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Víctor Manuel Pérez Valera

T eoría
del derecho

2
VÍCTOR MANUEL PÉREZ VALERA, S. J.

Profesor emérito de la Uni-


versidad Iberoamericana.
Realizó estudios de
Literatura clásica, licen-
ciatura en Filosofía, doc-
torado en Antropología
religiosa (Judaísmo moder-
no) en la Universidad
Gregoriana de Roma, y licen-
ciatura y maestría en Derecho por la Universidad
Iberoamericana Ciudad de México.
Fue Director del Departamento de Ciencias
Religiosas de la Universidad Iberoamericana y
Director General Académico de la Universidad
Iberoamericana (Plantel Tijuana), miembro funda-
dor de la Asociación Internacional de Tanatología,
Presidente del Consejo Mexicano de Intercambio
Cultural Alemán-Latinoamericano (ICALA), y de
la Katholischer Akademischer Ausländer-Dienst
(KAAD), miembro de la Barra Mexicana, Colegio de
Abogados, Comité de Ética, miembro del Sistema
Nacional de Investigadores, profesor de Teoría del
derecho, Deontología jurídica, Filosofía del derecho
y del Seminario de Excelencia en el Departamento
de Derecho de la Universidad Iberoamericana
Ciudad de México.
Entre sus publicaciones se encuentran: Deon-
tología jurídica, ética en el ser y quehacer del abogado, El
hombre y su muerte, Eutanasia, ¿piedad? ¿delito?, Dios y la
renovación del hombre (Antropología religiosa de Abraham J.
Heschel) y Ser más humano, reflexiones sobre ética y derecho.
Ha publicado diversos artículos en Alemania, Italia,
España, Estados Unidos e Israel, así como en la revis-
ta Jurídica, Anuario del Departamento de Derecho de
la Universidad Iberoamericana, y artículos ético-jurí-
dicos en el periódico El Financiero. Ha sido invitado
a impartir cursos en la Escuela de Derecho de la
Escuela Superior de Administración y Dirección de
Empresas (ESADE) de Barcelona, España, y confe-
rencias en el Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas
de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
(UNAM), la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis
Potosí, la Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez,
la Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de
Hidalgo, entre otras. Igualmente ha participado
como conferencista en varios foros internacionales
sobre tanatología, bioética, judaísmo y deontología
jurídica.
7HRUtDGHO
'HUHFKR
  

 


1
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TEORÍA DEL DERECHO


Textos Jurídicos Universitarios
Primera edición: Junio de 2009
Primera reimpresión: marzo de 2016
ISBN 978-607-426-039-7

Autor: Víctor Manuel Pérez Valera


Dirección editorial, diseño y producción: Mario Andrés Aliaga Valenzuela
Gerente editorial del área de derecho: Lilia Guadalupe Aguilar Iriarte
Gerente de producción: Paula Sosa Jiménez
Edición: José Luis García Herrera
Supervisión de producción: Ana Mireya Laguna Plata
Portada: Brenda Reyes Coix
Composición y formación: Silvia Plata Garibo y David Espinoza Martínez

Ninguna parte de esta publicación puede ser reproducida en ningún


sistema electrónico o por cualquier medio, sin la autorización previa
por escrito de Oxford University Press México, S.A. de C.V. El editor no se
responsabiliza de los contenidos de las páginas web enlazadas
o referenciadas en esta publicación.
Se terminó de imprimir en
Impresora y Editora Xalco, S.A. de C.V.
www.grupocorme.com
Tel. (55) 5784-6177
Se usaron tipos Arial (7.5 pts.), Minion Pro (11 pts.) y Museo (12 y 20 pts.),
sobre papel Bond Editor Alta Opacidad de 75 g
Impreso en México
Índice de contenido

Prólogo xiii

Presentación xv

i. La teoría general del derecho 1

- .0+0 ./*4-/ -8./$.  P


*.($':*. )0. 0)/ *-8*% /$1 ' - #*  T
')$($ )/* '/ *-8" ) -' ' - #*  U
5;) . - '/ *-8 ' - #*  W
  .$ '/ *-8 ' - #*  PO

(+*-/)$ '/ *-8" ) -' ' - #*  PP


F07 .%!#*#!E  PQ
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 *-8" ) -' ' - #*4$ )$ ' - #*  PT
+- ) -+ ).-  PV
% /* '/ *-8" ) -' ' - #*  PV
$1 -.*. )!*,0 .  PX
*)/ )$* '/ *-8 ' - #*  QO

ii. Teoría del derecho y método:


un esbozo del método empírico generalizado 21

*)$ )$  QS
0/*+-*+$$;)  QW
'(7/***")*.$/$1* )0)0 )/* "/##-$./$   RP
*).$ -$*) ..*-  '(7/**  RT
 ./-0/0-6.$ '*)*$($ )/*  RU
)+'$$;)'!0)$;)%0$$'  ST
VI Teoría del derecho

iii. La persona humana y la teoría del derecho 49

)/-*+*'*"8'*.;!- )/ ' - #*  SX


+ -.*)#0()4.0.-/ -8./$.!0)( )/' .  TQ
 -.*)#0()  TQ
$")$ '+ -.*)#0()  TU
$")$ '+ -.*)#0()4 ' - #*  TW
$")$4+-$)$+$*." ) -' . ' - #*  TX
$")$4 - #*.#0()*.  UO
$")$ '+ -.*)#0() )'/-$$;)%0 *-$./$)  UQ
)1$.$;) '#*(-  ) '(7/**  *) -")  UT
/-;)-(6/$*4$( ).$;) '$ -/$1  UU
'.0% /*  UV
'.0% /*+*./ -"*  UV
'.0% /*(0/$'*  UW
'.0% /*$)() )/$./  UX
'.0% /* 3$./ )$'  VO
'.0% /*'$ )*  VO
$#0()@.*$ 4 - #*  VO
 *'*"8  VT
*. - #*.#0()*.4.0!0)( )/$;)'*.;  VT

iv. Las escuelas del derecho i 79

$*)'$.(*  WO
.0 '-$*)'$./ ' - #*  WP
0"*-*$*  WP
#*(. * .  WQ

(()0 ' )/  WS
). '. )  WU
& $!$#'! $#*%$  WX
' (+$-$.(*$)"'7.  XP
 .0 ' ' 37" .$.  XR
 .0 '#$./;-$  XV
*$*'*"$.(*%0-8$*  XX
'(*1$($ )/* ' - #*'$-   POQ
'- '$.(*( -$)*  POS
C CC -/  POT
Índice de contenido VII

*)'2*-&$)  PPP
*#)$))$.  PPR

v. Las escuelas del derecho ii:


nuevos enfoques del derecho natural 121

' - #*4''*.*!8  PQQ


F
(+*/ )$ ' - #*)/0-'E  PQR
'- /*-)* ' - #*)/0-'  PQS
'1"0--' (*-$  PQS
/0-' 54(7/**  PQV
'"0).+*-/$*) . -) '  PQX
 - #*$)/ -)$*)'4 - #*)/0-'  PRP
 - #*.#0()*.4 - #*)/0-'  PRR
-/ -8./$. '*. - #*.#0()*.  PRT
.*5*#$./;-$* '*. - #*.#0()*.  PRV

vi. Fuentes del derecho 141

0 )/ . )" ) -'  PSP


0 )/ .!*-(' .  PSR
*./0(- %0-8$  PSS
*./0(- ..*$' .  PSU
' "$.'$;)  PTO
%0-$.+-0 )$  PTQ
*.+-$)$+$*." ) -' . ' - #*  PTR
'*)1 )$*  PTU
*/-$)  PTU
1*'0)/0)$'/ -'  PTV
0 )/ .(/ -$' .  PTV
/+. '#$./*-$B-$.$. '(* -)$  PTV
*.)# '*. '%0./$$  PTX
& $ ! $&$%  PUR
# "!&  PUT
1 &)$!$&(!0  PUU
VIII Teoría del derecho

vii. Hacia una definición del derecho 169

 )$$;)  - #*  PUX


($*4. "0-$%0-8$  PVQ

(+*-/)$ +- $.-.0*% /*  ./0$*  PVS
-/ -8./$.!0)( )/' . ' - #*  PVT
%0./$$;) ' - #*  PVT
 .!8*. ' - #*  PVV
- )  PVV
 - #*4*- ).*$'  PVW
- )%0-8$*  PVX
- )*)- /*4)*-(  PWO
0)$;)+ ";"$ ' - #*  PWO
 - #*40'/0-  PWP
  .$ ' - #*  PWQ
()$+- . )$ ' - #*  PWS
')$($ )/* ' - #**(*! );( )*0'/0-'  PWU
*..8(*'*. ' - #*  PWW
5;)4!0 -5  PWW
)$;)4 - #*  PWW
)$;)+ )'  PWX
-*.47( .$.*(*.8(*'*. ' - #*  PWX
'+* -  PXP
)/- ')-,084'$/0-B'$($/$;) '+* -  PXS
 .+*/$.(*  PXV
)'*"8 ' - #*  PXX
-/ - . ' - #*  QOR
$( ).$*) . ' - #*  QOS

viii. La moral y el derecho 209

 .$. '$)'0.$;)  QPP


$0).)$./$)$;)  QPR
 .$. '. +-$;)  QPS
.$*/*(8.  )/  QPU
$.0.$*) .*)/ (+*-6) .  QPX
Índice de contenido IX

ix. La objeción de conciencia 229

' - #*)*'* ./**  QRP


$0) )$$;) '*% $;) *)$ )$  QRQ
% $;) *)$ )$4 .* $ )$$1$'  QRU
 $ )$ )*)$ )$4*% $;) *)$ )$  QRV
0 )/ . '*% $;) *)$ )$  QRW
% $;) *)$ )$4$/0-  QRX
% $;) *)$ )$BF*)0/)/$.*$'*!'/ *(+-*($.*E  QSO
% $;) *)$ )$BF )0)$+-*!7/$*/ -,0 E  QSP
F ./-0$;)*- $( ).$;) ' - #*E  QSR
 +/$;)+-*"- .$1 '*% $;) *)$ )$  QST

x. La desobediencia civil 251

 .* $ )$$1$' ) ' - #*  QTP


  -%0-8$*4  -(*-'  QTR
* $ )$' - #*4.0.'8($/ .  QTT
5*) .+-' .* $ )$$1$'  QTW
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*) +$;)")#$) '#*(-   QUO
 1*'0$;)/*/'  QUP
$0) 0$;)- )*1  QUQ
.+ /*. *);($*D.*$' .  QUR
)#$@!!#!$&$  QUS
%(#B .* $ )$$1$'  QUT
$@')*1$*' )$  QUV
)#$4(7-$ /$)  QVO
-/$) 0/# - $)"  QVQ
/-4 /*-$ -/$) 0/# - $)"  QVS
 ) -'+/84 '($ *B.0+ -- '*$*  QVS
&! %#$#,  !$&%!&$$
! %!#(  QVT
'!%!!$ #!$  QVT
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#$!#$ %!   QVU
&'!#4:78.! %#&##%   QVW

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$ ."*. ' .* $ )$$1$'  QVX
$).+$-$;) )#$  QVX
X Teoría del derecho


) $ '1$*' )$@1'*- ')*1$*' )$  QWP
*"-*. ''0#  QWQ
- )$ .+$-$/0'  QWQ
.-5*) . ' .* $ )$$1$'  QWR

xi. Los fines del derecho 285

*) +/* $&#&#*  QWV


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 '. "0-$' -/ 5  QWW
$) - #*)*#4 -/ 5  QWX
3$./  -/ 5.$'.' 4 .*)0 )'$ ) '+*'$.  QXO
'*./* ' -/ 5%0-8$  QXO
$). "0-$ '1$4F'. "0-$ ) ' - #*E  QXP
  .$46($/* '. "0-$%0-8$  QXQ
 ,0$.$/*.+-'. "0-$%0-8$  QXR
 "0-$%0-8$4 $  QXT
  .$ 0).$./ ( "-)/8.  QXT
!, "-)/8.  QXU
&  %!$# %*$  QXU
"!$# %*$  QXU
 "0-$%0-8$41'*-%0-8$*  QXW
 "0-$%0-8$4%0./$$  QXX
 "0-$%0-8$4+5.*$'  ROO
 "0-$%0-8$4 ./*  - #*  ROO
 "0-$%0-8$4 - #*)/0-'  ROP
 "0-$%0-8$ $")*-)$ ' - #*  ROP
 ./$'$  ROQ
 "0-$%0-8$4 $.$*) . '*.%0  .  ROR
 "0-$%0-8$4 - #*.,0$-$*.  ROR
 "0-$%0-8$4+- 1 )$;)  ROS
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*/'$/-$.(*4+ -.*)'$.(*  ROX
0/-*-/ -8./$. 0).*$  #*(- .'$- .  ROX
'$ ) *- ) '.*$   RPT
Índice de contenido XI

xii. La justicia social en la enseñanza social de la Iglesia 319

 ' 1)$ '*/-$).*$' '


"' .$  RQP
/0'$ '*/-$).*$' '
"' .$  RQQ
0./$$.*$'  RQR
/0'$ ')8'$#& !'#&  RQU
'$(+/* ')8'$#& !'#& )73$*  RQU
#& !'#&4(*--$./$)*  RQW
)/*-)*')8'$ &#$! !  RQX
*/0' '#& !'#&  RQX
$( ).$;)(0)$' '%0./$$.*$'  RRO
$)0 )$ ')8'$ !"&!#&"#!#$$!
 )'.$*) .  ' -6(-  RRP
!"&!#&"#!#$$!4  ''8)  RRS
5 )'$ --  RRT
*)'0.$*) .  RRW

xiii. El derecho como sistema de normas 343

*'0$;) '.)/$)*($.  RST


' )$/0 '*- )($ )/*%0-8$*  RSU
' ( )/*.)*-(/$1*.  RSV
'.$$;) '.)*-(.. "<)'*.6($/*. 1'$ 5  RTP
' - #*4 ' .+$*  RTP
' .+$* ) ' - #*  RTR
($/*(/ -$'*-(. ' - #*  RTR
(. ' - #*  RTS
 - #**)./$/0$*)'  RTS
 - #* '/-%*  RTT
 - #*+ )'  RTU
($/*+ -.*)' 1'$ 5  RTV
'/$ (+* ) ' - #*  RTW
*( ./$- '/$ (+*  RTW
0-$;) '.)*-(.  RUO
'/$ (+*4'(*$$;) - '$*) .%0-8$.  RUQ
##%#!%'  RUQ
#$#",   RUR
'"0)*.(**. ),0 ! / '/$ (+* ) ' - #*  RUR
XII Teoría del derecho

xiv. La hermenéutica jurídica 365


 " ) -' '$)/ -+- /$;)  RUT
*.0/-*"-) .+-$)$+$*. '$)/ -+- /$;)  RUX
# -( )70/$ ) ' - #*  RVP
)0 1*)$ )$# -( )70/$  RVR
*.%0-$./.4'+-*1*$;)# -( )70/$  RVR
-$.$. ''*"$$.(*%0-8$*  RVS
'"0)*.-$/ -$*. '# -( )70/$%0-8$  RVU
'(7/**%0-8$*4'$)/ -+- /$;) ) ' - #*-*()*  RWO
$)/ -+- /$;) ) ' - #**)/ (+*-6) *  RWS
$+*. $)/ -+- /$;)  RWT
% /$1* '$)/ -+- /$;)%0-8$  RWW

Bibliografía 391

Índice onomástico 401

Índice analítico 409


Prólogo

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/$' .*) '$- *"(6/$*4 --*,0 .0 ' + -$$-.  )*/-.*-..$($'- .A
(04'*)/--$*@'*- ./$(0'4+- ($ ' .!0 -5*+*-1$)0'- ' - #*
,0 ''*.1'*- .,0   )$)!*-(-'*..$./ (.)*-(/$1*..*$' .+-# -D
'*.$")*. '*.. - .#0()*.C
XIV Teoría del derecho

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Presentación

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($ )/*.+-$' .@- 0$*)$./.40)$'/ -' . ' - #*C
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XVI Teoría del derecho

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#*#4'"0)*.+- %0$$*.4 "0 -.$)/ ' /0' .41'*-' .@,0 )*. .!*-5(*.
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.+ /*.*(-8* ' - #*,0 +/ )-) 1$1 ' #*(-   ''' C )
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PRESENTACIÓN XVII

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18 Teoría del derecho

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24 Teoría del derecho

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Teoría del derecho y método: un esbozo del método empírico generalizado 33

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34 Teoría del derecho

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36 Teoría del derecho

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La estructura básica del conocimiento

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Teoría del derecho y método: un esbozo del método empírico generalizado 37

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38 Teoría del derecho

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42 Teoría del derecho

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44 Teoría del derecho

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50 Teoría del derecho

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52 Teoría del derecho

La persona humana y sus características fundamentales

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66 Teoría del derecho

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El sujeto postergado

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68 Teoría del derecho

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La persona humana y la teoría del derecho 69

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El sujeto inmanentista

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70 Teoría del derecho

El sujeto existencial

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&16#H$+.(+2)+/+*/% !..+)+0+.T-1! !(%!.E!2(>E!(%#!50>H
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El sujeto alienado

.!!4%<*!/%(1)%**0!5!*.%-1!! +.H((*+/((!2()1* +%*0!./1&!0%2+


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1*Q*+/+0.+/R#.%/(+)1*%%<*E(+),;!.%/)+E(+(+.%<*E(
)%/0 5()+.H/0!)1* +$1)*+*+*!*%/!)*0%!*!!*(!4%/0!*%/%*
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.!$6!/0!)1* +/!21!(2!1*!40.;+,./9)%/)+H

Vida humana, sociedad y derecho

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La persona humana y la teoría del derecho 71

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Immanuel Kant

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86 Teoría del derecho

Hans Kelsen

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90 Teoría del derecho

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Las escuelas del derecho ii: nuevos enfoques del derecho natural 127

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176 Teoría del derecho

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Desafíos del derecho

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178 Teoría del derecho

(*01.(!6 !(/+//D5/!#=*1**(%  G/9D(% ! !+. !*%),(%1*


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Hacia una definición del derecho 179

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180 Teoría del derecho

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218 Teoría del derecho

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La moral y el derecho 219

Discusiones contemporáneas

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La objeción de conciencia 231

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La objeción de conciencia 233

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254 Teoría del derecho

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Certeza jurídica

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Los fines del derecho 289

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290 Teoría del derecho

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&,"))'5-+/#()-;&+/-<&)-'#,/(&3*),.,-
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El costo de la certeza jurídica

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Los fines del derecho 291

"),#(D(!(,&&$/-.##(!(,,.4D*,)& &##&#"/'(
&)-$/--#'*,,&!/(#(,.#/',D/(+/-/(.)(,/,-)-3
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292 Teoría del derecho

,)),#).<(0,.8FN-#&*),./-'#)--)(&--.#-D)(#
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Los fines del derecho 293

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294 Teoría del derecho

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Los fines del derecho 295

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296 Teoría del derecho

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302 Teoría del derecho

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Los fines del derecho 303

Seguridad jurídica y decisiones de los jueces

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304 Teoría del derecho

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Los fines del derecho 305

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306 Teoría del derecho

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308 Teoría del derecho

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310 Teoría del derecho

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312 Teoría del derecho

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La justicia social en la enseñanza social de la Iglesia 321

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El derecho como sistema de normas 349

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350 Teoría del derecho

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El derecho como sistema de normas 351

Clasificación de las normas según los ámbitos de validez

$%%&0&#. .' )/$,0 . - '$54+ -()  %0-9$( )/  )0)


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352 Teoría del derecho

,0 .*)*(+' /( )/ $(+ -( ' .'.' "$.'$*) . 3/-)% -.4*/-*.,0 


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El derecho como sistema de normas 353

El espacio en el derecho

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354 Teoría del derecho

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El derecho como sistema de normas 355

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356 Teoría del derecho

Derecho penal

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El derecho como sistema de normas 357

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358 Teoría del derecho

El tiempo en el derecho

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El derecho como sistema de normas 359

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360 Teoría del derecho

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El derecho como sistema de normas 361

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362 Teoría del derecho

El tiempo y la modificación de relaciones jurídicas

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 3+- .$<) $ -<) ./ - .+ /* .'-HQ'%0 5%05".*- '*+.*F
' )*' "$.'.*- '*!0/0-*RT#% #%IFYFWVUI
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*)/0) )/ '- .+ /*HQ ' 4 .- /-*/$1..*).0(( )/ $)%0-$*..F*+- .$J
1. $)%0./.I*-'*/)/*F)*  -7)+-*(0'"-. /' .' 4 . )0..$1$' .F)$
) './$"*  '$/*.IRXZ) ! /*F .$(+*-/)/ ,0  .+ $'( )/  ./ /$+* 
' 4 .)*. +'$,0 ) ) '7- + )'I
)($*F )*.$*) .'"0).' 4 .- /-*/$1.,0 $.+*) )*.0.))
 ! /*. !*-(+0  ))*.<'*. -/*' -' .F.$)*0) )8.I$) (-"*F
0/$'$5)* '+- / 3/* .0.)-$-- "0'-$ . !*-(F*'! $/' -/-/< 
%0./$-*)0)' 4- /-*/$1'+0-" * #( )W_YZF )',0 .  % 0/<

XX -#% $# %$ 7 %&% *HQ 0/ /*0/ ..*$/$*)+*'$/$,0  ./'*). -1J
/$*) .-*$/.)/0- '. /$(+- .-$+/$' . 'P#*(( G .-*$/..*)/''$ -/8F'+-*+-$8/8F'.>- /8
/'-8.$./) 6'P*++- ..$*)RTWZ )*1$ (-  W]_WF-/IUI
XY -/IWZ*)./$/0$*)'HN08.*)'*. ! /*.- /-*/$1*.MN07)*+-*  )'*. ! /*.- /-*/$1*.M
Q)$)"0)' 4. -7 ! /*- /-*/$1* )+ -%0$$* + -.*)'"0)I$ +*-7. -+-$1* 
'1$F ''$ -/* .0.+-*+$  .F+*. .$*) .* - #*.F.$)*( $)/ %0$$*. "0$*)/ 
'*./-$0)' .+- 1$( )/  ./' $*.F ) ',0 . 0(+')'.!*-('$ . . )$' . '+-* J
$($ )/*4*)!*-( '.' 4 . 3+ $.*))/ -$*-$'# #*IR
XZ *) I0'' -F #%* % (F' )$1 -.$/4- ..F0 1 1 )FW_\ZF+I\YI
El derecho como sistema de normas 363

 - $ )+ -.*).I#*-$ )F/($8)'*.'$*.. ' .0. # -


0/$'$5*'.' 4 . (**- /-*/$1* ) '/-$0)' ?- ( -"I
0)*#40) $&% F*.0-*"$<)F8./ .0( '*. - #*.4'.
*'$"$*) . */-*F+ -*'*.+'5*.)*. (*$)($ )/-.)*. 0 - '*
*)/--$*I
0)*#4(*$$<) ) ' %  '*)/-/*T)*1$<)U.0.$./ '
- '$<)%0-9$F+ -*!- 0 )/ ( )/ . (*$ '(*)/* '*.$)/ - . .4'*.
+'5*. ) / -($)*.*)/-/*.I '70.0'#&$$$%%&$*)0 - /$J
-'*.*)/-/*.)/ ($*."-1 . $(+- 1$./*.I

#$#!0
3$./ )'"0)."0-.%0-9$.,0 +-*0 )'+8-$*,0$.$$<)  - J
#*.F + )$ )* .00/$'$5$<)* .0.* ) '/$ (+*I.9F '+- .-$+$<)
+-*0 0)($* )'/$/0'-$%0-9$ $*'*-- - '/$ (+* ' % -J
$$*. ;'*+*-'' 4I
 +0  )*).$ --1-$.'. . +- .-$+$<)H

 !#$#!0')%%'*.$*)'+8-$ 0)!0'/0*'$J


"$<)+*-)* 3$"$-. .0 % -$$* )/-* '+'5*' "'I
  !#$#!0 "&$%'  &$&!0F ( $)/  ' 0' .  ,0$ - 
0) - #*' % -$/-'*.$)*+*.$$<)  )$ 0-)/  / -($)*
/$ (+*%*+*-'' 4I
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+*).$'$ .*.$*).+*-0) '$/**!'/+0)$' +*-)*+'$-. 
'..)$*) . ) '+'5*%*+*-'' 4I

 ./"0-#-9,0 ;$-'&F+*-',0 . +$ - '!0'/ 


/0-+-* .'( )/ ')*# -'* )/-* '/$ (+* ./' $*+*-')*-(
%0-9$I

Algunos modos en que afecta el tiempo en el derecho

 .)*-(.%0-9$.) )4(0 - ) ) '/$ (+*I'+ -$** 1$ 


0))*-(. ''('I) ')$($ )/* '.' 4 .F*(*'*1$(*.
' ./0$-'' "$.'$<)F. )'*.+.*..$"0$ )/ .H$)$$/$1F '*-$<)F
+-*(0'"$<)F+0'$$<)I)'"0)*.+9. .*$)$ )'.*.='/$(.I
364 Teoría del derecho

 *)!- 0 )$F ')$($ )/*4'1$" )$ '"0)*. - #*. ./7)'$($J


/*. / -($)*.+ -$**. /$ (+*H. "0-*.F1$*) .'*-' .I
 '"0)*. - #*.'/-).0--$-$ -/*/$ (+* .) ).0 % -$$*HJ
0)*+- .-$ )I
 '"0).- '$*) .%0-9$.,0 "*5) $ -/ ./$'$/$ ) ) .+ $J
' .- ! - )$.'/$ (+*H*)/-/*. /-%*F*(*/*.F-- )($ )/*.F
/8/ -I
 '"0)*./ 3/*.' "$.'/$1*.F" ) -'( )/ '*)'0$-' 3+*.$$<) (*J
/$1*.F*)/$ ) )'"0).$.+*.$$*) ./-).$/*-$. )'.,0 . . ;''
! #  )/- )1$"*- '' 4I
 )+-$)$+$*" ) -' ' - #*. ;',0  ).* *)$/*Q ',0 
.+-$( -* )/$ (+* .+-$( -* ) - #*RI

 '/$ (+* . / -($))/   ')/$"? +- ' ! /* '"0)*.
+-$1$' "$*.*- (0) -$*) .F+*- % (+'*F ).0)/*.'*-' .I
 - 0 )/ ( )/ .  .0#'!-. Q0(+'$- )/$ (+*4!*-(RI) ! /*F
)'.$! - )/ . /+. '+-* .*.0 ' ). ;'-. ! #.'9($/ +- J
/ -($).$*) .I) ' - #*+ )''*./8-($)*..*)+ - )/*-$*.I
 '"0).- '$*) .%0-9$.F*(*'.'*-' .F  )/*(- )0 )/
+-)$,0$/-'- '$<)'*-''- )0)$8./I
.$($.(*F )%0$'$*) .F+ ).$*) .F. "0-*. .'0F. "0-*.*$'F
;*.7/$*F1$*) .4*/-*.F '!/*-/ (+*-' .$(+*-/)/ I
 *(*41$(*.F'*./0(- %0-9$/$ ) .0*-$" ) )0)/$ (+*$)J
( (*-$'I
-'..)$*) . ( )*- .$)!-/*- .#4,0 /*(- )0 )/,0 
'(4*-9  . '*.W^;*.IX[

X[ $(  '0$.41.F% $% #.## F*.#F- '*)FW_^^F++IXZ]JXZ_I


)'*(- +0'$) $(+ -$''(4*-9  . ')5'*.X[;*.F'*($.(*,0  )'
-)$ ')/$"0*-8"$( )I  1*'0$<)S' 4 'XV . +/$ (-  W]_XS4 '0  ! 6
0'- 0% -*)XW;*.F4'' 4 '[ %0'$* W_]Z'%< )W^;*.I
XIV
La hermenéutica jurídica

'/ ( '$)/ -+- /$<)*# -( )70/$ .$) '0$'  ) ' - #*G$) (I
-"*D .0)/ (/)*(+' %*4/)(+'$*,0 .<'*.+$-(*.+- . )/-0)
- 1  .*5*G--0)$  '(+'$/0  ./ / (./# -'0.$<)
*.*-.F' ($'$* //$D ##%#!#%* D+0'$+*-
+-$( -1 5 )W_[[D )*.1*'=( ) .D*)($'+6"$). )*)%0)/*G (6.D(6.
)!*'*%0-8$*D+- $< )XVV] ))0 ./-*+8.'1'$*.*- )0 '
''$1$. '4*D #-#%#!#%/D (6. [VV+6"$).4,0  )
+**.( . .#')5*'. "0)- $(+- .$<)G*)/**D)0 ./-*.' /*- .)*
  )"*$-. +*-'*(+' %$4(+'$/0 '/ (G) '+8/0'*  ./*-D
,0 *!-  0)- 1 .8)/ .$. '(7/**  -)- *) -")D. +0   )*)/--
0)(* ./+ -*.<'$. +-'# -( )70/$G
) '+- . )/ +8/0'**!-  (*.D.$"0$ )*( -$#*- /#4 )-*$)D
0)$ " ) -' '$)/ -+- /$<)G). "0$D+-*1 #)* '+ ).($ )/*
 -) .*M"*./$)*/-/- (*..*-  '$(+/*4' +/$<),0 '# -I
( )70/$(* -)#/ )$* )'*.%0-$./.G$)'( )/ D- (*.0).8)/ .$. 
'*.-$/ -$*.# -( )70/$*.+'$*.'6($/*%0-8$*G

Idea general de la interpretación

#,&%.$")$N/ *-8 '$)/ -+- /$<)OG $)/ -+- /$<) .0)*+ -I
$<),0 # (*./**.'*.. - .#0()*.G0)* .0#(*.'"0$ ) ./(*.
*(+- )$ )*'+ -.*),0 #'D+ -*/($7)' ./(*.$)/ -+- /)*D4
,0 !- 0 )/ ( )/  ./(*.*. -1)*.0." ./*.D.0.$*) .D.0/*)* 1*5D
/**'*0'1*-$ )/-)0 ./-*(+- ).$<)G $)/ -+- /$<)/$ ) ,0 1 -/(I
366 Teoría del derecho

$7)*) '0.* '"0)*.-/ !/*.E+*- % (+'*D0)*+- "0)/(*.+-,07


.$-1 0)+-/* ./(*.#$ )*0) .+ $  $)/ -+- /$<)G0)**(+- )I
 (*.*/-' )"0/($7)# (*.$ -/*/$+* $)/ -+- /$<)D)*.+-*+$(*.
0).$")$*G # -( )70/$ .+0 .'"**-$)-$*D'"**/$$)*G
$) (-"*D (6.  ./.*+ -$*) . 3$./ )*/-.(6.*(+' %.4. 
#- *0)$.$+'$),0 . ''(#,&%G +'- ."-$ "4+-*I
' ( )/ # '0.$<)'$*. -( .D '$*.,0  - '( ).% -* )/- '*.
$*. .4'*.#*(- .G *."-$ "*.- 8),0 /-17. '"0)*.! )<( )*.)I
/0-' . '*.$*. . )1$) ( ).% . '*. #*(- .G.8D.0-"$ -*) #*(- .*
(0% - . )-"*.  .$!-- .*.( ).% .G*8). -"*- -*.*# -( ) 0I
/.G./!0)$<)'/ )8)/($7)'*.*-60'*.D+*- % (+'* '  '!*.D',0 
08)$1 -.*."-0+*.*$)$1$0*.4''80). -*/$.,0  )/- )/-) 
/-/ - .*'1 -'*. )$"(.G
 '"0)() -'# -( )70/$/ )80)*-$" )- '$"$*.*G # #*D )I
$ )/ . 1 .--*''- )'*.(+*.- '$"$*.*4%0-8$*D,0  ).0*-$" ) 
'"=)(** ./'$"*'*- '$"$*.*G) .+ $' ) '-$./$)$.(*'# -( I
)70/$ ./6(04'$"'$)/ -+- /$<) '$'$D' 3+'$$<) / 3/*.
."-*.G.8D+-/  '# -( )70/$. ''((,$$D'-$<) '. )/$*
  3+- .$*) .4.8(*'*.G
) '/ -- )*- '$"$*.*D0).+ /*  ' # -( )70/$*).$./  ) '/-/-
  .-$$- '.$")$**( ).%  0)/ 3/*+- '(0)*/0'G.* .'*
,0 # )D+*- % (+'*D'*.+- $*- .G 0) .-$/*- ' .$6./$* ')/$I
"> # (*.- ./*0).-  3$*) . - '+'- $*.,0 )*.
$'0./-).*-  '$(+*-/)/ . )/$* '# -( )70/$F

*-,0 '+'- ' ;*-+- . )/(04$1 -.*..+ /*.D. "=)'$1 -.


+$ '*.,0 ' ./0$)G' ;*-+$)/<*)(0'/$+'$$ *'*- ..0
+'-+-,0 /** ',0 ' ./0$ +0 1 - ) '''*,0 (6.' +'5G
.*)$< ).0+'-1-$  / .*-*.D+-,0 0)* )*.*/-*.+0I
$ - )-$,0  -.  )0',0$ - '*.+0)/*. ),0 *) )/--.0-  3$<)G
+'- $*. . '6-*' 1$,0 / *!-   '!-0/* )$/* . 
0',0$ - .0.'*.D*(*,0 ''-*,0 . -$< ) ' .$ -/*4()<
 /**.'*.0) $ .+$-$/0'G*($ -*)P$  '+<./*'P '($.(*'$I
( )/* .+$-$/0'4 $ -*)'($.( $ .+$-$/0'G
,0 'D+0 .D,0 '' "0 ')5-'"0)+-/  '/ .*-*  ./+'-)*
- ,0  ) ''. #''.*'( )/ '*,0 7'##''*D.$)*,0 # + ).-
,0 D '.(0#.*..,0 #4 ) ''D ./* .'*=)$*,0 #+*$*')5-G
La hermenéutica jurídica 367

$+*- '# #* ,0  ./.*'+-/ #+*$*'' "-. - )/ )$+*-7'D


/ )" ./+'-+*-+*- 4 ./7-$'4' .+- $ D.$)*,0 D*).$ -)*,0 
)*+0  --'/*D7"-$.+*-'-$,0 5,0  )$ --G'7"-/ +*-'*
,0 #.')5*D.$) )/-$./  -/ +*-'*,0 / ,0 +*-')5-G'. $ )I
/*. ' "-0)*  4)*.  )/-$./  +*-,0 )*+0  "*/-'!0 )/ G 
!0 )/ # 1 ) -/0. D+ -*/0. )*# 1 ) -'!0 )/ D+*-,0 D.$/0
. ,0 .$.$),0 . "*/ '!0 )/ D0)*10 '1./ ) -. +*-6.
 )0 1*  -  ''E )($*D.$'.$-/ /0. . . -/($7)'!0 )/ D
/01$/*-$. -8 )+ -%0$$*/04*GW

./ 4*/-*.+-*' (. $)/ -+- /$<). 1) .--*''- ) '(+*- '$I
"$*.**)' !*-(+-*/ ./)/ G'*/-*6($/*D*(*4'*$)$(*.D1. -
'(+*%0-8$*G#8'$)/ -+- /$<). 1+'$-0)' 4G ' 4/$ ) 0)
*)/ )$*D+ -* )7./ )*. +- 17)/**.'*..*.G'(-" ))*+- $.*+*-'' 4
,0 $ -/* ' $)/ -+- /$<)G ' %0 5+-$/- '. )/ )$" ) -'( )/ 
/ )-6,0 # -0)$)/ -+- /$<) '' 4G
 (6.D#4'"**(=)'*%0-8$*4'*- '$"$*.*F'$)/ -+- /$<)0)
. )/$*0)+-*' (G
) '6($/*- '$"$*.*D*(*4. ;'(*.D- .0-"$<*)"-)!0 -5 '+-*' (
# -( )70/$**)' !*-(+-*/ ./)/ G./ (*1$($ )/*- '$"$*.*.*./$ ) ,0 
/**- 4 )/ )*.<'*  / ) - .*'"-.-$/0-D.$)*,0 /($7)
./6+$/*+-$)/ -+- /-'G)'+ -.+ /$1/<'$'"-.-$/0- .
'=)$!0 )/  '! D+ -*+-$)/ -+- /-' .)  .-$*/*(- )0 )/'.$)/ -I
+- /$*) . '/-$$<)G
$) (-"*D ' .--*''* '# -( )70/$)*1*--0" .$)*#./ '
.$"'*D $*' ./0$* '*.(7/**.#$./<-$*.G #$./*-$*(*$ )$(*I
 -).0-"  ) . .$"'*G+-/$- $'# '($'/# 4. 1)(+'$- ' ./0$*4'
+'$$<) '# -( )70/$(6.''6 '*- '$"$*.*4'*%0-8$*G$'/# 4+')/ 
'$./$)$<) )/- '.$ )$. ')/0-' 54'.$ )$. ' .+8-$/0G *+-*+$*
 '.$ )$. ')/0-' 5 .,0  3+'$)E )($*D'*+-*+$* '.$ )I
$.  ' .+8-$/0 . ,0  *(+- ) )G - $'/# 4 )* . '* ($.(* 3+'$- ,0 
*(+- ) -G *(+- ) - /$ )  ,0  1 - *) 0) . )/$*D *) 0) )'$D *)
0).$")$$<)G0 */*(-0)0-*4 3+'$-'*D .'"*)'8/$*D . $-D
' .*(+*) -0)/** ).0.+-/ .G +0  )'$5-'/ 3/0-D '*'*-$*D '
/(;* '0-*D+ -* .* .$! - )/   $-,0 . #*(+- )$* '0-*G

 W )!-7)D$/* ) %D)=(GYD! - -* XVVZD73$*G


368 Teoría del derecho

 "=) ./ 0/*-D*(+- ) -/$ ) ,0 1 -*)'+-*+$$<) 0)/**D4 )


./* .(04$(+*-/)/ '/$/0 '.0% /*G
)'0.*7'#' 0) .+ $  
+-*4 $<) (*$*)'*1$1 )$'D 0) .+ $   (+/8,0  .)  .-$+-
,0 . 7'*(+- ).$<)G*-/)/*D'/ *-8,0  ./6 )'.  '*(+- )I
.$<) .'# -( )70/$G./. *)1$ -/  ) '(7/** '.$ )$. ' .+8-$/0G
''. 1+'$- )'#$./*-$D ) '-/ D )''$/ -/0-D )''*.*!8D )'
+.$*'*"8P$"(0)- 0D+*- % (+'*D#' '$)/ -+- /$<) '*..0 ;*.G
.$($.(*D-31.0($-0)$ -/*(** $)/ -+- /-'- '$.*$'F '
(/ -$'$.(*#$./<-$* . '#$'**)0/*-+-$)/ -+- /-# #*..*$' .G-
0'$* 0-'*.N( ./-*. '.*.+ #O.*)-/8 . '# -( )70/$G) '
.$"'*. 40).$./ (/$5$<) '# -( )70/$*)0/*- .*(* ).
 *-" ( -D0'$* 0-4*- /#D )/- */-*.G
./*.0/*- .D%0)/**)-$ -$#$ /5.# D)*.  %) )";-*)'*,0 
+-  *(* 3+'8$/*D*(*()$ ./*D.$)*,0 0.)'"*(6.$(+*-/)I
/   /-6.   '* ()$ ./*F '* ,0  ./6 '/ )/ D '* ,0  ./6 $(+'8$/*G .8D +-
-'-3)*./-80)1$.$//0-8./$+-*)* -73$*G-*)* -'* .
)  .-$* .0-$-'$)!- ./-0/0- *)<($D*)* -<(*'*.( 3$)*.
./$.! ).0.)  .$ .(/ -$' .D<(* ./6$./-$0$'-$,0 5D+-.8
)/ ) -'- ./* '+8.G
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*)* -0)+ -.*)D (6.,0  '**).$ )/  . '* $)*).$ )/ E  '**)/--$*D
.<'**)* (*.'+0)/ '$  -"G- ./*. - ,0$ - '$)/ -+- /$<)G 0)
() -(6.. )$''. )*.- 1 ' ./*,0 1 )$(*. 3+'$)* )0)'$-*- $ )/  
G-4D
$ #$$  #%4$&#$&$G''8.  3+'$<(* '' )I
"0% + 0'$- . 3*+0  . -!** (' )/ )$*. ) '(/-$(*)$*G
',0 #40)+'0-'$ $)/ -+- /$*) . 0)! )<( )*)*.$")$
0)$)+$ +-/  '$)/ '$" )$E'+'0-'$ $)/ -+- /$*) .)*
.   )0 ./-$")*-)$G$ )/-.'"*/$ ) (6.. )/$*D($ )/-.(6./$ ) 
,0 1 -*)')'$D(6.,0 $ -/*'$)/ -+- /$<)G*-/)/*D/$ ) "-)
$(+*-/)$'+-*+$$<)+ -.*)' '.$")$*G
 3$./ )$ .'"*(04+ -.*)'F .0)+-*4 /*$)/-).! -$'  0)*G
$ +0  .0($-($ 3$./ )$.$)*4*G*.*4 '=)$* )-"* ($1$G
)# -( )70/$1$-/0'$5*- .+- $.( )/ 0)$)/ -+- /$<),0 0.'- I
+ -0.$<) 0)/ 3/*D0)-/80'*D0)'$-**0)'.  )($1$G.+-/$- 
)0 ./- 3$./ )$*(* )/ ) (*.D*(**(+- ) (*.G1  . )* . !6$'
)/ ) - '++ ' '.$ .G)*.,0 (*.*)'"0).$ .*'.$")*-(*.G
K07$(+*-/)$/$ ) '*,0 $%*'/<)D-3D)/**(6. ,0$)*D ).
La hermenéutica jurídica 369

'. )*0*'!1*)
# -$)"J *,0 $(+*-/ ..$ ''*.( $)/ -+ ')4.$/$ ) )
'"*,0 1 -*)($1$E . $-D<(*'*.$)/ -+- /*G 40)#*-$5*)/ #$./<I
-$*'' )* +*.$$'$ .,0 )*+0 * . ;-G*.*4P*(*$-8-/$)
$ "" -P0)+*.$$'$.$ (+- $ -/G ./*( '' 10)# -( )70/$
1$-/0'$5*-G
)* '*..+ /*.$(+*-/)/ . )'0'/0-,0 #.$**% /* '$)/ -I
+- /$<) .*) '*. ($/*.G ' ,0  #4 0) +'0-'$   $)/ -+- /$*) .   '*.
($/*.)*.- 1 ''+'0-'$ . )/$*.,0 +- . )/0)(+*! 0)*+-'
$)/ -+- /$<)G$)$(*.,0 '0/*+-*+$$<) '.0% /* .'"*6.$* )
'$)/ -+- /$<)G

Los cuatro grandes principios de la interpretación

*)'*..$"0$ )/ .F

  ./-0/0- #*-$5*)/ G


  ./-0/0- $-0'-$G
  ./-0/0-$'<"$G
  ./-0/0- ( $$<)G

./*)*.*)0$-60)# -( )70/$1$-/0'$5*-E )' 3+- .$<)1$-/0'$I


5*-D*(*4$)$(*.D,0 - (*.. ;'- '. )/$* +'$$<)F/-0$-*
/-.'-0).$")$*)0 ./- 3$./ )$G,0$1'-8,0 ''*,0 . $  '
!*-($<) .*'-F,0 )*. +- ) +-' .0 'D.$)*+-'1$G
*- % (+'*D(0#.1  .)*1 (*.<(*'/ *-8 ' - #*+*-8/ ) -
+'$$<)+-6/$4,0$.$7-(*.,0  '+-*! .*-#$$ -'+'$$<)D+ -* .*)*
.+*.$'  '/**G ./* '* # (*. 3+ -$( )/*+'+' ( )/  ) ''.  
 *)/*'*"8%0-8$G 7/$ .0)$ )$+-6/$4 '+-6/$D)*.# (*.
.!*-5*+*-+- . )/-'(/ -$  ./.$")/0- (**. ,0$' 4+-*1*I
/$1*D+ -*.$ ''0()*)*# '*. % -$$*. 0/*+-*+$$<)D(6.=)D.$)*. 
+-*+$'*."-) .+-$)$+$*. '7/$D/** '0-.*. ,0 ( $*($)*F
. +- )$ -*)*) +/*.4+-$)$+$*.7/$*.D+ -*)*+ ) /--*) ) '4*+-*!0)*
4)*1)- + -0/$- )'1$G
 (*.D+0 .D'. ./-0/0-. '# -( )70/$G
$%#&%&# #* %
*).$./  ),0 /**'*,0 . 1$)/ -+- /-1$ )  )10 '/* )0)#*-$5*)/ F/**
/ 3/*/$ ) 0)*)/ 3/*G'#*-$5*)/  .'"*,0  )(-'*.*% /*.D,0 '$($/
'*.*% /*.D+ -*,0 *(*/')*. 1 G *+-*+$* 0)#*-$5*)/  .,0 + -() I
370 Teoría del derecho

 D )( )*-*(4*-"-**(*$(+'8$/*D/ (6/$*D . $-D,0 )*+* (*.


3+'$$/-'* '/**D,0 )*+* (*. 3+'$-'**(+' /( )/ G
$%#&%&#/ ,%.$")$,0 . 0)$6'*"* )/-  '.0% /*
4 '*% /*G0#.1  .0)* (+ 5(*.' -0)'$-*D4 (**+- *).I
$ )/ D)*.(*.0 )/ ,07/-/G.8D )(0#.*.$*) .4+-*4 /(*.
'. )/$* ' '$-*)/ .  ' -'*G  + )$ )*  '+- *) +$<),0  #4
/ )$* '/**D. -6'' /0-,0 +0 / ) - '.+-/ .G'' /0- '.
+-/ .1*)$$*)-'*(+- ).$<) '/**G'+- %0$$*D)* ). )/$*) "I
/$1*D)  .-$( )/  3$./ D4)*#4+ *-+- %0$$*,0 - -. '$-  +- %0$$*.G
 $/ -(*.F'*(+- ).$<) '/**$)04  )'*(+- ).$<) '.+-/ .41$I
 1 -.E. 0) .+ $  $6'*"* )/-  '/**4'.+-/ .D+*- .*. ''(
$%#&%&#/G
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 '/ - --$/ -$*- .0(  '"=)(**'*.*.)/ -$*- .4. -  - 
0)/ ( )/-' '# -( )70/$F'G'%0-$./)*.  )I
0 )/-"0./**) ./ /7-($)*D' +-   (.$*+/7/$* $)'0.*
$!8$'   () %-F K ,0$7)   -8 . -  ' ' %0-$./JD K' ' "$.'*-J
./*$(+'$-80)$) $.0*-$)$<)! -% '%0-$./',0  I
/ )/ '+* -GK$ '$'' 4JK<(*. +0  . - '+-$)$+$*.
378 Teoría del derecho

./-/*.D,0 +- $.( )/ "-$.'/$1$$)/ -+- //$1 '*.


%0-$./.'' "-6). -*)- /*.J
 '$',0 . # - ! - )$ ..*- /**0) '$-$'
4 3$" )/ D0)$#G./ .0)+-*!0)*$(+ -/$1*# -( )70/$I
*F
)/ -+- /)*'*,0 - $$(*. ..$ (+- (6. '*,0  .+*.$' -G
)*/-.+'-.D '/$1$ '*(+- ) -+- .0+*)  '+*.$$'$D
(6.=)'$!  +-/  '. -. -*(+- )$*G) ./ . )/$I
*D '+ ).($ )/*/$ ) .$ (+-  '$) 3#0-$'   - "-/$/0 -
'. -G $ "" -$-8$%D+ ).- .-"-$.G
 $)'( )/ D '$'. -+- '%0-$./)* . )+-$( -'0"- '$
'' 4D*'' "$.'*-D.$)*'# G /$1$ '$)/7-+- / %0-8I
$* .+-*+$( )/ # -( )70/$ )'*.'8($/ . ),0 7'+- .0+*)"
')/   )/  ' - #*'' 4+*.$/$1G$) (-"*D ' - #*,0  .
)/   )/ '' 4 .0) - #*)*!*-(0'*+*.$/$1( )/ F# $
  $D* - #*)* .-$/*D)* $*'"*$ )/'D.$)*+*-+-$)I
$+$*G$#*- 1 ( )/ D . '# %&#D)*,0 '*$*+*-
'$0.)/0-'$.(*(* -)*D.$)*,0 '+ ).* )'/-$$<)'6.$4
,0 )*.+-  0) - #*,0  . .$' .<'*+*-18# -( )70/$D
.<'*/-17. '#/ #$ +-/  .0.$)/7-+- / .G) I
- #*D )*). 0 )$D,0 )/ . . -*. -1*+$ . -(!#$ D
,0 )/ . * $ )$ 3$"  '$D+-,0 .0(!#$/+0 . -
)* )";*.)$($./$)/ G) '$,0 1%0)/**) '/ ./$(*I
)$*4,0 *)-(0) '. ). ;)5.(6.+-*!0).  $ "" -F
'-6/ -%!#%'  '1 -D,0 )/ .,0  ')6'$.$.4 '-I
5*)($ )/* ./6 ) ' $%/G *)'04 .0)6'$.$. M"*./$)*
$)$)*,0 D$(+'8$/( )/ D'*.%0-$./. ./*'*#).$*.$ (+- D
'( )*./*.'.1  . )'.,0 . #)$ )/$* )'&! #
# D'=)$+*.$' -85 '$")$ .0. -4 .0/0-GWZ

 ./ '-" $/ ,0$56 *)1 )-8D .$"0$ )* ' ./-0/0- $'<"$D ;$- '
-$/ -$* '.+- "0)/.+ -/$) )/ .D 0 -**) '(7/**  *) -")G'.$"I
)$* 0)/ 3/*.  .0-  ) '. "0)*)$1 ' *)$ )$( $)/  '$%
*#$.+5*$)/ -$*-G -*)*/**.'*.#$.+5*..*)*-- /*.G)0)*.$<) *I
) -")$*0)*)! - )$.*- .0(7/** )0)#*.+$/'+.$,0$6/-$*4'*)'0$-

 WZ 7D++GW\\IW\_G
La hermenéutica jurídica 379

.0#-''*.(7$*.' *( )/-*)FN)0 ./-*.+$ )/ ./$ ) )(0#*.#$.+5*.


$)/ '$" )/ .D+ -*)*.*)*-- /*.OG#*-$ )D1  .*)1$ ) ,0  '$6'*"*. 
7 )/- 1-$*.*' ".G0)*. 0)$) I!<-0(.*- 0)0 )+ '80'. 
.0 ' ) 3+- .-(0#*.#$.+5*.,0 *(+' ( )/)'$)/ ' $<) ''(G./*
 '"0)() -*)/   ) ' - #*0)*. /-/ 0)/-$0)'*' "$*
*0)*$.0/  '' )* '*-/ G -*'+- "0)/+ -.$./ FK06)*0)#$.+5*
$)/ -$*- .*-- /*JK06)*0)$)/ -+- /$<) ) '')*J - .+0 ./ .F
0)*- .+*) /*.'.+- "0)/.+ -/$) )/ .G .+- "0)/.+ -/$) )/ . ./6)
.$/0.'-  *- '-5*)$'$4'%0./$$ ')*-(G -8/ ( --$*
-(-FN*.($.$)/ ' $*) ..*)*-- /.E )*.$*) ..   ($/$-,0 
''..*)+-*' .GOW[
-*)'0$- ./ +-/*#- (*.'"0)*.*( )/-$*.'*.0/-*-$/ I
-$*. # -( )70/$*.,0  )*. +- . )/ M"*./$)*G $ )  -5<) )0 ./-*0/*-'
.0-4-,0 )/ .,0 ) .)  .-$*$-'N*.($.(OD'/*D')*-(D
+ -* ./* .=)$( )/  '--),0  '+-* .*# -( )70/$*E,0 -. .<'* )
7'*)0%* ' N+ -1 -.$<) ' - #*OD /($7). - #5< ' N'*"$.$.(* %0I
-8$*OD '.0.0)$<) '-5*)($ )/*%0$$'G*.  .+- $''<"$D+ -*
0/*- .*(*# **-$ #2 "D#9( - '()4 0$. .7).$# .+-*+0"I
))+*-0)N)0 1'<"$%0-8$OG #8'$(+*-/)$ '(7/**%0-8$*D
 '+ ).($ )/*I- *)*$($ )/*D+ -*,0 .$) (-"*)* .0)+-* $($ )/*
 # %# G
.$($.(*D. +*) -'!0)$<) '%0 5F '/*)*. $ )/$.<'**) ' - #*
+*.$/$1*D.$)*,0 ' 3+ //$1 %0./$$ ./($7)0)$(+*-/)/ /*G  
.0+ --. '$  ,0 $-(6.''6 '!*-('$.(*%0-8$* . (* )-$I
/--$  . '%05"*-G '*- '%0 5'*)/-$0$-*)!*-(- ' - #*'
#  ) '(-* -5*)($ )/*.*-$ )/*.+*-1'*- .7/$*.4%0-8$*.,0 
*)!*-() 'N ./*  - #*OG */-*(**D. -8'( )/' ,0 . ' #$$ -
'%0 5,0 ' '*"$*,0 . #$5*'0-<-/FN)#*(- 0 )*4' ',0 +- *0I
+*+*- ' - #*D)*')51 -)0)'%0./$$OG
)'-85 '/$1$%0$$' ./6 )*)/--'.*'0$<)(6.%0./D+ -*
)*.$*) .+-  *(**./60'*'"0)' 4 (.$* ./-$/G - '()
- '/0).*G+-$)$+$*. '.$"'*'' "$.'$<)$)"' .*) )+ )
 (0 -/ '0'+'  0)#) #G)/-  ''*. ./ '-**.0+ -$*-
ZV# '$) .G0-)/ (0#*.;*.+- '0$-/)-6./$+ )'*.%0  ./'*I
") )Y_# '$) . '(*)/* '*-**G -*'.$/0$<)'' "<''8($/  )0)

 W[  -)- *) -")D  % )!#*D- *)./-0$<)$)/ -+- //$1 -()* G-1*
 '.*)! - )$. +*&)  )W_\YD)$1 -.$
 -*( -$)D73$*DXVV^D++GYW[4..G
380 Teoría del derecho

.* ) ',0 . 1'0< )Y_# '$) . '-** WV'$-. ./ -'$).,0  ,0$1'8)


3/( )/ XVV# '$) .G $<). #$5* 1$ )/ 4. ($<'' 4GW\
/-*.* (04 .+ $'. +- . )/<+-$)$+$*. '.$"'* G 0.< ./0+*-
)-)$'/0$<) '%0 50'")0G'. 1)"'*-$ ,0  ).0.
 $.$*) .. "0$.<'*+*- '. )/$**(=)D' (-" )  ' ' 4G ),0 ''
7+* ''*+-*0%*0)"-) .6)'*G./*+0  *).$ --.  3/- (*D+ -*)*#4
,0 *'1$-,0 '+ -.*)'$ $ *'*"8 '%0 5.*)$(+*-/)/ .G*)-5<)
.-$ *..FN'%0 5)* .0)0/<(/,0  )!*-(( 6)$/-).!*-(- "'.
4# #*. ) $.$*) .G.0). -#0()*,0 +- ./0$*./ )$<).0/- 
.*$'/*()* $.$*) .,0 .$ )/ *(*L*-- /.MD 0 -**) ' .+8-$/0
 '/-$$<)%0-8$40'/0-'G0- .+ /*+*-'' 4)* ..*'0/*G * $ )I
$7./)* ..0=)$*(*/$1*GOW]
) ' / - --$/ -$*D M"*./$)*. -  -  '  '$D0)  '$,0 D
*(*$-8-$ '- 'D. +-*!0)4- *-G)/ /**D' '$'
' 4 )* ..$)<)$(* .0.0)$<)G  .0"$ - 0)  '$ (6.+-*!0)D N'
. -OD')/0-' 5 '.*..D' . )$ ' - #*D' ./-0/0-$)1I
-$'  '+ ).($ )/*E ).0(D '$'. -#0()*G) '0-/*-$/ -$*
. # - ! - )$' .+8-$/0F#4,0 $-(6.''6 '' /- '' 4' .+8-$/0
 '' 4D4(6.''6 ' .+8-$/0 '' 4' .+8-$/0 ' - #*G*#4,0 / I
) -($ *'# -( )70/$G$"0$ )* ./*.-$/ -$*. ./- (*.' %*. ,0 
'# -( )70/$)*.*)05'-$/--$ D'*$--$*)'D'.0-*D'*
$)%0./**'*$)#0()*G

El método jurídico y la interpretación en el derecho romano

)'*- ! - )/ '(7/**#) 3$./$**.1$.$*) .*)/-+0 ./.F'!*-('$./D


,0 1 .*- /***(**% /* ' - #* ' ./0$* '*)%0)/* '.)*-(.
%0-8$.P )*/-.+'-.D. .0-4 '.+ /*)*-(/$1**(*$ )$ ' I
 -. -G*- '*/-*'* ./6'+*.$$<) '!*..D (+$-$./D,0 *).$ -,0 
0),0  ' - #*+*. 0) ./-0/0-)*-(/$1D'*$(+*-/)/ 4 $.$1*.*)
'*.# #*.D'- '$.*$'G(.+*.$$*) .+0  ). -*(+' ( )/-$.D*)
/',0 '+-$( -+*.$$<). -*/-.!0 )/ . ' - #*G
$ ) -5<) '0.*( $/0)*-(,0  '(7/** . ) '!*)*0)/ *-8
 '$)/ -+- /$<)D )0)/*,0 D*(*1$(*. ) '+8/0'*D '(7/**+- / ) 
'*-- /$)/ ' $<) '*./*.4.0+'$$<) 0'*.# #*.G $)/ -I

W\ #9( - '()D


/&#-)&'#%/#4$1$/.D-$DW_]_D++G_V4_WG
 W] '!*..D ## )&$%4Z GD0 D0 )*.$- .DW_]]D+GWYYG
La hermenéutica jurídica 381

+- /$<). +'$)*.<'*'.)*-(.%0-8$.D.$)*/($7)'*.*)/-/*.4'.
 '-$*) . 1*'0)/D/ )$ )* )0 )/'*.# #*.4'- '$.*$'GW^
 . ')/$"> '*.%0-$./.-*()*.)*.+-*+*-$*))0 ).+$./.
+-'$)/ -+- /$<) '.' 4 .G
'"0)*. +-$)$+$*. ( /**'<"$*. '*. )*)/-(*. ) ' $% D '$-* WD
/8/0'*YF 
&$G'$% D*(* ..$*D .+-/ ( 0'- ' - #*$1$'D
',0  ' (+ -*- 0./$)$)*' $*!0 -5 ' 4 )[YYGG'$%  ./6*).I
/$/0$*+*- .-$/*. '*.%0-$./.-*()*. '7+*'6.$Q.$"'*.4GRG
-*( )5-D* ./$)* ./' 8'.0/-*!0)$*) . '.' 4 .FN
$
'#%&$$%6!##4'%#4!#%%#4!&#OF '$)($.(* '' 4*)I
.$./  )()-D+-*#$$-D+ -($/$-4.)$*)-Q$% DWDYD]RG<'*#-8,0 
;$-'!0'/D,0  .'"*(6.,0 + -($/$-GW_
*(*'.)*-(.%0-8$. 3+- .)'*,0 .0 ' *)/  -(6.( )0*D1 I
 .)* )*)/-(*.'*,0 0.(*. ) ''.G ./ +-*+<.$/*$  0'$)*FN 
! $$&% $#%&$&%&%&$4&%$%&$ $&%$ !#5
$&"&&$$%% #&$%$%4$4"&&#$% !#$%4
$!# #%"&%&$#%OF*/**.'*..*.+0  ) .+ I
$-.  )'.' 4 .* )'. $.$*) . '. )*E+ -*.$ ) '.**)- /*. 
- 1 '.0. )/$*D ',0   %05"-D/ )-6,0 +-*  -/ )$ )*0). )/$*
.$($'-4$/-. )/ )$Q$% DWDYDWXRGXV. $-D.   0.-')'*"8D,0 *)
+'-.. )$''.. "=) '($.(* 0'$)**).$./  )NGGG"& !# (&% $8
"&$$%OF'*,0  .+-<3$(*4*). 0 )$  ''*Q$% DWDYDYXRG
)/*) .D#4,0 # -0) 0$<) '/ 3/*D'*,0 .$)0)*.' % 
7'G -*'- .+ /*'(63$(  '.* .$'0($)*-FN#$  $%6
'##&%#4$'! %$%%OF*)* -'.' 4 .)*.$")$+/-.0
/ 3/*D.$)*.0!0 -54. )/$*Q$% DWDYDW]RGXW
)'($.('8) .  3+- .'+$)*FNH"& %$"&&&'%#&
%# &%&$%4  $ $%4%#4"&%&%&%%%4'%#8
!#%% 4'#%&#$% $&!!#OF0)/.1  .'"*. $)/-*0 D '"=)
(**D*(*' 4D. 0)0 )*.$<)+-*(+' /-( $)/ '$)/ -+- /$<)*
$ -/0/*-$*/-.)*-(.,0 /$ ) )'($.(*)Q$% DWDYDWYRGXX

W^ '0.*( $/D %# &/% #-# 7


/ #%'4% #-,%  4! %  -
&#-D$1$/.D-$DW_^ZD+GWXWG
W_ D+GWXXG
XV 7
 XW 7D+GWXYG
XX 7
382 Teoría del derecho

#*- $ )D.$ '/ 3/* .'-*4 )* 3$./  )$)"0)($">  P'*1$ -/ 
0'*P)*.   ($/$-'+- "0)/+*- '. )/$*Q' &%%$"&$% RFN&
'#$&&%$$%4 %%%' &%%$"&$% OQ$% DYXDX[D]RG
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$! %&$!$%$% 4"&'% #%4!#$#%&%
' &%$$(  ! $$%OF).* ($">  '' 4   +/-. 
)/ /** '.$")$*'$-   --*-Q'% RQ$% DWDYDW_RGXY
 -*D. +- "0)/*( $/FK,07.  )/ )8+*-## #Q'% RJ (6.D+I
-   )0 1*'+'-' &%$GK07.$")$ .*J'"*'-'*,0 $  '
($.(* '.*FN '$%4$% %!#$!%4&"&!#%&&$!# ! 8
$%#'#$! #OF.$) 0*/*(-0) $.$<).6)*.  )0)
+- .-$+$<)+-/$0'-)/ . *).$ --'' 4 ).0/*/'$Q$% DWDYDXZRG
. $-D#4,0 / ) -'*)/ 3/* '*.+-  +/*.' "' .GXZ
0'*.0-4*(*+-/  '*)/ 3/* '++ ' '/-$$<)GN%#!#8
%% $"&#%&#!#$$!&$%4"& &#'%$#%# &$ 
$&$&%&$$%5 !%$%&%#!#$ $&%& OF$. +- "0)/+*-
'$)/ -+- /$<) '' 4D#4,0  (+ 5-+*-1 -,07 - #* './*#+'$*
)/ -$*-( )/  ).*.+- $*.D+*-,0  '( %*-$)/7-+- /  '' 4 .'*./0(I
- Q$% DWDYDY]RGX[
0'$)*/($7) +/'/-$$<)D+ -* (**-8/$*FN  &4"&
 #&$ $%%&%$&%4#% #! %$%OF*/**'* ./' $*+*-)0 .I
/-*.(4*- .D. ' +0  -'-5<)Q$% DWDYDXVRGX\
' ($.(* 0'$)*+-*'(0)+-$)$+$* !0)( )/'/ )$ )* '-5<)
 . - ' - #*FN $4"& %##% &#$ $%%&%$&%4 ! $$&&$
$"&#&&#$OF),0 ''*,0 . # ./' $**)/-'-5<) ' - #*D
)*+* (*.. "0$-')*-(%0-8$Q$% DWDYDW[RGX]
). )/ )$+- $' )*)/-(*. )0'*FN &  %##% &#$
#!%&$%4 $%!# && $"&%$OF *,0 !0 - $$* )'
' 4*)/-'-5<) ' - #*)*   3/ ) -. */-*..*.Q0'*DWZW+-GG
 G G[VDW]RG

XY 7
XZ 7D+GWXZG
X[ 7
X\ 7D+GWX[G
X] 7
La hermenéutica jurídica 383

N&$$%#!#%$&%4"& ' &%$#& $#'%&#OF .' I


4 .  )$)/ -+- /-. !1*-' ( )/ +-,0 . *). -1 .0 .+8-$/0Q 'G GW^
 ' ""GWGYGRG
)'($.('8) 1'. )/ )$  -(*" )$)*FN %#!#%% &4
!  $&%! %&$"&$!#OF)'$)/ -+- /$<) '.' 4 .
'.+ )..   )(6.$ ).01$5-,0 - -0  -Q#GGZX +* )$.RG
N &$#&$& #$%%$"& ! #%%OF).*.($"0*.
*)1$ ) *+/-'$)/ -+- /$<)(6. )$")QGWVUWD  G0GRG
) - '$<) *) '*. / ./( )/*. 4 '*. *)/-/*.D )*)/-(*. ' ( )*. /- .
.$.. )/ )$.F

y N&$%$$&$$%$$&$%$%% #$4'# #&%#!#%% &$"&


%%&'%&% #$$&$($%%OF0)* .'-( )/ ()$ ./'
$)/ )$<) '/ ./*-D'$)/ -+- /$<) '.+'-.)*+0  1' -(6.
,0 '$)/ )$<)QGYDG '$ -RG
y N  %#'% &&!%& %#'% #%#!#8
%&$%OF) '*)/-/* *(+-1 )/ '+/*($"0*. $)/ -+- /
*)/- '1 ) *-Q0'*DGW]X+-GG G G[VDW]RG
y N & $!#4"& &$$%4%&#OF).* 0.   
,0 ''*,0  .( )*-QG GRGX^

($7).  ./'  ' ,0$*(*- "'.0+- (D/'*(*'* 3+- .0I


'*FN  &$"&4(%&#4"&%$$!%$%OF)/**.'*.
.*.D+ -*.*- /** ) ' - #*D#4,0 / ) -' ,0$Q$% D[VDW]D_VRGX_
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)'/0'$G
*.+-  ,0 '*)/ -$*-. +*-8);$-*(*+-$)$+$*.# -( )70/$*.
'*.!*-$.(*.FN& !# # OQ).* 0#4,0 !1*-  -'- *RDN
& !# ! $$$$ #OQ).* 0#4,0 !1*-  -'+*. *-RD,0 (6.
- $ )/ ( )/ #/ )$*' 3/ ).$<) ) ' .+8-$/0  .*.+-  +/*.*) 'N
& !#  !## OQ).* 0#4,0 !1*-  -'*- -*RG

X^  G 0-$D&&#$4'-$* * +'$D$')*DW_Y\D+GXWG


X_  '0.*( $/D !7%7D+GWX[G
384 Teoría del derecho

La interpretación en el derecho contemporáneo

 )*-(    $)/ -+- /-.  ) .8 ($.(D +- '* 0' #   - *)./-0$- ' ' 4
.$)"0'- ) '*)%0)/* '.)*-(.D $)'0.* ) '*)%0)/* '*- )($ )I
/*%0-8$*D$)'0$*.'*.+-$)$+$*.,0 '*.*./$ ) )G#*-$ )D  .$($.(*
$)/ -+- /-.  '/** '# #*',0 . +'$'' 4G) ./ ='/$(*.+ /*#
$).$./$*' .0 ' '- '$.(*( -$)*D+ -* .+ $'( )/  -*( -)& )
.0'$-*# #%&#G 07- .  '!(*.*.*+- . )/* ) ''(
  #$!&F '+-*' ()* .'$)/ -+- /$<) '' 4D.$)*'$)/ -I
+- /$<) '*.# #*.GYV
$)/ -+- /$<) ./68)/$(( )/ '$"'.$")$* '' )"0% 4 .*'
# 0)/- D+*-0)'*D)  .-$4D+*-*/-D*(+' %4-0G $)/ -+- /I
$<). - '$5/-17. +-* .*.'<"$*.4+-6/$*.,0 *)0 ) . )/-;-
' .$")$*  ' ' )"0%  %0-8$*G $ 0) )*-( - $ -   .$")$* . -8
.0-G +-/  ')*-(*(*/*4+*-( $* '/$1$$)/ -+- //$1
. '' "')*-(*(*- .0'/*F0)*. +/.0. )/$*+' )*4 '.$")$*
*(+' /*. #'' "*.0'$)/ ' $<)G $)/ -+- /$<).0+*)  ' ./0$* 
'.+'-. ).0. )/$*/7)$*D.8*(*'$)"$<).*- '$)/ )$<)*1*'0)I
/ '' "$.'*-D0),0  ./.*. (+- ..+-'"0)*.0/*- .+0  )- .0'/-
-/$$*..*-$/--$.G $)/ -+- /$<)0/7)/$0. .0-$- '. )/$* 
'.)*-(.4 ) ./ .+ /**(+' /-.0 '*-$<)G)0)/$ (+*.  8,0  )
'*,0  ./'-*)*8'$)/ -+- /$<)4  . (**. +- / )8- 0$-'
$)/ -+- /$<)'.)*-(.*.0-.**)!0..E.$) (-"*D/0'( )/ . ($/ 
,0 /*)*-('+'$-.  ..0. +/$'  $)/ -+- /$<)G $)/ -+- /$<))*
. - '$5$.')*')*-(D.$)**'*6)*' ).0*)/ 3/*D ).0.*)$$*) .
#$./<-$.4.*$' .,0 )'0"- / -($)*0.*'$)">8./$*G'*)/ 3/0I
'$5-')*-(  / ) -.  )0 )/'. )$$*) .' "' .D '0.* '"0).
/ "*-8. %0-8$.D '/ )$<).*..$($'- .+- 1$*.D.8*(* ' !0)$<)
*-$ )/*-4-8/$ '$ )$ ' - #*G $)/ -+- /$<).0+*) 0)+-* .*
0)$/-$*,0 +.+*-$! - )/ .!. .) '' "-0). )/$*,0 )*. -$/-I
-$*D.$)*-5*)' ( )/ !0)*G (*.$)$*4'!0)$<) ''<"$D+ -*
  (*.1 -/$-,0 '$)/ -+- /$<))* .0)/*( 6)$*+-*0/*.<'* $)I
! - )$.'<"$*I!*-(' .G /-/(6.$ ) 0)-5*)($ )/*+-6/$*,0 /$ ) 
0.- '. )/$* '.)*-(.*) '03$'$* (7/**.$)/ -+- //$1*.GYW

YV 8/*-)0 '7- 5' -D %  -&#-7


,%$#)"&#  D3!*-)$I
1 -.$/4- ..73$*DXVVXD++GXXIXZG -*( -)&D# #%&#D*)/(-D73$*DW__WG
 YW )/*)$*)-$,0 7- 5 0;*DN
)/ -+- /$<)%0-8$OD ) # &#- 4 $ -)% #-
#  #+%&#-D*(- .D-)D++G^\4..G
La hermenéutica jurídica 385

Tipos de interpretación

) ' - #*. #) '*-*1-$./$+*'*"8.*'.$$*) .F

 / )$ )*'.0% /*,0 - '$5'$)1 ./$"$<)D'$)/ -+- /$<). $.I


/$)"0  )!14!#'G !1. $1$ .01 5 )*&%,%D
 $ ' +-*+$* ' "$.'*-D + -* (6. ,0  0) 1 - - $)/ -+- /$<)
. /-/ 0)/*)*-(/$1*)0 1*,0 '- '. )/$* ')*-(E4
&$&D,0  .',0 - '$5)'*.%0  . ).0/- *-$)-$ ($)$./--
%0./$$G $)/ -+- /$<)!#''- '$5)'*.$ )/8*. ' - #*
Q$)/ -+- /$<)*/-$)'RD'*.%0-$./.4'*.$0)*.,0 0(+' )'
)*-(G
 / )$ )*.0- .0'/*D'$)/ -+- /$<). $1$  )#%'.$
. $; '.$")$*'$/ -' ')*-(D#$%#%'.$- 0  . .$")$*
4(%$'.$'*(+'8G $)/ -+- /$<)(%$'(+'8 '/<+$* '
# #*',0 . -  -  )')*-(*/-*0*/-*.*)'*.,0 . .0+*) 
./6- '$*)*E ./* .$! - )/  ')'*"8D,0 +'$'.*). I
0 )$.%0-8$. 0))*-(*/-*..*.. ( %)/ .GYX

. 0/-* (*'$ .'6.$.  $)/ -+- /$<) .    )  -$ -$# -'
1*)1$")4QW]]_IW^\WRD,0$ ) ).0)$%$&%#0$%QW^ZVD
/GDUYYR 3+'$0/-*+0/. $)/ -+- /$<)FN *+-*+$*S '$)/ -+- /$<)T
. +*)  ()$ ./*0)*. ' . +- ).0.$1 -.*.*(+*) )/ .G) ./ 
. )/$*  (*.$./$)"0$- ) ''0/-* ' ( )/*.F0)*"-(/$'D*/-*'<"$*D
*/-*#$./<-$*4)'( )/ 0)*.$./ (6/$*OF

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.$")$* 0) / -($)*' )"0% %0-8$*G
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/* )*-(.*.$./ ( ',0 !*-(+-/ G
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$)0$- )'$)/ ' $<)/0' '.)*-(.GYY

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386 Teoría del derecho

-1$")4D ./*.(7/**.)*. *+*) )D.$)*,0 +0  )$)/ -- '$*)-. F

H0/-**+ -$*) .$./$)/.D04- 0)$<) .$)$.+ ).' +-$)/ -+- /-


'' 4D+*-(6.,0 '"0)*  ./*. ' ( )/*.+0 / ) -(6.$(+*-/)$4
# -. (6. )*/-G*- ./-5<)'*$)$.+ ).'  .)**'1$-'"0)* 
''*.H'0 )73$/* '$)/ -+- /$<) + )  *.*)$$*) . . )$I
' .H+-$( -*  (*.- +-*0$- ))*.*/-*.($.(*.'*+ -$<)$)/ ' /0'
)1$-/0 '0'.  / -($)< '+ ).($ )/* '' 4E. "0)*D  (*.
/- -*).$ -$<)'*.# #*.#$./<-$*.4 '.$./ ( )/ -* ' - #*+-
+*) -'*. )$)( $/- '$<)*) '/ 3/*,0 /-/(*. $)/ -+- /-GYZ

)/- './ *-8.(* -). $)/ -+- /$<). +0  )( )$*)-F

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+- /$<)%0-8$ )!0)$<) '*.$)/ - . ..*$' .GY[

$)/ -+- /$<)%0-8$)*/; .<'*'%0 5*'*.$! - )/ .<-")*.*0/*-$I


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$)'04 '*.# #*.'*.,0 . ' .1+'$-')*-(* '+-$)$+$*%0-8$*GY\
,08.<'*)*.1(*.- ! -$-'$)/ -+- /$<) ' - #**% /$1*4)*'
$)/ -+- /$<) '*.# #*.*/*.%0-8$*.G0),0 . (*.0)/)/*- + /$/$1*.
*)1$ ) +-*!0)$5- )'/$+*'*"8,0 .$)/ /$5(*. )'*.+6--!*.)/ -$*- .GY]
 )/- .-$/ -$*.6.$*.+-'$)/ -+- /$<)F9',0 . !0)( )/ )
'.0% /*D9',0 . !0)( )/ ) '*% /*49',0 /$ ) ''$$<)
 '*.- .0'/*. ''*-# -( )70/$G


YZ -$ -$# -'1*)1$")4D$$%# #  %&D/GD/-G .$4*' 4DG<)"*-4


*(+;8D-$DW^]_D+GW[VD$/*+*-)0 ' ''$1$. '4*D #-#%#!#%/D
*--=D73$*DXVV]D+GWXYG
Y[ )/*)$*)-$,0 7- 5 0;*D !7%7D++G^\I^_G
Y\
")$*-$)$''D #-# D'' -$$*) . D-$DW__\D++GZZ[IZ]]G
Y] - ./ +-/*( .* ) D++GX[WIX[ZG
La hermenéutica jurídica 387

 )/ )$<)'.0% /*,0 - '$5'$)/ -+- /$<)D7./. .0 ' $1$$-
)%0$$'D0/7)/$D0/*-$5D*/-$)'4" ) -'G %#!#%/
& .D*(*.0)*(- '*$)$D',0 - '$5 '%0 5G'- .*'1 -
'.0 ./$*) .,0 . ' +')/ )D '%0 5#'' 1**D'( )*.$(+'8I
$/( )/ D0)$)/ -+- /$<)%0-8$,0 +'$'.*,0 . ' +- . )/G
./$)/ -+- /$<). +0   )*($)-*$'D/ )$ )* )0 )/'
$1$.$<) +* - .G
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)*,0  ($/$<'$.+*.$$<)%0-8$G)/ *-8D ./ <-")*. -8 ',0 
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"*D )'+-6/$+0  ).0-"$-1-$*.$)*)1 )$ )/ .,0  )0( -(*.
*)/$)0$<)F

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+-/$0'-E. +*-8 $-,0  .'$)/ -+- /$<) '. )/$**(=)D
+*-'0' '$0)*0./ ) -0)*(+*-/($ )/*,0 7'%05"%0I
-8$( )/ *-- /*G1$( )/ D ./$)/ -+- /$<)/(+**+*. 
0)1'*-*$'G
388 Teoría del derecho

  0 -**) '*% /* '$)/ -+- /$<)%0-8$. $./$)"0 7./. I
"=)'.$1 -..$.+*.$$*) .%0-8$.4. "=).0% --,08G  ./ (**
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+- /$<)D7./. $1$  )'$/ -'D 3/ ).$14 '-/$1*- ./-$/$1G
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=)$*  / -($)+'-G./*)* . '/** 3/*D4,0  '.$"I
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%#!#% $(%$'$4#$%#%'$*--$" ) '. )/$*'$/ -' '+I
'- (+'$6)*'* * - 0$7)*'*D . "=) ' .*G .8D +*- % (+'*D '
+'-% $ ) ' - #* !($'$/$ ) 0). )/$* 3/ ).$1*G

Objetivo de la interpretación jurídica

K07 .'*,0  '$)/7-+- / /-/ $)1 ./$"-JDK,07+- / ) *).0'*-$)/ -+- I


//$1J)/*-)*'- .+0 ./ ./.+- "0)/. 3$./ )*./ *-8.F'.0% /$14'
*% /$1G *.,0 .*./$ ) )'% #-$&%'.*./$ ) ),0  '$)/7-+- / 0.*)* -
'1*'0)/ '' "$.'*-()$! ./ )'' /- '' 4G*. +-*#8 +- .'-  -
7./0$-'*./-%*.+- +-/*-$*.D')6'$.$. '$.0.$<)+-'( )/-$4'
3+*.$$<) (*/$1*.G0+0 ./( )/ $-'!0 )/  '' 4D'1*'0)/ '' "$.I
'*-D)*.-8'$)/ -+- /$<)(6.-$*)'4(6.. "0-D*)/',0 )*. $"
) '1*'0)/-$.(*%0-8$*D ) ',0 4<' .0 ' ' 37" .$.G*-'* (6.D'
.0 '# -( )70/$ #' $ -(# -D*($)$&# +%D )/- .0.
*% /$1*.+- / )8 .0-$-'$)/ )$<) '0/*- '/ 3/*G./ .0 '/0'I
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*-G*. #' '1*'0)/ 7./ D.$)* 'N1*'0)/O '' 4G -"04 D
*)$ -/-5<)D,0 '.' 4 ..0 ' ). - '- .0'/* 0).$))=( -**)!0.* 
1*'0)/ .,0 +0  )- .0'/- )0)*(+-*($.*,0  )$  %./$.! #*G
6.$ )#-8,0  )/ ) - '.$")$* '/ 3/*1$" )/  ) '*)/ 3/* '.
$-0)./)$.D*)$$*) .4($ )/ . ),0 1. -*+ -/$1'' 4G
. *. / *-8. )* +-  ) $-- 0/$' . 4 +*-8) *($)-.  +- '*"--
0)$)/ -+- /$<)(6.+- $..$"0$ )*'*.-$/ -$*." ) -' . '$)/ -+- /I
$<)%0-8$G#*-$ )DK06' ..*) .*.-$/ -$*.J1$(*.'*.0/-*-$/ -$*.
La hermenéutica jurídica 389

" ) -' . ,0  +- . )/< M"*./$)*D + -* *)1$ )  )0)$- '*. -$/ -$*. (6.
+-/$0'- .D,0 #).$*(6.'6.$*. )'*.6($/*.%0-8$*.G./*.-$/ -$*.
+*-8)- 0$-. . $.G*(*)*.*)-$/ -$*.(0/0( )/  3'04 )/ .D. +*I
-8)0/$'$5-1-$*.+-'*"--0)$)/ -+- /$<)(6.'G./'.$$<)D
'( )*.+-$'( )/ D. - (*)/1$")4G

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$)/ -+- /$*) .4 .'-  -*/-.G .0 ' ) ./-0/-*F

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5<)OPF 3/$ ) '+'$$<)  / -($)*.**/-*,0 +- . )/
(4*- .-5*) .+-+'$-'*G./ -"0( )/*/$ ) *.(*'$ .F
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'*(6.P4 #&$P.$. +0  '*(6.D. +0  '*( )*.G

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4'*.,0 ' .$-1 ) . G
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390 Teoría del derecho

)'"0).' "$.'$*) . ./*.-$/ -$*.$)/ -+- //$1*.. #)$)*-+*-*D+*-


'*( )*.+-$'( )/ D'.$./ ()*-(/$1*E )*/-.D+ ).. ( )$*)'"=)
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Bibliografía

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392 Teoría del derecho

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396 Teoría del derecho

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398 Teoría del derecho

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408 Teoría del derecho

$1#1.22M+%1$#MaMedMefM^`^Q^``M_`e  &-$1M.!$13M``]
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Índice analítico

!.& #.M^d^  )41?#(" Y2ZM`ab


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410 Teoría del derecho

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Índice analítico 411

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412 Teoría del derecho

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Índice analítico 413

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414 Teoría del derecho

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Índice analítico 415

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(-#!".MabQadM^^aM`deQ`df  +C&(".31 2"$-#$-3 +Mef

-23(34"(.- +(2,.M`^a  -4$5.Mdc

-23(34"(.-$2)41?#(" 2M_`^M`b^  /1."$#(,$-3 +M`^_

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42/.2(3(5(2,.Mdc
 !+.04$.2#$+ M`d
$1 104? -.1, 3(5 Mbf

-3$1/1$3 "(C-Y$2ZM`cbM`d^M`dbQ`dcM 4$"$2M^d^M`]`


`e]Q`e^M`ea 4$&.M^^c
 43>-3(" M`eaM`ed 4$9M`cd
 43.1(9 # M`ed 4("(.Y2ZM`]Ma]
 "1(3$1(.2  ".11$"3.M`]
  !:2(".2/ 1 + M`ec  #$'$"'.M^_e
  "+:2(".2#$M`f]  #$5 +.1M_dM^_e
416 Teoría del derecho

 -.1, 3(5.Y2Z  /1(-"(/(.2#$M__^Q___M_fdQ_feM


  #$+ ,.1 +Meb `bcM`c_
  - 341 +$9 ".,./1(-"(/(.#$+M^_d !
41(2/14#$-"( M^fM^a_M^b_Q^b`  *,*./M_f`
 "$/"(.-$2M^b_  *,0#M_f`
 - +?3(" Mf^  -.,#.M_f`
 ".,.%4$-3$%.1, +M^b_ $&(2+ "(C-M^b]
 &$-$1 +MdMf`  $73$1(.1M_^b
 ,.#.2#$$23 !+$"$1M^b_Q^b`  (-3$1(.1M_^b
 / 13("4+ 1Mf`  3$.1? #$+ M^b^
 2."(.+C&(" M^]aQ^]b $&(2+ #.1M^d]
 4-(# ##$+ M_fd  ".-5(""(C->3(" #$+M_^]
41(23 Y2ZM`fMacMb]M`d`Q`da  + !.1#$+M^b^Q^b_
 )423("( #$+M`]c $&(3(,(# #M_]aQ_]b
423("( MbfM^bfQ^c_M^ceM^d`M^eeM_ecM  /1$3$-2(C-#$M___
_ffM`]b 0#.5(Me_Qe`
 ".-,43 3(5 M`_b $8Y$2ZM^bM^a_M_`_M_bcM_f]M_f`M`]bM
 ".-31 "34 +!(+ 3$1 +M^d] `acM`cd
 #$-("(.-$2M^c`Q^ca  !1.& "(C-#$+ M`c^
 #$+)41(23 M`]c  $+ !.1 "(C-#$+ 2M^b]
 #$+,.1 +(23 M`]c   $3 / 2M^b]
 $73$1- M^c]  '4, - 2M^^dM_`d
 &$-$1 +M_ee  +." +$2M`b_
 (-3$1- M^c]  ,:204$/$1%$"3 2M`af
 +$& +M`^c  ,$-.204$/$1%$"3 2M`af
 .!)$3(5 M^c]  V,$1 ,$-3$/$- +$2WM3$.1? #$+ 2M_^c(
 /1(-"(/(.#$M`^_  ,4-("(/ +$2M`b_
 2."( +M^d]M_]cM_`^M`]cM`^cQ`^dM  - 341 +MdeM^`^
`_`Q`_bM`ba  .!$#($-"( $-".-"($-"(  + M_be
  #$-("(C-M`_`  /$- +$2M`c_
  %4-"(C-#$+ M`^c  /$1%$"3 2M`af
  /1(-"(/(.2#$M`^c  /1.,4+& "(C-#$+ 2M_ff
 24!)$3(5 M^c]  1$31. "3(5 2M`c_
 3$.1? #$+ M`^^Q`^_ (!$13 #Y$2ZMbbMbfM`c_
 8/ 9M``_  #$".-"($-"( M_``
423.M^c]  #$$)$"4"(C-Mbb
),'2,(-M`__M``]  #$$2/$"(" "(C-Mbb
&4- 2  #$$2/?1(34M_cc
 +$& +$2M`ac  #$/$-2 ,($-3.M_^d
 +$&(2+ 3(5 2M`ad  $73$1(.1Mbb
$& +(# #Mbf  (-3$1(.1Mbb
Índice analítico 417

 /E!+(" 2Mbc  '4, - MaaMdcQde


 5(-"4+ -3$Mbc >,$2(2M^ef
V .248.WM^cc  %4-"(C-M^f]Q^f^
 #$-("(C-M^cdQ^ce ('(+(2,.M`db
.&("(2,.)41?#(".M`da .5(.+$-"( M_cdM_cfM_df
>3.#.M__M_aM`]M`e]Q`e^  %4$-3$2#$+ M_ce
 *)-.,#),#Me^ .1, Y2ZM ^]]M ^^_M ^d_M ^dbM ^e]M _]`M `afM
 *,#),#Me^ `c^M`ea
 #$ .-$1& -McbQcc  43>-3(" 2M`db
 $,/?1(".M_a  " 1 "3$1?23(" 2M_f`
  &$-$1 +(9 #.M_aQ_bM_fQ`]Ma`  " 3$&C1(" M`ae
 $7/$1(,$-3 +Mff  ".-#("(C-#$ /+(" "(C-#$+ M`ae
 %$-.,$-.+C&(".M__  #$+ ,.1 +1$+(&(.2 M^e_
 +.2C".M_`  #$+#$1$"'.Ma
 (-31.2/$"3(5.Ma]   (-3$1- "(.- +M`b_
 /.2(3(5.Mff  $".-C,(" 2M^]^
.#$1-(# #M^bdQ^bf  $+$,$-3.2#$+ 2M`adQ`ae
.1 +M_bM_]fM_^bM_^dQ_^eM__]  $-$+.1#$- ,($-3.)41?#(" M`af
 !($13 M__^  $2/$"?" 2M`bd
 "$11 # M__^  >3(" 2M^e_
 ".$1"(!(+(# ##$+ M__a  2" +$2M_f]
 ".,.%4-"(C-+(,(3 #.1 M__bQ__c  %4-# ,$-3 +$2Med
 ".-"($-"( M_``  &$-$1 +$2M`bd
 #$ 2/(1 "(.-$2M__^  &$->1(" 2M`bd
 #$+#$!$1M__^  '(/.3>3(" M`ae
 +.2C" M_]fM_^e  (-#(5(#4 +(9 # 2M`bd
 )4("(.2-.1, 3(5.2#$+ Meb  )$1 104? #$+ 2M`b^
 1$+(&(.2 M_]fM_^e  )41?#(" 2M cM `fM edM ^]^M ^aaM ^b^M ^baM ^d^M
  -.1, 2#$+ M^e_ ^ffM_]bM__eM_`dM`daM`e^
 8#$1$"'.M^]fQ^^]M_^]Q_^^M_^eM   /1(, 1( 2M^]cQ^]eM`ae
__^Q__`M__e   2$"4-# 1( 2M^]cQ^]eM`ae
  #(23(-"(C-$-31$M_^bM_^eQ__]  +$& +$2M^]c
  2$/ 1 "(C-#$M_^aQ_^c  ,.1 +$2M^]^M`aeQ`af
.1 +(# #  .!+(& 3.1($# ##$+ 2M^db
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 /E!+(" M`^c  /1(-"(/(. #$ -. 1$31. "3(5(# # #$ 4- M
.1 +(23 M)423("( #$+M`]c `c_
4$13$M^d^  /1.,4+& "(C-#$+ M`ae
4-#.#$+#$1$"'.M^d_  2."( +$2M^]c
 341 +$9 M^_dQ^_e  24/$1(.1M`aa
 ".,./1(-"(/(.#$+)4("(.-.1, 3(5.M^_d  5 +(#$98$" "( #$+ 2Mee
418 Teoría del derecho

.1, 3(5(# #$2M^e_Q^e`   -.1, 2$-$+M`af


4$5 ".-"($-"( '$1,$->43(" M`d`   /+$-(34##$+M^bb
!$#($-"( $-".-"($-"( M_`d   4-(# ##$+M`aa
 + +$8M_be 1& -(2,.2% "4+3 #.2M^b_
 +#$1$"'.M_bb 1& -.2#$+23 #.M^a_Q^a`
  +?,(3$2 + M_bc '#(.,,#-M``cQ``dM`a]
 #$+.2"(4# # -.2M_cc  "3.(-3$1- "(.- +#$#$1$"'.2Mc]
!)$"(C- (()'#/'Mf^
 #$".-"($-"( M_`]M_`_M_`aQ_`cM_`eM ,.#-Md`
_a]Q_a_M_aaM_acQ_ad  31C-#1 ,:3(".Mcc
  "+:2(" M_`a  9M``bQ``d
  #$1$"'. + M_`a  2."( +M_ebM`]]
  $->7(".M_afQ_b]  8)423("( M``_
  %4$-3$2#$+ M_`eQ_`f $-2 ,($-3.M+(!$13 ##$M_^d
  ,.#$1- M_`e $12.- Mb_
 2" +M_`a  " 1 "3$1?23(" 2Mb`
 2 -(3 1( M_`a  #(&-(# ##$+ MbcQc^
!)$3(5 "(C-#$+24)$3.M_b  '4, - M`]f
!)$3(5(2,.>3(".M`]b  (-#(5(#4 +(# ##$+ Mb`
!)$3.1$2M_a]M_ac  5 +.1#$+ MbfQc]
 #$".-"($-"( M_`dQ_`eM_a^Q_a` +$-(34#M`aa
  3$-#$-"(  "34 +#$+.2M_ad +$-.M^b`
!+(& "(C-- 341 +M/1(-"(/(.#$M`^_ +41 +(# ##$(-3$1/1$3 "(.-$2M`ce
!+(& 3.1($# ##$+ 2-.1, 2M^db +41 +(2,./.+?3(".Mbf
-3.+.&? )41?#(" M^f( .#$1Me_Mf^M^f^M^fbM__d
/1$2(C-M_`d(  !2.+43.Me`
 1$2(23$-"(  + M`c_  "3(5.M^f^
1#$-M^ddM^e]M_eb  #$". ""(C-M^f_
 ".-"1$3.M^e]  #$+23 #.M^f_M^fbQ^fc
 #(-:,(".M^de  #$2-4#.M^f_
 $23:3(".M^de  $)$"43(5.Me`
 >3(".M^de  $-#$1$"'.M31 -2%.1, "(C-#$+M^fd
 )$1:104(".#$+2(23$, )41?#(".Med  23 #.#$M^fb
 )41?#(".M^MdMc]M^deM_fe  )4#("( +Me`M^c]
 ,.1 +M^df  )41?#(".M^f_
 - 341 +M^`_  +$&(2+ 3(5.Me`M^^fM^aaM^b]
 /E!+(".M^_f  / 2(5.M^f^
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1#$- ,($-3.M_]d  3$,/.1 +Me`
 )41?#(".M^ba  31 #("(.- +M^f_
  $-1$+ "(C-)$1:104(" M`aa  8#$1$"'.M^fb
Índice analítico 419

.+ 1(# #M_]`  #$2.+(# 1(# #2."( +M^]^


)*/&),/'*,)!,--#)M`_]M`__M``^M``aQ``b  #$24!2(#( 1($# #M`bc
.2(3(5(# #M_]aQ_]c  #$+ )4("(. -.1, 3(5.M - 341 +$9  ".,.M
 )41?#(" M^fM^fbM_ffQ`]] ^_d
.2(3(5(2,.MddMdfMf_M^]bM^a]M_ec  #.&,:3(".2M`d_Q`d`
 "($-3?".M_ec  &$-$1 +$2#$+#$1$"'.MbfQc]M^`_M^b`Q^bb
 )41?#(".MfcQfdM^]`M^^^M^^dM^^fM^_cM^d^  )41?#(".2M^bcM`ab
.2,.#$1-(# #M^bd  ,$3.#.+C&(".2M`e^
1$)4("(.21 "( +$2M_d_  /.+?3(".2M`b]
1$2"1(/"(C-M`c`  /1./( ,$-3$#("'.2M`b]
 #,(-(231 3(5 M`c`  1$#(231(!43(5.M`^_
 #04(2(3(5 M`c`  2."( +$2#$+"1(23( -(2,.M`^f
 "(5(+$73(-3 M`c` 1.!+$,
 +$& +M`c`  $".+C&(".Mdb
 /4-(3(5 M`c`  2."( +M``_
1$3$-2(C- 1."$2.Y2Z
 #$".11$""(C-M___  #$+ (-3$1/1$3 "(C-M`ea
 #$+$&(3(,(# #M___  +$& +M ".-."(,($-3. ".,. / 13$ !:2(" 
1$5$-"(C-M23 #.#$M`]a #$+M_c
1(-"(/(.Y2Z  /$- +Mc_
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 104(3$"3C-(".M`_^  #$+ -.1, M`ae
 #$" 42 +(# #Mff  #$+ 2+$8$2M_ff
 #$".'$1$-"( M`aa 1./($# #M%4-"(C-2."( +#$+ M``_
 #$"4+/ !(+(# #M`bc 1./.1"(.- +(# #M/1(-"(/(.#$M`bc
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 #$$04(# #M`^_ #$M`bc
 #$$04(+(!1(.1$$7(5.M`^_ 14#$-"( M^`^
 #$(&4 +# #M^^^M^caQ^cbM`bc 4$!+.M$2/?1(34#$+MfdQfeM^ab
 #$)423("( M`^_ 41$9 ,$3C#(" Mec
  2."( +M`^c /,!-#')(()M`_fQ``]
 #$+ ".-#("(C-'4, - M^]e  "(.- +(# #M_]d
 #$+ (-3$1/1$3 "(C-M`cf  "(.- +(2,.Me]
 #$+$& +(# #M__^Q___M_fdQ_feM`bcM`c_  "(.- +(9 "(C-M`eQ`f
 #$-.1$31. "3(5(# ##$4- -.1, M`c_  9C-M^ee
 #$.!+(& "(C-- 341 +M`^_  /1:"3(" MeaM^^e
 #$/1./.1"(.- +(# #M`bc  3$C1(" M^^e
 #$/1.3$""(C-#$!($-$2)41?#(".2M`bc  9.- !(+(# #/1:"3(" M^^cQ^^d
 #$1$2/.-2 !(+(# #  9.- ,($-3./1:"3(".M$7(&$-"( 2#$+M^^b
  /$12.- +M`bd $ +(2,.
  24!)$3(5 M`bd  "1?3(".M`]
420 Teoría del derecho

 )41?#(".M`da  )41?#(" M_edQ_efM_fbM_feM`]]Q`]^M


  ,$1(" -.M^]b `]aQ`]b
./-   (-)423 M_ff
 /&*M_^e   1$04(2(3.2M_faQ_fb
 *)(M_^e  +$& +M_fe
.,.#)Mdd  .!)$3(5 M_ee
$$7(C-Mb` $/ 1 "(C-
 3$.+C&(" M``_  #$#$1$"'.8,.1 +M_^aQ_^c
$%.1, /1.3$23 -3$M`cd  3$2(2#$+ M_]fM__d
>&(,$-Y$2Z $18#$!$12$1M#(".3.,? $-31$Mee
 #$"1(23( -# #M_^^ $2&.2M`e
 #$,."1:3(".M^_a (23$,
 3$."1:3(".M_^^  )41?#(".M`a`Q`aa
 3.3 +(3 1(.2M_^^   "$/"(.-$2M`aa
$&+ Y2Z   -&+.2 )C-M`a`
 ".-2314"3(5 2M^]_   "$-31.$41./$.M`a`
 #$.1.M^ce   + 3(-. ,$1(" -.M`a`
 )41?#(" 2M^d`   .1#$-)$1:104(".#$+Med
 -.1, 3(5 2M^]_  -.1, 3(5.M`ab
$' !(+(3 "(C-M^f`Q^fa ."( !(+(# #M_]a
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$+(&(C-M^^c  " 1 "3$1?23(" 2M`]e
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,/')0,/'M`_cQ``]   (-3$1- "(.- +M`b_
$2$-3(,($-3.M`a  ".,4-(3 1( M`]f
$2(23$-"(  + ./1$2(C-M`c_  ".-3$,/.1:-$ Md_
$2.+4"(.-$2)41?#(" 2M1,$9 #$+ 2M_fd  "1(23( - M`a]
$2/.-2 !(+(# #  #$-("(C-M`]c
 /$12.- +M/1(-"(/(.#$M`bd  /$12.- +(23 M`]f
 24!)$3(5 M/1(-"(/(.#$M`bd  /+41 +(23 M`]f
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$31. "3(5(# #M`c_ ."(.+.&? Mff
 #$4- -.1, M/1(-"(/(.#$-.M`c_ .+(# 1(# #M`ba
$5.+4"(C-M```  1$&+ 2#$+ M^]^
 -"(C-Y$2ZM^f_M`ae  2."( +M^]^
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.3!,"M_cb 4!+(, "(C-Ma`
$&1$& "(C-M_d` 4!1.& "(C-M`c`
 +4"' ".-31 + M_db 4!2(#( 1($# #M`ba
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Índice analítico 421

4)$3.Mb`Mcd (1 -? 2M_a]Q_a^


 +($- #.Md] .3 +(3 1(2,.M`]f
 #(,$-2(C-Y$2Z#$+Mcb  #$23 #.M`]f
  !(.+C&(".Q2$-2(3(5 Mcb  $23 3 +M`]f
  ".&-.2"(3(5 McbQcc 1 ! ).M#$1$"'.#$+M`bb
  #$+(!$1 3(5 McbQcc 1 -2%.1, "(C-#$+/.#$1$-#$1$"'.M^fd
  +E#(".Q$23>3(" McbQcc 1 2"$-#$-"( Ma^
 $7(23$-"( +Md]  ".&-.2"(3(5 Ma_
 (-, -$-3(23 Mcf  1$ +Ma_
 ,43(+ #.MceQcf ,#/(#M^ca
 .!)$3(5 "(C-#$+M_b -("(# #Mb`
 /.23$1& #.McdQce  #$+#$1$"'.Mee
$.1? Y2ZM^Me -(# #M`aa
 #$+  ""(C-M`]  #$+ )41(2/14#$-"( M_fd
 #$+ (,/1$5(2(C-M`be  #$+.1#$- ,($-3.)41?#(".M`aa
 #$+ (-3$1/1$3 "(C-P6- $1,$->43(" -(" "(C-#$"1(3$1(.2M^b_
 #$+ )423("( M`^^Q`^_ -(5$12 +(# #M^eb
 #$+ +$&(2+ "(C-M^b^  #$+.2#$1$"'.2'4, -.2M^`c
 #$+ 2+$8$2V,$1 ,$-3$/$- +$2WM_^c( 2.#$+ 1$-3 M```
 #$+".-."(,($-3.M`] 24" /(C-P6-1$2"1(/"(C- #04(2(3(5 
 #$+ #$1$"'.M _M cQdM fQ^]M ^_M ^dQ^fM __]M 3(+(# #M_eb
_f`M`d]  +(#$9
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  - 341 +M^]d   $2/ "( +M`b^M`b`
 #.,(- -3$M^^^   , 3$1( +M`b^
  #$"($-"( 2#$+ M^^`   /$12.- +M`b^
 &$-$1 +Md   3$,/.1 +M`b^
  #$+#$1$"'.McM^^M^`Q^aM^cMf`M^a`  #$+ 2-.1, 2Mee
 )41?#(" Mb]  #.&,:3(" P6-.2(3(5(# #
 .!)$3(5 M`ee  $,/?1(" M_]b
 /41 #$+#$1$"'.MeaMecMef  %:"3(" M_]b
 24!)$3(5 M`ee  %.1, +M_]c
$2(2  .!)$3(5 M_]c
 #$+ (-"+42(C-M_]fM_^^M__d  1$04(2(3.2#$M_]b
 #$+ 2$/ 1 "(C-M_]fM__d  2."(.+C&(" M_]a
 #$+ 5(-"4+ "(C-M_]fM__d  +.1Y$2Z
($,/.  "$&4$1 $-+  /+(" "(C-#$4-M`f
 $-$+#$1$"'.M``eM`beQ`bf  #$+ ".-"($-"( M_`e
  ,.#.2$-04$ %$"3 $+M`c`Q`ca  #$+ /$12.- MbfQc]
 '4, -(9 "(C-#$+M`be  &$-4(-.2M`d
 5(5(#.M`be  )4("(.#$M_dM^_e
422 Teoría del derecho

 )41?#(".2MaaQabM_fe (-"4+ "(C-M3$.1? #$+ M_]fM__d


 /.2(!+$2M`d #(#.#)M^f_
 24/1$,.2Mbf (.+$-"( M_cd
 +.1 "(C-M`] (134#M^c]
 -3(-.,( 2#$M`ab .+4-3 #
$1# #+$& +M`]a  43.-.,? #$+ M^a_
(# Md]  &$-$1 +M__a
 '4, - Md^  4-(+ 3$1 +M^bd
  ,$- 9 2".-31 + Md^ .3.-$&1.M_dc
Me parece que se trata de un esfuerzo inédito en la literatura jurídica
mexicana. Esta obra aborda y desarrolla con método y magnífica infor-
mación diferentes temáticas de iniciación jurídica que solían encontrar-
se dispersas y en ocasiones sin el desarrollo y la estructura que les
ofrece el doctor Pérez Valera.

La contribución del autor al aprovechamiento de una verdadera Teoría


Humanista del Derecho hace pensar en la urgencia de que pronto
pueda disponerse de un material que contribuya sin lugar a duda a la
educación jurídica en los diferentes niveles del ámbito universitario,
especialmente para los alumnos que ingresan a nuestra licenciatura.

Dr. José de Jesús Ledesma Uribe

Una de las aportaciones más significativas de la obra del doctor Víctor


Manuel Pérez Valera es que construye su Teoría del Derecho a partir
del Humanismo, que pone en el centro mismo del Derecho a la perso-
na humana. Su visión antropológica del Derecho —que es su punto de
partida— es el hilo conductor que enlaza y da coherencia a los diver-
sos temas que aborda. No es mérito menor del autor la utilización del
método de Bernard Lonergan, que persigue la “autoapropiación”
del conocimiento y, en el caso, la experiencia del Derecho, lo cual
representa, sin duda, una plausible innovación en el tratamiento de la
Teoría del Derecho y un instrumento didáctico valioso para el que se
acerca a la disciplina.

Es de advertirse, por otro lado, que el autor no pretende descalificar a


otras concepciones de la Teoría del Derecho, sino, por el contrario, com-
plementarlas desde la atalaya de un iusnaturalismo renovado y abierto
a otras corrientes del pensamiento jurídico.

Mtro. Raúl González Schmal

1 ISBN 978-607-426-039-7

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