Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Clase 10
Microbiología Ambiental
2016
Ambientes naturales
Taxonomía
Necesidad de orden
en la mente humana
Asumimos que:
Æ hay un orden en la naturaleza
Æ existen discontinuidades
Æ entonces, podemos reconocer unidades
Æ el reconocimiento está directamente relacionado a los métodos de observación
Carnivora Orden
Mammalia Clase
Chordata Filo
Eucarya Dominio
Reconocimiento de
unidades biológicas
l vertebrates
una especie es un grupo de l invertebrates
poblaciones naturales cuyos (insects, nematodes)
l plants
miembros pueden cruzarse entre
l fungi
sí, pero no pueden hacerlo con l lichens
los miembros de poblaciones l algae
virus prokaryotes
insects fungi
4% protozoa
3%
64% 8%
2% algae
2%
plants
2%
15% animals
21 Proteínas
16S rRNA
Ribosoma
5S rRNA
Escherichia coli
34 Proteínas
16S rRNA
23S rRNA
ARN Ribosomal 16 S
• Universal
• Función conservada
• Diferentes regiones
• 1500 nucleótidos
• Grandes bases de datos
Escherichia coli
16S rRNA
El gen del RNAr 16S permite reconstruir filogenias
! reconstruir la genealogía
! construir el sistema de clasificación
! indentificar diversidad ambiental
Lo contrario no es cierto!!
Archaea
several species with identical or nearly
identical 16S rRNA
El gen para ARNr 16S NO tiene poder de discriminar perfectamente entre especies
600000 10000
9000
500000
8000
7000
rRNAs sequences
400000
6000
Species
SSU
300000 5000
Species
4000
200000
3000
2000
100000
1000
0 0
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Year
DATABASES
3. Clonado
4. Sequenciado
ADN Genómico
Vector con
insertos
Células
competentes
Transformación E.coli
(1503) GM4
GM5 (341)
Primers adicionales
(1193) GM12 para doble secuenciado
5. Análisis de secuencias
(Woese 1987)
Diversidad Filogenética
(Woese, 1987)
Fila!
(ej.artropoda/chordata)
(Rappé & Giovannoni, 2003)
Hug et al, Abril 2016
Diversidad Filogenética
domain Bacteria (0/1186838/0)
phylum "Actinobacteria" (0/176308/0)
phylum "Aquificae" (0/931/0)
phylum "Bacteroidetes" (0/135261/0)
phylum "Caldiserica" (0/220/0)
phylum "Chlamydiae" (0/413/0)
phylum "Chlorobi" (0/1013/0)
phylum "Chloroflexi" (0/20113/0)
phylum "Chrysiogenetes" (0/11/0)
phylum "Deferribacteres" (0/367/0)
phylum "Deinococcus-Thermus" (0/1720/0)
phylum "Dictyoglomi" (0/22/0)
phylum "Elusimicrobia" (0/143/0)
phylum "Fibrobacteres" (0/279/0)
phylum "Fusobacteria" (0/9355/0)
phylum "Gemmatimonadetes" (0/1161/0)
phylum "Lentisphaerae" (0/1661/0)
phylum "Nitrospira" (0/1192/0)
phylum "Planctomycetes" (0/11003/0)
phylum "Proteobacteria" (0/322871/0)
phylum "Spirochaetes" (0/9292/0)
phylum "Synergistetes" (0/1110/0)
phylum "Tenericutes" (0/3026/0)
phylum "Thermodesulfobacteria" (0/106/0)
phylum "Thermotogae" (0/577/0)
phylum BRC1 (0/395/0)
phylum OD1 (0/137/0)
phylum OP11 (0/93/0)
phylum SR1 (0/227/0)
phylum TM7 (0/2060/0)
phylum WS3 (0/524/0)
phylum "Armatimonadetes" (0/990/0)
phylum "Verrucomicrobia" (0/9197/0)
phylum "Acidobacteria" (0/13454/0)
phylum Firmicutes (0/407377/0)
phylum Cyanobacteria/Chloroplast (0/19304/0)
filo Proteobacteria/Clase Gammaproteobacteria/Orden
Enterobacteriales
phylum "Proteobacteria" (0/322871/0) (selected/total/search matches)
class Alphaproteobacteria (0/65801/0)
order Caulobacterales (0/4163/0)
order Kiloniellales (0/19/0)
order Kordiimonadales (0/84/0) class Gammaproteobacteria (0/145725/0)
order "Parvularculales" (0/116/0) order Acidithiobacillales (0/618/0)
order Rhizobiales (0/22458/0) order Aeromonadales (0/4541/0)
order Rhodobacterales (0/12592/0) order Alteromonadales (0/9354/0)
order Rhodospirillales (0/6085/0) order Cardiobacteriales (0/573/0)
order Chromatiales (0/3018/0)
order Rickettsiales (0/1763/0)
order "Enterobacteriales" (0/31695/0)
order Sneathiellales (0/38/0)
order Sphingomonadales (0/9029/0) order Legionellales (0/1080/0)
order Alphaproteobacteria_incertae_sedis (0/189/0) order Methylococcales (0/718/0)
unclassified_Alphaproteobacteria (0/9265/0) order Oceanospirillales (0/5428/0)
class Betaproteobacteria (0/76088/0) order Pasteurellales (0/11234/0)
order Pseudomonadales (0/46851/0)
order Burkholderiales (0/53289/0)
order Hydrogenophilales (0/598/0) order "Salinisphaerales" (0/28/0)
order Methylophilales (0/1371/0) order Thiotrichales (0/1557/0)
order Neisseriales (0/13230/0) order "Vibrionales" (0/5653/0)
order Nitrosomonadales (0/704/0) order Xanthomonadales (0/9043/0)
order Gammaproteobacteria_incertae_sedis (0/2276/0)
order "Procabacteriales" (0/0/0)
order Rhodocyclales (0/4212/0) unclassified_Gammaproteobacteria (0/12058/0)
unclassified_Betaproteobacteria (0/2684/0) class "Zetaproteobacteria" (0/126/0)
class Deltaproteobacteria (0/26335/0) order "Mariprofundales" (0/126/0)
order Bdellovibrionales (0/1513/0) unclassified_"Zetaproteobacteria" (0/0/0)
unclassified_"Proteobacteria" (0/2288/0)
order Desulfarculales (0/21/0)
order Desulfobacterales (0/9481/0)
order Desulfovibrionales (0/3531/0)
order Desulfurellales (0/47/0)
order Desulfuromonadales (0/1330/0)
order Myxococcales (0/2644/0)
order Syntrophobacterales (0/1681/0)
family Syntrophorhabdaceae (0/151/0)
unclassified_Deltaproteobacteria (0/5936/0)
class Epsilonproteobacteria (0/6508/0)
order Campylobacterales (0/6247/0)
order Nautiliales (0/180/0)
unclassified_Epsilonproteobacteria (0/81/0)
filo Proteobacteria/Clase Gammaproteobacteria/Orden
Enterobacteriales/Familia Enterobacteriaceae/Género
Escherichia
order "Enterobacteriales" (0/31695/0) (selected/total/search matches) genus Salmonella (0/955/0)
family Enterobacteriaceae (0/31695/0) genus Samsonia (0/1/0)
genus Arsenophonus (0/163/0) genus Serratia (0/3309/0)
genus Biostraticola (0/1/0) genus Shimwellia (0/20/0)
genus Brenneria (0/73/0) genus Sodalis (0/114/0)
genus Budvicia (0/3/0) genus Tatumella (0/66/0)
genus Buttiauxella (0/51/0) genus Thorsellia (0/3/0)
genus Cedecea (0/14/0) genus Trabulsiella (0/14/0)
genus Citrobacter (0/1361/0) genus Xenorhabdus (0/215/0)
genus Cosenzaea (0/3/0) genus Yersinia (0/521/0)
genus Cronobacter (0/606/0) genus Yokenella (0/1/0)
genus Dickeya (0/165/0) unclassified_Enterobacteriaceae (0/5545/0)
genus Edwardsiella (0/143/0) unclassified_"Enterobacteriales" (0/0/0)
genus Enterobacter (0/2883/0)
genus Erwinia (0/590/0)
genus Escherichia/Shigella (0/8615/0)
genus Gibbsiella (0/7/0)
genus Hafnia (0/272/0)
genus Klebsiella (0/2428/0)
genus Kluyvera (0/106/0)
genus Leclercia (0/10/0)
genus Leminorella (0/1/0)
genus Mangrovibacter (0/8/0)
genus Morganella (0/184/0)
genus Obesumbacterium (0/0/0)
genus Pantoea (0/1042/0)
genus Pectobacterium (0/234/0)
genus Photorhabdus (0/184/0)
genus Plesiomonas (0/350/0)
genus Pragia (0/1/0)
genus Proteus (0/473/0)
genus Providencia (0/693/0)
genus Rahnella (0/25/0)
genus Raoultella (0/242/0)
filo Proteobacteria/Clase Gammaproteobacteria/Orden
Enterobacteriales/Familia Enterobacteriaceae/Género
Escherichia/Escherichia coli
Fotosíntesis anoxigénica
Chlorobium
(Bacs verdes del azufre)
α Proteobacteria
(Rhodospirillum, Rhodobacter )
(Bacs púrpuras del azufre)
β and γ Proteobacteria
(Ectothiorhodospira, Chromatium)
(Bacs púrpuras del azufre)
Chlorofexus
(Rappé & Giovannoni, 2003) (Bacs verdes no del azufre)
Cyanobacteria
phylum Cyanobacteria/Chloroplast (0/19304/0) (selected/total/search matches)
class Cyanobacteria (0/14545/0)
family Family I (0/2184/0)
genus GpI (0/2184/0)
unclassified_Family I (0/0/0)
family Family II (0/2570/0)
genus GpIIa (0/2549/0)
genus GpIIb (0/21/0)
unclassified_Family II (0/0/0)
-Fotosíntesis oxigénica
family Family III (0/9/0)
acuáticos (Synechococcus,Prochlorococcus)
genus GpIV (0/510/0)
unclassified_Family IV (0/0/0)
family Family IX (0/254/0)
genus GpIX (0/254/0)
unclassified_Family IX (0/0/0)
family Family V (0/34/0)
genus GpV (0/34/0)
unclassified_Family V (0/0/0)
-también en rocas/suelos
family Family VI (0/116/0)
-unicelulares
-coloniales
-filamentosas
De 0.5-1 µm a 60 µm
Cyanobacteria
Fotosíntesis anoxigénica
Chlorobium
(Bacs verdes del azufre)
Fotosíntesis anoxigénica
α Proteobacteria
(Rhodospirillum, Rhodobacter )
(Bacs púrpuras del azufre)
β and γ Proteobacteria
(Ectothiorhodospira, Chromatium)
(Bacs púrpuras del azufre)
Clostridium
Actinobacteria
(Frankia, Mycobacterium)
Frankia
-bacterias filamentosas
-viven en simbiosis con plantas actinorrícicas
-forman nódulos radiculares en forma de coral
casuarina
Bacterias fijadoras de Nitrógeno: Filo Proteobacteria
α,γ y δ Proteobacteria
(Rhizobium, Rhodobacter, Klebsiella,
Citrobacter, Desulfovibrio)
Asociación Rhizobium-leguminosas
-aerobios
-ampliamente distribuidos en suelo y agua
-muy abundantes en sitios con NH3 (ej descomposición de
proteínas, tratamiento efluentes
-la mayoría quimilitótrofas estrictas, excepción: Nitrobacter
-Nitrospira los más importantes en sistemas acuáticos y de
plantas de tratamiento de efluentes
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