Grammar reference

Starter Unit interrogativa respuestas cortas

be afirmativa negativa
I got a dog? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
afirmativa negativa Have
you got a dog? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
forma contracción forma contracción
he got a dog? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
completa completa
Has she got a dog? Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t.
I am I’m I am not I’m not it got a dog? Yes, it has. No, it hasn’t.
You are You’re You are not You aren’t we got a dog? Yes, we have. No, we haven’t.
He / She / He’s / She’s / He / She / He / She / Have you got a dog? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
It is It’s It is not It isn’t they got a dog? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.
We / You / We’re / You’re / We / You / We / You /
They are They’re They are not They aren’t
• Para formular preguntas se utiliza have + sujeto +
got + objeto.
• Se utiliza be para nombrar o describir. • En inglés conversacional se utilizan respuestas cortas.
He is American. Él es estadounidense. A: Has she got a sister? A: ¿Tiene una hermana?
They are red flowers. Son flores rojas. B: Yes, she has. B: Sí.
• En las conversaciones, se tiende a emplear formas there is/there are
contraídas.
We’re from London. Somos de Londres. afirmativa negativa

She’s 14. Tiene 14 años. singular There’s a TV. There isn’t a cinema.
• Para formar el negativo, se añade not después de be. plural There are some CDS. There aren’t any books.
Normalmente se contrae not (n’t).
( ).
interrogativa respuestas cortas interrogativa respuestas cortas

afirmativa negativa Yes, there is.

singular Is there a cinema?
No, there isn’t.
Am I right? Yes, I am No, I’m not.
Yes, there are.
Are you right? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t. plural Are there any apples?
No, there aren’t.
Is he / she / it right? Yes, he / she / it is. No, he / she / it isn’t.
Are we / you / Yes, we / you / No, we / you / they • Se puede utilizar there is/are para hablar de la
they right? they are. aren’t. posición o la existencia de objetos.
• Para formar el negativo se añade n’t después de is
• Al hacer preguntas invertimos el orden de las palabras o are.
y be se sitúa antes del sujeto. • En las preguntas, se cambia el orden de las palabras y
Are you cousins? (x You are cousins?) ¿Sois primos? be se coloca ante de there.
have got can/can’t
afirmativa negativa afirmativa negativa
I / You’ve got a cap. I / You haven’t got a cap. I / You / He / She / can I / You / He / She / can’t speak
He / She / It’s got a cap. He / She / It hasn’t got a cap. It / We / You / They sing. It / We / You / They Chinese.
We / You / They’ve got a cap. We / You / They haven’t got a cap.
• Se utiliza can para expresar capacidad y permiso.
• Se utiliza have got para hablar sobre posesión. She can snowboard Sabe surfear en la nieve.
• En las conversaciones, se suelen emplear formas They can go to the party on Saturday night.
contraídas. Pueden ir a la fiesta del sábado por la noche.
He’s got a new mobile. Tiene un móvil nuevo. • La tercera persona (he/she/it) no termina en -s.
• Para formar el negativo, se añade n’t (not) después de • Para hacer preguntas se cambia el orden de las
have y antes de got. palabras.
She hasn’t got a big family. Can I go to the toilet, please? ¿Puedo ir al baño?
No tiene una familia muy grande.

100 Grammar reference

Grammar practice S
be 5 Write questions and short answers with have
got about the people in the table.
1 Circle the correct words.
1 Jason is / am my cousin. a bike a cat
2 I am / is 12 years old. Anna ✗ ✓
3 We is / are from Glasgow. Lisa and Jack ✓ ✓
4 My teacher is / are Mr Wilson. David ✗ ✗
5 You is / are in my class.
6 It is / are windy today. 1 Has Anna got a bike ?
No , she hasn’t .
2 Complete the sentences with the negative 2 ?
form of be. Use contractions. , .
1 They aren’t from Italy.
3 ?
2 She my teacher.
, .
3 I 12 years old.
4 ?
4 We in your class.
, .
5 You late.
6 It cold today. 5 ?
, .
3 Write the questions. 6 ?
1 How / you / old / ? , .
How old are you?
2 What / your name / ? there is/there are
3 Where / he from / ? 6 Tick the correct column.
There is … There are …
4 she / a student / ?
✓ a table.
some books.
5 they / in your class / ?
some desks.
6 we / late / ? a bookshelf.
a computer.
some flowers.
have got
4 Circle the correct options.
can/can’t
1 ’ve got three cats.
a He b She c They 7 Complete the sentences with the correct form
2 hasn’t got brown hair. of can and a verb from the box.
a He b You c They
go make open play ride speak
3 ’ve got a blue T-shirt.
a I b She c It
1 I can’t play rugby. (✗)
4 ’ve got an exam tomorrow.
2 Isabel a bike. (✓)
a He b We c She
3 They Spanish. (✓)
5 ’s got a new computer.
4 My mum really good pizzas. (✓)
a Lisa b Max and Lisa c They
5 Tim and Sara to the party. (✗)
6 haven’t got a big house.
6 We this box. (✗)
a She b My friend c They

Grammar practice 101

 Grammar reference
Unit 1 • Los adverbios de frecuencia se utilizan para indicar la
frecuencia con la que hacemos algo. Van después del
Presente simple: afirmativa y negativa verbo be y antes de los otros verbos principales.
afirmativa I’m never late. Nunca llego tarde.
He always does his homework.
I like chat shows.
Siempre hace los deberes.
You like chat shows.
He / She / It likes chat shows. like, love, hate + ing
We / You / They like chat shows. • Después de love, like, don’t like, hate y don’t mind
se utiliza la forma -ing de los verbos.
• Se utiliza el presente simple para expresar hechos, I love watching comedy films.
hábitos y rutinas. Me encanta ver películas de humor.
We don’t live in the city centre. • Detrás de estos verbos también se pueden utilizar
No vivimos en el centro de la ciudad. nombres directamente.
She goes to school at 8.30 am. He doesn’t like soap operas.
Va al colegio a las 8.30 de la mañana. No le gustan los culebrones.
Ortografía: tercera persona Presente simple: preguntas con respuesta
• La tercera persona del singular (he/she/it) del presente del tipo sí/no
simple acaba en -s. interrogativa respuestas cortas
speak – he speaks hablar – él habla
afirmativa negativa
put – she puts poner – ella pone
I watch cartoons? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
• Cuando un verbo termina en consonante + y, se Do
you watch cartoons? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.
sustituye la y por -ies para las formas he/she/it.
fly – it flies volar – vuela he watch cartoons? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
Does she watch cartoons? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.
carry – she carries llevar – ella lleva it watch cartoons? Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.
• Cuando un verbo termina en -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x y -o se
we watch cartoons? Yes, we do, No, we don’t.
añade -es.
Do you watch cartoons? Yes, you do, No, you don’t.
misses pierde relaxes se relaja they watch cartoons? Yes, they do, No, they don’t.
washes lava does hace
watches mira • Para formular preguntas con respuesta del tipo sí/no
se utiliza do / does + sujeto + infinitivo.
negativa • Para responder se utilizan respuestas cortas con do/
I don’t (do not) like does, y no se repite el verbo principal.
A: Do you like westerns?
You don’t (do not) like
westerns. A: ¿Os gustan las películas del oeste?
He / She / It doesn’t (does not) like
B: Yes, we do. (x Yes, we like.) B: Sí.
We / You / They don’t (do not) like
Presente simple: preguntas con partículas
• La negativa del presente simple se forma con el sujeto interrogativas
+ don’t (do not) + infinitivo.
I don’t speak French. No hablo francés. partícula do/does sujeto verbo
interrogativa
• Para la tercera persona se utiliza doesn’t (does not).
He doesn’t like cartoons. What do you study?
No le gustan los dibujos animados. Who does she like?

Adverbios de frecuencia Where does he study?

When do they play?
always usually often sometimes never
• Para formular preguntas con partículas interrogativas
100% 0% se hace así: partícula interrogativa + do / does +
sujeto + verbo.
What time do you finish school?
102 Grammar reference ¿A qué hora sales del colegio?
Grammar practice 1
Present simple: affirmative and like, love, hate + -ing
negative 5 Write sentences with like, love, hate and
1 Complete the table with the correct verbs in don’t mind + -ing.
the third person. 1 I / love / watch / soap operas
I love watching soap operas.
fly know relax stay try watch 2 Jason / not mind / get up / early

3 We / like / go / to the cinema

-s -es -ies
1 knows 3 5
4 My dad / hate / listen / to the radio
2 4 6

5 Haley / not mind / wait / for her friends

2 Complete the sentences with present simple
form of the verbs in brackets. 6 Jess and Nick / love / talk / about films
1 Marta and Maria like horror films. (like)
2 Micky cartoons. (love)
3 We to the cinema on Saturdays. (go) Present simple: Yes/No
4 I film magazines. (read) questions
5 My friend a film blog. (write)
6 They popcorn during films. (eat) 6 Write Yes / No questions and short answers.
1 Sally / like historical films / ? (✓)
3 Write sentences with the present simple. Does Sally like historical films? Yes she does.
1 We / not like / martial arts films 2 Martin / watch comedies / ? (✗)
We don’t like martial arts films.
2 Harry / not watch / chat shows 3 you / talk about films with your friends / ? (✗)

3 I / read / film blogs 4 your brother and sister / go to the cinema / ? (✓)

4 My friends / not go / to the cinema 5 they / have lots of films on this channel / ? (✓)

5 Julia / enjoy / comedies

Present simple: Wh- questions
6 They / not buy / DVDs
7 Write the question for each answer.
1 What do you study ?
I study English.
Adverbs of frequency 2 ?
4 Circle the correct words. He lives in New York.
1 Mike always does / does always his homework 3 ?
in front of the TV. They get home in the afternoon.
2 They often are / are often busy at the weekend. 4 ?
3 Gina and Martin usually watch / watch usually I watch TV every evening.
comedies. 5 ?
4 I sometimes get / get sometimes DVDs from I go to the cinema with my sister.
the library. 6 ?
5 My sister never is / is never late for a film. She likes horror and war films.
6 We usually rent / rent usually films.

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 Grammar reference
Unit 2 • Para hacer preguntas se utiliza be + sujeto + verbo +
-ing.
Presente continuo: afirmativa, negativa e • En las respuestas cortas no se utiliza el verbo + -ing.
interrogativa
Presente simple y presente continuo
afirmativa negativa • Se utiliza el presente simple para expresar hechos,
I’m eating. I’m not eating. hábitos y rutinas y a menudo va acompañado de
adverbios de frecuencia.
You’re eating. You’re not eating.
• Se utiliza el presente continuo para hablar sobre
He / She / It’s eating He / She / It isn’t eating. acciones que están sucediendo en el momento en que
We / You / They’re eating. We / You / They aren’t eating. hablamos. Se utiliza at the moment y (right) now
con el presente continuo.
• Se utiliza el presente continuo para hablar sobre
Nombres contables e incontables
acciones que están sucediendo en el momento en que
hablamos. • La mayoría de nombres son contables, lo que significa
• La forma afirmativa se construye utilizando sujeto + que se pueden contar de forma individual. Tienen
be + verbo + -ing. forma singular y forma plural.
• Para la forma negativa, se añade not después de • Se utiliza a con los nombres contables en singular que
be y antes del verbo con -ing. Normalmente se empiezan con consonante.
contrae not. • Se utiliza an con los nombres contables en singular
que empiezan con vocal.
Ortografía: forma -ing. • Algunos nombres son incontables, lo que significa que
• Con la mayoría de los verbos, se añade -ing al no se pueden contar de forma individual. No tienen
infinitivo. forma plural.
see – seeing ver – viendo some, any, a lot of, much/many
watch – watching mirar – mirando
contable plural incontable
• Con los verbos terminados en -e, se elimina la -e y se
añade -ing. afirmativa I’ve got some / a lot I’ve got some / a lot
have – having tener- teniendo of sweets. of homework.
write – writing escribir – escribiendo negativa There aren’t any / There isn’t any / much /
• Con los verbos que terminan en vocal + consonante, many / a lot of sweets. a lot of homework.
se duplica la consonante y se añade -ing. interrogativa Are there any / many / Is there any / much /
get – getting obtener – obteniendo a lot of sweets? a lot of homework?
run – running correr – corriendo How many sweets How much
are there? homework is there?
(partícula be sujeto verbo + -ing
interrogativa) • Some y any expresan una cantidad indefinida.
Se utilizan junto con nombres contables en plural y
– Am I spending?
nombres incontables. Normalmente some se utiliza
– Is he / she / it shopping? en frases afirmativas y any en frases negativas e
– Are we listening? interrogativas.
– Are you watching? • Se utiliza a lot of en frases afirmativas, negativas e
interrogativas tanto con nombres en plural como con
– Are they skating?
incontables.
Who is she meeting? • Se utiliza much en frases negativas con nombres
incontables.
respuestas cortas • Se utiliza many en frases negativas con nombres
I am. I’m not. contables.
Yes, he / she / it is. No, he / she / it isn’t.
• Se utiliza how many en preguntas con nombres
contables en plural y how much en preguntas con
we / you / they are. we / you / they aren’t. nombres incontables.

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Grammar practice 2
Present continuous: affirmative, 3 Who / she / meet / ?

negative and questions 4 What / Jenny / watch / ?

1 Complete the table with the correct verbs in
the -ing form. 5 Why / we / wait / ?

do get look make run write

6 What / Joe / wear / ?

add -ing remove the -e double the consonant

and add -ing and add -ing Present simple and present
1 doing 3 5 continuous
2 4 6
5 Complete the sentences with the correct verbs in
the present simple or present continuous form.
2 Complete the sentences with the present
continuous form of the verbs in brackets. buy not do drink eat not talk visit
1 Lots of people are shopping in the mall today.
(shop) 1 We ’re eating pizza right now.
2 I for a new dress. (look) 2 I my homework at the moment.
3 My mum a book in the café. (read) 3 They often the mall on Saturdays.
4 She coffee. (not drink) 4 Lisa usually orange juice for breakfast.
5 My brother a computer game. (play) 5 My mum sometimes books in that shop.
6 We a lot of money. (not spend) 6 Joe on his mobile right now.

3 Write present continuous questions and short Countable and uncountable nouns
answers about the people in the table.
6 Tick the correct column.
visit the mall study grammar
Pablo ✗ ✓ countable uncountable

Tina and Neil ✓ ✗ money ✓

Mark ✗ ✗ time
book
1 Is Pablo visiting the mall ? shop
No , he isn’t .
music
2 ?
, . café
3 ?
, .
4 ? some, any, a lot of, much/many
, .
7 Complete the sentences with words in the box.
5 ?
, . any many much lot some (x2)
6 ?
, . 1 I haven’t got much time. Only 5 minutes.
2 I’ve got chocolate in my bag.
4 Write the questions.
3 There are a of people in the mall.
1 What / you / buy / ?
What are you buying 4 How bags have you got?
5 They haven’t got money. Nothing!
2 Where / they / go / ?
6 Suzanne is buying new trainers.

Grammar practice 105

 Grammar reference
Unit 3
was/were: afirmativa y negativa
afirmativa
I / He / She / It was calm.
We / You / They were calm.
negativa
I / He / She / It wasn’t calm.
We / You / They weren’t calm.
• Para formar el pasado simple en negativo se utiliza
sujeto + didn’t (did not) + infinitivo sin to. Did no
cambia al cambiar de persona.
He didn’t grow up in England. No creció en Inglaterra.
was/were: interrogativas
interrogativa respuestas cortas

• Was y were son las formas del pasado simple del Yes, I / he / she / it was.
Was I / he / she / it friendly?
verbo be. No, I / he / she / it wasn’t.
He was a tennis player. Era tenista. Yes, we / you / they were.
Were we / you / they friendly?
They weren’t actors. No eran actores. No, we / you / they weren’t.
Pasado simple: afirmativa y negativa
• Para formular preguntas con el verbo be en pasado,
afirmativa se utiliza was/were antes del sujeto.
I / You / He / She / It / We / They lived in Paris.
Was he a champion? ¿Era campeón?
• En las respuestas cortas, se utiliza yes/no y se repite
• El pasado simple se utiliza para expresar el verbo.
acontecimientos y acciones finalizados en el pasado. A: Was he a champion? B: Yes, he was.
We played basketball yesterday. A: ¿Era campeón? B: Sí.
She went to the theatre school. • Para formular preguntas informativas, se pone la
Ayer jugamos a baloncesto. partícula interrogativa de tipo Wh- delante de was/
Fue a la escuela de teatro. were.
Where was she born? ¿Dónde nació?
Pasado simple: ortografía
Pasado simple: interrogativas
verbos regulares añadir -ed
want – wanted stay – stayed (partícula did sujeto infinitivo
interrogativa)
verbos acabados añadir -d
en -e like – liked live – lived I / you
verbos acabados eliminar la -y y añadir -ied – Did he / she / it agree?
en consonante copy – copied study – studied we / you / they
+ -y What did you decide?
verbos acabados doblar la consonante final y añadir -ed
en consonante + shop – shopped stop – stopped respuestas cortas
vocal + consonante Yes, I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they did.
No, I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they didn’t.
• Algunos verbos son irregulares en el pasado simple y
no siguen ningún patrón. • Las preguntas en pasado simple se formulan con did +
do – did get – got have – had sujeto + infinitivo. Did no cambia.
hacer – hizo obtener – obtuvo tener – tuvo Did it rain yesterday? ¿Llovió, ayer?
• Ver la lista de verbos irregulares en la página 128. • Para formular preguntas informativas, se pone la
• Con el pasado simple se pueden utilizar expresiones partícula interrogativa de tipo Wh- delante de did.
como yesterday, last night, last week, last Where did you get your trainers?
weekend y last summer. ¿Dónde te compraste las zapatillas?
I got a new laptop yesterday.
Ayer me compré un ordenador portátil nuevo. ago
• Se utiliza ago con el pasado simple y con un periodo de
sujeto didn’t infinitivo otras palabras tiempo para hablar de cuándo pasó algo en el pasado.
I / You / He / Ago se pone después del periodo de tiempo.
didn’t watch TV last night. I started this school three years ago.
She / It / We /
didn’t grow up in London.
You / They Empecé en este colegio hace tres años.

106 Grammar reference

Grammar practice 3
was/were: affirmative and Past simple: questions
negative 5 Write past simple questions and short
1 Complete the text with was(n’t) or were(n’t). answers about the people in the table.
At school, I 1 wasn’t (not) very good at sport Helen Sam and Abby Richard
but I 2
good at dancing. My friends
eat pizza ✗ ✓ ✓
3
all crazy about football. They
4
(not) interested in dancing. I saw my go shopping ✓ ✗ ✗
first ballet when I 5 12 years old. It
6
amazing! 1 Did Helen eat pizza ?
No , she didn’t .
2 ?
Past simple: affirmative and , .
negative 3 ?
, .
2 Complete the table with the verbs in the box.
4 ?
dance like stop study travel try wait , .
5 ?
, .
add -ed ending in remove -y double the 6 ?
-e, add -d and add final consonant , .
-ied and add -ed
1 waited 2 4 6 6 Complete the question for each answer.
3 5 7 1 A: What did you drink ?
B: I drank some lemonade.
2 A: Where ?
3 Write sentences with the past simple. B: He went to a concert.
1 Tim / play / football / yesterday
3 A: When ?
Tim played football yesterday. B: They started school in September.
2 Joanna / go skiing / last winter
4 A: Who ?
B: She met her sister.
3 Gina and Tony / grow up / in Canada
5 A: What ?
B: He ate some sandwiches.
4 We / not want / to practise the piano
6 A: Why ?
B: They stayed at home because it was raining.
5 I / not play / tennis at school

ago
was/were: questions 7 Put the words in the correct order.
1 We / two days / played / ago / football
4 Write questions with was and were. We played football two days ago.
1 Where / she born
2 a few minutes / saw / I / ago / her
Where was she born ?
2 What / her first film
3 ago / finished / an hour / She / her homework
?
3 What / her favourite subjects at school
4 made / ago / a long time / He / a film
?
4 you / interested in acting at school
5 was / two months / ago / My birthday
?
5 your father / a film director
6 in Italy / We / ago / were / two weeks
?
Grammar practice 107
 Grammar reference
Unit 4 Pasado simple y pasado continuo
• Se utiliza el pasado continuo para hablar de una
Pasado continuo: afirmativa, negativa e
acción continuada que se está produciendo en el
interrogativa
pasado. El pasado simple se utiliza para hablar de
afirmativa negativa una acción puntual que interrumpe otra acción
continuada. Normalmente se utiliza when antes del
I was reading. I wasn’t working.
pasado simple y while antes del pasado continuo.
He / She / It was reading. He / She / It wasn’t working. I was talking to my mum when I heard the news.
We / You / They were We / You / They weren’t Estaba hablando con mi madre cuando oí las
reading. working. noticias.
I heard the news while I was talking to my mum.
(partícula be sujeto verbo +
interrogativa) ing
Oí las noticias mientras estaba hablando con mi
madre.
– Was I running?
could/couldn’t
– Was he / she / it falling?
– Were we jumping? afirmativa negativa
– Were you watching? I / You / He / I / You / He /
could swim couldn’t use
– Were they playing? She / It / We / She / It / We /
50 metres. a computer.
You / They You / They
What were you climbing?
Who was she chasing? interrogativa respuestas cortas
respuestas cortas afirmativa negativa
I was. I wasn’t. Could I / you /
Yes, I / you / he / No, I / you / he /
he / she / it /
Yes, he / she / it was. No, he / she / it wasn’t. she / it / we / you / she / it / we / you /
we / you / they
we / you / they were. we / you / they weren’t. they could. they couldn’t.
use a computer?
• Se utiliza el pasado continuo para hablar de una • Se utiliza could/couldn’t para hablar de la capacidad
acción continuada que se está produciendo en el y la posibilidad en pasado.
pasado. Las frases afirmativas se forman con sujeto + When I was five I could swim 20 metres.
was/were + verbo + -ing.
Cuando tenía cinco años podía nadar 20 metros.
He was running to school. Corría hacia el colegio.
He couldn’t call earlier because he was in a meeting.
• Para formar el negativo, se pone n’t (not) después de
was/were y antes del verbo + -ing. Normalmente No pudo llamar antes porque estaba en una
not se contrae. reunión.
They weren’t walking quickly. No caminaban deprisa. • Could tiene siempre la misma forma. La tercera
• En las preguntas se utiliza was/were + sujeto + persona (he/she/it) no termina en -s.
verbo + -ing. He couldn’t speak three languages.
Were you watching TV in bed last night? No sabía hablar tres idiomas.
¿Estabas mirando la tele en la cama, anoche? • Para formular preguntas se cambia el orden de las
• En las respuestas cortas no se utiliza verbo + -ing. palabras.
Yes, he was. (x Yes, he was talking.) Sí. Could you speak English at the age of five?
• Para formular preguntas se pone la partícula ¿Cuando tenías cinco años sabías hablar inglés?
interrogativa de tipo Wh- antes de be.
What were you doing at 8 pm yesterday?
¿Qué hacías ayer a las 8 de la tarde?

108 Grammar reference

Grammar practice 4
Past continuous: affirmative, 5 ?
, .
negative and questions 6 ?
1 Complete the sentences with the past , .
continuous form of the verbs in the box.
Past simple and past
cook drink read steal talk watch
continuous
At 3 pm yesterday afternoon … 5 Complete the sentences with the past simple
1 Peter was reading a book. or the past continuous. Use the verbs in
2 Julia on the phone. brackets.
3 Jason and Angie dinner. 1 I was reading (read) in bed when I heard
4 we TV. (hear) a loud noise in the street.
5 I a cup of tea. 2 No one (watch) when the burglars
6 the thieves the diamonds. (break) into the bank.
3 The diamonds (disappear) while the
2 Complete the sentences with the negative form guards (have) lunch.
of the past continuous. Use contractions. 4 While we (watch) TV, the alarm
1 Peter wasn’t playing football. (not play) (go) off.
2 Julia emails. (not write) 5 While we (look) out of the window,
3 Jason and Angie in the garden. (not sit) police officers (enter) the bank.
4 We our bikes. (not ride) 6 The burglars (count) their money
5 I a sandwich. (not eat) when the police (catch) them.
6 The thieves any noise. (not make)
could/couldn’t
3 Write questions with the past continuous.
1 What were you doing ? (you / do)
6 Complete the sentences with could or
couldn’t and the verb in brackets.
2 Where ? (they / go)
1 I could speak French when I was five. (speak)
3 Who ? (she / talk to)
2 She because she was afraid of
4 Why ? (he / leave)
water. (not swim)
5 Where ? (Jacky / sit)
3 Sam all of the ex-American
6 What ? (your friends / presidents in primary school. (name)
watch)
4 Tony the piano when he was six.
(play)
4 Write questions and short answers about what
5 We because he spoke very quietly.
Jessica, Luke, Nina and Luis were doing at 5 pm
(not hear)
yesterday.
6 Lyn a bike when you she was a
Jessica Luke and Nina Luis child. (not ride)
watch TV ✗ ✓ ✗
do homework ✓ ✗ ✓

1 Was Jessica watching TV ?

No , she wasn’t .
2 ?
, .
3 ?
, .
4 ?
, .

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 Grammar reference
Unit 5 must/mustn’t
Adjetivos comparativos y superlativos afirmativa negativa

comparativo superlativo I / You / He / must wear I / You / He /

mustn’t talk
She / It / We / school She / It / We /
adjetivos cortos añadir -er: añadir -est: in an exam.
You / They uniform You / They
high higher highest
adjetivos cortos doblar la doblar la • Se utiliza must para hablar de una obligación o de
acabados consonante final y consonante final y fuertes recomendaciones.
en vocal + añadir -er: añadir -est: You must watch this TV programme, it’s great.
consonante Tienes que ver este programa, es genial.
big bigger biggest • Se utiliza mustn’t para expresar prohibición y consejo
adjetivos añadir -r: añadir -st: contra algo. Se añade n’t (not) detrás de must.
acabados en -e They mustn’t talk in the cinema.
safe safer safest No deben hablar en el cine.
adjetivos eliminar la -y y eliminar la -y y • Must no cambia según la persona y después de must
acabados en -y añadir -ier: añadir -iest: los infinitivos no llevan to.
tidy tidier tidiest They must get to school before 9 am.
adjetivos largos poner more antes poner most antes Deben llegar al colegio antes de las 9 de la
del adjetivo: del adjetivo:
mañana.
comfortable more most
comfortable comfortable should/shouldn’t
adjetivos afirmativa negativa
irregulares
good best I / You / He / should I / You / He / shouldn’t
better
She / It / We / tidy the She / It / We / leave clothes
bad worse worst
You / They house. You / They on the floor.
• Se utilizan los adjetivos comparativos para comparar • Se utiliza should y shouldn’t para aconsejar o
una cosa con otra y se hace así: be + adjetivo recomendar.
comparativo + than. You should study for the exam.
My room is tidier than my sister’s room. Deberías estudiar para el examen.
Mi habitación está más ordenada que la de mi • Should no cambia según la persona y después de
hermana. should los infinitivos no llevan to.
• Se utilizan los adjetivos superlativos para decir que They should help their parents with the housework.
una cosa o persona tiene el máximo posible de una
Deberían ayudar a sus padres con las tareas de
calidad en particular y se hace así: the + adjetivo
la casa.
superlativo.
My parents have got the biggest bedroom.
Mis padres tienen la habitación más grande.

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Grammar practice 5
Comparative and superlative must/mustn’t
adjectives 4 Complete the sentences with must or mustn’t
1 Complete the table with the comparative and the verb in brackets.
form of the adjectives in the box. 1 You mustn’t talk during the lesson. (talk)
2 You your homework on time. (do)
comfortable expensive nice 3 You sandwiches in the classroom.
interesting safe tall (eat)
4 You your friend’s homework. (copy)
5 You on the chairs. (stand)
add -r or -er more + adjective
6 You listen carefully to the teacher.
more comfortable (listen)

should/shouldn’t
2 Complete the sentences with the correct
5 Complete the sentences with should or
shouldn’t and the verbs in the box.
comparative form of the adjectives in
brackets. forget go (x2) leave stay wear
1 My house is smaller than your house. (small)
2 Jack’s room is than Katrina’s room.
1 It’s cold today. You should wear a warm coat.
(tidy)
2 The train leaves at ten. We the
3 Laura’s homework is than Abby’s
house at nine.
homework. (good)
3 It’s raining. You your umbrella.
4 This new hotel is than the old hotel.
4 It’s late. You to bed now.
(comfortable)
5 I’ve got an exam tomorrow. I up late
5 The sofa is than the armchair.
tonight.
(expensive)
6 A: I’ve got toothache.
6 The traffic in the morning is than the
traffic at night. (bad) B: You to the dentist.

3 Circle the correct options. 6 Are these sentences correct? Correct the
1 A: I think New York is more exciting /
incorrect sentences.
the most exciting city in the world! 1 We should to get up early tomorrow. ✗
B: I don’t agree. I think that London is more We should get up early tomorrow.
exciting / the most exciting than New York. 2 Pupils don’t must wear trainers at school.
2 A: I think that buses are safer / the safest
than trains. 3 You mustn’t using your calculator during the exam.
B: I don’t agree. I think that trains are safer /
the safest form of transport. 4 We must visit New York, it’s an incredible city.
3 A: I think that Tokyo is more expensive /
the most expensive city in the world. 5 He shoulds book the hotel now, not later.
B: I read that Singapore is more expensive /
the most expensive than Tokyo. 6 People must to buy a ticket before getting on
4 A: What do you think is the best / better way to the train.
exercise?
B: People think it’s running, but I reckon
swimming is better / the best than running.

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 Grammar reference
Unit 6 First conditional
will/won’t action/situation (if-) result

afirmativa negativa If we buy this laptop, we’ll get a free printer.

result action/situation (if-)
I / You / He / I / You / He /
will pass won’t fail
She / It / We / She / It / We / He’ll use your email if you tell him the password.
the exam. the exam.
You / They You / They
interrogativa
interrogativa respuestas cortas Will you call Mum for me if I give you the number?
afirmativa negativa
• Se utiliza el first conditional para hablar del resultado
Will I / you / he / Yes, I / you / he / No, I / you / he /
futuro de una acción o situación.
she / it / we / you / she / it / we / you / she / it / we / you /
they win? they will. they won’t. If the tablet breaks, I will take it to the shop.
Si se estropea la tableta la llevaré a la tienda.
• Se utiliza will y won’t para hacer predicciones sobre el • En las frases condicionales hay dos cláusulas: la
futuro. cláusula if- y la cláusula resultado. Se utiliza if +
Computers will control our lives in the future. sujeto + presente simple para hablar de la acción
En el futuro, los ordenadores controlarán o situación, y sujeto + will + infinitivo (sin to) para
nuestras vidas. hablar del resultado. Además, se pone una coma
• Will/Won’t no cambia según la persona y la tercera después de la cláusula if-.
persona (he/she/it) no termina con -s. If we pass all our exams, we’ll have a party.
The laptop will help me with my homework. Si aprobamos todos los exámenes haremos una
El ordenador portátil me será útil para hacer los fiesta.
deberes. • La cláusula if- también puede ir en la segunda
• Para formular preguntas se cambia el orden de las posición dentro de la oración.
palabras y no se utiliza do/does. I’ll call you later if I need your help.
Will we travel in cars in the future? Te llamaré más tarde si necesito tu ayuda.
¿En el futuro iremos en coche? • El negativo se forma con won’t en la cláusula
• En inglés informal se puede usar la contracción ’ll. resultado o con don’t/doesn’t en la cláusula if-.
I’ll go to university in the future. I won’t finish my homework if the laptop breaks.
En el futuro iré a la universidad. No terminaré los deberes si se estropea el
portátil.
(not) as + adjetivo + as
If the laptop doesn’t break, I’ll finish my homework.
• Se utiliza (not) as + adjetivo + as para afirmar que
algo o alguien (no) es igual en algún sentido a otra Si el portátil no se estropea terminaré los
cosa o persona. deberes.
This tablet is as expensive as a laptop. • Las preguntas se formulan con will delante del sujeto.
Esta tableta es tan cara como un portátil. Will you buy a tablet if the keyboard breaks?
My headphones aren’t as good as your headphones. ¿Te comprarás una tableta si se estropea el
teclado?
Mis auriculares no son tan buenos como los
tuyos.
• Se utiliza la estructura be + as + adjetivo + as.
Desktops aren’t as small as laptops.
(x Desktops aren’t as smaller than laptops.)
Los ordenadores de sobremesa no son tan
pequeños como los portátiles.

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Grammar practice 6
will/won’t 3 This computer programme is the same speed as
the old one.
1 Complete the text with will and the words in This computer programme
the box. the old one. (fast)
4 These laptops are the same price as the tablets.
be (x2) do go study work
These laptops the tablets.
(expensive)
In the future I think I 1 ’ll go to university and
5 This camera is lighter than my smartphone.
I2 engineering. I think that engineering
My smartphone this
3
very important in the future because
camera. (light)
there 4 a lot of new developments
in science and technology. Then I reckon I
5
research at a university in America First conditional
or Australia. After that I think I 6 in a
company which invents new technology.
5 Match the sentence halves.
1 If you switch on the computer, … a
2 Circle the correct options. 2 If I don’t leave now, …
In the future, children 1will / won’t go to school 3 If you don’t tell me the answer, …
because they 2will / won’t study at home. We 3will / 4 We will learn how to create a website, …
won’t have electric cars because there 4will / won’t 5 You will get a better job …
be any petrol. People 5will / won’t work in factories 6 I won’t pass the exam …
because robots 6will / won’t do all of the work.
a I’ll show you my new website.
3 Write questions with will. Then write short b if I don’t study tonight.
answers. c I’ll miss the train.
1 robots / clean our homes (✓) d if you learn about technology.
Will robots clean our homes? Yes, they will. e I won’t help you repair your computer.
2 all countries / speak the same f if we go on this course.
language (✗)
6 Complete the sentences with the correct form
of the verbs in the box.
3 airplanes / be faster (✓)
finish buy not have got
4 the planet / be warmer (✗) not go call take

5 people / live longer (✓) 1 If the computer crashes, I ’ll take it to

the shop.
6 the world / be more peaceful (✓) 2 I’ll go home if the class early.
3 Stacy will play games online if she
any homework.
(not) as + adjective + as 4 They us or send a text if they miss
the train.
4 Complete the second sentence so it has the 5 If Danny doesn’t get the job, he
same meaning as the first sentence. Use (not) on holiday.
as + adjective + as and the adjectives in 6 Jessica a car if she passes her driving
brackets. test.
1 My new computer is smaller than my old
computer.
My old computer isn’t as small as my new
computer. (small)
2 This tablet is more convenient than a laptop.
A laptop this tablet.
(convenient)
Grammar practice 113
 Grammar reference
Unit 7 will y be going to
• Will se utiliza para hacer predicciones, mientras que
be going to
be going to se utiliza para hablar de planes de futuro
afirmativa que ya están decididos.
I’m
We’ll need a bigger house when we have a family.
Cuando tengamos familia necesitaremos una
He / She / It is going to study Medicine.
casa más grande.
We / You / They are
We’re going to buy a bigger house in a couple of
negativa years.
I’m not
Dentro de un par de años nos compraremos una
casa más grande.
He / She / It isn’t going to study Medicine.
We / You / They aren’t
Presente continuo para expresar futuro
• Se puede utilizar el presente continuo para hablar de
interrogativa planes definidos para el futuro.
Am I
She’s meeting her boyfriend after school.
Is he / she / it going to study Medicine?
Después del colegio se va a encontrar con su
novio.
Are we / you / they
• Con frecuencia se utilizan marcadores temporales de
respuestas cortas futuro como tonight, tomorrow, this weekend,
this summer, next week, next month y after class/
Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
school.
Yes, he / she / it is. No, he / she / it isn’t. I’m going to a party on Saturday night.
Yes, we / you / they are. No, we / you / they aren’t. El sábado por la noche voy a una fiesta.
• Se utiliza be going to para hablar de planes de futuro Presente simple para expresar futuro
y de intenciones. • Se puede utilizar el presente simple para hablar de
I’m going to work in another country in the future. horarios, programas o entradas de calendario del
En el futuro voy a trabajar en otro país. futuro.
• Para formar una frase afirmativa se utiliza be + going
He finishes work at 7 pm.
to + infinitivo. Sale del trabajo a las 7.
• Para formar frases negativas, be + not + going to + Their train arrives at 8.45 in the morning.
infinitivo. Su tren llega a las 8.45 de la mañana.
He isn’t going to take a year out. Our summer holidays start on 24th June.
No se va a tomar un año sabático. Empezamos las vacaciones de verano el 24 de
• La preguntas se formulan poniendo be antes del junio.
sujeto.
Are they going to get married this year?
¿Se van a casar este año?

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Grammar practice 7
be going to Present continuous for future
1 Complete the sentences with the correct form 4 Write sentences about Leila, Danny, Suzanne
of be going to and the verbs in the box. and Liam’s plans.

buy get not go study take work Leila Danny and Liam
Suzanne
1 I ’m going to study engineering at university. tonight study for a go for play rugby
2 Rita in her dad’s shop this test a pizza
summer. with their
friends
3 My brother a year out after
university. this visit her watch a go shopping
4 My parents a new house weekend grandma football for new
next year. match shoes
5 Sam and Linda married
1 Leila’s studying for a test tonight.
next year.
2
6 We to summer camp this year.
3
2 Write questions with be going to. 4
1 What are you going to do 5
this summer? (you / do) 6
2 Where
next year? (Tina / work) 5 Complete the conversation with the present
3 When ? continuous form of the verbs in the box.
(your parents / retire)
go (x3) do meet (x2) have
4 this summer?
(they / visit Canada)
5 next year? Tim: What 1 are you doing tonight?
(you / learn to drive) Leo: I 2
to rugby practice at six, but
6 medicine? nothing after that. Why?
(your sister / study) Tim: Sally and I 3 to the new art
exhibition at the community centre. It’s on
ancient Greece.
will and be going to Leo: Sounds interesting. What time 4
3 Decide if each sentence is a plan or a you  ?
prediction. Then circle the best option. Tim: It starts at eight, but I 5 Sally at
1 I think you will / are going to need an umbrella 7:30 in the café next door. Why don’t you ask
today – it’s raining. Luis to come too?
2 We will / are going to study Japanese next year. Leo: He can’t. He 6 dinner at his
3 The tickets are sold out. You won’t / aren’t girlfriend’s house tonight. He 7
going to get in. her parents for the first time!
4 I think it will / is going to be difficult to find a
job in the future. Present simple for future
5 Suzanne will / is going to work as a journalist
when she leaves university.
6 Complete the sentences with the correct form
of the present simple.
6 I’m sure you will / are going to pass the exam –
1 The plane leaves at 3 pm. (leave)
with a bit of luck.
2 What time the lesson ? (begin)
3 The teams the final match tomorrow. (play)
4 The shop until next Monday. (not open)
5 My new job tomorrow. (start)

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 Grammar reference
Unit 8 • Las interrogativas en presente perfecto se utilizan para
preguntar sobre experiencias del pasado. Se puede
Presente perfecto: afirmativas y negativas utilizar ever para preguntar sobre el periodo que
afirmativa/negativa abarca la vida entera.
Has she ever won a competition?
I / We / You / They have(n’t) been to Paris.
¿Ha ganado alguna vez una competición?
He / She / It has(n’t) seen Avatar.
• Las preguntas con respuesta Sí/No se forman con
• Se utiliza el presente perfecto para hablar de have/has + sujeto (+ ever) + participio pasado, y
acontecimientos y experiencias del pasado que no have/has se repiten en las respuestas cortas.
sabemos exactamente cuando pasaron. A: Have you ever ridden a motorbike? B: Yes, I have.
I’ve visited a lot of countries. A: ¿Has montado alguna vez en moto? B: Sí.
He visitado muchos países.
used to
• Para formar frases afirmativas se utiliza sujeto +
have/has + participio pasado. afirmativa negativa
I’ve burnt my hand. Me he quemado la mano. I / You / He / I / You / He /
• Para formar frases negativas se pone n’t (not) She / It She / It didn’t use
used to play
después de have/has y antes del participio pasado. to play
We / You / football. We / You /
Habitualmente, not se contrae. basketball.
They They
They haven’t crashed their car.
No han chocado con el coche. interrogativa respuestas cortas
Ortografía: participios de pasado afirmativa negativa
verbos regulares añadir -ed Did I / you / he /
Yes, I / you / he / No, I / you / he /
crash – crashed she / it / we /
she / it / we / you / she / it / we / you /
you / they use to
verbos acabados en -e añadir -d they did. they didn’t.
write letters?
like – liked
verbos acabados en eliminar la -y y añadir -ied • Se utiliza used to para hablar de acciones que tenían
consonantes + -y tidy – tidied lugar de forma regular en el pasado pero que ya no
verbos acabados en doblar la consonante final y ocurren en el presente.
consonante + vocal + añadir -ed We used to walk to school, now we go by car.
consonante slip – slipped Solíamos ir andando al colegio pero ahora vamos
en coche.
• Algunos verbos tienen formas de participio pasado • Used to no cambia según la persona verbal. La tercera
irregulares y no siguen ningún patrón. persona (he/she/it) no termina en -s.
cut – cut cortar – cortado She used to sing in a band.
fall – fallen caer – caído Cantaba en un grupo.
• Ver la lista de verbos irregulares de la página 128. • Se utiliza el auxiliar did para formar frases negativas e
Presente perfecto: interrogativas interrogativas.
He didn’t use to smoke. (x He didn’t used to smoke.)
interrogativa respuestas cortas
No fumaba.
afirmativa negativa
Did they use to go to the beach in summer?
I (ever) flown? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Have ¿Solían ir a la playa en verano?
you (ever) flown? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
• En las respuestas cortas se utiliza did, no used to.
he (ever) flown? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
A: Did you use to play guitar? B: Sí.
Has she (ever) flown? Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t.
it (ever) flown? Yes, it has. No, it hasn’t. A: ¿Tocabas la guitarra?
we (ever) flown? Yes, we have. No, we haven’t. B: Yes, I did (x Yes, I used.)
Have you (ever) flown? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
they (ever) flown? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.

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Grammar practice 8
Present perfect: affirmative and Present perfect: questions
negative 5 Write questions and short answers with the
1 Complete the chart with the past participle of present perfect.
each verb. 1 you / have / an accident
Have you had an accident ?
like trip try stop jump study No, I haven’t .
2 Tracy / ever fall off / her bike
?
add -d or -ed remove the last double the final Yes, she .
letter and add consonant and
3 Tony / break / his leg
-ied add -ed
?
1 jumped 3 5
No, he .
2 4 6
4 they / ever win / the lottery
?
2 Write the past participle of each verb. No, they .
1 have had 5 she / burn / her finger
2 fall ?
Yes, she .
3 ride
6 you / ever slip / on a banana skin
4 write
?
5 eat
Yes, I .
6 see

3 Complete the sentences with correct form used to

of have.
6 Write sentences and questions with used to.
1 I ’ve visited a lot of countries in my life.
1 In the past: go to school by bus
2 He eaten snails, but he wants to try Now: go by bike
them one day.
We used to go to school by bus, now we
3 Tracy fallen off her bike.
go by bike .
4 Sam broken his wrist.
2 In the past: eat meat
5 We ridden a camel, but we’re going Now: only eat vegetables
to ride one next year.
Jack .
6 A: Do you like skiing?
3 In the past: not like sport
B: I don’t know. I done it before. Now: play tennis every weekend
They .
4 Complete the sentences with the present
4 In the past: not write a journal
perfect form of the verbs in brackets.
Now: write in my blog every day
1 Kylie has broken her ankle. (break)
I .
2 Kate Alaska. (visit)
5 they / play in a band when they were you at
3 I octopus. (not eat)
school
4 My brother a new computer game.
?
(invent)
No, they .
5 We the latest Harry Potter film.
6 you / ride a motorbike when you were younger
(not see)
6 My parents me a new bike. (buy) ?
Yes, I .

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 Grammar reference
Unit 9 Pronombres reflexivos
one/ones I myself it itself
• One/ones se utiliza para referirse a una persona u you yourself we ourselves
objeto cuando no se quiere repetir un nombre en una he himself you yourselves
frase. Se utiliza one en singular y ones en plural. she herself they themselves
I like all my presents, but this one is my favorite. • Los pronombres reflexivos se utilizan cuando una
Me gustan todos los regalos pero este es mi misma persona o cosa es sujeto y objeto de un verbo a
favorito. la vez.
A: Which birthday cards do you prefer? My dad talks to himself when he’s nervous.
B: The cheapest ones. Mi padre habla consigo mismo cuando está
A: ¿Qué tarjetas de felicitación prefieres? nervioso.
B: Las más baratas. • Normalmente el pronombre va justo después del
verbo.
Pronombres indefinidos We enjoyed ourselves at Pete’s birthday party.
afirmativas negativas (x We enjoyed at Pete’s birthday party ourselves.)
personas someone no one Nos lo pasamos muy bien en la fiesta de
everyone anyone aniversario de Pete.
objetos something nothing Infinitivo de propósito
everything anything • El infinitivo de propósito se utiliza para especificar por
lugares somewhere nowhere qué hacemos algo.
everywhere anywhere They saved money to pay for the wedding.
(x They saved money for pay for the wedding.)
• Los pronombres indefinidos se utilizan para referirse a
personas, objetos y lugares de forma general. Ahorraron para pagarse la boda.
I want to go somewhere at the weekend.
El fin de semana quiero ir a algún lugar.
• Estas palabras están en singular.
Everyone is excited about the wedding.
(x Everyone are excited about the wedding)
Todo el mundo está emocionado con la boda.
• Normalmente se utiliza un verbo en forma afirmativa
junto con no one, nothing y nowhere.
There’s nothing to do here!
(x There isn’t nothing to do here!)
¡No hay nada que hacer aquí!
• Normalmente se utiliza un verbo en forma negativa
junto con anyone, anything y anywhere.
I haven’t got anything to do today.
(x I’ve got anything to do today.)
No tengo nada que hacer, hoy.

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Grammar practice 9
one/ones Reflexive pronouns
1 Circle the correct options. 4 Complete the sentences with the correct
1 A: Which T-shirt do you like, pink or blue? reflexive pronouns.
B: The blue one / ones. 1 Do you like looking at yourself in the mirror?
2 A: Which biscuits do you want, chocolate 2 Serena taught to play the guitar.
or lemon? 3 I burnt when I was cooking dinner.
B: The chocolate one / ones, please. 4 These lights turn on when it’s dark.
3 A: What type of ticket is the best? 5 Jim hurt when he was climbing.
B: Which one / ones is the cheapest? 6 We enjoyed at the picnic.
4 A: I really like those types of films.
B: Which one / ones? 5 Are these sentences correct? Correct the
A: Action films. incorrect reflexive pronouns.
5 A: Which restaurant do you like best? 1 I hope she didn’t hurt yourselves. ✗
B: The one / ones on the corner near the park. I hope she didn’t hurt herself.
6 A: Do you want the same flowers as last time? 2 He only thinks about herself!
B: No, let’s get different one / ones, this time.
3 I think she cut herself on that big knife.
Indefinite pronouns
4 The human body can repair itself very quickly.
2 Complete the sentences with the words in the
box. 5 I saw myself in the mirror.

anywhere Everyone anything nothing

6 We’ve sent themselves a copy of the contract.
Someone something

1 I haven’t got anything to do today.

2 Helen couldn’t find her keys . Infinitive of purpose
3 called me on the phone but I don’t 6 Match the sentence halves.
know who. 1 She went to the supermarket … b
4 I’m so hungry. I’ve eaten since 2 Sam and Joanna went to the park …
breakfast.
3 Suzanne bought some bread …
5 I can give you for your headache.
4 Lisa took her camera …
6 is going to the park tomorrow.
5 We went to the pool …
Why don’t you come, too?
6 I brought some flowers …
3 Circle the correct options. a to go swimming.
1 Someone / No one lives in that house – the last b to buy some fruit.
family moved out two weeks ago. c to give Mum for her birthday.
2 There’s something / nothing good on TV d to play football.
tonight. Let’s go to the cinema. e to make sandwiches.
3 You’ve thrown your clothes everywhere / f to take some photos.
nowhere! Clean your room now!
4 Somewhere / Someone told me it’s your
birthday today.
5 I’ve got nothing / no one to tell you.
6 She hasn’t got anywhere / nowhere to plug
in her computer.

Grammar practice 119