ2
./4 +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+− /; 3∗,∗ /:∗; 0>9 3−+/4−9 =−09&:.∗, ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ Κ=−:−=∗+∗
∗− <∋0∗: +∗ ∗&:∗Λ
9.∗ ∆ ∗ ∋0<−,4∗12− )&/ &.∋:∋Ι∗,/4−9 3∗,∗ ,/∗:∋Ι∗, − ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9 ∗=/,=∗ +∗ 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗
4 ≅,∗0+/ =&∋+∗+− )&/ ./4−9 )&/ ./, =−4 ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+− ∆ )&/ /:∗ 02− ∆
9∋4∆.,∋=∗ Κ∗− =−0.,6,∋− +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: / +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− Λ
3/0∗9 3∗,∗ 9/ ./, &4∗ ∋+∆∋∗ +− ≅,6<∋=−; 9/≅&/ /ϑ/43:− ∗Φ∗∋ϑ−; 3∗,∗ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/

:%

&∗0+− − 0Α4/,− +/ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ ∗&4/0.∗; − ≅,6<∋=− ./0+/ ∗ <∋=∗, 9∋4∆.,∋=−
≅+∋ <
&/,(9/ ./9.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ +/ ∗ 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ +/ &4∗ 3−3&:∗12− 9/, ∋≅&∗: ∗ ; =−0.,∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/
∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ +/ ∗ 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ 9/, 4/0−, )&/
∗,∗ .∗0.−; /ϑ.,∗∋&(9/ &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ +/ .∗4∗07− ; )&/ <−,0/=/& &4∗ 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗:
∋≅&∗: ∗ ;
Χ−09∋+/,∗0+− &4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ; )&∗: − ,/9&:.∗+− +− ./9./
∋60
,∋4/∋,− 3∗99−Μ −Φ./4−9 − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− Κ8∗:−, +/ π3 Λ
Χ−09&:.∗0+− ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ 3∗,∗ # ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/; ./4−9 )&/ Θ +−9 8∗:−,/9 +/ χ 2 92−
4/0−,/9 −& ∋≅&∗∋9 ∗ ;∃#
π3 6;
9./ 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− 0−9 3/,4∋./ +/<∋0∋, ∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ Κ6,/∗ ∗4∗,/:∗; ∋≅&∗: ∗ ΘΛ / ∗ ,/≅∋2− +/
∗=/∋.∗12− Κ6,/∗ 8/,+/; ∋≅&∗: ∗ ∃ΘΛΜ

:∗

/9−:&12−Μ
8∗:−, +∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆Μ
! 5 % ∃ 5 ∃

;

8
. 4
&.∋:∋Ι∗12− +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+− 3∗,∗ ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9 9−Φ,/ ∗ 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ ∆ ∗:≅−

4&∋.− 3−&=− =−Φ,∗+− /4 3,−8∗9
.>3∋=− )&/ ∆ Φ∗9.∗0./ =−Φ,∗+− ∆ − )&/ 8/,/4−9 ∗ 9/≅&∋,Μ ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9 +/
3,−3−,1Ο/9; &9∗0+− ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+−
, ∃ /
Η∃∃ + ++6Φ
+∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+− ∆ 4&∋.− /43,/≅∗+∗ 3∗,∗ ,/∗:∋Ι∗,4−9 ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9

9−Φ,/ 3,−3−,1Ο/9
/9.∗ ∗&:∗ 0>9 56 8∋4−9 ∗:≅&09 ./9./9 +/ 7∋3>./9/9 3∗,∗ 3,−3−,1Ο/9 ∗ <: 0>9 8∋4−9 &4
./9./ /4 )&/ 9/ &.∋:∋Ι∗8∗ ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− Φ∋0−4∋∗: ∗ <: 0>9 8∋4−9 &4 ./9./ /4 )&/ 9/
&.∋:∋Ι∗8∗ ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: ; ∗≅−,∗; 8/,/4−9 )&/ .∗4Φ∆4 ∆ 3−99Ν8/: <∗Ι/, ./9./9 +/
7∋3>./9/9 3∗,∗ 3,−3−,1Ο/9 &9∗0+− ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+−
99∋4; )&∗0+− .∋8/,4−9 3,−Φ:/4∗9 ,/</,/0./9 ∗ 3,−3−,1Ο/9; 3−+/4−9 &.∋:∋Ι∗, ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12−
+/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+− 9.∗ &.∋:∋Ι∗12− +− ./9./ +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+− ./4 &4∗ ≅,∗0+/ ∋43−,.Ξ0=∋∗;
3−,)&/ ∆ &.∋:∋Ι∗+∗ =−4− Φ∗9/ 3∗,∗ /9.&+∗,4−9 − .>3∋=− 9/≅&∋0./; /4 )&/ 9/ =−43∗,∗4
+∋8/,9∗9 3,−3−,1Ο/9
∗,∗ /9.&+∗,4−9 /9.∗ 0−8∗ ∗3:∋=∗12− +− ./9./ +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+−; 3,/=∋9∗4−9 ∋0.,−+&Ι∋, &4∗
0−8∗ 9∋4Φ−:−≅∋∗
E1 +/9∋≅0∗ ∗ <,/)[Ε0=∋∗ /93/,∗+∗ +−9 ,/9&:.∗+−9 <∗8−,68/∋9; =−09∋+/,∗0+− 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗

8/,+∗+/∋,∗
E2 +/9∋≅0∗ ∗ <,/)[Ε0=∋∗ /93/,∗+∗ +−9 ,/9&:.∗+−9 +/9<∗8−,68/∋9; =−09∋+/,∗0+− 7∋3>./9/
0&:∗ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗
O1 +/9∋≅0∗ ∗ <,/)[Ε0=∋∗ −Φ9/,8∗+∗ +−9 ,/9&:.∗+−9 <∗8−,68/∋9
O2 +/9∋≅0∗ ∗ <,/)[Ε0=∋∗ −Φ9/,8∗+∗ +−9 ,/9&:.∗+−9 +/9<∗8−,68/∋9
2
(Oi − Ei ) 2
3−99Ν8/: +/4−09.,∗, )&/ ∗ 8∗,∋68/: χ 2 = ./4 +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+−
i =1 Ei
=−4 ≅,∗& +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/
3∗99− ∗ 3∗99− +− ./9./ ∆ Φ/4 3∗,/=∋+− =−4 .−+−9 −9 −&.,−9 ./9./9 +/ 7∋3>./9/9 /9.&+∗+−9
0∗ ∗&:∗ +/ 7−5/

:9

,∋4/∋,− =∗:=&:∗4−9 − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− =−4 − ∗&ϑΝ:∋− +∗ .∗Φ/:∗

Χ∗:=&:∗4−9 ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ <>,4&:∗ ∆Μ

ρΓ 5 σΓ
π8 θ
σΓ
Γτϑ
Χ−43∗,∗4−9 −9 +−∋9 8∗:−,/9 / ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ <−, 4∗∋−, )&/ − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−; ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗
7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗

∃ Η
ΜΗ∃∃ + ++6Φ.
,∋4/∋,− =∗:=&:∗4−9 −9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 =−4 − ∗&ϑΝ:∋− +∗ .∗Φ/:∗ +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ )&∋(
)&∗+,∗+−
Χ∗:=&:∗4−9 ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ <>,4&:∗ ∆Μ

ρΓ 5 σΓ
π8 θ
σΓ
Γτϑ
Χ−43∗,∗4−9 −9 +−∋9 8∗:−,/9 / ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ <−, 4∗∋−, )&/ − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−; ,/5/∋.∗4−9
∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
4 +/.∗:7/ ∋43−,.∗0./ −9 ./9./9 +/ 7∋3>./9/9 8∋9.−9 ∗0./,∋−,4/0./; − ./,=/∋,− 3∗99− +−

./9./ 3−+/,∋∗ 9/ +∗, +/ ∋0Α4/,∗9 <−,4∗9Μ
• 9/ − ./9./ <−, &0∋:∗./,∗: / ∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ /9.∋8/, Ρ /9)&/,+∗ +/ Ι/,−; ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗
7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ 9/ ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ <−, 4/0−, )&/ − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−
• 9/ − ./9./ <−, &0∋:∗./,∗: / ∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ /9.∋8/, Ρ +∋,/∋.∗ +/ Ι/,−; ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗
7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ 9/ ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ <−, 4∗∋−, )&/ − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−
• 9/ − ./9./ <−, Φ∋:∗./,∗:; +/<∋0∋4−9 +−∋9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9β ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ 9/
∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ 02− /9.∋8/, =−0.∋+∗ 0− ∋0./,8∗:− +/<∋0∋+− 3/:−9 +−∋9 8∗:−,/9
=,Ν.∋=−9
)&∋ ∗ 9∋.&∗12− 4&+∗ =−43:/.∗4/0./ − =∗9− +− ./9./ +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+− 3∗,∗ 3,−3−,1Ο/9; ∗
Α0∋=∗ <−,4∗ +/ ,/5/∋.∗,4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ −=−,,/ )&∗0+− ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆
)&/ −
8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−
9.− −=−,,/ 3−,)&/ ∗ 8∗,∋68/: /4 ∗06:∋9/ ∆ −Φ.∋+∗ ∗ 3∗,.∋, +∗ 9/≅&∋0./ −3/,∗12− ,∋4/∋,−
<∗Ι/4−9 ∗ +∋</,/01∗ /0.,/ =∗+∗ <,/)[Ε0=∋∗ −Φ9/,8∗+∗ / ∗ ,/93/=.∋8∗ <,/)[Ε0=∋∗ /93/,∗+∗
/3−∋9; /:/8∗4−9 ∗ +∋</,/01∗ ∗− )&∗+,∗+−

::

(Oi − Ei ) 2
2
/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ <−, 8/,+∗+/∋,∗; ∗ 8∗,∋68/: χ = 2
./4 +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ )&∋(
i =1 Ei
)&∗+,∗+− =−4 ≅,∗& +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/
&Φ9.∋.&∋0+− −9 8∗:−,/9

ρΓ 5 σΓ
π8 θ
σΓ
Γτϑ
5 5
π8

>
π8 >

/,=/∋,− 3∗99−Μ =−43∗,∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =−4 − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ 02− ∆ 4∗∋−, )&/ − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− 2− ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
9.∗ &.∋:∋Ι∗12− +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+−; 3∗,∗ ./9.∗, 7∋3>./9/9 9−Φ,/ &4∗ 3,−3−,12−;
02− ∆ 4&∋.− =−Φ,∗+∗ /4 3,−8∗ ∗9 ∆ ∋43−,.∗0./ 3−,)&/ 9/,8/ 3∗,∗ /9.&+∗,4−9 &4
∗99&0.− 4&∋.− =−Φ,∗+−Μ − ./9./ +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+− 3∗,∗ 86,∋∗9 3,−3−,1Ο/9
,% ∃ Η
Η∃∃ + #Ε
++6Φ
9.∗ ∆ ∗ &.∋:∋Ι∗12− 4∗∋9 ∋43−,.∗0./ +− ./9./ +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+−; ∗− 4/0−9 3∗,∗ =−0=&,9−9

&4∗ ≅/0/,∗:∋Ι∗12− +− =∗9− ∗0./,∋−,; 3∗,∗ &4∗ 3,−3−,12− )&∋ 3−+/4−9 =−43∗,∗, ∗−
4/94− ./43− +∋8/,9∗9 3,−3−,1Ο/9 ; ∗:∆4 +∋99−; /:∗9 02− 3,/=∋9∗4 =−0./, ∗3/0∗9 +−∋9
.∋3−9 +/ −=−,,Ε0=∋∗9 Κ9&=/99−9 / <,∗=∗99−9Λ
∗,∗ ∋:&9.,∗,; =−09∋+/,/ )&/ /9.∗4−9 <∗Ι/0+− &4∗ 3/9)&∋9∗ /4 +−∋9 Φ∗∋,,−9 +∋</,/0./9
ΚΦ∗∋,,−9 / Λ &/,/4−9 9∗Φ/, 9/ ∗9 3/99−∗9 92− ∗ <∗8−,; =−0.,∗ −& 92− ∋0+∋</,/0./9 ∗ &4∗
+∗+∗ 3−:Ν.∋=∗ &,Φ∗0∗
4 =∗+∗ Φ∗∋,,−; 02− ./4−9 ∗3/0∗9 9&=/99−9 / <,∗=∗99−9 2− ./4−9 ∗3/0∗9 +&∗9 =∗./≅−,∋∗9
+/ −3∋0∋2− /4−9 .,Ε9Μ ∗ 3/99−∗ 3−+/ 9/, <∗8−,68/: Ρ 3−:Ν.∋=∗; 3−+/ 9/, =−0.,∗; −& 3−+/ 9/,
∋0+∋</,/0./
−+/4−9 &.∋:∋Ι∗, − ./9./ +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+− 3∗,∗ =−43∗,∗, 9/; 0−9 +−∋9 Φ∗∋,,−9 ∗=∋4∗; ∗
−3∋0∋2− +−9 4−,∗+−,/9 )&∗0.− Ρ ,/</,∋+∗ 3−:Ν.∋=∗ ∆ ∋≅&∗: Χ∗9− ∗=/∋./4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ +/
∋≅&∗:+∗+/; =−09∋+/,∗4−9 )&/ ∗ −3∋0∋2− ≅/,∗: +−9 =∋+∗+2−9 02− ./4 ,/:∗12− =−4 − Φ∗∋,,−
−0+/ 8∋8/4 Κ −& Λ − =−0.,6,∋−; =∗9− ∗ +∋</,/01∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 9/5∗ 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗0./;
,/5/∋.∗,/4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ +/ ∋≅&∗:+∗+/ +/ −3∋0∋Ο/9
/5∗4−9 ∗:≅&09 /ϑ/,=Ν=∋−9
/0 ∗1 48 112 375

−9 ## =∗0+∋+∗.−9 ∋09=,∋.−9 /4 &4 =−0=&,9− )&/ /9.&+∗,∗4 0− =&,9− 3,/3∗,∗.>,∋− ;
<−,∗4 ∗3,−8∗+−9 0− =−0=&,9−; /0)&∗0.− )&/ +−9 ## =∗0+∋+∗.−9 ∋09=,∋.−9 0− =−0=&,9− )&/

:<

/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ <−, 8/,+∗+/∋,∗; /0.2− ∗ <,/)[Ε0=∋∗ /93/,∗+∗ +/ ∗3,−8∗12− /4 =∗+∗ &4
+−9 =&,9−9 ∆ ∋≅&∗: Ρ <,/)[Ε0=∋∗ ≅/,∗: −Φ.∋+∗ ∗=∋4∗ ΚΨ#ΘΛ
∗9.∗ 8−=Ε 3/09∗, ∗99∋4 :≅&∆4 =7/≅∗ / ./ ∋0<−,4∗ )&/ #Θ +−9 ∗:&0−9 +−9 =&,9−9 /
<−,∗4 ∗3,−8∗+−9 9.∗ 4/94∗ 3/99−∗ ./ <∗:∗ )&/ ## ∗:&0−9 +/ =∗+∗ =&,9− <∋Ι/,∗4 ∗ 3,−8∗
∗Φ/0+− ∗3/0∗9 /9.∗9 ∋0<−,4∗1Ο/9; 9/ 8−=Ε 9&3&9/, )&/ −9 ∗:&0−9 +−9 +−∋9 =&,9−9 .∋8/,∗4 −
4/94− +/9/43/07−; 8−=Ε /93/,∗,∋∗ ∗9 9/≅&∋0./9 <,/)[Ε0=∋∗9Μ
E A _ 1 = 70 Κ8−=Ε /93/,∗,∋∗ #Θ +/ ∗3,−8∗12− 0− =&,9− Λ
E A _ 2 = 30 Κ8−=Ε /93/,∗,∋∗ #Θ +/ ,/3,−8∗12− 0− =&,9− Λ
E B _ 1 = 70 Κ8−=Ε /93/,∗,∋∗ #Θ +/ ∗3,−8∗12− 0− =&,9− Λ
E B _ 2 = 30 Κ8−=Ε /93/,∗,∋∗ #Θ +/ ,/3,−8∗12− 0− =&,9− Λ
−+/4−9 =−:−=∗, .&+− ∋9.− 0&4∗ .∗Φ/:∗Μ

Χ&,9− Χ&,9−
_,/)&Ε0=∋∗ _,/)&Ε0=∋∗ _,/)&Ε0=∋∗ _,/)&Ε0=∋∗
−Φ9/,8∗+∗ /93/,∗+∗ −Φ9/,8∗+∗ /93/,∗+∗
3,−8∗+−9 # #
/3,−8∗+−9 # #
−.∗: ## ## ## ##
(Oi − Ei ) 2
3−99Ν8/: +/4−09.,∗, )&/ ∗ 9−4∗ +/ .−+−9 −9 8∗:−,/9 +/ ∆ &4∗ 8∗,∋68/: =−4
Ei
+∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+−
&∗0+− .Ν07∗4−9 &4∗ 3,−3−,12− ∗3/0∗9; − 0Α4/,− +/ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ /,∗ 9/43,/ ∋≅&∗:
∗
&∗0+− .∋8/,4−9 4∗∋9 +/ &4∗ 3,−3−,12−; − 0Α4/,− +/ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ 8∗∋ 8∗,∋∗, ∗,∗
+/9=−Φ,∋(:−; 3,/=∋9∗4−9 8/, )&∗0.∗9 :∋07∗9 / =−:&0∗9 ./4 ∗ 0−99∗ .∗Φ/:∗ ∗=∋4∗
∗,∗ .∗0.−; +/8/4−9 =−09∋+/,∗, 9> &4∗ +∗9 .∗Φ/:∗9 Κ−& ∗ +/ <,/)[Ε0=∋∗ /93/,∗+∗; −& ∗ +/
<,/)&Ε0=∋∗ −Φ9/,8∗+∗; +6 0− 4/94−Λ
_,/)&Ε0=∋∗9 /93/,∗+∗9Μ
Χ&,9− Χ&,9−
_,/)&Ε0=∋∗ _,/)&Ε0=∋∗
/93/,∗+∗ /93/,∗+∗
3,−8∗+−9 # #
/3,−8∗+−9 # #
_,/)&Ε0=∋∗9 −Φ9/,8∗+∗9Μ

2

Χ&,9− Χ&,9−
_,/)&Ε0=∋∗ _,/)&Ε0=∋∗
−Φ9/,8∗+∗ −Φ9/,8∗+∗
3,−8∗+−9
/3,−8∗+−9
Χ∗+∗ &4∗ +∗9 +&∗9 .∗Φ/:∗9 ./4 +&∗9 :∋07∗9 / +&∗9 =−:&0∗9
L 0Α4/,− +/ :∋07∗9
C 0Α4/,− +/ =−:&0∗9
L=2
C=2
0Α4/,− +/ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ 9/,6 ∋≅&∗: ∗ (L − 1) × (C − 1)
graus _ de _ liberdade = (L − 1) × (C − 1)
graus _ de _ liberdade = (2 − 1) × (2 − 1) = 1
,−0.− ∋9.− ∋99−; 8∗4−9 ∗− ./9./
∗ 8/,+∗+/ − /ϑ/,=Ν=∋− 3/+∋& ∗3/0∗9 ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./
∗,∗ .,/∋0∗,; 8∗4−9 <∗Ι/, − ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/ 3∗,∗ &4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ
,∋4/∋,− 3∗99−Μ /0=−0.,∗, − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−
∗,∗ .∗0.−; 3,/=∋9∗4−9 =−09&:.∗, ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ ; =−:−=∗+∗ ∗− <∋0∗: +∗ ∗&:∗
,−=&,∗4−9 3/:− 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− )&/ 9/3∗,∗ &4∗ 6,/∗ +/ Θ; 9∋.&∗+∗ 0∗ /ϑ.,/4∋+∗+/ +∋,/∋.∗ +−
≅,6<∋=− Χ−09&:.∗0+− ∗ =−:&0∗ 3∗,∗ 6,/∗ +/ Θ / ≅,∗& +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/; ./4−9 )&/ − 8∗:−,
=,Ν.∋=− ∆ ;
π3 >;
/≅&0+− 3∗99−Μ /0=−0.,∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∗ 8/,+∗+/ <−∋ ∗3/0∗9 ∋9.− )&/ − /0&0=∋∗+−
3/+∋& −, ∋99− ∗ )&/9.2− 02− <−,0/=/& &4∗ .∗Φ/:∗ 3∗,∗ ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+−
∗,∗ /0=−0.,∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./; /0=−0.,∗4−9 − 8∗:−, +/ χ 2 3∗,∗ −9 8∗:−,/9 +/ <,/)&Ε0=∋∗9
(Oi − Ei ) 2
<−,0/=∋+−9 ∗9.∗ 9−4∗, .−+−9 −9 8∗:−,/9 +/
Ei
5
5 ∃ 5 5
π8

π8
>

/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ ;
8
.
∗9 =−0.∋0&/4−9 0−99− ./9./

2

/,=/∋,− 3∗99−Μ =−43∗,∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =−4 − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−

/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ 4/0−, )&/ − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− 2− ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ & 9/5∗; ∗
+∋</,/01∗ /0.,/ ∗9 +&∗9 3,−3−,1Ο/9 02− <−∋ .2− ≅,∗0+/ ∗ 3−0.− +/ 0−9 <∗Ι/, ,/5/∋.∗, ∗
7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ 2− 76 /8∋+Ε0=∋∗9 9&<∋=∋/0./4/0./ <−,./9 )&/ 0−9 :/8/4 ∗ ,/5/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/
+/ )&/ ∗9 +&∗9 3,−3−,1Ο/9 92− ∋≅&∗∋9

∃ Η
ΜΗ∃∃ + #Ε
++6Φ.
0Α4/,− +/ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ ∆ +∗+− 3−,Μ (L − 1) × (C − 1)
0+/ ∆ − 0Α4/,− +/ :∋07∗9 / Χ ∆ − 0Α4/,− +/ =−:&0∗9
/99∗:8∗Μ &/9.2−
4 ,/:∗12− ∗− 0Α4/,− +/ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/; /ϑ∋9./ &4 =∗9− /4 )&/ ∗ <>,4&:∗ ∗=∋4∗
<−,0/=∋+∗ 02− 9/ ∗3:∋=∗ − =∗9− /4 )&/ − 0Α4/,− +/ :∋07∗9 −& +/ =−:&0∗9 ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ /9./
=∗9−; 02− <∗Ι/4−9 ∗ 9&Φ.,∗12− 3−, ; 3−∋9; +− =−0.,6,∋−; ./,Ν∗4−9 # ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/
/0 ∗ ; 8 112 37445

.∗Φ/:∗ ∗Φ∗∋ϑ− =−,,/93−0+/ ∗− ,/9&:.∗+− +/ &4 =−0=&,9− ∗3:∋=∗+− ∗ ## 3/99−∗9 _−,∗4
<−,4∗+−9 +−∋9 ≅,&3−9 Κ / Λ =−4 # 3/99−∗9 =∗+∗ &4 ≅,&3− ,/=/Φ/& &4 .,/∋0∗4/0.−
3∗,∗ 3∗,.∋=∋3∗, +− =−0=&,9− / − ≅,&3− 02−
/9/5∗(9/ 9∗Φ/, 9/ − ,/9&:.∗+− +− =−0=&,9− +/3/0+/ +− .,/∋0∗4/0.− &.∋:∋Ι∗0+− − ./9./ )&∋(

)&∗+,∗+− ∗− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ
∗+−9Μ ∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− )&∋()&∗+,∗+−
π Κ)&∋()&∗+,∗+− =−4 0 ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ < 8∗:−, .∗Φ/:∗+−Λ = 1 − α θ

2%

8∗:−, +− )&∋()&∗+,∗+− −Φ9/,8∗+− / ∗ ,/93/=.∋8∗ =−0=:&92− ∆

Κ Λ ; β /ϑ∋9./ /<∋=6=∋∗ 0∗ ∗3:∋=∗12− +− .,/∋0∗4/0.−
ΚΛ ; β 02− /ϑ∋9./ /<∋=6=∋∗ 0∗ ∗3:∋=∗12− +− .,/∋0∗4/0.−
ΚΧΛ ;β /ϑ∋9./ /<∋=6=∋∗ 0∗ ∗3:∋=∗12− +− .,/∋0∗4/0.−
Κ Λ ;β 02− /ϑ∋9./ /<∋=6=∋∗ 0∗ ∗3:∋=∗12− +− .,/∋0∗4/0.−
ΚΛ ;##β /ϑ∋9./ /<∋=6=∋∗ 0∗ ∗3:∋=∗12− +− .,/∋0∗4/0.−
∋60.
− ≅/,∗:; #Θ +−9 ∗:&0−9 <−,∗4 ∗3,−8∗+−9 0− =−0=&,9−
/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ <−, 8/,+∗+/∋,∗; ∋9.− ∆; 9/ − ,/9&:.∗+− +− =−0=&,9− ∋0+/3/0+/ +−
.,/∋0∗4/0.−; /0.2− /93/,∗(9/ )&/ /9./ 4/94− 3/,=/0.&∗: 9/5∗ 8/,∋<∋=∗+− /4 =∗+∗ ≅,&3−
& 9/5∗; #Θ +∗9 3/99−∗9 +− ≅,&3− 9/,∋∗4 ∗3,−8∗+∗9β ∋+/4 3∗,∗ − ≅,&3−
9 <,/)&/0=∋∗9 /93/,∗+∗9 9/,∋∗4Μ
3,−8∗+−9 /3,−8∗+−9
# #
# #
_∋=∗4−9 =−4Μ
ρΓ 5 σΓ
π8 θ
σΓ
5 5

5
5

π8

π8 ; ∃∃

.∗Φ/:∗ +/ <,/)&/0=∋∗9 −Φ9/,8∗+∗9 ∗3,/9/0.∗ +&∗9 :∋07∗9 / +&∗9 =−:&0∗9 −≅−; − 0Α4/,−
+/ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ ∆ +∗+− 3−,Μ
υ 5 ϖ 5
5
5
/4−9 ≅,∗& +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/
Χ−09&:.∗0+− ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ <−,0/=∋+∗; 3∗,∗ ≅,∗& +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ / Θ +/ 0Ν8/: +/ =−0<∋∗01∗;
=−0=:&Ν4−9 )&/ − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− ∆ +/ ;
Χ−4− ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ Κ; Λ ∆ 4∗∋−, )&/ − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− Κ;Λ; ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/
0&:∗
,/9&:.∗+− 0− =−0=&,9− +/3/0+/ +− .,/∋0∗4/0.−
8
.

2∗

/0 ∗ 7Ν 11< 37445

93/,∗(9/ )&/ − 0Α4/,− +/ ,/=:∗4∗1Ο/9 .,∋Φ&.6,∋∗9 /4 &4 >,≅2− 3ΑΦ:∋=− +&,∗0./
+/./,4∋0∗+∗ 9/4∗0∗ 9/5∗ ∋≅&∗: ∗ ; /4 )&∗:)&/, +∋∗ Α.∋: ∗Φ/(9/ )&/ 0/9.∗ 9/4∗0∗
−=−,,/,∗4 ,/=:∗4∗1Ο/9 =−4 ∗ 9/≅&∋0./ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 3−, +∋∗ +∗ 9/4∗0∗Μ
∗,∗ +/=∋+∋, 9/ − 0Α4/,− +/ ,/=:∗4∗1Ο/9 .,∋Φ&.6,∋∗9 =−,,/93−0+/0./ 02− +/3/0+/ +− +∋∗ +∗

9/4∗0∗; ∗ &4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ α ; ∆ =∗:=&:∗+− − 8∗:−, +− )&∋()&∗+,∗+− Κ χ 2 Λ )&/ 9/
+/8/ =−43∗,∗, =−4 − 8∗:−, +− )&∋()&∗+,∗+− =,Ν.∋=− .∗Φ/:∗+− =−4 ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/
8∗:−, +/ χ 2 ∆
Κ Λ ;#
ΚΛ ;∃#
ΚΧΛ ;
Κ Λ ; #
ΚΛ ∃;
∋60.
/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ <−, 8/,+∗+/∋,∗; −& 9/5∗; 9/ − 0Α4/,− +/ ,/=:∗4∗1Ο/9 02− +/3/0+/, +− +∋∗
+∗ 9/4∗0∗; /93/,∗4(9/ )&∗0.∋+∗+/9 ∋≅&∗∋9 +/ ,/=:∗4∗1Ο/9 /4 =∗+∗ +∋∗ Χ−4− <−,∗4
,/=:∗4∗1Ο/9 ∗− .−+−; /93/,∗4(9/ ,/=:∗4∗1Ο/9 /4 =∗+∗ +∋∗
_∋=∗4−9 =−4Μ
ρΓ 5 σΓ
π8 θ
σΓ
> 5
5

6 5
5
5

π8

;6 ∃ ∃
∃;
π8 ∃

8
.
/0 ∗% 11< 37445
4 3∗,.∋+− 3−:Ν.∋=− ,/∗:∋Ι−& &4 :/8∗0.∗4/0.− /0.,/ ## <∋:∋∗+−9 =−4 ,/:∗12− Ρ 3,/</,Ε0=∋∗
/0.,/ +−∋9 =∗0+∋+∗.−9; / ; 3∗,∗ &4 +/./,4∋0∗+− =∗,≅− _−,∗4 <−,4∗+−9 +−∋9 ≅,&3−9; &4
=−4 # 7−4/09 / − −&.,− =−4 # 4&:7/,/9

2,

/9/5∗(9/ 9∗Φ/,; =−4 ,/:∗12− ∗ /99/9 <∋:∋∗+−9; 9/ ∗ 3,/</,Ε0=∋∗ 3/:−9 =∗0+∋+∗.−9 +/3/0+/ +−
9/ϑ−; &.∋:∋Ι∗0+− − ./9./ )&∋)&∗+,∗+− ∗− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ
∗+−9Μ ∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− )&∋()&∗+,∗+−
π Κ)&∋()&∗+,∗+− =−4 0 ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ < 8∗:−, .∗Φ/:∗+−Λ = 1 − α θ
8∗:−, +− )&∋()&∗+,∗+− −Φ9/,8∗+− / ∗ ,/93/=.∋8∗ =−0=:&92− ∆

Κ Λ ;# #β +/3/0+/ +− 9/ϑ−
ΚΛ ;β +/3/0+/ +− 9/ϑ−
ΚΧΛ ;β ∋0+/3/0+/ +− 9/ϑ−
Κ Λ ;β +/3/0+/ +− 9/ϑ−
ΚΛ ;β ∋0+/3/0+/ +− 9/ϑ−
∋60.
− ≅/,∗:; Θ +∗9 3/99−∗9 3,/</,/4 / Θ 3,/</,/4
/ ∗ 3,/</,Ε0=∋∗ ∋0+/3/0+/, +− 9/ϑ−; /0.2− /93/,∗(9/ )&/ /9./9 3/,=/0.&∗∋9 9/ 8/,∋<∋)&/4
.∗4Φ∆4 +/0.,− +/ =∗+∗ ≅,&3−
−≅−; /93/,∗(9/ )&/ Θ +−9 7−4/09 3,/<∋,∗4 ; )&/ Θ +−9 7−4/09 3,/<∋,∗4 ; )&/ Θ
+∗9 4&:7/,/9 3,/<∋,∗4 / )&/ Θ +∗9 4&:7/,/9 3,/<∋,∗4
9 <,/)&/0=∋∗9 /93/,∗+∗9 <∋=∗4Μ

−4/09
&:7/,/9
≅−,∗ 3−+/4−9 =∗:=&:∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./
ρΓ 5 σΓ
π8 θ
σΓ
5 5

5
5 >
π8

>
6 6 6 6
π8

>

29

π8
Φ9/,8/ )&/ 02− /,∗ 0/=/996,∋− ,/∗:4/0./ <∗Ι/, /9.∗ =−0.∗ <∋0∗: /:∗9 ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗9; 56
9∗ΦΝ∗4−9 )&/ ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ 9> 3−+/,∋∗ 9/, ∋≅&∗: ∗ ;; −& ∋≅&∗: ∗ ; −& ∋≅&∗: ∗
;# #
Χ−4− /9./9 0Α4/,−9 92− ,/:∗.∋8∗4/0./ ∗<∗9.∗+−9; 3−+/,Ν∗4−9 9∗∋, ∗3,−ϑ∋4∗0+−
∃Γ ∆ &4 3−&)&∋07− 4∗∋−, )&/ Γ ΚΨ#;Λ
∃Γ ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ Γ ΚΨ#;Λ
∃Γ ∆ &4 3−&)&∋07− 4/0−, )&/ #;
∃Γ ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ #;
−4∗0+− .−+∗9 /9.∗9 ∗3,−ϑ∋4∗1Ο/9; <∋=∗4−9 =−4Μ

>
99− 56 9/,∋∗ 9&<∋=∋/0./ 3∗,∗; ∗0∗:∋9∗0+− ∗9 ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗9; =−0=:&∋, )&/ ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ ∋≅&∗:
∗ ;
.∗Φ/:∗ +/ <,/)&/0=∋∗9 −Φ9/,8∗+∗9 ∗3,/9/0.∗ +&∗9 :∋07∗9 / +&∗9 =−:&0∗9 −≅−; − 0Α4/,−
+/ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ ∆ +∗+− 3−,Μ
υ 5 ϖ 5
5
5
/4−9 ≅,∗& +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/
Χ−09&:.∗0+− ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ <−,0/=∋+∗; 3∗,∗ ≅,∗& +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ / Θ +/ 0Ν8/: +/ =−0<∋∗01∗;
=−0=:&Ν4−9 )&/ − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− ∆ +/ ;
Χ−4− ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ Κ;Λ ∆ 4/0−, )&/ − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−; ∗=/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
3,/</,Ε0=∋∗ 3/:− =∗0+∋+∗.− ∋0+/3/0+/ +− 9/ϑ−
8
.
/0 ∗∗ > Κ11: 37445

∗,∗ ,/93−0+/, Ρ )&/9.2−; &.∋:∋Ι/ ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ ∗Φ∗∋ϑ− 3∗,∗ − ./9./; −0+/ Κ)&∋()&∗+,∗+− ≥ 8= ΛΨ
3
3 Θ Θ ;Θ Θ Θ
≅,∗&9 +/
:∋Φ/,+∗+/
; ; ;# ; ;
;∃∃ ; ; ; ∃;#
; ; ∃; ∃; ;
4∗ 3/9)&∋9∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 9−Φ,/ ∗ )&∗:∋+∗+/ +− 9∗Φ2− ∋∗4∗0./ <−∋ ,/∗:∋Ι∗+∗ /4 +−∋9 Φ∗∋,,−9
Κ / Λ +∗ =∋+∗+/ +/ 2− ∗&:− − Φ∗∋,,− 9−,./−&(9/ ## ,/9∋+/0./9 / +/9./9 # −
=:∗99∋<∋=∗,∗4 =−4− Φ−4 / −9 +/4∗∋9 − =:∗99∋<∋=∗,∗4 =−4− ,&∋4 − Φ∗∋,,− <−,∗4
9−,./∗+−9 ## ,/9∋+/0./9 / # − =:∗99∋<∋=∗,∗4 =−4− ,&∋4 / −9 +/4∗∋9 − =:∗99∋<∋=∗,∗4 =−4−

2:

Φ−4
.∋:∋Ι−&(9/ − ./9./ +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+− 3∗,∗ 9/ ∗8∗:∋∗, 9/ /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ 0− ≅,∗& +/
9∗.∋9<∗12− +−9 ,/9∋+/0./9 8∗:−, −Φ9/,8∗+− +− )&∋()&∗+,∗+− / ∗ +/=∋92− +− ./9./ ∗− 0Ν8/:
+/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ 92−; ,/93/=.∋8∗4/0./;
∗Λ ; 02− /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ /0.,/ −9 Φ∗∋,,−9
ΦΛ ; /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ /0.,/ −9 Φ∗∋,,−9
=Λ ; 02− /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ /0.,/ −9 Φ∗∋,,−9
+Λ ; /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ /0.,/ −9 Φ∗∋,,−9
/Λ #; /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ /0.,/ −9 Φ∗∋,,−9
∋60
−+/4−9 4−0.∗, − 9/≅&∋0./ )&∗+,−Μ
∗∋,,− ∗∋,,− −.∗:
Φ−4 # # ##
,&∋4 # # ##
− .−.∗:; #Θ +−9 /0.,/8∋9.∗+−9 ∗8∗:∋∗,∗4 =−4− Φ−4 / #Θ =−4− ,&∋4
&3−0+− )&/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ 9/5∗ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗ Κ−& 9/5∗; 9&3−0+− )&/ 02− /ϑ∋9.∗ +∋</,/01∗
9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 0−9 +−∋9 Φ∗∋,,−9Λ; ./4−9 )&/ −9 3/,=/0.&∗∋9 ∗=∋4∗ 9/ ∗3:∋=∗,∋∗4 ∗
=∗+∗ &4 +−9 Φ∗∋,,−9Μ

_,/)[Ε0=∋∗ _,/)[Ε0=∋∗ _,/)[Ε0=∋∗ _,/)[Ε0=∋∗
−Φ9/,8∗+∗ /93/,∗+∗ −Φ9/,8∗+∗ /93/,∗+∗
Φ−4 # # # #
,&∋4 # # # #
(Oi − Ei ) 2
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ −Φ.∋+∗ 3/:∗ 9−4∗ +/ .−+−9 −9 8∗:−,/9 +/ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./
Ei
<∋=∗Μ
(180 − 150) 2 (120 − 150) 2 ( 20 − 50) 2 (80 − 50) 2
+ + + = 48
150 150 50 50
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ _∋=∗4−9 /0.,/ ∗9 ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗9 Χ /
0Α4/,− +/ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ ∆ +∗+− 3−,Μ

( L − 1) × (C − 1) = 2
( 2 − 1) × ( 2 − 1) = 1
Χ−09&:.∗0+− ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ <−,0/=∋+∗; 3∗,∗ ≅,∗& +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ / 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ;
./4−9Μ ; Κ8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−Λ

22

/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ 9&3/,∋−, ∗− 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− /8/4−9 ,/5/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ ϑ∋9./
+∋</,/01∗ 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ /0.,/ ∗9 −3∋0∋Ο/9 0−9 +−∋9 Φ∗∋,,−9
8
.
/0 ∗, > Κ119 37445

Χ−09∋+/,/ ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ ∗ 9/≅&∋, 3∗,∗ − ./9./; −0+/ Κ)&∋()&∗+,∗+− ≥ 8=Λ Ψ 3
3 Θ Θ ;Θ Θ Θ
≅,∗&9 +/
:∋Φ/,+∗+/
; ; ;# ; ;
;∃∃ ; ; ; ∃;#
; ; ∃; ∃; ;
−3∋0∋2− 9−Φ,/ − ∗./0+∋4/0.− Κ/0.,/ Φ−4; ,/≅&:∗, / ,&∋4Λ ∗−9 3∗=∋/0./9 /4 +−∋9 7−93∋.∗∋9
3ΑΦ:∋=−9 <−∋ /9.&+∗+− /4 +&∗9 =∋+∗+/9 ∗ =∋+∗+/ 9−,./−&(9/ ## &9&6,∋−9 / +/9./9 #
=:∗99∋<∋=∗,∗4 /4 ,/≅&:∗,; # =:∗99∋<∋=∗,∗4 /4 ,&∋4 / −9 +/4∗∋9 =:∗99∋<∋=∗,∗4 =−4 Φ−4 −
∗./0+∋4/0.− +− 7−93∋.∗: ∗ =∋+∗+/ <−,∗4 9−,./∗+−9 ## &9&6,∋−9 / # =:∗99∋<∋=∗,∗4
/4 Φ−4; # /4 ,/≅&:∗,; / −9 +/4∗∋9 =:∗99∋<∋=∗,∗4 =−4− ,&∋4 − ∗./0+∋4/0.− +− 7−93∋.∗:
.∋:∋Ι−&(9/ − ./9./ +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+− 3∗,∗ ∗8∗:∋∗, 9/ /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ 0− ≅,∗& +/ 9∗.∋9<∗12−

=−4 −9 7−93∋.∗∋9 +∗9 +&∗9 =∋+∗+/9 8∗:−, −Φ9/,8∗+− +− )&∋()&∗+,∗+− / ∗ +/=∋92− +− ./9./
∗− 0Ν8/: +/ Θ +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ 92−; ,/93/=.∋8∗4/0./Μ
∗Λ ; /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ /0.,/ ∗9 +&∗9 =∋+∗+/9
ΦΛ ; 02− /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ /0.,/ ∗9 +&∗9 =∋+∗+/9
=Λ ; /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ /0.,/ ∗9 +&∗9 =∋+∗+/9
+Λ ; /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ /0.,/ ∗9 +&∗9 =∋+∗+/9
/Λ ; 02− /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ /0.,/ ∗9 +&∗9 =∋+∗+/9
∋60
−+/4−9 4−0.∗, − 9/≅&∋0./ )&∗+,−Μ
Χ∋+∗+/ Χ∋+∗+/ −.∗:
Φ−4 # # ##
,/≅&:∗, # # ##
,&∋4 # # ##
− .−.∗:; #Θ +−9 &9&6,∋−9 =:∗99∋<∋=∗,∗4 =−4− Φ−4; Θ =−4− ,/≅&:∗, / Θ =−4− ,&∋4

2<

&3−0+− )&/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ 9/5∗ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗ Κ−& 9/5∗; 9&3−0+− )&/ 02− /ϑ∋9.∗ +∋</,/01∗
9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 0∗9 +&∗9 =∋+∗+/9Λ; ./4−9 )&/ −9 3/,=/0.&∗∋9 ∗=∋4∗ 9/ ∗3:∋=∗,∋∗4 ∗
=∗+∗ &4∗ +∗9 +&∗9 =∋+∗+/9Μ
Χ∋+∗+/ Χ∋+∗+/
_,/)[Ε0=∋∗ _,/)[Ε0=∋∗ _,/)[Ε0=∋∗ _,/)[Ε0=∋∗
−Φ9/,8∗+∗ /93/,∗+∗ −Φ9/,8∗+∗ /93/,∗+∗
Φ−4 # ## # ##
,/≅&:∗, # # # #
,&∋4 # # # #
(Oi − Ei ) 2
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ −Φ.∋+∗ 3/:∗ 9−4∗ +/ .−+−9 −9 8∗:−,/9 +/ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./
Ei
∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗Μ
(80 − 100) 2 (50 − 50) 2 (70 − 50) 2 (120 − 100) 2 (50 − 50) 2
+ + + + +
100 50 50 100 50
(30 − 50) 2
+ = 24
50
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ _∋=∗4−9 /0.,/ ∗9 ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗9 ?∗Β / ?ΦΒ
∗,∗ 8/, 9/ ,/5/∋.∗4−9 −& 02− ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗; +/8/4−9 =−43∗,∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =−4 −
8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−
∗ .∗Φ/:∗ ∗=∋4∗ ./4−9 :∋07∗9 / =−:&0∗9 0Α4/,− +/ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗Μ
( L − 1) × (C − 1) = 2
Χ−09&:.∗0+− ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ 3∗,∗ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ / &4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ; ./4−9Μ
;∃∃
Χ−4− ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ <−∋ 4∗∋−, )&/ − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−; ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ & 9/5∗;
/ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− /0.,/ ∗9 =∋+∗+/9
8
.
/0 ∗9 ∗; 8 11< 37445

4 &4∗ ,/≅∋2−; 9&93/∋.∗(9/ )&/ ∗ /9=−:7∗ /0.,/ +&∗9 3,−<∋99Ο/9 / +/3/0+∗ +− 9/ϑ−
+∗9 3/99−∗9 /07&4∗ 3/99−∗ 3−+/ /ϑ/,=/, 9∋4&:.∗0/∗4/0./ / /0.,/ ∗9 3/99−∗9
)&/ /ϑ/,=/4 /9.∗9 +&∗9 3,−<∋99Ο/9; <−,∗4 <−,4∗+−9 +−∋9 ≅,&3−9; − 3,∋4/∋,− =−4 # 7−4/09
/ − 9/≅&0+− =−4 # 4&:7/,/9; −Φ./0+−(9/ − 9/≅&∋0./ ,/9&:.∗+−Μ

<1

.∋:∋Ι∗0+− − ./9./ )&∋()&∗+,∗+− ∗ &4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ α ./4(9/ )&/ − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− +∗
+∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− )&∋()&∗+,∗+− =−4 ≅,∗& +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ ∆ 9&3/,∋−, ∗− 8∗:−, +− )&∋()&∗+,∗+−
−Φ9/,8∗+− 0.2−; − 8∗:−, +− )&∋()&∗+,∗+− −Φ9/,8∗+− / ∗ =−0=:&92− =−4 ,/:∗12− Ρ /9=−:7∗
+∗ 3,−<∋992− ∗ &4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ α 92−
Κ Λ ;; +/3/0+/ +− 9/ϑ−
ΚΛ ;; ∋0+/3/0+/ +− 9/ϑ−
ΚΧΛ ;#; +/3/0+/ +− 9/ϑ−
Κ Λ ;#; ∋0+/3/0+/ +− 9/ϑ−
ΚΛ ;#; +/3/0+/ +− 9/ϑ−
∋60.
− ≅/,∗:; Θ +∗9 3/99−∗9 ∆ +∗ 3,−<∋992− / Θ +∗9 3/99−∗9 ∆ +∗ 3,−<∋992−
/ ∗ /9=−:7∗ +∗ 3,−<∋992− ∋0+/3/0+/, +− 9/ϑ−; /93/,∗(9/ )&/ /9./9 4/94−9 3/,=/0.&∗∋9
9/5∗4 −Φ9/,8∗+−9 /4 =∗+∗ ≅,&3−
9 <,/)&/0=∋∗9 −Φ9/,8∗+∗9 9/,∋∗4Μ
!,&3−
7−4/09
4&:7/,/9
≅−,∗ 3−+/4−9 =∗:=&:∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./
ρΓ 5 σΓ
π8 θ
σΓ
; 5 ∃ 5 ;; ; 5 ; 5 ∃∃
π8
∃ ;; ; ∃∃
> > > >
π8
∃ ;; ; ∃∃
π8 ∃ > >
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ +/ ;
/ϑ/,=Ν=∋− +∋99/ )&/ ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ ∋0</,∋−, ∗− 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− −≅−; ∗=/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/
0&:∗ & 9/5∗; ∗ /9=−:7∗ 3/:∗ 3,−<∋992− ∋0+/3/0+/ +/ 9/ϑ−
8
. =

<

/0 ∗: > 11 375

4 &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ 9∋43:/9 +/ ## 3/99−∗9 +/ &4∗ 3−3&:∗12−; +∗9 # 4&:7/,/9
+∗ ∗4−9.,∗ 92− <&4∗0./9 / +−9 # 7−4/09 +∗ ∗4−9.,∗ .∗4Φ∆4 92− <&4∗0./9
/9/5∗0+−(9/ ./9.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ +/ )&/ 0/9.∗ 3−3&:∗12− 9/, <&4∗0./ −& 02− ∋0+/3/0+/
+∗ 3/99−∗ 9/, 7−4/4 −& 4&:7/,; )&∗: − 8∗:−, 4∗∋9 3,>ϑ∋4− +∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ +−
=−,,/93−0+/0./ ./9./ +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+−
∗Λ ;∃
ΦΛ ;
=Λ #;∃
+Λ ;
/Λ ;
∋60
_,/)&Ε0=∋∗9 −Φ9/,8∗+∗9Μ
_&4∗0./ 2−(<&4∗0./ −.∗:
−4/4 #
4&:7/, #
−.∗: # # ##
− ≅/,∗:; ./4−9 #Θ +/ <&4∗0./9

/ ∗ 3,−3−,12− +/ <&4∗0./9 <−, ∗ 4/94∗ /0.,/ 7−4/09 / 4&:7/,/9; /0.2− /93/,∗,Ν∗4−9 ./,
#Θ +/ <&4∗0./9 /4 =∗+∗ ≅,&3−
_,/)&/0=∋∗9 /93/,∗+∗9Μ
_&4∗0./ 2−(<&4∗0./ −.∗:
−4/4 #
4&:7/, #
−.∗: # # ##
∗,∗ =6:=&:− +∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./; <∗Ι/4−9 − 9/≅&∋0./Μ

( 9&Φ.,∗Ν4−9 ∗9 <,/)&Ε0=∋∗9 −Φ9/,8∗+∗9 +∗9 /93/,∗+∗9
( /:/8∗4−9 ∗− )&∗+,∗+−
( +∋8∋+∋4−9 3/:∗ <,/)&Ε0=∋∗ /93/,∗+∗
( 9−4∗4−9 .−+−9 −9 ,/9&:.∗+−9 ∗=∋4∗ ∋0+∋=∗+−9
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ <∋=∗Μ
(15 − 18) 2 (15 − 12) 2 ( 45 − 42) 2 ( 25 − 28) 2
+ + + Ψ ;∃
18 12 42 28
8
.

<

/0 ∗2 119 375

∗ ∗06:∋9/ +∗ 9∋0∋9.,∗:∋+∗+/ +/ &4∗ +/./,4∋0∗+∗ =∗,./∋,∗; &4∗ 4/+∋+∗ +/ +∋9=,/3Ξ0=∋∗
/ϑ∋9./0./ /0.,/ ∗9 <,/)[Ε0=∋∗9 −Φ9/,8∗+∗9 / ∗9 /93/,∗+∗9 ∆ 3,−3−,=∋−0∗+∗ 3/:∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗
)&∋ )&∗+,∗+− ( µ Χ−4 Φ∗9/ 0∋99−; 3−+/(9/ ∗<∋,4∗, )&/ 9/Μ
∗Λ µ Ψ #; ∗9 <,/)[Ε0=∋∗9 ./>,∋=∗9 Κ/93/,∗+∗9Λ / ∗9 −Φ9/,8∗+∗9 =−0=−,+∗4 /ϑ∗.∗4/0./
ΦΛ µ Ψ #; ∗9 <,/)[Ε0=∋∗9 ./>,∋=∗9 Κ/93/,∗+∗9Λ / ∗9 −Φ9/,8∗+∗9 02− =−0=−,+∗4 /ϑ∗.∗4/0./
0/4 3∗,=∋∗:4/0./
=Λ µ Ψ #; ∗9 <,/)[Ε0=∋∗9 ./>,∋=∗9 Κ/93/,∗+∗9Λ / ∗9 −Φ9/,8∗+∗9 =−0=−,+∗4 3∗,=∋∗:4/0./;
3−+/ 9/, ∗=/∋.∗(9/ =−4− .∗:
+Λ µ Ψ ; ∗9 <,/)[Ε0=∋∗9 ./>,∋=∗9 Κ/93/,∗+∗9Λ / ∗9 −Φ9/,8∗+∗9 =−0=−,+∗4 /ϑ∗.∗4/0./
/Λ µ . #; ∗9 <,/)[Ε0=∋∗9 ./>,∋=∗9 Κ/93/,∗+∗9Λ / ∗9 −Φ9/,8∗+∗9 =−0=−,+∗4 /ϑ∗.∗4/0./
∋60.
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+− ∆ +∗+∗ 3/:∗ 9−4∗ +/ .−+−9 −9 8∗:−,/9 +/Μ
ρΓ 5 σΓ
σΓ
/ ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ 8∗:/, #; /0.2− ∆ 3−,)&/ − 0&4/,∗+−, 8∗:/ # −≅−; ∗9 <,/)&Ε0=∋∗9 −Φ9/,8∗+∗9
/ ∗9 /93/,∗+∗9 92− ∋≅&∗∋9 /0.,/ 9∋ :∗9 =−0=−,+∗4 /ϑ∗.∗4/0./
8
.
9 ./9./9 +/ 7∋3>./9/9 3∗,∗ 3,−3−,1Ο/9; &9∗0+− ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+−; ,/=/Φ/4

0−4/9 /93/=∋∗∋9 >9 02− −9 4/0=∋−0∗4−9 3−,)&/; 3∗,∗ ,/9−:8/, −9 /ϑ/,=Ν=∋−9 )&/ =∗/4
/4 =−0=&,9−; − 0−4/ 3−&=− ∋43−,.∗
> 3∗,∗ 02− 3∗99∗, /4 Φ,∗0=−; 8∗4−9 ∗ /:/9Μ
( /9./9 +/ +/,Ε0=∋∗Μ )&/,/4−9 ./9.∗, 9/ &4∗ 3−3&:∗12− 9/≅&/ &4∗ +∗+∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/
3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/9 ϑ/43:−Μ )&/,/4−9 ./9.∗, 9/ &4 +∗+− ∆ 7−0/9.−; ∋9.− ∆; −9 ,/9&:.∗+−9
−Φ.∋+−9 9/≅&/4 &4∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− &0∋<−,4/
( /9./ +/ 7−4−≅/0/∋+∗+/Μ )&/,/4−9 ./9.∗, 9/ +∋</,/0./9 3−3&:∗1Ο/9 .Ε4 ∗ 4/94∗
+∋9.,∋Φ&∋12−
( /9./ +/ ∋0+/3/0+Ε0=∋∗Μ )&/,/4−9 ./9.∗, 9/ +&∗9 8∗,∋68/∋9 +∋</,/0./9 92− ∋0+/3/0+/0./9
/0.,/ 9∋ ϑ/43:−Μ )&/,/4−9 8/, 9/ − ∗3,−8/∋.∗4/0.− 0&4 ./9./ ∋0+/3/0+/ +− 9/ϑ− +∗
3/99−∗ &/,/4−9 ./9.∗, 9/ 3,−3/092− ∗ ./, =Ξ0=/, ∋0+/3/0+/ +∗ =−, +∗ 3/:/
/0 ∗< > 11∗ 375

,/9&:.∗+− +/ &4 /09∗∋− +/9.∋0∗+− ∗ ∋08/9.∋≅∗, ∗ /</.∋8∋+∗+/ +∗ 8∗=∋0∗12− +/ ∗0∋4∗∋9 0∗
3,/8/012− +/ =/,.− .∋3− +/ +−/01∗ 3,−+&Ι∋& ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ +/ =−0.∋0≅Ε0=∋∗ 9/≅&∋0./

<%

/9/5∗(9/ ./9.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ +/ )&/ −9 3/,<∋9 Κ+/ :∋07∗Λ +/ 8∗=∋0∗+−9 / 02− 8∗=∋0∗+−9
=−∋0=∋+/4 99∋0∗:/ ∗ −312− )&/ +6 − 8∗:−, +∗ =−0.,∋Φ&∋12− +∗ 3,∋4/∋,∗ =∆:&:∗ +∗ .∗Φ/:∗ 3∗,∗
∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ +/ 7−4−≅/0/∋+∗+/ +− )&∋()&∗+,∗+−
∗Λ #;
ΦΛ #;#
=Λ #;##
+Λ #;##
/Λ #;
∋60.
_,/)&Ε0=∋∗9 −Φ9/,8∗+∗9
−/0./ ∗&+68/: −.∗:
∗=∋0∗+−
2− 8∗=∋0∗+−
−.∗: # # ##
− ≅/,∗:; #Θ +∗9 3/99−∗9 <∋=∗,∗4 +−/0./9
∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗; 9&3−4−9 )&/ /99/ 4/94− 3/,=/0.&∗: 9/ ∗3:∋=∗ 0−9 +−∋9 ≅,&3−9 Κ8∗=∋0∗+−9
/ 02−(8∗=∋0∗+−9Λ 99∋4; −Φ./4−9 ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ +/ <,/)&Ε0=∋∗9 /93/,∗+∗9Μ
_,/)&Ε0=∋∗9 /93/,∗+∗9
−/0./ ∗&+68/: −.∗:
∗=∋0∗+− ;
2− 8∗=∋0∗+− ;
−.∗: #
/4 3,/=∋9∗4−9 3,//0=7/, ∗9 +/4∗∋9 =∆:&:∗9
− =6:=&:− +∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+−; ∗ =−0.,∋Φ&∋12− +∗ 3,∋4/∋,∗ =∆:&:∗ <∋=∗Μ
ρϑ 5 σϑ ; 5 ∃ >
;∃∃∃∃ ω ξ ;∃
σϑ ∃ >
8
.
/0&0=∋∗+− ∗ 9/≅&∋, ,/</,/(9/ Ρ9 )&/9.Ο/9 &/9.2− #; &/9.2− / &/9.2−

.∗Φ/:∗ ∗ 9/≅&∋, 4−9.,∗ −9 ,/9&:.∗+−9 −Φ.∋+−9 /4 4∗./46.∋=∗ 3−, .,Ε9 .&,4∗9

<∗

3,−8∗+−9 /3,−8∗+−9 −.∗:

&,4∗ µ # # #
&,4∗ κ #
&,4∗ δ #
−.∗: # # ##
/9/5∗4−9 ./9.∗,; &.∋:∋Ι∗0+− − ./9./ +− )&∋()&∗+,∗+−Μ
#Μ −9 9/∋9 ,/9&:.∗+−9 3−99Ν8/∋9 .Ε4 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/9 ∋≅&∗∋9 8/,9&9
Μ −9 9/∋9 ,/9&:.∗+−9 3−99Ν8/∋9 02− .Ε4 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/9 ∋≅&∗∋9
/0 ,1 7ΝΚ> Β 119 378ϑ5

8∗:−, −Φ9/,8∗+− +∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ )&∋()&∗+,∗+− ∆; ∗3,−ϑ∋4∗+∗4/0./Μ
∗Λ ;
ΦΛ ;
=Λ ;
+Λ ;
/Λ ;
∋60Μ
:7∗ ≅/0./; /& ∗=7− )&/ − /0&0=∋∗+− <∋=−& &4 3−&)&∋07− =−0<&9− Χ,/∋− )&/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/
)&/ 9/ 3,/./0+/ ./9.∗, 9/,∋∗ ∗ 9/≅&∋0./Μ
#Μ ∗ 3,−3−,12− +/ ∗3,−8∗+−9 0∗9 .,Ε9 .&,4∗9 ∆ ∗ 4/94∗
Μ ∗9 3,−3−,1Ο/9 92− +∋</,/0./9
/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ <−, 8/,+∗+/∋,∗; ∗9 .,Ε9 .&,4∗9 ./,∋∗4 − 4/94− +/9/43/07−

− .−.∗:; 92− ## ∗:&0−9 /9./9; # <−,∗4 ∗3,−8∗+−9 .&,4∗ µ ./4 # ∗:&0−9 .&,4∗ κ
./4 # ∗:&0−9 .&,4∗ δ ./4 # ∗:&0−9 / 9−&Φ∆99/4−9 ∗3/0∗9 /9.∗9 ∋0<−,4∗1Ο/9 /
)&∋9∆99/4−9 +/9=−Φ,∋, )&∗0.−9 ∗:&0−9 <−,∗4 ∗3,−8∗+−9 /4 =∗+∗ .&,4∗; 9&3−0+− )&/ ∗9
.,Ε9 .&,4∗9 ./07∗4 − 4/94− +/9/43/07−; :/8∗,Ν∗4−9 /4 =−0.∗ )&/ #Θ +−9 ∗:&0−9 +/
=∗+∗ &4∗ +∗9 .&,4∗9 <−∋ ∗3,−8∗+−
9.− =−,,/93−0+/ ∗ =−09∋+/,∗, )&/ .−+∗9 ∗9 .&,4∗9 .∋8/,∗4 +/9/43/07− ∋≅&∗: ∗−
+/9/43/07− ≅/,∗: +∗9 .,Ε9 .&,4∗9
9 <,/)[Ε0=∋∗9 /93/,∗+∗9 <∋=∗,∋∗4 =−0<−,4/ ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ ∗Φ∗∋ϑ−

<,

&,4∗ µ &,4∗ κ &,4∗ δ

_ −Φ9/,8∗+∗ _ /93/,∗+∗ _ −Φ9/,8∗+∗ _ /93/,∗+∗ _ −Φ9/,8∗+∗ _ /93/,∗+∗
3,−8∗+−9 #
/3,−8∗+−9 #
−.∗: # # # # # #
(Oi − Ei ) 2
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ −Φ.∋+∗ 3/:∗ 9−4∗ +/ .−+−9 −9 8∗:−,/9 +/
Ei
(30 − 32) 2 (10 − 8) 2 (35 − 32) 2 (5 − 8) 2 (15 − 16) 2 (5 − 4) 2

χ 2 _ teste = + + + + + = 2,34
32 8 32 8 16 4
8
. =
/0 , 7ΝΚ> Β 119 378ϑ5

0Α4/,− +/ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ ∆Μ
∗Λ
ΦΛ
=Λ
+Λ
/Λ ∃∃
∋60
−99∗ .∗Φ/:∗ ∆ ∗ )&/ 9/≅&/Μ
_ −Φ9/,8∗+∗ ΚµΛ _ −Φ9/,8∗+∗ ΚκΛ _ −Φ9/,8∗+∗ ΚδΛ

3,−8∗+−9 #
/3,−8∗+−9 #
L 0Α4/,− +/ :∋07∗9
C 0Α4/,− +/ =−:&0∗9
L=2
C=3
0Α4/,− +/ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ 9/,6 ∋≅&∗: ∗ (L − 1) × (C − 1)

graus _ de _ liberdade = (L − 1) × (C − 1)
graus _ de _ liberdade = (2 − 1) × (3 − 1) = 2
8
.

<9

/0 , 7ΝΚ> Β 119 378ϑ5

−9 0Ν8/∋9 +/ Θ; Θ / #Θ; ∗ +/=∋92− 9−Φ,/ # ∆Μ
α = 1% α = 5% α = 10%
2− ,/5/∋.∗, 2− ,/5/∋.∗, 2− ,/5/∋.∗,
2− ,/5/∋.∗, 2− ,/5/∋.∗, /5/∋.∗,
Χ 2− ,/5/∋.∗, /5/∋.∗, /5/∋.∗,
/5/∋.∗, /5/∋.∗, 2− ,/5/∋.∗,
/5/∋.∗, /5/∋.∗, /5/∋.∗,
/9−:&12−
∗Φ/4−9 )&/; 9/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ <−, 8/,+∗+/∋,∗; ∗ 8∗,∋68/: χ 2 ./4 +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ )&∋(
)&∗+,∗+− =−4 +−∋9 ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/
∗4−9 /0=−0.,∗, −9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 3∗,∗ =∗+∗ &4 +−9 .,Ε9 ./9./9 )&/ 9/ 3,/./0+/ <∗Ι/,
&∗0+− − ./9./ ./4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ; − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− =−09.∗0./ +∗ .∗Φ/:∗ ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗
∃; 9./ 8∗:−, ∆ 4∗∋−, )&/ ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ −,.∗0.− 02− ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
&∗0+− − ./9./ ./4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ; − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− =−09.∗0./ +∗ .∗Φ/:∗ ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗
;∃∃ 9./ 8∗:−, ∆ 9&3/,∋−, Ρ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ −,.∗0.− 02− ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
&∗0+− − ./9./ ./4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ #Θ; − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− =−09.∗0./ +∗ .∗Φ/:∗ ∆ ∋≅&∗:
∗ ; 9./ 8∗:−, ∆ 9&3/,∋−, Ρ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ −,.∗0.− 02− ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
∗,∗ 0/07&4 +−9 .,Ε9 =∗9−9 ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
!∗Φ∗,∋.−Μ
/ϑ.− 3∗,∗ &/9.2− ∗ &/9.2−

.∗Φ/:∗ ∗ 9/≅&∋, 4−9.,∗ −9 ,/9&:.∗+−9 −Φ.∋+−9 /4 # :∗01∗4/0.−9 +/ &4 +∗+−
/9/5∗4−9 ./9.∗,; &9∗0+− − ./9./ )&∋()&∗+,∗+−Μ

#Μ −9 9/∋9 ,/9&:.∗+−9 3−99Ν8/∋9 .Ε4 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/9 ∋≅&∗∋9 8/,9&9
Μ −9 9/∋9 ,/9&:.∗+−9 3−99Ν8/∋9 02− .Ε4 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/9 ∋≅&∗∋9
/0 ,% > > 11∗ 3485

8∗:−, −Φ9/,8∗+− +∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ )&∋()&∗+,∗+− ∆Μ
Κ Λ ;
ΚΛ ;#

<:

ΚΧΛ ;
Κ Λ ;
ΚΛ #
∋60
+∗+− <−∋ 5−≅∗+− # 8/Ι/9 Χ∗9− .−+∗9 ∗9 <∗=/9 ./07∗4 ∗ 4/94∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9∗∋,; ∆
/93/,∗+− )&/ .−+∗9 /:∗9 9∗∋∗4 Γ +∗9 8/Ι/9
/9&:.∗+− Φ9/,8∗+− 93/,∗+−
# #
#
∃ #
#
#
#
(Oi − Ei ) 2
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ −Φ.∋+∗ 3/:∗ 9−4∗ +/ .−+−9 −9 8∗:−,/9 +/
Ei
(10 − 10) 2 (12 − 10) 2 (9 − 10) 2 (8 − 10) 2 (15 − 10) 2 (16 − 10) 2
χ 2 _ teste = + + + + + =
10 10 10 10 10 10
8
. =
/0 ,∗ > > 11∗ 3485

0Α4/,− +/ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ ∆Μ
Κ Λ
ΚΛ
ΚΧΛ
Κ Λ ∃
ΚΛ #
∋60
( L − 1) × (C − 1) = 
(6 − 1) × (1 − 1)
Φ9/,8/4 )&/ − 0Α4/,− +/ =−:&0∗9 ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ Χ−4 ∋99−; ./4−9 % ; )&/ ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ Ι/,−
∗9 − 0Α4/,− +/ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ 0&0=∗ 3−+/ 9/, ∋≅&∗: ∗ Ι/,−

<2

&∗0+− ∋9.− ∗=−0./=/,; −& 9/5∗; )&∗0+− − 0Α4/,− +/ :∋07∗9 Κ−& =−:&0∗9Λ <−, ∋≅&∗: ∗ ; ∗
≅/0./ 02− <∗Ι ∗ 9&Φ.,∗12− 0Α4/,− +/ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ <∋=∗ ∗99∋4Μ
( L − 1) × (C ) = 5 × 1 = 5
8
.
/0 ,, > > 11∗ 3485

−9 0Ν8/∋9 +/ Θ; Θ / #Θ +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗; ∗ +/=∋92− 9−Φ,/ # ∆Μ
∋60
∗,∗ #Θ +/ 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗; − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− ∆ ∃; Κ8∋+/ .∗Φ/:∗ =−:−=∗+∗ ∗− <∋0∗: +∗
∗&:∗Λ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ΚΨΛ ∆ 4/0−, )&/ − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− 2− ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
/ ,/+&Ι∋,4−9 − 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ 3∗,∗ Θ −& 3∗,∗ Θ; /9.∗,/4−9 ,/+&Ι∋0+− ∗ ,/≅∋2−
=,∋.∋=∗ 7∋3>./9/ =−0.∋0&∗,6 9/0+− ∗=/∋.∗
8
.
/0 ,9 112 378ϑ5

.∗Φ/:∗ +/ =−0.∋0≅Ε0=∋∗ ∗ 9/≅&∋, <−∋ −Φ.∋+∗ 3∗,∗ 9/ ./9.∗, 7−4−≅/0/∋+∗+/ /0.,/ ∗9
3,−3−,1Ο/9 +/ =−0=/∋.−9 −Φ.∋+−9 /4 &4 /ϑ∗4/ 0∗=∋−0∗: =−4 +−∋9 4∆.−+−9 +/ /09∋0−Μ
8∗:−, +∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ )&∋()&∗+,∗+− &9&∗: 3∗,∗ /99/9 +∗+−9 ∆Μ

Κ Λ
ΚΛ
ΚΧΛ
Κ Λ
ΚΛ
∋60Μ

<<

9 ./9./9 +/ 7∋3>./9/9 3∗,∗ 3,−3−,1Ο/9; &9∗0+− ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+−; ,/=/Φ/4

0−4/9 /93/=∋∗∋9 >9 02− −9 4/0=∋−0∗4−9 3−,)&/; 3∗,∗ ,/9−:8/, −9 /ϑ/,=Ν=∋−9 )&/ =∗/4
/4 =−0=&,9−; − 0−4/ 3−&=− ∋43−,.∗
> 3∗,∗ 02− 3∗99∗, /4 Φ,∗0=−; 8∗4−9 ∗ /:/9Μ
( /9./9 +/ +/,Ε0=∋∗Μ )&/,/4−9 ./9.∗, 9/ &4∗ 3−3&:∗12− 9/≅&/ &4∗ +∗+∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/
3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/9
( /9./ +/ 7−4−≅/0/∋+∗+/Μ )&/,/4−9 ./9.∗, 9/ +∋</,/0./9 3−3&:∗1Ο/9 .Ε4 ∗ 4/94∗
+∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− ϑ/43:−Μ ./9.∗, 9/ +&∗9 .&,4∗9 +/ &4∗ /9=−:∗ .∋8/,∗4 − 4/94− +/9/43/07−
0∗ 3,−8∗ +/ 4∗./46.∋=∗
( /9./ +/ ∋0+/3/0+Ε0=∋∗Μ )&/,/4−9 ./9.∗, 9/ +&∗9 8∗,∋68/∋9 +∋</,/0./9 92− ∋0+/3/0+/0./9
/0.,/ 9∋ ϑ/43:−Μ )&/,/4−9 8/, 9/ − ∗3,−8/∋.∗4/0.− 0&4 ./9./ ∋0+/3/0+/ +− 9/ϑ− +∗
3/99−∗ &/,/4−9 ./9.∗, 9/ 3,−3/092− ∗ ./, =Ξ0=/, ∋0+/3/0+/ +∗ =−, +∗ 3/:/
/9./ /ϑ/,=Ν=∋−; )&/,/4−9 9∗Φ/, 9/ ∗ 3,−3−,12− +/ ∗:&0−9 )&/ .∋,−& ; / Χ ∆ ∗ 4/94∗;
.∗0.− 3∗,∗ − 4∆.−+− )&∗0.− 3∗,∗ − 4∆.−+−
−+/4−9 4−0.∗, − 9/≅&∋0./ )&∗+,− +/ <,/)[Ε0=∋∗9 −Φ9/,8∗+∗9Μ
Χ −.∗:
4∆.−+− # # # ##
4∆.−+− # # # ##
.−.∗: ## # # ##
− .−.∗: +/ ## ∗8∗:∋∗+−9; #Θ .∋,−& − =−0=/∋.− ; Θ ; / Θ Χ

&3−0+− 7−4−≅/0/∋+∗+/ /0.,/ ∗)&/:/9 )&/ <−,∗4 /09∋0∗+−9 =−4 −9 +−∋9 4∆.−+−9; /9./9
4/94−9 3/,=/0.&∗∋9 +/8/,∋∗4 9/, 8/,∋<∋=∗+−9 +/0.,− +/ =∗+∗ ≅,&3−
99∋4; ./4−9 − 9/≅&∋0./ )&∗+,− +/ <,/)[Ε0=∋∗9 /93/,∗+∗9Μ
Χ
4∆.−+− #
4∆.−+− #
(Oi − Ei ) 2
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ∆ −Φ.∋+∗ 3/:∗ 9−4∗ +/ .−+−9 −9 8∗:−,/9 +/
Ei
(50 − 50) 2 (50 − 50) 2 (10 − 25) 2 ( 40 − 25) 2 ( 40 − 25) 2 (10 − 25) 2
χ 2 _ teste = + + + + + =
50 50 25 25 25 25
Ψ
8
.

11

9 Λ 8 Θ>
9 Λ
( ∃ ∃ Ρ
3/9∗, +/ 9/, &4∗ 9∋.&∗12− <∗0.∗9∋−9∗; ∆ 4&∋.− =−4&4 /9.&+∗,4−9 − =−43−,.∗4/0.− +/

∗4−9.,∗9 Φ/4 ≅,∗0+/9 Κ0 ./0+/0+− ∗− ∋0<∋0∋.−Λ 99− ∆ Α.∋:; 3−∋9; )&∗0+− ?0Β ./0+/ ∗−
∋0<∋0∋.−; 4&∋.∗ =−∋9∗ 0−9 =6:=&:−9 /08−:8∋+−9 0− /9.&+− +−9 /9.∋4∗+−,/9 ∆ 9∋43:∋<∋=∗+∗
99∋4; − ∋0.&∋.− ∆ −Φ9/,8∗, − )&/ −=−,,/ =−4 ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: Κ&9ψ Λ; )&∗0+− ?0Β ∆ 4&∋.−
≅,∗0+/
Χ−09∋+/,/ &4∗ 9/)&Ε0=∋∗ +/ ?0Β 8∗,∋68/∋9 ∗:/∗.>,∋∗9Μ

&ϑ & ζ &ψ
−+∗9 /:∗9 92− ∋+Ε0.∋=∗9 /0.,/ 9∋ / .Ε4 &4∗ 4∆+∋∗ <∋0∋.∗Μ
σ&ϑ σ& ζ σ&ψ
:∆4 +∋99−; .−+∗9 /:∗9 92− ∋0+/3/0+/0./9 /0.,/ 9∋
4∆+∋∗ +/9.∗9 8∗,∋68/∋9 ./0+/ 3∗,∗ 4∆+∋∗ Β

/ <−,4∗ ?∋43,/=∋9∗Β; 3−+/4−9 +∋Ι/, )&/ ∗ :/∋ <,∗=∗ +−9 ≅,∗0+/9 0Α4/,−9 0−9 +∋Ι )&/ ∗
4 ./,4−9 4∗∋9 /ϑ∗.−9; /:∗ 0−9 +∋Ι − 9/≅&∋0./ ∗,∗ )&∗:)&/, Ξ 0 ; ./4−9Μ
&ϑ & ζ &ψ
{ 5 { Ω Ξ = |}∼ ! = ≅
!
+∋9.∗0=∋/ +/ 8∗∋ 3∗,∗ Ι/,−

& 9/5∗; 3∗,∗ ?0Β 4&∋.− ≅,∗0+/; ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ )&/ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ +∗9 8∗,∋68/∋9 ∗:/∗.>,∋∗9 9/
9 Λ
( ∃ ∃ Ρ
Χ−09∋+/,/ 0−8∗4/0./ ∗9 ?0Β 8∗,∋68/∋9 ∋0+/3/0+/0./9 / ∋+Ε0.∋=∗9 /0.,/ 9∋; )&/ +/<∋0∋4−9
3∗,∗ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ Β > )&/ /:∗ 0−9 +∋Ι ∋99− +/ 4−+− +∋</,/0./ :∗ 0−9 ∋0<−,4∗ )&/Μ
∗=∋4∗ :/∋ <−,./ +−9 ≅,∗0+/9 0Α4/,−9 .∗4Φ∆4 0−9 +∋Ι )&/ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ +/9.∗9 8∗,∋68/∋9 ./0+/
&ϑ & ζ &ψ

= |}∼ ! = ≅
!
0−,4∗: ∗=7∗, )&/ ∗9 +&∗9 :/∋9 Κ<−,./ / <,∗=∗Λ <∗:∗4 ∗ 4/94∗ =−∋9∗ ∗9 /:∗9 92− 9∋4
+∋</,/0./9χ
)&/ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ +∗9 8∗,∋68/∋9 ∗:/∗.>,∋∗9 /9./5∗ 3,>ϑ∋4∗ +/ Β

− =∗9− +∗ :/∋ <,∗=∗; ./4−9 − 9/≅&∋0./ ∗,∗ &4 ?0Β ≅,∗0+/ /4 /93/=Ν<∋=− Κ0τΛ; ∆ 3,−868/:
4∆+∋∗ +∗9 8∗,∋68/∋9 ∗:/∗.>,∋∗9 /9./5∗ 3,>ϑ∋4∗ +/ Β

ϑ/43:∋<∋=∗0+−; =−09∋+/,/ )&/ 3∗,∗ 0τ Ψ ###### 3−99∗4−9 ∗<∋,4∗, )&/ ∆ 3,−868/: )&/ ∗

1

Χ−0.&+−; ∗ :/∋ <,∗=∗ 02− 0−9 ≅∗,∗0./ )&/ /99∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ Φ∗∋ϑ∗ −=−,,/,6 3∗,∗ .−+−9 −9
+/4∗∋9 8∗:−,/9 +/ ?0Β 4∗∋−,/9 )&/ 0τ /,∋∗ 3/,</∋.∗4/0./ 3−99Ν8/: )&/ 3∗,∗ &4 ?0Β ∋≅&∗: ∗
######; 3−, /ϑ/43:−; ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ 9/5∗ ∗:.∗ & 9/5∗; ∗ :/∋ <,∗=∗ +/∋ϑ∗ ∗Φ/,.∗ ∗
3−99∋Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ )&/; 3∗,∗ ∗:≅&09 8∗:−,/9 ≅,∗0+/9 +/ ?0Β; ./07∗4−9 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/9 ∗:.∗9
Η6 ∗ :/∋ <−,./ 0−9 +∋Ι )&/ ∋99− 02− −=−,,/ ϑ∗.∗4/0./ 3−, ∋99− /:∗ ∆ ?4∗∋9 <−,./Β
&.,∗ <−,4∗ +/ <,∋9∗, ∗9 +∋</,/01∗9 /0.,/ ∗4Φ∗9 ∆ /9.&+∗0+− −9 +∋</,/0./9 =−0=/∋.−9 +/

=−08/,≅Ε0=∋∗
4∗ 9/)&Ε0=∋∗ +/ 8∗,∋68/∋9 ∗:/∗.>,∋∗9 &ϑ & ζ &ψ # +

∋
∃∃ 3∗,∗ ∗
3,∋4/∋,− .∋3− +/ =−08/,≅Ε0=∋∗; )&/ ∆ − 4∗∋9 <,∗=−; ∆ ∗ =−08/,≅Ε0=∋∗ /4 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/
8∗,∋68/: µ 9/; 3∗,∗ )&∗:)&/, Ξ 0 ./4−9Μ

Π&ψ 5 &Π Ω Ξ
ψ=
)&/ ∗ :/∋ <,∗=∗ +−9 ≅,∗0+/9 0Α4/,−9 </Ι <−∋ 5&9.∗4/0./ .,∗Φ∗:7∗, =−4 ∗ 9/)&Ε0=∋∗ +/
8∗,∋68/∋9 +∗+∗ 3−,Μ
&9ϑ &9 ζ &9ψ
∗ :/∋ +∋99/ )&/ /:∗9 =−08/,≅/4 /4 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ 3∗,∗
∗Ν <∋=∗4−9 =−4Μ
Π&9ψ 5 Π Ω Ξ
ψ=
Φ9/,8/4 ∗ −,+/4 +∗9 =−∋9∗9Μ ./4−9 − :∋4∋./ +/ &4∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ & 9/5∗; 3/≅∗4−9 &4
?0Β ≅,∗0+/; / =∗:=&:∗4−9 ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ :∗ /9.∗,6 3,>ϑ∋4∗ +/ Ι/,− &4/0.∗4−9 − ?0Β;
=∗:=&:∗4−9 0−8∗4/0./ ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ :∗ /9.∗,6 3,>ϑ∋4∗ +/ Ι/,− ∗99∋4 3−, +∋∗0./
/43,/ 8∗4−9 ∗&4/0.∗0+− − ?0Β / =∗:=&:∗0+− ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ /,/4−9 86,∋∗9
3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/9 =∗:=&:∗+∗9
∗Ν; ./0+− ∗9 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/9; /9.&+∗4−9 − :∋4∋./ +/9.∗9 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/9
4 9Ν0./9/; ./4−9 − :∋4∋./ +∗9 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/9 Χ∗:=&:∗4−9 86,∋∗9 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/9 Κ&4∗ 3∗,∗
=∗+∗ ?0ΒΛ / +/3−∋9 =∗:=&:∗4−9 − :∋4∋./ +/9.∗9 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/9
Χ−0.&+−; /4 ./9/; 3−+/,∋∗4 −=−,,/, ∗:≅&09 =∗9−9 /93−,6+∋=−9 +/ ?0Β ≅,∗0+/ /
3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ ∗:.∗; =−0<−,4/ 4/0=∋−0∗4−9 ∗0./,∋−,4/0./
Χ&,∋−9∋+∗+/Μ ∗ +/4−09.,∗12− +∗ :/∋ <,∗=∗ ∆ ∗3:∋=∗12− )&∗9/ +∋,/.∗ +− <∗4−9− /−,/4∗ +/
Χ7/Φυ=7/8; )&/ ∆ <∋≅&,∗ ,/:∗.∋8∗4/0./ 3,/9/0./ /4 3,−8∗9 +/ =−0=&,9−9
Η6 − 9/≅&0+− .∋3− +/ =−08/,≅Ε0=∋∗; )&/ ∆ − 4∗∋9 <−,./; ∆ =7∗4∗+− +/ # Σ

Η
:≅&09 ∗&.−,/9 &9∗4 − 0−4/ ? # Σ
+
∋
∃∃ Β
/9./ .∋3− +/ =−08/,≅Ε0=∋∗; ./4−9Μ
Π&ψ 5 &Π Ω Ξ
ψ=
& ∗∋0+∗ Κ+6 0− 4/94−ΛΜ

Π&ψ 5 &Π 1 Ξ
ψ=

1

Ν +∋Ι/4−9 )&/ ∗ 9/)&Ε0=∋∗ +/ 8∗,∋68/∋9 =−08/,≅/ 3∗,∗ µ =−4 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ Κ=−08/,≅Ε0=∋∗

)&∗9/ =/,.∗Λ
− =∗9− +∗ :/∋ <−,./; ∗3:∋=∗4−9 /9./ =−0=/∋.− 3∗,∗ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗:Μ
Π&9ψ 5 Π 1 Ξ
ψ=
&Μ
Π&9ψ 5 Π Ω Ξ
ψ=
≅−,∗ ∋08/,./4−9 ∗ −,+/4 +∗9 =−∋9∗9Μ 02− ./4−9 4∗∋9 − :∋4∋./ +∗9 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/9 2− 2−
∆ ∋99− ≅−,∗ ./4−9 ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +− :∋4∋./ ,∋4/∋,− =∗:=&:∗4−9 − :∋4∋./ +∗ 9/)&Ε0=∋∗ +/
8∗,∋68/∋9 ∗:/∗.>,∋∗9 > +/3−∋9 =∗:=&:∗4−9 ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/
0.2− /9.∗ ∆ −&.,∗ <−,4∗ +/ 8/, ∗ +∋</,/01∗ /0.,/ ∗9 :/∋9 ∗ :/∋ <,∗=∗; ./4−9 − :∋4∋./ +∗9
3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/9 ∗ :/∋ <−,./; ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +− :∋4∋./
/43,/ )&/ ./4−9 ∗ =−08/,≅Ε0=∋∗ )&∗9/ =/,.∗; ./4−9 .∗4Φ∆4 ∗ =−08/,≅Ε0=∋∗ /4

3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ ∗9 − =−0.,6,∋− 02− ∆ 8/,+∗+/∋,−
−, ∋99−; 0− =∗9− +/ =−08/,≅Ε0=∋∗ )&∗9/ =/,.∗; &9∗4−9 ∗ 3∗:∗8,∗ ?<−,./Β / 0− =∗9− +∗
=−08/,≅Ε0=∋∗ /4 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ &9∗4−9 ∗ 3∗:∗8,∗ ?<,∗=∗Β
3,−8/∋.∗0+− − /9.&+− +∗9 <−,4∗9 +/ =−08/,≅Ε0=∋∗; =&43,/ 4/0=∋−0∗, )&/ 76 ∗∋0+∗ &4
./,=/∋,− .∋3−Μ ∗ # Σ
∃

60
9/)&Ε0=∋∗ +/ 8∗,∋68/∋9 =−08/,≅/ /4 +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 3∗,∗ &4∗ 8∗,∋68/: ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ µ 9/Μ
:ψ ∀ : ∀
ψ=
0+/ _ ∆ ∗ <&012− +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/

& 9/5∗; ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ µ0 =−08/,≅/ 3∗,∗ ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/
+/ µ
0+/ <−∋ )&/ 56 8∋4−9 ∋99−
∗ 4∆+∋∗ +∗9 8∗,∋68/∋9 &ϑ & ζ &ψ ./0+/ 3∗,∗ &4∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗:
∋4−9 ∋99− 0− ∃ Λ

4 ∋ :/ 0−9 +∋Ι )&/; )&∗0+− ?0Β ./0+/ 3∗,∗ − ∋0<∋0∋.−;
−Φ,/ /9./ .>3∋=−; 02− /93/,− 0/07&4∗ )&/9.2− /08−:8/0+− =−0.∗9 / =∗∋, ∗:≅−; 9/,6 &4∗
)&/9.2− ./>,∋=∗ ./0.∗0+− 4∋9.&,∗, −9 =−0=/∋.−9; ∗Φ∗∋ϑ− ,/9&4∋+−9Μ
/0 ,: 112 34 5

Χ∋/0.∋9.∗9 ∋.∗:∋∗0−9 /9.&+∗,∗4 − /</∋.− +− 8/.− ∗− =∋≅∗,,− /4 :&≅∗,/9 3ΑΦ:∋=−9 =∗:=&:∗0+− ∗
3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ &4∗ 3/99−∗ 9−<,/, &4 ∋0<∗,.− +− 4∋−=6,+∋− / =∋0=− ∗0−9 ∗0./9 ∗.∆ −

1%

∋09.∗0./ +∗ 3&Φ:∋=∗12− +/99/ 8/.−; ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ &4∗ 3/99−∗ 9−<,/, − 3,∋4/∋,− ∋0<∗,.−
+− 4∋−=6,+∋− /,∗ ∋≅&∗: ∗ 3; /4 )&/ # Ω 3 Ω #; 99/9 =∋/0.∋9.∗9 ∗=,/+∋.∗4 )&/; ∗.∆ =∋0=− ∗0−9
∗3>9 ∗ 3&Φ:∋=∗12− +/99/ 8/.−; /99∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ <−∋ ,/+&Ι∋+∗ 3∗,∗ #;∃3
: 9

∋∋ ∋

∗;& )

∋

< 4 9
4
∗

4 ∋= ∗
!

>?
Χ−4 ,/:∗12− ∗− ./ϑ.−; 5&:≅&/ − 3,>ϑ∋4− ∋./4; =−09∋+/,∗0+− )&/ −&.,∗9 ∃## 3/99−∗9 ./07∗4
9∋+− −Φ9/,8∗+∗9 /4 &4∗ 0−8∗ 3/9)&∋9∗; 9/0+− µ∗ ∗ )&∗0.∋+∗+/ +/ 3/99−∗9 )&/ 9−<,/,∗4 −
3,∋4/∋,− ∋0<∗,.− +− 4∋−=6,+∋− 0− 3/,Ν−+− +/ =∋0=− ∗0−9 ∗0./9 +∗ 3&Φ:∋=∗12− +− 8/.− / µΦ ∗
)&∗0.∋+∗+/ +/ 3/99−∗9 )&/ 9−<,/,∗4 − 3,∋4/∋,− ∋0<∗,.− +− 4∋−=6,+∋− 0− 3/,Ν−+− ∗.∆ =∋0=−
∗0−9 ∗3>9 ∗ 3&Φ:∋=∗12− +− 8/.−
/:− ./−,/4∗ =−07/=∋+− =−4− :/∋ <−,./ +−9 ≅,∗0+/9 0Α4/,−9; ∆ =−,,/.− =−0=:&∋, )&/ ∗
8∗,∋68/: ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ µ∗ 9/≅&/ ∗3,−ϑ∋4∗+∗4/0./ &4∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗:
/9−:&12−Μ
Χ−4− 8∋4−9; ∗ :/∋ <−,./ +−9 ≅,∗0+/9 0Α4/,−9 0−9 +∋Ι )&/; 3∗,∗ ?0Β ∋0+− 3∗,∗ − ∋0<∋0∋.−; ∗
4∆+∋∗ +∗9 ∗4−9.,∗9 ./0+/ 3∗,∗ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ +∗ 8∗,∋68/: ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ )&/ ≅/,−& ∗9 ∗4−9.,∗9
:/∋ <−,./ 0∗+∗ 0−9 +∋Ι 9−Φ,/ ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +∗ 8∗,∋68/: ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ >
&/4 ./4 =−0+∋1Ο/9 +/ ∗<∋,4∗, ∗:≅− 9−Φ,/ ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: ∆ −&.,∗ :/∋ %
.,∗.∗(9/ +− ./−,/4∗ +− :∋4∋./ =/0.,∗:
8
. ∃
: /Π > Λ
/0 112 34 5
4∗ ∋09.∋.&∋12− ∗<∋,4∗ )&/ − =&9.− 4∆+∋− 3∗,∗ ∗ ,/∗:∋Ι∗12− +/ =/,.∗ −Φ,∗ ∆ ∋≅&∗: −& ∋0</,∋−,
7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ / 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ 92−; ,/93/=.∋8∗4/0./; #Μ Ζ #;##Γ4 / ∗Μ Υ
∗ Ζ #;##Γ4 ∗,∗ ∗8∗:∋∗, /99∗ ∗<∋,4∗12−; <−∋ ,/∗:∋Ι∗+− &4 ./9./ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=− =&5∗9
=−09∋+/,∗+∗ =−4− 0−,4∗: =−4 4∆+∋∗ / +/98∋−(3∗+,2− +/ Ζ ##;##Γ4 3∗,.∋, +/ &4∗

Ζ #;##Γ4 Χ−09∋+/,/ )&/ ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +−9 =&9.−9 3−, 4/.,− )&∗+,∗+− 3−99∗ 9/,
∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ +/ .∗4∗07− ; ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ +− ./9./ 3∗,∗ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ <−∋ ∋≅&∗: ∗ ; 8∗:−,
+− ./9./ <−∋ ∋≅&∗: ∗ #;# Χ−4 Φ∗9/ 0/99∗9 ∋0<−,4∗1Ο/9; 5&:≅&/ −9 ∋./09 9&Φ9/)[/0./9
3−+/, +− ./9./; )&/ ,/3,/9/0.∗ ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9/ ∗=/∋.∗, =−,,/.∗4/0./ ∗ 7∋3>./9/
0&:∗; ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ ∃;Θ
/0 4 11 37445
4 &4 ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=−; 9/0+− # ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ / ∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗; −
0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +− ./9./ =−09∋9./ 0∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/

1∗

Κ Λ ∗=/∋.∗, # +∗+− )&/ # ∆ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗

ΚΛ ,/5/∋.∗, # +∗+− )&/ # ∆ <∗:9∗
ΚΧΛ ∗=/∋.∗, #; ∋0+/3/0+/0./4/0./ 9/ # ∆ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗ −& <∗:9∗
Κ Λ ∗=/∋.∗, # +∗+− )&/ # ∆ <∗:9∗
ΚΛ ,/5/∋.∗, # +∗+− )&/ # ∆ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗
/0 % :; 8 11< 37445
Χ−09∋+/,/ &4 ./9./ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=− /08−:8/0+− &4∗ 3−3&:∗12− 0−,4∗:4/0./ +∋9.,∋Φ&Ν+∗ /4 )&/
9/ +/9/5∗ ./9.∗,; =−4 ,/:∗12− ∗ &4 3∗,Ξ4/.,− +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12−; ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ Κ#Λ =−0.,∗ ∗
7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ ΚΛ; ∗− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ ∴ /5∗ ] ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ∗=/∋.∗, #
)&∗0+− # <−, <∗:9∗ 0.2−;
Κ Λ ] =−,,/93−0+/ ∗− /,,− .∋3− −& /,,− +/ 3,∋4/∋,∗ /93∆=∋/
ΚΛ ∴ Υ ]
ΚΧΛ ∴ Ψ ⊥ ]
Κ Λ ∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ +− ./9./ ∆ +/./,4∋0∗+∗ /4 <&012− +/ ]
ΚΛ ∴ =−,,/93−0+/ Ρ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ,/5/∋.∗, # )&∗0+− # <−, 8/,+∗+/∋,∗
/0 ∗ = 11 3485
− =∗9− +/ &4 ./9./ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=− =:699∋=−; =−4 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ # / ∗ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ ; =−4/./,
− /,,− +− .∋3− =−09∋9./ /4
Κ Λ ,/5/∋.∗, #; 9/0+− # 8/,+∗+/∋,−
ΚΛ ∗=/∋.∗, #; 9/0+− # <∗:9−
ΚΧΛ ∗=/∋.∗, ; 9/0+− 8/,+∗+/∋,−
Κ Λ ,/5/∋.∗, ; 9/0+− <∗:9−
ΚΛ ∗=/∋.∗, # / ∗=/∋.∗,
/0 , 119 375
4 &4∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ 9∋0∋9.,− ; <−,4&:∗0+−(9/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ +/ )&/ 02− 76 +∋</,/01∗ /0.,/ ∗
<,/)[Ε0=∋∗ /93/,∗+∗ / ∗ −Φ9/,8∗+∗ Κ7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗Μ −Λ −0+/; 9/≅&0+− &4 +/./,4∋0∗+−
0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗; 3−+/4−9 ∗<∋,4∗, )&/ −=−,,/&
∗Λ &4 /,,− +− .∋3− ; 9/ <−, ∗=/∋.∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ −
ΦΛ &4 /,,− +− .∋3− ; 9/ <−, ,/5/∋.∗+∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ −
=Λ &4 /,,− +− .∋3− ; 9/ <−, ∗=/∋.∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ −; 9/0+− /9.∗ =−,,/.∗
+Λ &4 /,,− +− .∋3− ; 9/ <−, ,/5/∋.∗+∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ −; 9/0+− /9.∗ =−,,/.∗
/Λ &4 /,,− +− .∋3− ; 9/ <−, ,/5/∋.∗+∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ −; 9/0+− /9.∗ =−,,/.∗
/0 9 =4 111 34 5
4 39∋=>:−≅− +/9/5∗ /9.&+∗, − ./43− Κ/4 4∋0&.−9Λ )&/ −9 /43,/≅∗+−9 +/ &4∗ =−43∗07∋∗
9/≅&/4 &4∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: =−4 4∆+∋∗ / 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ ; ∗4Φ∗9 +/9=−07/=∋+∗9

:/8∗4 3∗,∗ ,/∗:∋Ι∗, =/,.∗ .∗,/<∗ −9.&:∗(9/ )&/ −9 ./43−9 0∗ 3−3&:∗12− =−09∋+/,∗+∗

1,

39∋=>:−≅− −Φ./8/ &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ +/ ! /43,/≅∗+−9 / ,/≅∋9.,−& − ./43− )&/ =∗+∗ &4
4∆+∋− ∀# ∃
4∋0&.−9 / − +/98∋−(3∗+,2− % 4∋0&.−
+/:/9 3,/=∋9−& 3∗,∗ ,/∗:∋Ι∗, ∗ .∗,/<∗ ∗,∗ −9 ## ./43−9 ,/≅∋9.,∗+−9; −Φ.∋8/,∗4(9/ − 8∗:−,
Valores selecionados da tabela normal
/ & ./4 +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2−; ∗9 /0.,∗+∗9 ,/3,/9/0.∗4 ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ ∋(& )
/99∗ 9∋.&∗12− / &.∋:∋Ι∗0+−; =∗9− 9/5∗ 0/=/996,∋−; −9 8∗:−,/9 9/:/=∋−0∗+−9 +∗ .∗Φ/:∗ 0−,4∗:
<−,0/=∋+−9 ∗=∋4∗; 5&:≅&/ − ∋./4 ∗ 9/≅&∋,
− ./9.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ ∗+ , ∃ =−0.,∗ ∗ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ ∗− , . ∃ − 0Ν8/: +/
9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ ,/3,/9/0.∗ ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9/ ∗=/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ )&∗0+− /:∗ <−, <∗:9∗
/0 : ; 8 112 37445
∗,∗ &4∗ /ϑ3/,∋Ε0=∋∗ ,/∗:∋Ι∗+∗ =−4 ,/</,Ε0=∋∗ Ρ 4/+∋12− +− =−43,∋4/0.− +/ +/./,4∋0∗+∗
3/1∗ <∗Φ,∋=∗+∗ 3−, &4∗ ≅,∗0+/ ∋0+Α9.,∋∗; &.∋:∋Ι−&(9/ &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ +/ 3/1∗9;
∗3&,∗0+−(9/ &4∗ 4∆+∋∗ +/ #;∃ 4 / &4 +/98∋− 3∗+,2− +/ #; 4 &3−0+− )&/ −9
=−43,∋4/0.−9 +∗9 3/1∗9 ./07∗4 &4∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗:; =−4 4∆+∋∗ µ / 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗
+/9=−07/=∋+∗; +/9/5∗(9/ 9∗Φ/,; ∗− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ; 9/ − =−43,∋4/0.− +∗ 3/1∗
02− ∆ ∋0</,∋−, ∗ 4 /5∗ # ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ +− ./9./ Κ µ = 4Λ; ∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ Κ µ
< 4 Λ / .#;# = −; − )&∗0.∋: +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− . +/ .&+/0. .∗Φ/:∗+− 3∗,∗ ./9./ &0∋=∗&+∗:;
=−4 ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ 0.2−; 3/:− ./9./ . +/ .&+/0.;
Κ Λ ∗ =−0=:&92− −Φ.∋+∗ 9/,∋∗ ∗ 4/94∗ 3∗,∗ )&∗:)&/, 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗
ΚΛ # 02− 3−+/ 9/, ∗=/∋.∗; ∋0+∋=∗0+− )&/ −9 =−43,∋4/0.−9 92− ∋0</,∋−,/9 ∗ 4
ΚΧΛ − 0Α4/,− +/ ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/; 0− =∗9− ; 02− ∋0./,</,∋& 0∗ −Φ./012− +/ .#;#
Κ Λ 3∗,∗ &4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ 9&3/,∋−, ∗ Θ; ∗ =−0=:&92− 3−+/,∋∗ 02− 9/, ∗ 4/94∗
ΚΛ − 8∗:−, +∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ −Φ.∋+− 3−, 4/∋− +∗ ∗4−9.,∗ 3∗,∗ =−43∗,∗12− =−4 .#;# ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗
− 0,5
/0 2 87 Ι 11 3ϑ5
4∗ <6Φ,∋=∗ +/ 32− +/ <−,4∗ 3,−+&Ι 3∗=−./9 =&5− 3/9− 9/≅&/ ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− −,4∗: Κ##;
##Λ ∗,∗ ≅∗,∗0.∋, )&/ 9/&9 32/9 9/5∗4 8/0+∋+−9 =−4 ∗ /93/=∋<∋=∗12− =−,,/.∗;
∗:/∗.−,∋∗4/0./ ∗ <6Φ,∋=∗ ,/∗:∋Ι∗ &4 ./9./; 3/9∗0+−(−9 / 8/,∋<∋=∗0+− 9/ /:/9 /9.2− =−4

19

3∗+,Ο/9 ∗=/∋.68/∋9 99/ ./9./ ∆ </∋.− &.∋:∋Ι∗0+−(9/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ )&/ η Ψ ## Κ=−0.,∗ ∗
∗:./,0∗ι8∗ )&/ η Σ ##Λ / &4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ ∴ Χ−09∋+/,∗0+− −9 8∗:−,/9 +∗
+∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: 0∗ .∗Φ/:∗ ∗ 9/≅&∋, / 9∗Φ/0+− )&/ &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ +/ 3∗=−./9 ./9.∗+∗
∗3,/9/0.−& 3/9− 4∆+∋− +/ # ≅; ∗99∋0∗:/ ∗ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ )&/ =−0.∆4 − 4∗∋−, 8∗:−, 3−99Ν8/:
+/ ∴ 3∗,∗ )&/ /99∗ ∗4−9.,∗ 9/5∗ ∗=/∋.∗
Κ Λ ; Θ
ΚΛ ; Θ
ΚΧΛ ;Θ
Κ Λ ;Θ
ΚΛ ;#Θ
/0 < > 11: 34 5
/./,4∋0∗+∗ /43,/9∗ +/ .,∗093−,./ ,−+−8∋6,∋− +/ 3∗99∗≅/∋,−9 −</,/=/,6 &4∗ 0−8∗ :∋07∗ +/
ϕ0∋Φ&9 ∗Φ/(9/ )&/ − ./43− +/ +&,∗12− ⊥ 2 ⊥ +/ &4∗ 8∋∗≅/4 /0.,/ ∗ −,∋≅/4 / − +/9ι0−
4∋0&.−9 8∗:−, 4∆+∋− 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: +∗ 8∗,∋68/: 2 ∆ +/9=−07/=∋+−

4∗ ∗4−9.,∗
<∋0∗: +/99∗ :∋07∗ ∆ &4∗ 8∗,∋68/: ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ 0−,4∗: =−4 +/98∋− 3∗+,2− 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: Ψ #
./43− 4∆+∋− ∗4−9.,∗: Ι9

4∋0&.−9 /9/5∗(9/ ./9.∗, ∗9 7∋3>./9/9 ∗+ ,
;
∗:/∗.>,∋∗ 9∋43:/9 +/ ./43−9 +/ +&,∗12− +/ 8∋∗≅/09; 0/99∗ 4/94∗ :∋07∗; 3,−+&Ι∋& &4
∗ϑ , .
; ; /4 )&/ # / 92− ∗9 7∋3>./9/9 0&:∗ / ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗; ,/93/=.∋8∗4/0./ Χ−4
Φ∗9/ 0/99∗9 ∋0<−,4∗1Ο/9 / =−09∋+/,∗0+− Κ 6∃ 6 / Κ
> 66; /4 )&/
Κ ,/3,/9/0.∗ ∗ <&012− +/ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− ∗=&4&:∗+∗ +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2−; 5&:≅&/ −
∋./4 ∗ 9/≅&∋,
./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9 /4 )&/9.2− ∆ 4−0−=∗&+∗: Ρ /9)&/,+∗
/0 1 112 34 5
4∗ ∋09.∋.&∋12− ∗<∋,4∗ )&/ − =&9.− 4∆+∋− 3∗,∗ ∗ ,/∗:∋Ι∗12− +/ =/,.∗ −Φ,∗ ∆ ∋≅&∗: −& ∋0</,∋−,
7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ / 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ 92−; ,/93/=.∋8∗4/0./; #Μ Ζ #;##Γ4 / ∗Μ Υ
∗ Ζ #;##Γ4 ∗,∗ ∗8∗:∋∗, /99∗ ∗<∋,4∗12−; <−∋ ,/∗:∋Ι∗+− &4 ./9./ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=− =&5∗9
=−09∋+/,∗+∗ =−4− 0−,4∗: =−4 4∆+∋∗ / +/98∋−(3∗+,2− +/ Ζ ##;##Γ4 3∗,.∋, +/ &4∗

Ζ #;##Γ4 Χ−09∋+/,/ )&/ ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +−9 =&9.−9 3−, 4/.,− )&∗+,∗+− 3−99∗ 9/,
∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ +/ .∗4∗07− ; ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ +− ./9./ 3∗,∗ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ <−∋ ∋≅&∗: ∗ ; 8∗:−,
+− ./9./ <−∋ ∋≅&∗: ∗ #;# Χ−4 Φ∗9/ 0/99∗9 ∋0<−,4∗1Ο/9; 5&:≅&/ −9 ∋./09 9&Φ9/)[/0./9
4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: 3,−+&Ι∋+∗ 3/:− ./9./ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=− <−∋ 9&3/,∋−, ∗ Ζ ∃#;##Γ4 / ∋0</,∋−, ∗
Ζ ###;##Γ4
/0 =4Κ119 37445
4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ +/ ## 8∗:−,/9 +/ ∗:&≅&∆∋9 /4 &4∗ =∋+∗+/ <−,0/=/& &4 8∗:−, 4∆+∋−
+/ Ζ ##;## +/98∋− 3∗+,2− +∗ 3−3&:∗12−; =−09∋+/,∗+∗ 0−,4∗: / +/ .∗4∗07− ∋0<∋0∋.−; ∆
+/ Ζ #;## /9/5∗(9/ 9∗Φ/, 9/ − 8∗:−, 4∆+∋− /0=−0.,∗+− 0∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∆ 9&3/,∋−, ∗− 8∗:−,

1:

+/ Ζ #;##; )&/ 9/ 9&3Ο/ 9/, ∗ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗ 4∆+∋∗; ∗− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ α /5∗ Z α

− /9=−,/ +∗ =&,8∗ 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2− .∗: )&/ P(Z > Z α ) = α ; # ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ +− ./9./ Κ
µ = 550 Λ ∗Φ/0+−(9/ )&/ # <−∋ ,/5/∋.∗+∗; ./4(9/ )&/Μ
∗Λ − 8∗:−, +− /9=−,/ ,/+&Ι∋+− ,/</,/0./ ∗− 8∗:−, 4∆+∋− /0=−0.,∗+− 3∗,∗ ∗ ∗4−9.,∗ /
0/=/996,∋− 3∗,∗ =−43∗,∗12− =−4 δ∴ ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ #;
ΦΛ Zα > 2
=Λ Zα < 2
+Λ ∗,∗ )&∗:)&/, 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ # 9/,∋∗ ,/5/∋.∗+∗; 3−∋9 ## Υ #
/Λ &4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ β ; β > α ; # 02− ./,∋∗ 9∋+− ,/5/∋.∗+∗
/0 >∃
11 34 5
4 &4∗ +∋93&.∗ =−4/,=∋∗: /0.,/ +−∋9 3∗Ν9/9; κ / δ; ∗&.−,∋+∗+/9 +− 3∗Ν9 κ ∗,≅&4/0.∗8∗4 )&/
4/+∋+∗9 3,−./=∋−0∋9.∗9 +− 3∗Ν9 δ ∋43/+∋∗4 ∗ :∋8,/ =∋,=&:∗12− +/ Φ/09 /0.,/ /99/9 3∗Ν9/9 /
∗=−,+− =−4 /99∗ ∗,≅&4/0.∗12−; ∗9 =−43∗07∋∗9 +− 3∗Ν9 δ 3,∗.∋=∗8∗4 3,/1−9 4/0−,/9 /4 κ
)&/ 0− 9/& 3,>3,∋− 3∗Ν9 ∗,∗ /9.&+∗, /99/ 3,−Φ:/4∗; &4 3/9)&∋9∗+−, −Φ./8/ +&∗9 ∗4−9.,∗9
∗:/∗.>,∋∗9; =∗+∗ &4∗ =−0./0+− ## 8/0+∗9 0− 3∗Ν9 κ / ## 8/0+∗9 0− 3∗Ν9 δ; 3∗,∗ − 4/94−
<−,∗4 −Φ.∋+−9 3,/1−9 4∆+∋−9 ∀#Μ ; / ∀#Ν / +/98∋−9(3∗+,Ο/9 %#Μ /

3/,Ν−+− / 3∗,∗ − 4/94− Φ/4 =−4/,=∋∗:∋Ι∗+− 0/99/9 +−∋9 3∗Ν9/9 ∗ ∗06:∋9/ +∗9 −Φ9/,8∗1Ο/9
%#Ν ; ; .−+−9 /4 +>:∗,/9 0−,./(∗4/,∋=∗0−9; 3∗,∗ ∗9 ∗4−9.,∗9 +−9 3∗Ν9/9 κ / δ;

,/93/=.∋8∗4/0./
Χ−4 Φ∗9/ 0/99∗9 ∋0<−,4∗1Ο/9 / 0∗9 <>,4&:∗9 &9&∗∋9 3∗,∗ ∋0</,Ε0=∋∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ 0− =∗9− +/
.∗4∗07−9 ∗4−9.,∗∋9 ≅,∗0+/9; / =−09∋+/,∗0+− −9 8∗:−,/9 9/:/=∋−0∗+−9 +∗ .∗Φ/:∗ 0−,4∗:
∗Φ∗∋ϑ−; 5&:≅&/ − 9/≅&∋0./ ∋./4
,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/9 ∗=&4&:∗+∗9 ΚΙΛ +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2−
− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ; ∗ ∗4−9.,∗ +− 3∗Ν9 κ <−,0/=/ /8∋+Ε0=∋∗ 9&<∋=∋/0./ 3∗,∗

=−0=:&∋, )&/ − 3,/1− 4∆+∋− 3,∗.∋=∗+− 0/99/ 3∗Ν9 ∆ +∋</,/0./ +/ #;## +>:∗,/9
/0 % = 111 34 5
4 39∋=>:−≅− +/9/5∗ /9.&+∗, − ./43− Κ/4 4∋0&.−9Λ )&/ −9 /43,/≅∗+−9 +/ &4∗ =−43∗07∋∗
:/8∗4 3∗,∗ ,/∗:∋Ι∗, =/,.∗ .∗,/<∗ −9.&:∗(9/ )&/ −9 ./43−9 0∗ 3−3&:∗12− =−09∋+/,∗+∗
9/≅&/4 &4∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: =−4 4∆+∋∗ / 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ ; ∗4Φ∗9 +/9=−07/=∋+∗9
39∋=>:−≅− −Φ./8/ &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ +/ /43,/≅∗+−9 / ,/≅∋9.,−& − ./43− )&/ =∗+∗ &4
+/:/9 3,/=∋9−& 3∗,∗ ,/∗:∋Ι∗, ∗ .∗,/<∗ ∗,∗ −9 ## ./43−9 ,/≅∋9.,∗+−9; −Φ.∋8/,∗4(9/ − 8∗:−,
4∆+∋− 4∋0&.−9 / − +/98∋−(3∗+,2− 4∋0&.−
∗:−,/9 9/:/=∋−0∗+−9 +∗ .∗Φ/:∗ 0−,4∗:

12

Χ−09∋+/,/ )&/ −9 7∗Φ∋.∗0./9 +/ &4∗ ∋:7∗ 3−99∗4 9/, +/9=/0+/0./9 +∗9 =∋8∋:∋Ι∗1Ο/9 −& ; /
)&/ 9/ +/9/5/ ./9.∗, − 9/≅&∋0./Μ
#Μ −9 7∗Φ∋.∗0./9 +∗ ∋:7∗ 92− +/9=/0+/0./9 +∗ =∋8∋:∋Ι∗12−
Μ −9 7∗Φ∋.∗0./9 +∗ ∋:7∗ 92− +/9=/0+/0./9 +∗ =∋8∋:∋Ι∗12−
∗,∗ /</.&∗, /99/ ./9./ 9/,6 ,/.∋,∗+∗ &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ 9∋43:/9 +/ ## ∗+&:.−9 +/99∗
∀# / 9/,6 ,/5/∋.∗+∗ 9/ ∀# 0 ; /4 )&/ ∀# ,/3,/9/0.∗ ∗ ∗:.&,∗ 4∆+∋∗ +∗ ∗4−9.,∗ / ∆ &4

∋:7∗ ,/≅,∗ +/ +/=∋92− +− ./9./ ∗=∋4∗ 9/,6 ∗ 9/≅&∋0./ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ # 9/,6 ∗=/∋.∗ 9/
8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− )&/ +/3/0+/ +− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +− ./9./

Χ−4 Φ∗9/ 0/99∗9 ∋0<−,4∗1Ο/9; / =−09∋+/,∗0+−; ∗∋0+∗; )&/ ΚΚ; Λ Ψ #;∃; /4 )&/
Κ ,/3,/9/0.∗ ∗ <&012− +/ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− ∗=&4&:∗+∗ +∗ 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2−; 5&:≅&/ − ∋./4
9&Φ9/=&.∋8−
∗,∗ Ψ =4; ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9/ =−4/./, − /,,− +− .∋3− 9/,6 4/0−, )&/ ∗
3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9/ =−4/./, − /,,− +− .∋3−
/0 9 +
∋+
1 34 5
Χ−4 ,/:∗12− ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗; 5&:≅&/ − ∋./4 9/≅&∋0./
&3−07∗ )&/ 9/ +/9/5/ ./9.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ ∗+ , =−0.,∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗
∗ϑ , 0 ; /4 )&/ ,/3,/9/0.∗ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: /4 /9.&+−; / )&/ − 0Ν8/: +/
4/+∋∗0./ ∗ =−09.,&12− +/ ∋0./,8∗:− +/ =−0<∋∗01∗ 9∋4∆.,∋=− 3∗,∗ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ Κ=−4 ∃Θ +/

9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/99/ ./9./ 9/5∗ ∋≅&∗: ∗ Θ /99∗ 9∋.&∗12−; 9/,6 =−,,/.− /</.&∗, − ./9./
=−0<∋∗01∗Λ; +/8/0+−(9/; =−4 Φ∗9/ 0/99/ ∋0./,8∗:−; ,/5/∋.∗, ∗+ 9/ − 8∗:−, /9.∋8/, ∗Φ∗∋ϑ− +−
:∋4∋./ ∋0</,∋−, +/99/ ∋0./,8∗:−
/0 : =4 11< 3485
Χ−4 ,/:∗12− ∗ &4 ./9./ 9∋43:/9 +/ 7∋3>./9/; ∗99∋0∗:/ ∗ ∗<∋,4∗.∋8∗ =−,,/.∗
Κ Λ
4 ./9./ Φ∋=∗&+∗: +/ 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ ,/5/∋.∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ ∗+ , +
3,/=∋9∗4/0./ )&∗0+− + /9.6 <−,∗ +− ∋0./,8∗:− +/ =−0<∋∗01∗ +/ 0Ν8/: Κ 5 Λ 3∗,∗
ΚΛ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ ∗ 9/, ./9.∗+∗ +/8/ 9/, =−09.,&Ν+∗ =−4 4&∋.∗ ∗./012− 3−,)&∗0.− ∆ −
−Φ5/.− +∗ ∋0</,Ε0=∋∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗; /0)&∗0.− )&/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ 9> 3,/=∋9∗ 9/, =−0.,6,∋∗
Ρ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
ΚΧΛ / − ≅,∗& +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +− ./9./ ∆ ; 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗ )&/ Κ 5 Λ ∆ ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9/
=−4/./, /,,− +− .∋3−
9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +− ./9./ ΚΛ; 4∗∋−, 9/,6 − 3−+/, +− ./9./ ΚΣΛ; &4∗ 8/Ι )&/ Σ
Κ Λ ∗ +/<∋0∋12− +/ &4 ./9./; +/8/(9/ :/8∗, /4 =−0.∗ )&/ )&∗0.− 4/0−, − ≅,∗& +/
ΚΛ ,,− +− .∋3− ; /4Φ−,∗ +/<∋0∋+− 3∗,∗ &4∗ 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ /93/=Ν<∋=∗; −=−,,/,6
9/43,/ =−4 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ ∋≅&∗: ∗− 3−+/, +− ./9./
/0 2 > 11 34 5
/./,4∋0∗+∗ /43,/9∗ +/ .,∗093−,./ ,−+−8∋6,∋− +/ 3∗99∗≅/∋,−9 −</,/=/,6 &4∗ 0−8∗ :∋07∗ +/
ϕ0∋Φ&9 ∗Φ/(9/ )&/ − ./43− +/ +&,∗12− ⊥ ⊥ +/ &4∗ 8∋∗≅/4 /0.,/ ∗ −,∋≅/4 / − +/9ι0−

1

/0 1 7Ν > 119 378ϑ5
4 ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/ ∗3,/9/0.−& 3(8∗:−, ∋≅&∗: ∗ #;# −,.∗0.−; 0−9 0Ν8/∋9 +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗
+/ Θ / Θ; ,/93/=.∋8∗4/0./; ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗Μ
∗Λ +/8/ 9/, ∗=/∋.∗ / ∗=/∋.∗
ΦΛ +/8/ 9/, ∗=/∋.∗ / ,/5/∋.∗+∗
=Λ +/8/ 9/, ,/5/∋.∗+∗ / ∗=/∋.∗
+Λ +/8/ 9/, ,/5/∋.∗+∗ / ,/5/∋.∗+∗
/Λ 3−+/ −& 02− 9/, ,/5/∋.∗+∗; +/3/0+/0+− +/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 9/, 9∋43:/9 −& 02−
/0 > Κ119 37445
∗,∗ ,/9−:8/, ∗ )&/9.2− ∗Φ∗∋ϑ−; =−09∋+/,/ ∗9 .∗Φ/:∗9 ∗ 9/≅&∋, :∗9 <−,0/=/4 ∗:≅&09 8∗:−,/9
+∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− _ΚϑΛ .∗Φ/:∗ ,/</,/(9/ Ρ 8∗,∋68/: 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2−; ∗9 .∗Φ/:∗9 / ,/</,/4(
9/ Ρ 8∗,∋68/: . +/ .&+/0. =−4 / ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/; ,/93/=.∋8∗4/0./Μ
∗Φ/:∗ ∗Φ/:∗ ∗Φ/:∗
1 _ΚϑΛ 1 _ΚϑΛ ϑ _ΚϑΛ
; # #;∃ ; #;∃ ; #;∃
; #;∃# ; #;∃ ; #;∃
;## #;∃ ; #;∃∃ ; #;∃∃
/5∗ 1 &4∗ 8∗,∋68/: ∗:/∗.>,∋∗; =−4 +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗:; =−4 4∆+∋∗ µ / +/98∋− 3∗+,2−
∗,∗ − ./9./ +∗ 4∆+∋∗ µ = 11 =−0.,∗ µ = 13 ; ,/.∋,−&(9/ &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ +/ ##
/:/4/0.−9 +/ 1; ./0+−(9/ −Φ9/,8∗+− 3∗,∗ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: − 8∗:−, ; 0Ν8/: +/9=,∋.∋8−
+− ./9./ ∆Μ
∗Λ #;# ΦΛ #;# =Λ #;# +Λ #;# /Λ #;#
/0 4 112 34 5
4∗ ∋09.∋.&∋12− ∗<∋,4∗ )&/ − =&9.− 4∆+∋− 3∗,∗ ∗ ,/∗:∋Ι∗12− +/ =/,.∗ −Φ,∗ ∆ ∋≅&∗: −& ∋0</,∋−,
∗ Ζ #;##Γ4 ∗,∗ ∗8∗:∋∗, /99∗ ∗<∋,4∗12−; <−∋ ,/∗:∋Ι∗+− &4 ./9./ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=− =&5∗9 7∋3>./9/
0&:∗ / 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ 92−; ,/93/=.∋8∗4/0./; #Μ Ζ #;##Γ4 / ∗Μ Υ Ζ
#;##Γ4 Χ−09∋+/,/ )&/ ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +−9 =&9.−9 3−, 4/.,− )&∗+,∗+− 3−99∗ 9/,
=−09∋+/,∗+∗ =−4− 0−,4∗: =−4 4∆+∋∗ / +/98∋−(3∗+,2− +/ Ζ ##;##Γ4 3∗,.∋, +/ &4∗
∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ +/ .∗4∗07− ; ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ +− ./9./ 3∗,∗ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ <−∋ ∋≅&∗: ∗ ; 8∗:−,
+− ./9./ <−∋ ∋≅&∗: ∗ #;# Χ−4 Φ∗9/ 0/99∗9 ∋0<−,4∗1Ο/9; 5&:≅&/ −9 ∋./09 9&Φ9/)[/0./9
4 ∋0./,8∗:− +/ =−0<∋∗01∗ +/ ∃ ;Θ 3∗,∗ − =&9.− 4∆+∋− 3−, 4/.,− )&∗+,∗+− ∆ πΖ #;##β
Ζ #;##θ
/0 % 112 34 5
4∗ ∋09.∋.&∋12− ∗<∋,4∗ )&/ − =&9.− 4∆+∋− 3∗,∗ ∗ ,/∗:∋Ι∗12− +/ =/,.∗ −Φ,∗ ∆ ∋≅&∗: −& ∋0</,∋−,
7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ / 7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ 92−; ,/93/=.∋8∗4/0./; #Μ Ζ #;##Γ4 / ∗Μ Υ
∗ Ζ #;##Γ4 ∗,∗ ∗8∗:∋∗, /99∗ ∗<∋,4∗12−; <−∋ ,/∗:∋Ι∗+− &4 ./9./ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=− =&5∗9
=−09∋+/,∗+∗ =−4− 0−,4∗: =−4 4∆+∋∗ / +/98∋−(3∗+,2− +/ Ζ ##;##Γ4 3∗,.∋, +/ &4∗

Ζ #;##Γ4 Χ−09∋+/,/ )&/ ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +−9 =&9.−9 3−, 4/.,− )&∗+,∗+− 3−99∗ 9/,
∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ +/ .∗4∗07− ; ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ +− ./9./ 3∗,∗ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ <−∋ ∋≅&∗: ∗ ; 8∗:−,
+− ./9./ <−∋ ∋≅&∗: ∗ #;# Χ−4 Φ∗9/ 0/99∗9 ∋0<−,4∗1Ο/9; 5&:≅&/ −9 ∋./09 9&Φ9/)[/0./9

Χ−4 Φ∗9/ 0/99∗9 ∋0<−,4∗1Ο/9 / =−09∋+/,∗0+− Κ 6∃ 6/ Κ

> 66 / ; /4
)&/ Κ ,/3,/9/0.∗ ∗ <&012− +/ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− ∗=&4&:∗+∗ +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2−; 5&:≅&/
− ∋./4 ∗ 9/≅&∋,
/ − 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ <−, +/ Θ; ∗ =−0=:&92− +− ./9./ 9/,6 ∗=/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗
∗,∗ ,/93−0+/, Ρ &/9.2− ; Ρ &/9.2− / Ρ &/9.2− ∃; =−09∋+/,/ − /0&0=∋∗+− ∗ 9/≅&∋,
3,−3−,12− +/ 3/99−∗9 =−4 &4∗ +/./,4∋0∗+∗ =∗,∗=./,Ν9.∋=∗ 0&4∗ 3−3&:∗12− ∆ 3
−,./∗,∗4(9/ 3/99−∗9 ∗− ∗=∗9− / =−4 ,/3−9∋12− +/99∗ 3−3&:∗12− / =∗:=&:−&(9/ ∗
3,−3−,12− p̂ +/ 3/99−∗9 =−4 ∗ =∗,∗=./,Ν9.∋=∗ 0∗ ∗4−9.,∗ /9/5∗0+−(9/ ./9.∗,Μ #Μ p = 0,5
=−0.,∗ Μ p = 0,6 ; =−4 Φ∗9/ 0/9.∗ ∗4−9.,∗; +/=∋+∋&(9/ ,/5/∋.∗, # 9/ − 0Α4/,− +/ 3/99−∗9
=−4 ∗ =∗,∗=./,Ν9.∋=∗ 0∗ ∗4−9.,∗ <−, 4∗∋−, −& ∋≅&∗: ∗
/0 : > Κ11: 37445

0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ ∗99−=∋∗+− ∗− ./9./ ∆Μ
∗Λ Γ β
ΦΛ Γ
=Λ Γ β
+Λ Γ β
/Λ Γ
/0 2 > Κ11: 37445

/ − 0Α4/,− −Φ9/,8∗+− +/ 3/99−∗9 =−4 ∗ =∗,∗=./,Ν9.∋=∗ 0∗ ∗4−9.,∗ <−∋ ; − 0Ν8/: +/9=,∋.∋8−
∗99−=∋∗+− ∗− ./9./ ∆Μ
∗Λ Γ
ΦΛ Γ
=Λ Γ
+Λ Γ
/Λ Γ
/0 < > Κ11: 37445

3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9/ ,/5/∋.∗, # )&∗0+− ∆ 8/,+∗+/∋,∗ ∆Μ
∗Λ 4 × 0,6 5
ΦΛ 0,65
=Λ 2,6 × 0,6 4
+Λ 1 − 0,6 5

∗

/Λ 5 × 0,4 × 0,6 4
/0 %1 :; 8 11< 37445
4∗ /ϑ3/,∋Ε0=∋∗ =−09∋9./ /4 8/,∋<∋=∗, 9/ &4∗ 4−/+∗ ∆ 7−0/9.∗ 4 # :∗01∗4/0.−9 +∗

4−/+∗; +/=∋+/(9/ 3/:∗ 7−0/9.∋+∗+/ +∗ 4−/+∗ 9/ − 0Α4/,− +/ =∗,∗9 Κ0Λ <−, .∗: )&/ ρ 0 ρ
3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ,/5/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ +∗ 4−/+∗ 9/, 7−0/9.∗; )&∗0+− /:∗ <−, =−,,/.∗ ∆
Κ Λ Γ
ΚΛ Γ
ΚΧΛ Γ
Κ Λ Γ
ΚΛ ∃Γ
/0 % 112 378ϑ5
Χ−09∋+/,/ )&/ &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ 9∋43:/9 +/ .∗4∗07− 0 Ψ +/ &4∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12−
/,0−&::∋ =−4 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9&=/99− 3 9/5∗ &9∗+∗ 3∗,∗ ./9.∗, #Μ 3 Ψ #; 8/,9&9 Μ 3 Ψ
#; / )&/ 9/5∗ &9∗+− − =,∋.∆,∋− )&/ ,/5/∋.∗ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ 9/ <−,/4 −Φ9/,8∗+−9 −&
9&=/99−9 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9/ =−4/./, /,,− .∋3− ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗Μ
Κ Λ #;
ΚΛ #;
ΚΧΛ #;
Κ Λ #;#
ΚΛ #;#
/0 % = 112Κ 3485
Χ−09∋+/,/ − 9/≅&∋0./ ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/ 3∗,∗ ∗ 3,−3−,12− 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: Μ
H 0 : p = 0,6
H 1 : p ≠ 0,6
∗,∗ &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ +/ .∗4∗07− 0Ψ; =−09.,&∋&(9/ ∗ ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗ 89 Κ#; ; ; Λ 3−+/,
+− ./9./ 3∗,∗ Ψ #; ∆
Κ Λ #;
ΚΛ #;
ΚΧΛ #;
Κ Λ #;
ΚΛ #;
/0 %% = 11 3485
4 <∗Φ,∋=∗0./ +/9/5∗ <∗Ι/, &4 /9.&+−; =−4 &4∗ =−0<∋∗01∗ +/ ∃Θ; ∗ ,/93/∋.− +∗ ∗=/∋.∗12−
+/ &4 +−9 9/&9 3,−+&.−9 =−4 ∗ <∋0∗:∋+∗+/ +/ :∗016(:− /4 &4 0−8− 4/,=∗+− 99/ 0−8−

,

:∗01∗4/0.− 9−4/0./ 9/,6 =−4/,=∋∗:4/0./ 8∋68/: 9/ − Ν0+∋=/ +/ ∗=/∋.∗12− +− 3,−+&.− <−,;

3/:− 4/0−9; +/ ∃#Θ ∗,∗ .∗:; ,/∗:∋Ι−& &4∗ 3/9)&∋9∗ +/ 4/,=∗+− /4 &4∗ +∗9 =∋+∗+/9 −0+/
9/& 3,−+&.− 56 ∆ =−4/,=∋∗:∋Ι∗+− _−∋ 3/,≅&0.∗+− ∗−9 =−09&4∋+−,/9 9/ ≅−9.∗,∗4 Κ∗=/∋.∗,∗4Λ
+− 3,−+&.− ,/9&:.∗+− <−∋ − 9/≅&∋0./Μ # =−09&4∋+−,/9 ,/93−0+/,∗4 )&/ ≅−9.∗,∗4 +−
3,−+&.− / # =−09&4∋+−,/9 ,/93−0+/,∗4 )&/ 02− ≅−9.∗,∗4 +− 3,−+&.− &∗: 9/,6 ∗
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ +/ ./9./ ∗ 9/, &.∋:∋Ι∗+∗ 0/99/ ./9./
Κ Λ (;
ΚΛ (;∃
ΚΧΛ (;
Κ Λ ;∃
ΚΛ ;
/0 %∗ :; 8 11< 37445
4 &4∗ =∋+∗+/ ∆ ,/∗:∋Ι∗+∗ &4∗ 3/9)&∋9∗ 9−Φ,/ ∗ 3,/</,Ε0=∋∗ +−9 /:/∋.−,/9 =−4 ,/:∗12− ∗
&4 +/./,4∋0∗+− =∗0+∋+∗.−; )&/ ∗<∋,4∗ ./, #Θ +∗ 3,/</,Ε0=∋∗
4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ +/
.∗4∗07− ## <−∋ /ϑ.,∗Ν+∗ +∗ 3−3&:∗12−; =−09∋+/,∗+∗ +/ .∗4∗07− ∋0<∋0∋.−; 9/0+− )&/ #
/:/∋.−,/9 4∗0∋</9.∗,∗4 9&∗ 3,/</,Ε0=∋∗ 3/:− =∗0+∋+∗.− Χ−4 Φ∗9/ 0/9.∗ ∗4−9.,∗; +/9/5∗(9/
./9.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ # Μ 3 = #Θ Κ7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗Λ =−0.,∗ Μ 3 Σ #Θ Κ7∋3>./9/ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗Λ; /4
)&/ 3 ∆ ∗ 3,−3−,12− +−9 /:/∋.−,/9 )&/ .Ε4 3,/</,Ε0=∋∗ 3/:− =∗0+∋+∗.− ∗,∗ ∗ ∗06:∋9/
=−09∋+/,−&(9/ 0−,4∗: ∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− ∗4−9.,∗: +∗ <,/)&Ε0=∋∗ ,/:∗.∋8∗ +−9 /:/∋.−,/9 )&/ .Ε4
3,/</,Ε0=∋∗ 3/:− =∗0+∋+∗.− / )&/ 0∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2− δ ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ Κσδσ ρ
;∃ Λ = ∃Θ / Κσδσ ρ ;Λ = ∃∃Θ =−0=:&92− ∆ )&/ #
Κ Λ 02− ∆ ,/5/∋.∗+∗ .∗0.− ∗− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ =−4− ∗− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/
Θ
ΚΛ ∆ ,/5/∋.∗+∗ ∗− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ
ΚΧΛ ∆ ,/5/∋.∗+∗ ∗− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ
Κ Λ 02− ∆ ,/5/∋.∗+∗ 3∗,∗ ∗:≅&4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ 9&3/,∋−, ∗ Θ
ΚΛ ∆ ,/5/∋.∗+∗ 3∗,∗ ∗:≅&4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ ∋0</,∋−, ∗ Θ
/0 %, 7Ν >8 11, 375
4 <∗Φ,∋=∗0./ ∗<∋,4∗ )&/ 3/:− 4/0−9 ∃Θ +−9 /)&∋3∗4/0.−9 )&/ <−,0/=/ Ρ ∋0+Α9.,∋∗
/0=−0.,∗4(9/ +/0.,− +/ 9&∗9 /93/=∋<∋=∗1Ο/9
4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ +/ ## ∋./09 /9=−:7∋+−9 ∗− ∗=∗9−
,/8/:−& # ∋./09 <−,∗ +/ /93/=∋<∋=∗12− 99∋0∗:/ ∗ −312− )&/ =−,,/93−0+/ ∗− 8∗:−,
3,−Φ∗Φ∋:Ν9.∋=− Κ3(8∗:−,Λ +− ./9./ +/ #Μ θ ≥ 0,95 =−0.,∗ Μ θ < 0,95 ; 9/0+− θ ∗ 3,−3−,12−
3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: +/ ∋./09 +/0.,− +∗ /93/=∋<∋=∗12−
∗Λ #;##
ΦΛ #;##
=Λ #;#
+Λ #;##
/Λ #;##

9

/0 %< %; 8 11< 37445

3/9− +/ 3∗=−./9 +/ =∗<∆ ∆ &4∗ 8∗,∋68/: ∗:/∗.>,∋∗ µ Μ Κ µ ; σ 2 Λ
4∗ 46)&∋0∗ +/ /0=7/,
3∗=−./9 +/ =∗<∆ /9.6 ,/≅&:∗+∗ 3∗,∗ <∗ΙΕ(:− =−4 µ = ## ≅ / σ 2 = ## ≅ Χ−4 − −Φ5/.∋8− +/
4∗0./, 9−Φ =−0.,−:/ ∗ 8∗,∋∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +− 3,−+&.−; ∗ =∗+∗ # 4∋0&.−9 &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ ∗:/∗.>,∋∗
+/ ∗:≅&09 3∗=−./9 ∆ 9/:/=∋−0∗+∗ / ./9.∗(9/ 9/ ∗ 8∗,∋∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ /9.6 =−0.,−:∗+∗ 99∋4;
+/9/5∗0+−(9/ ./9.∗, # Μ σ 2 = ## =−0.,∗ σ 2 ≠ ## .−4∗(9/ &4∗ ∗4−9.,∗ +/ 0 = 3∗=−./9
+/ =∗<∆ / −Φ9/,8∗(9/ 3∗,∗ ∗ 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: − 8∗:−, # ≅ 8∗:−, −Φ9/,8∗+− +∗
/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ∗3,−3,∋∗+∗ ∗− ./9./ ∆
Κ Λ
ΚΛ
ΚΧΛ
Κ Λ
ΚΛ ∃
/0 ∗1 48 112 375
−9 ## =∗0+∋+∗.−9 ∋09=,∋.−9 /4 &4 =−0=&,9− )&/ /9.&+∗,∗4 0− =&,9− 3,/3∗,∗.>,∋− ;
<−,∗4 ∗3,−8∗+−9 0− =−0=&,9−; /0)&∗0.− )&/ +−9 ## =∗0+∋+∗.−9 ∋09=,∋.−9 0− =−0=&,9− )&/
/9.&+∗,∗4 0− =&,9− 3,/3∗,∗.>,∋− ; <−,∗4 ∗3,−8∗+−9 0/99/ =−0=&,9− / +/9/5∗,4−9
./9.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ +/ )&/ ∗ 3,−3−,12− +/ ∗3,−8∗12− +−9 +−∋9 =&,9−9 ∆ ∗ 4/94∗;
−Φ./07∗ − 8∗:−, 4∗∋9 3,>ϑ∋4− +∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ +− ./9./; )&/ ./4 ∗3,−ϑ∋4∗+∗4/0./ &4∗
+∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− )&∋()&∗+,∗+− =−4 &4 ≅,∗& +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/
∗Λ ;
ΦΛ ;
=Λ ;
+Λ ;
/Λ ;∃
/0 ∗ ; 8 112 37445
.∗Φ/:∗ ∗Φ∗∋ϑ− =−,,/93−0+/ ∗− ,/9&:.∗+− +/ &4 =−0=&,9− ∗3:∋=∗+− ∗ ## 3/99−∗9 _−,∗4
<−,4∗+−9 +−∋9 ≅,&3−9 Κ / Λ =−4 # 3/99−∗9 =∗+∗ &4 ≅,&3− ,/=/Φ/& &4 .,/∋0∗4/0.−
3∗,∗ 3∗,.∋=∋3∗, +− =−0=&,9− / − ≅,&3− 02−
/9/5∗(9/ 9∗Φ/, 9/ − ,/9&:.∗+− +− =−0=&,9− +/3/0+/ +− .,/∋0∗4/0.− &.∋:∋Ι∗0+− − ./9./ )&∋(

)&∗+,∗+− ∗− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ
∗+−9Μ ∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− )&∋()&∗+,∗+−

2

π Κ)&∋()&∗+,∗+− =−4 0 ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ < 8∗:−, .∗Φ/:∗+−Λ = 1 − α θ
8∗:−, +− )&∋()&∗+,∗+− −Φ9/,8∗+− / ∗ ,/93/=.∋8∗ =−0=:&92− ∆

Κ Λ ; β /ϑ∋9./ /<∋=6=∋∗ 0∗ ∗3:∋=∗12− +− .,/∋0∗4/0.−
ΚΛ ; β 02− /ϑ∋9./ /<∋=6=∋∗ 0∗ ∗3:∋=∗12− +− .,/∋0∗4/0.−
ΚΧΛ ;β /ϑ∋9./ /<∋=6=∋∗ 0∗ ∗3:∋=∗12− +− .,/∋0∗4/0.−
Κ Λ ;β 02− /ϑ∋9./ /<∋=6=∋∗ 0∗ ∗3:∋=∗12− +− .,/∋0∗4/0.−
ΚΛ ;##β /ϑ∋9./ /<∋=6=∋∗ 0∗ ∗3:∋=∗12− +− .,/∋0∗4/0.−
/0 ∗ 7Ν 11< 37445
93/,∗(9/ )&/ − 0Α4/,− +/ ,/=:∗4∗1Ο/9 .,∋Φ&.6,∋∗9 /4 &4 >,≅2− 3ΑΦ:∋=− +&,∗0./
+/./,4∋0∗+∗ 9/4∗0∗ 9/5∗ ∋≅&∗: ∗ ; /4 )&∗:)&/, +∋∗ Α.∋: ∗Φ/(9/ )&/ 0/9.∗ 9/4∗0∗
−=−,,/,∗4 ,/=:∗4∗1Ο/9 =−4 ∗ 9/≅&∋0./ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 3−, +∋∗ +∗ 9/4∗0∗Μ
∗,∗ +/=∋+∋, 9/ − 0Α4/,− +/ ,/=:∗4∗1Ο/9 .,∋Φ&.6,∋∗9 =−,,/93−0+/0./ 02− +/3/0+/ +− +∋∗ +∗

9/4∗0∗; ∗ &4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ α ; ∆ =∗:=&:∗+− − 8∗:−, +− )&∋()&∗+,∗+− Κ χ 2 Λ )&/ 9/
+/8/ =−43∗,∗, =−4 − 8∗:−, +− )&∋()&∗+,∗+− =,Ν.∋=− .∗Φ/:∗+− =−4 ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/
8∗:−, +/ χ 2 ∆
Κ Λ ;#
ΚΛ ;∃#
ΚΧΛ ;
Κ Λ ; #
ΚΛ ∃;
/0 ∗% 11< 37445
4 3∗,.∋+− 3−:Ν.∋=− ,/∗:∋Ι−& &4 :/8∗0.∗4/0.− /0.,/ ## <∋:∋∗+−9 =−4 ,/:∗12− Ρ 3,/</,Ε0=∋∗
/0.,/ +−∋9 =∗0+∋+∗.−9; / ; 3∗,∗ &4 +/./,4∋0∗+− =∗,≅− _−,∗4 <−,4∗+−9 +−∋9 ≅,&3−9; &4
=−4 # 7−4/09 / − −&.,− =−4 # 4&:7/,/9

<

/9/5∗(9/ 9∗Φ/,; =−4 ,/:∗12− ∗ /99/9 <∋:∋∗+−9; 9/ ∗ 3,/</,Ε0=∋∗ 3/:−9 =∗0+∋+∗.−9 +/3/0+/ +−
9/ϑ−; &.∋:∋Ι∗0+− − ./9./ )&∋)&∗+,∗+− ∗− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ
∗+−9Μ ∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 +∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− )&∋()&∗+,∗+−
π Κ)&∋()&∗+,∗+− =−4 0 ≅,∗&9 +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ < 8∗:−, .∗Φ/:∗+−Λ = 1 − α θ
8∗:−, +− )&∋()&∗+,∗+− −Φ9/,8∗+− / ∗ ,/93/=.∋8∗ =−0=:&92− ∆

Κ Λ ;# #β +/3/0+/ +− 9/ϑ−
ΚΛ ;β +/3/0+/ +− 9/ϑ−
ΚΧΛ ;β ∋0+/3/0+/ +− 9/ϑ−
Κ Λ ;β +/3/0+/ +− 9/ϑ−
ΚΛ ;β ∋0+/3/0+/ +− 9/ϑ−
/0 ∗∗ > Κ11: 37445
∗,∗ ,/93−0+/, Ρ )&/9.2−; &.∋:∋Ι/ ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ ∗Φ∗∋ϑ− 3∗,∗ − ./9./; −0+/ Κ)&∋()&∗+,∗+− ≥ 8= ΛΨ
3
3 Θ Θ ;Θ Θ Θ
≅,∗&9 +/
:∋Φ/,+∗+/
; ; ;# ; ;
;∃∃ ; ; ; ∃;#
; ; ∃; ∃; ;
4∗ 3/9)&∋9∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 9−Φ,/ ∗ )&∗:∋+∗+/ +− 9∗Φ2− ∋∗4∗0./ <−∋ ,/∗:∋Ι∗+∗ /4 +−∋9 Φ∗∋,,−9
Κ / Λ +∗ =∋+∗+/ +/ 2− ∗&:− − Φ∗∋,,− 9−,./−&(9/ ## ,/9∋+/0./9 / +/9./9 # −
=:∗99∋<∋=∗,∗4 =−4− Φ−4 / −9 +/4∗∋9 − =:∗99∋<∋=∗,∗4 =−4− ,&∋4 − Φ∗∋,,− <−,∗4
9−,./∗+−9 ## ,/9∋+/0./9 / # − =:∗99∋<∋=∗,∗4 =−4− ,&∋4 / −9 +/4∗∋9 − =:∗99∋<∋=∗,∗4 =−4−
Φ−4
.∋:∋Ι−&(9/ − ./9./ +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+− 3∗,∗ 9/ ∗8∗:∋∗, 9/ /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ 0− ≅,∗& +/
9∗.∋9<∗12− +−9 ,/9∋+/0./9 8∗:−, −Φ9/,8∗+− +− )&∋()&∗+,∗+− / ∗ +/=∋92− +− ./9./ ∗− 0Ν8/:
+/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ 92−; ,/93/=.∋8∗4/0./;
∗Λ ; 02− /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ /0.,/ −9 Φ∗∋,,−9
ΦΛ ; /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ /0.,/ −9 Φ∗∋,,−9
=Λ ; 02− /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ /0.,/ −9 Φ∗∋,,−9
+Λ ; /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ /0.,/ −9 Φ∗∋,,−9
/Λ #; /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ /0.,/ −9 Φ∗∋,,−9

1

/0 ∗, > Κ119 37445

Χ−09∋+/,/ ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ ∗ 9/≅&∋, 3∗,∗ − ./9./; −0+/ Κ)&∋()&∗+,∗+− ≥ 8=Λ Ψ 3
3 Θ Θ ;Θ Θ Θ
≅,∗&9 +/
:∋Φ/,+∗+/
; ; ;# ; ;
;∃∃ ; ; ; ∃;#
; ; ∃; ∃; ;
−3∋0∋2− 9−Φ,/ − ∗./0+∋4/0.− Κ/0.,/ Φ−4; ,/≅&:∗, / ,&∋4Λ ∗−9 3∗=∋/0./9 /4 +−∋9 7−93∋.∗∋9
3ΑΦ:∋=−9 <−∋ /9.&+∗+− /4 +&∗9 =∋+∗+/9 ∗ =∋+∗+/ 9−,./−&(9/ ## &9&6,∋−9 / +/9./9 #
=:∗99∋<∋=∗,∗4 /4 ,/≅&:∗,; # =:∗99∋<∋=∗,∗4 /4 ,&∋4 / −9 +/4∗∋9 =:∗99∋<∋=∗,∗4 =−4 Φ−4 −
∗./0+∋4/0.− +− 7−93∋.∗: ∗ =∋+∗+/ <−,∗4 9−,./∗+−9 ## &9&6,∋−9 / # =:∗99∋<∋=∗,∗4
/4 Φ−4; # /4 ,/≅&:∗,; / −9 +/4∗∋9 =:∗99∋<∋=∗,∗4 =−4− ,&∋4 − ∗./0+∋4/0.− +− 7−93∋.∗:
.∋:∋Ι−&(9/ − ./9./ +/ )&∋()&∗+,∗+− 3∗,∗ ∗8∗:∋∗, 9/ /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ 0− ≅,∗& +/ 9∗.∋9<∗12−

=−4 −9 7−93∋.∗∋9 +∗9 +&∗9 =∋+∗+/9 8∗:−, −Φ9/,8∗+− +− )&∋()&∗+,∗+− / ∗ +/=∋92− +− ./9./
∗− 0Ν8/: +/ Θ +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ 92−; ,/93/=.∋8∗4/0./Μ
∗Λ ; /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ /0.,/ ∗9 +&∗9 =∋+∗+/9
ΦΛ ; 02− /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ /0.,/ ∗9 +&∗9 =∋+∗+/9
=Λ ; /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ /0.,/ ∗9 +&∗9 =∋+∗+/9
+Λ ; /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ /0.,/ ∗9 +&∗9 =∋+∗+/9
/Λ ; 02− /ϑ∋9./ +∋</,/01∗ +/ −3∋0∋2− 9∋≅0∋<∋=∗.∋8∗ /0.,/ ∗9 +&∗9 =∋+∗+/9
/0 ∗9 ∗; 8 11< 37445
4 &4∗ ,/≅∋2−; 9&93/∋.∗(9/ )&/ ∗ /9=−:7∗ /0.,/ +&∗9 3,−<∋99Ο/9 / +/3/0+∗ +− 9/ϑ−
+∗9 3/99−∗9 /07&4∗ 3/99−∗ 3−+/ /ϑ/,=/, 9∋4&:.∗0/∗4/0./ / /0.,/ ∗9 3/99−∗9
)&/ /ϑ/,=/4 /9.∗9 +&∗9 3,−<∋99Ο/9; <−,∗4 <−,4∗+−9 +−∋9 ≅,&3−9; − 3,∋4/∋,− =−4 # 7−4/09
/ − 9/≅&0+− =−4 # 4&:7/,/9; −Φ./0+−(9/ − 9/≅&∋0./ ,/9&:.∗+−Μ
.∋:∋Ι∗0+− − ./9./ )&∋()&∗+,∗+− ∗ &4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ α ./4(9/ )&/ − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− +∗
+∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− )&∋()&∗+,∗+− =−4 ≅,∗& +/ :∋Φ/,+∗+/ ∆ 9&3/,∋−, ∗− 8∗:−, +− )&∋()&∗+,∗+−
−Φ9/,8∗+− 0.2−; − 8∗:−, +− )&∋()&∗+,∗+− −Φ9/,8∗+− / ∗ =−0=:&92− =−4 ,/:∗12− Ρ /9=−:7∗
+∗ 3,−<∋992− ∗ &4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ α 92−

/0 ,9 112 378ϑ5

.∗Φ/:∗ +/ =−0.∋0≅Ε0=∋∗ ∗ 9/≅&∋, <−∋ −Φ.∋+∗ 3∗,∗ 9/ ./9.∗, 7−4−≅/0/∋+∗+/ /0.,/ ∗9
3,−3−,1Ο/9 +/ =−0=/∋.−9 −Φ.∋+−9 /4 &4 /ϑ∗4/ 0∗=∋−0∗: =−4 +−∋9 4∆.−+−9 +/ /09∋0−Μ
8∗:−, +∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ )&∋()&∗+,∗+− &9&∗: 3∗,∗ /99/9 +∗+−9 ∆Μ

Κ Λ
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3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ &4∗ 3/99−∗ 9−<,/, &4 ∋0<∗,.− +− 4∋−=6,+∋− / =∋0=− ∗0−9 ∗0./9 ∗.∆ −
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

      !

3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ ∗=∋4∗ ∆ .∗4Φ∆4 =7∗4∗+∗ +/ &#∋ ∃ 

3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ∗=/∋.∗, #; +∗+− )&/ /:∗ ∆ <∗:9∗; ∆ +/ #;Θ

/0    112 34 5

=−09∋+/,∗+∗ =−4− 0−,4∗: =−4 4∆+∋∗  / +/98∋−(3∗+,2− +/ Ζ ##;##Γ4 3∗,.∋, +/ &4∗

/0  4 11 37445

/0 %  :; 8 11< 37445

4/0−,; 0/4 /9.∗Φ/:/=/, )&∗:)&/, −&.,∗ ,/:∗12− /0.,/ ∗4Φ−9

/9.∗ ,/≅∋2− ∆ +/./,4∋0∗+∗ /4 <&012− +/ 

/0 ∗ = 11 3485

/0 ,  119 375

/0 9 =4 111 34 5

9/≅&/4 &4∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: =−4 4∆+∋∗  / 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗  ; ∗4Φ∗9 +/9=−07/=∋+∗9 

Valores selecionados da tabela normal

− ./9.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ ∗+ ,   ∃ =−0.,∗ ∗ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ ∗− ,  . ∃  − 0Ν8/: +/

  =  >?

α .∋3− +/ /ϑ/43:−Μ /0./0+/0+− −9 .∋3−9 +/ ./9./Μ Φ∋:∗./,∗: / &0∋:∗./,∗:

∗Φ/4−9 .∗4Φ∆4 )&/  #

 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ /9.6 ∋0.∋4∗4/0./ ,/:∗=∋−0∗+− =−4 −9 =∗9−9 ,∗,−9

 ,/9&:.∗+− −Φ.∋+− /93/=∋<∋=∗4/0./ 3∗,∗ − /ϑ3/,∋4/0.− ,/∗:∋Ι∗+− ∆ =7∗4∗+− +/ &

/93−9.∗Μ +/8/(9/ ,/5/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗

∗,∗ − /ϑ3/,∋4/0.− </∋.−; X = 230

,/=∋9∗4−9 =∗:=&:∗, σ X /4Φ,∗0+− ∗ 9&∗ <>,4&:∗ Κ/9.&+∗+∗ /4 ∗&:∗ ∗0./,∋−,ΛΜ

Χ−0.∋0&∗0+− − =6:=&:− +∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ Κδ.ΛΜ

,/≅∋2− 8/,+/ +∗ <∋≅&,∗ ∗=∋4∗ ∆ +/:∋4∋.∗+∗ 3/:−9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 +/ /

Χ−0=:&92−Μ ,/5/∋.∗4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗

−, =&,∋−9∋+∗+/; 8/5∗4−9 −9 8∗:−,/9 +/ &9 )&/ =−,,/93−0+/4 ∗ (;∃ / ;∃

&∗0+− / 8∗:/ (;∃ ; &9 8∗:/Μ

/,≅&0.∗Μ )&∗: ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ =−4/./, − /,,− +− .∋3− 

.∋:∋Ι∗4−9 ∗ 8∗,∋68/: .; )&/ ./4 +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12−  +/ .&+/0.

,/=∋9∗4−9 =∗:=&:∗, − 8∗:−, +/ s X <>,4&:∗ ∆ Κ4∗.∆,∋∗ +∗ ∗&:∗ 3∗99∗+∗ΛΜ

≅−,∗ −Φ./4−9 − 8∗:−, +∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./Μ

/≅&0+− 3∗99−Μ /0=−0.,∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./

Χ−0.∋0&∗0+− − =6:=&:− +∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./Μ

/,=/∋,− 3∗99−Μ =−43∗,∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =−4 − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−

/0 :  ; 8 112 37445

9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 +/:∋4∋.∗4 ∗ ,/≅∋2− ∗4∗,/:∗; )&/ ∆ ∗ ,/≅∋2− +/ ,/5/∋12−

/0 < >  11: 34 5

4∋0&.−9  8∗:−, 4∆+∋− 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗:  +∗ 8∗,∋68/: 2 ∆ +/9=−07/=∋+−

./43− 4∆+∋− ∗4−9.,∗: Ι9 

 ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9 /4 )&/9.2− ∆ 4−0−=∗&+∗: Ρ /9)&/,+∗

/0 1   112 34 5

=−09∋+/,∗+∗ =−4− 0−,4∗: =−4 4∆+∋∗  / +/98∋−(3∗+,2− +/ Ζ ##;##Γ4 3∗,.∋, +/ &4∗

/0  =4Κ119 37445

/,=/∋,− 3∗99−Μ =−43∗,∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =−4 − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−

−,.∗0.− ∗ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ Χ /9.6 =−,,/.∗; 3−∋9 ∗<∋,4∗ )&/ Zα < 2

<−,∗4 −Φ.∋+−9 3,/1−9 4∆+∋−9 ∀#Μ  ;  / ∀#Ν    / +/98∋−9(3∗+,Ο/9 %#Μ    /

%#Ν  ; ; .−+−9 /4 +>:∗,/9 0−,./(∗4/,∋=∗0−9; 3∗,∗ ∗9 ∗4−9.,∗9 +−9 3∗Ν9/9 κ / δ;

− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ; ∗ ∗4−9.,∗ +− 3∗Ν9 κ <−,0/=/ /8∋+Ε0=∋∗ 9&<∋=∋/0./ 3∗,∗

≅−,∗ 3,/=∋9∗4−9 =∗:=&:∗, −9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9

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/ ./4 +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2−; ∗9 /0.,∗+∗9 ,/3,/9/0.∗4 ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/

Μ −9 7∗Φ∋.∗0./9 +∗ ∋:7∗ 92− +/9=/0+/0./9 +∗ =∋8∋:∋Ι∗12− 

∀#   / 9/,6 ,/5/∋.∗+∗ 9/ ∀# 0 ; /4 )&/ ∀# ,/3,/9/0.∗ ∗ ∗:.&,∗ 4∆+∋∗ +∗ ∗4−9.,∗ /  ∆ &4

8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=− )&/ +/3/0+/ +− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +− ./9./

0+/ :9 ∆ − +/98∋− 3∗+,2− +∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗:; +∗+− 3−,Μ

−8∗4/0./ .,∗Φ∗:7∗4−9 =−4 ∗ 0−,4∗: ,/+&Ι∋+∗Μ

4/+∋∗0./ ∗ =−09.,&12− +/ ∋0./,8∗:− +/ =−0<∋∗01∗ 9∋4∆.,∋=− 3∗,∗ ∗ 4∆+∋∗  Κ=−4 ∃Θ +/

 &.∋:∋Ι∗+− &4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ Χ−4 ∋99−; ./4−9Μ

4 9/≅&∋+∗; /ϑ/=&.∗4−9 − ./9./ &∗0+− ∆ )&/ ,/5/∋.∗,/4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗

/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ΚΨΛ /9.6 4&∋.− ∗<∗9.∗+− +/ + ΚΨ#Λ

8∋9&∗:∋Ι∗12− ∆ <∗=∋:∋.∗+∗ 9/ 3/09∗,4−9 0− =∗9− /ϑ.,/4−  :∋4∋./ ∗.∆ −0+/ ∗=/∋.∗4−9 ∗

7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ +/8/ 9/,Μ  Ω Β

!

3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ ∗=∋4∗ ∆ .∗4Φ∆4 =7∗4∗+∗ +/ &#∋ ∃

3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ∗=/∋.∗, #; +∗+− )&/ /:∗ ∆ <∗:9∗; ∆ +/ #;Θ

/0 112 34 5

=−09∋+/,∗+∗ =−4− 0−,4∗: =−4 4∆+∋∗ / +/98∋−(3∗+,2− +/ Ζ ##;##Γ4 3∗,.∋, +/ &4∗

/0 4 11 37445

/0 % :; 8 11< 37445

/9.∗ ,/≅∋2− ∆ +/./,4∋0∗+∗ /4 <&012− +/

/0 ∗ = 11 3485

/0 , 119 375

/0 9 =4 111 34 5

9/≅&/4 &4∗ +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: =−4 4∆+∋∗ / 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ ; ∗4Φ∗9 +/9=−07/=∋+∗9

− ./9.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ ∗+ , ∃ =−0.,∗ ∗ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ ∗− , . ∃ − 0Ν8/: +/

= >?

∗Φ/4−9 .∗4Φ∆4 )&/ #

0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ /9.6 ∋0.∋4∗4/0./ ,/:∗=∋−0∗+− =−4 −9 =∗9−9 ,∗,−9

,/9&:.∗+− −Φ.∋+− /93/=∋<∋=∗4/0./ 3∗,∗ − /ϑ3/,∋4/0.− ,/∗:∋Ι∗+− ∆ =7∗4∗+− +/ &

/93−9.∗Μ +/8/(9/ ,/5/∋.∗, ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗

∗,∗ − /ϑ3/,∋4/0.− </∋.−; X = 230

,/=∋9∗4−9 =∗:=&:∗, σ X /4Φ,∗0+− ∗ 9&∗ <>,4&:∗ Κ/9.&+∗+∗ /4 ∗&:∗ ∗0./,∋−,ΛΜ

−, =&,∋−9∋+∗+/; 8/5∗4−9 −9 8∗:−,/9 +/ &9 )&/ =−,,/93−0+/4 ∗ (;∃ / ;∃

&∗0+− / 8∗:/ (;∃ ; &9 8∗:/Μ

/,≅&0.∗Μ )&∗: ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ =−4/./, − /,,− +− .∋3− 

.∋:∋Ι∗4−9 ∗ 8∗,∋68/: .; )&/ ./4 +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− +/ .&+/0.

,/=∋9∗4−9 =∗:=&:∗, − 8∗:−, +/ s X <>,4&:∗ ∆ Κ4∗.∆,∋∗ +∗ ∗&:∗ 3∗99∗+∗ΛΜ

/≅&0+− 3∗99−Μ /0=−0.,∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./

/,=/∋,− 3∗99−Μ =−43∗,∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =−4 − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−

/0 : ; 8 112 37445

9 8∗:−,/9 =,Ν.∋=−9 +/:∋4∋.∗4 ∗ ,/≅∋2− ∗4∗,/:∗; )&/ ∆ ∗ ,/≅∋2− +/ ,/5/∋12−

/0 < > 11: 34 5

4∋0&.−9 8∗:−, 4∆+∋− 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: +∗ 8∗,∋68/: 2 ∆ +/9=−07/=∋+−

./43− 4∆+∋− ∗4−9.,∗: Ι9

./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9 /4 )&/9.2− ∆ 4−0−=∗&+∗: Ρ /9)&/,+∗

/0 1 112 34 5

=−09∋+/,∗+∗ =−4− 0−,4∗: =−4 4∆+∋∗ / +/98∋−(3∗+,2− +/ Ζ ##;##Γ4 3∗,.∋, +/ &4∗

/0 =4Κ119 37445

/,=/∋,− 3∗99−Μ =−43∗,∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =−4 − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−

−,.∗0.− ∗ ∗:./,0∗.∋8∗ Χ /9.6 =−,,/.∗; 3−∋9 ∗<∋,4∗ )&/ Zα < 2

<−,∗4 −Φ.∋+−9 3,/1−9 4∆+∋−9 ∀#Μ ; / ∀#Ν / +/98∋−9(3∗+,Ο/9 %#Μ /

%#Ν ; ; .−+−9 /4 +>:∗,/9 0−,./(∗4/,∋=∗0−9; 3∗,∗ ∗9 ∗4−9.,∗9 +−9 3∗Ν9/9 κ / δ;

− 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ; ∗ ∗4−9.,∗ +− 3∗Ν9 κ <−,0/=/ /8∋+Ε0=∋∗ 9&<∋=∋/0./ 3∗,∗

/0 % = 111 34 5

/ ./4 +∋9.,∋Φ&∋12− 0−,4∗: 3∗+,2−; ∗9 /0.,∗+∗9 ,/3,/9/0.∗4 ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/

Μ −9 7∗Φ∋.∗0./9 +∗ ∋:7∗ 92− +/9=/0+/0./9 +∗ =∋8∋:∋Ι∗12−

∀# / 9/,6 ,/5/∋.∗+∗ 9/ ∀# 0 ; /4 )&/ ∀# ,/3,/9/0.∗ ∗ ∗:.&,∗ 4∆+∋∗ +∗ ∗4−9.,∗ / ∆ &4

0+/ :9 ∆ − +/98∋− 3∗+,2− +∗ 4∆+∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗:; +∗+− 3−,Μ

−8∗4/0./ .,∗Φ∗:7∗4−9 =−4 ∗ 0−,4∗: ,/+&Ι∋+∗Μ

4/+∋∗0./ ∗ =−09.,&12− +/ ∋0./,8∗:− +/ =−0<∋∗01∗ 9∋4∆.,∋=− 3∗,∗ ∗ 4∆+∋∗ Κ=−4 ∃Θ +/

&.∋:∋Ι∗+− &4 0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +/ Θ Χ−4 ∋99−; ./4−9Μ

4 9/≅&∋+∗; /ϑ/=&.∗4−9 − ./9./ &∗0+− ∆ )&/ ,/5/∋.∗,/4−9 ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗

/9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ ΚΨΛ /9.6 4&∋.− ∗<∗9.∗+− +/ + ΚΨ#Λ

8∋9&∗:∋Ι∗12− ∆ <∗=∋:∋.∗+∗ 9/ 3/09∗,4−9 0− =∗9− /ϑ.,/4− :∋4∋./ ∗.∆ −0+/ ∗=/∋.∗4−9 ∗

7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ +/8/ 9/,Μ Ω Β

/0 2 > 11 34 5

4∋0&.−9 8∗:−, 4∆+∋− 3−3&:∗=∋−0∗: +∗ 8∗,∋68/: ∆ +/9=−07/=∋+−

/0 < 11∗ 375

∗4−9 <∗Ι/, − ./9./ +/ 7∋3>./9/9 ∋0+∋=∗+− 0∗ )&/9.2−

/,=/∋,− 3∗99−Μ =−43∗,∗, ∗ /9.∗.Ν9.∋=∗ ./9./ =−4 − 8∗:−, =,Ν.∋=−

/0 1 7Ν > 119 378ϑ5

−Φ,/3−0+− ∗9 +&∗9 <∋≅&,∗9; ./4−9Μ

6,/∗ ∗4∗,/:∗ Κ,/≅∋2− =,Ν.∋=∗Λ; ∗≅−,∗; ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ #;#

/0 > Κ119 37445

Χ−09&:.∗0+− ∗ .∗Φ/:∗ +− /0&0=∋∗+−; ./4−9 )&/ ∗ 6,/∗ Ρ /9)&/,+∗ +/ ∆ ∋≅&∗: ∗ #;∃

/0 4 112 34 5

/0 % 112 34 5

=−09∋+/,∗+∗ =−4− 0−,4∗: =−4 4∆+∋∗ / +/98∋−(3∗+,2− +/ Ζ ##;##Γ4 3∗,.∋, +/ &4∗

3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ +− ./9./ ∆ ∋0</,∋−, ∗ #;# /; 3−,.∗0.−; 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ ∆

0+/ λ9λ ,/3,/9/0.∗ ∗ 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ ∗4−9.,∗: / λ0λ ∆ − 0Α4/,− +/ /:/4/0.−9 0∗ ∗4−9.,∗

/0 , > 11 34 5

/ − 0Ν8/: +/9=,∋.∋8− ∆ 4/0−, )&/ Θ; /0.2− /:/ ∆ Η &#∋ ∃

∗ ! Π

9&∗ 8∗,∋Ξ0=∋∗ <∋=∗Μ

0Ν8/: +/ 9∋≅0∋<∋=Ξ0=∋∗ =−,,/93−0+/ Ρ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ,/5/∋.∗, #; +∗+− )&/ /:∗ ∆

/0 : > Κ11: 37445

/ ∗ 7∋3>./9/ 0&:∗ <−, 8/,+∗+/∋,∗; ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ ./,4−9 3/99−∗9 =−4 /9.∗

/0 2 > Κ11: 37445

/0 %1 :; 8 11< 37445

4∗ /ϑ3/,∋Ε0=∋∗ =−09∋9./ /4 8/,∋<∋=∗, 9/ &4∗ 4−/+∗ ∆ 7−0/9.∗ 4 # :∗01∗4/0.−9 +∗

−≅−; ∗ 3,−Φ∗Φ∋:∋+∗+/ +/ −Φ./,4−9 #; ; ; ; ; ; ∃; −& # =∗,∗9 ∆ +/Μ

/0 % 112 378ϑ5