Acero

https://www.gerdau.com.co/Portals/0/Manual%20Sismoresistencia%202012.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Introducción – Acero
3rd material de construcción más usado después del concreto y el
asfalto
• Acero mineral  1500 a.C. Hornos primitivos: hierro
 18th siglo alto horno: producción de hierro en masa
 mediados de-1800s Bessemer convertidor: acero

Diferencias:
• Concreto & Mezcla asfaltica
 Ingenieros y Contratistas influyen directamente en
Resistencia, estabilidad y durabilidad
• Acero
Ingeniero tiene poca flexibilidad en especificar

2
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

1
 Usos del acero
• Acero estructural  placas, barras, tuberías, formas
estructurales, etc.
• Acero formado en fríoclavos, armaduras,
revestimientos, cubiertas
• Productos de conexión pernos, tuercas y arandelas
• Acero de refuerzo reforzar concreto
• Varios  formaletas, etc.

3
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Producción de acero
1. Reducción del mineral de hierro a arrabio
2. Refinado del arrabio para producer carbón
3. Conformación del acero para producer
productos

El carbón suministra el carbono

La caliza elimina impurezas
Mineral de hierro (oxidos de hierro)

4
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

2
 Producción del acero

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_bhPfFvJDo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KJGeFP-af8

5
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

6
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

3
 Reducción del mineral de hierro a arrabio
(hierro fundido)
Alto horno con carbon (coal or coke) & caliza
La caliza remueve impureza del hierro mineral
La scoria (roca derretida & impurezas) son retiradas
desde la parte superior
Hierro fundido w/carbon son recogidos desde la parte
inferior.

7
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Refinamiento del hierro fundido a

acero
Se remueve el exceso de carbon y otras
impurezas por oxidación en otro horno.
Horno básico de oxigeno – 300 tons en 25 minutos
Arco Eléctrico – para fundir y refinar el acero– muy
alta energía
•Se desoxida con aluminio, magnesio, siliceo, etc.
•Acero calmado: completamente desoxidado

8
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

4
 Tratamientos con Calor

Mediante estos se remueven esfuerzos internos, gases,

y modifica propiedades eléctricas y magnéticas.
• Tipos
a) Recocido
b) Endurecimiento
c) Templado

15
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Annealing
Heating, then slowly cooling to room temperature.
Steel gets softer & more ductile, increasing
toughness.

16
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

5
 Normalizing
Similar to annealing, but hotter & air cooled
Gives a uniform, fine-grained structure
Provides high fracture toughness
More corrective rather than strengthening or hardening

17
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hardening
Higher heat, then rapid cooling by quenching in
water/brine/oil
Steel is harder & more brittle & must be followed by
tempering.

18
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

6
 Tempering
Reheating hardened steel to a lower temperature and
quenching
Increases ductility and toughness after hardening –
both effects

19
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Temperatures for Heat Treating

Structural Steel Area of Interest

20
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

7
 Aleaciones del acero
250,000 aleaciones
~200 usadas en ingeninería
• Una aleación es acero + un metal(otro) para cambiar la
aleación.
Endurecer
Resistancia a la corrosión
ductilidad
Resistencia

• Acero inoxidable para usos altamente corrosivos:

Adicionar cromo, niquel, etc.

21
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Elementos para aleación

Typical Range s in Principal Effe cts
Alloy Ste e ls (%)
Aluminum <2 Aids nitriding
Restricts grain froth
Removes oxygen in steel melting
Sulfur <0.5 Adds machinability
Reduces weldability and ductility
Chromium 0.3 to 0.4 Increases resistance to corrosion and oxidation
Increases hardenability
Increases high-temperature strength
Can combine with carbon to form hard, wear-resistant microconstituents
Nickel 0.3 to 5 Promotes an austenitic structure
Increases hardenability
Increases toughness
Copper 0.2 to 0.5 Promotes tenacious oxide film to aid atmospheric corrosion resistance
Manganese 0.3 to 2 Increases hardenability
Promotes an austenitic structure
Combines with sulfur to reduce its adverse effects
Silicon 0.2 to 2.5 Removes oxygen in steel making
Improves toughness
Increases hardenability
Molybdenum 0.1 to 0.5 Promotes grain refinement
Increases hardenability
Improves high-temperature strength
Vanadium 0.1 to 0.3 Promotes grain refinement Increases hardenability
Will combine with carbon to form wear-resistant microconstituents

22
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

8
 Acero estructural

Formado en
frío
Revestimiento

Forma
structural en
Caliente

23
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Acero Estructural
• Laminados en Caliente para estructuras, • Tipos usados para
placas, y barras usedas en columnas, aplicaciones estructurales
vigas, Soportes, marcos, vigas de  Carbon
puente, etc.
 Alta Resistencia baja
• Los Grados determinan: aleación
 Propiedades mecánicas
 Resistente a la
 Resistencia a la fluencia Corrosion
 Resistencia a la tension última
 % Elongación
 Composición química
 % carbon
 Otros requisitos – limites no
deseados de components,
24
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

9
 Requisitos mecánicos para
Aceros al carbon
AS TM designation 1 1 Elon-
Fy (ksi) Fu (ksi)
gation2
(%)
A36 36 58–80 23
A53 Gr. B 35 60
42 58
Gr. B 23
46 58
A500
46 62
Gr. C 21
50 62
A501 36 58 23
Gr.50 50 65–100
A529 19
Gr.55 55 70–100

25
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ex. de Especificaciones químicas

para acero al carbón
AS TM designation 3
Typical Chemical Composition

C Cu5 Mn P S
a
A36 0.26 0.2 0.8-1.2 0.04 0.05
A53 Gr. B 0.25 0.4 0.95 0.05 0.045

Gr. B 0.3 0.18 0.045 0..045

A500
Gr. C 0.27 0.18 1.4 0.045 0.045

A501 0.3 0.18 0.045 0.045

Gr. 50
A529 0.27 0.2 1.35 0.04 0.05
Gr. 55

Other elements controlled include nitrogen,

chromium, silicon, molybdenum, and vanadium
26
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

10
 Perfiles
Wide flange
W A992 I beam Channel
HP A572 G50 S A36 C, MC A36
M A36

Equal leg angle

Unequal leg angle
L A36
L A36

Tee Sheet piling Rail

27
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Especificación
basada en la
forma

Hollow structural section

either circular or rectangular

28
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

11
 Aceros especiales
• Acero de alto desempeño

• Acero inoxidable tiene mínimo 10% cromo (aceros

comúnes tienen 0.3% – 0.4%).

29
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cold Formed Steel

• Grades
Multiple grades are acceptable.
Steel Stud Manufactures Association recognizes two
yield stress grades, 33 and 55 ksi.
• Cold forming results in plastic deformation causing strain-
hardening that increases the yield strength, tensile
(ultimate) strength and hardness, but reduces ductility.
• Cold forming increases tensile strength by 50-70% and
ultimate strength by 20-30%.

30
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

12
 Stages of Cold Forming

31
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cold Formed Steel Shapes

• Structural design requires special considerations due to

buckling
corrosion
32
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

13
 Fastening Products
• Conventional bolts
• Twist-off-type tension control bolt assemblies
• Nuts
• Washers
• Compressible-washer-type direct tension indicators
• Anchor rods
• Threaded rods
• Forged steel structural hardware

Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Acero de refuerzo

34
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

14
 Acero de refuerzo
• Acero de refuerzo convencional
Barras normales, corrugadas, mallas normales y
corrugadas
• Barras están hechas de 4 tipos de acero: A615 (billet),
A616 (rail), A617 (axle), and A706 (low-alloy)
• Acero para concreto pretensado
Requires special wires, strands, cables, and bars
Must have high strength and low relaxation properties
Made of high-carbon steels and high-strength alloy
steels
35
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

NORMA TÉCNICA COLOMBIA

36
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

15
 NTC 2286

37
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

38
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

16
 39
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Barras de refuerzo

40
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

17
 Barras de refuerzo

41
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

ASTM Reinforcing Bare Identification

42
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

18
 Pruebas mecánicas sobre el acero
Prueba de Tension
Determina la Resistencia a la
fluencia, Resistencia última a la
tension, elongación y reducción
del área.

• Placas, barillas, cables y tubos

pueden ser ensayados.
Especímenes típicos son
redondos y rectangulares.

43
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Testing Set Up Extensometro

Crosshead

Specimen

Fixed beam Threaded end

44
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

19
 Sample Loaded to Failure

Cup and cone Neck area

failure

45
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Curva típica de esfuerzo – deformación del

acero
• s- es lineal elastica hasta el límite proporcional.
•Llamado “punto de fluencia” luego continua de manera
no-lineal elástica hasta un máximo y luego falla.

46
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

20
 Effecto del Carbon en Comportamiento
Mecánico

Structural Steel
0.12 to 0.30

47
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

48
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

21
 Prueba de
Torsión

• Determina el modulo de corte, G,

Desiño de miembros bajo tensión,
 Ejes de rotación

 Compresión hélica en los resortes.

Cilindricos específimenes.
t-g is elastic lineal hasta limite de proporción
G=t/g muy similar to E = s / 

49
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prueba de impacto con la Charpy V

• Mide la energía de fractura a diferentes temperaturas.
• Especimen rectangular sección en V muesca Charpy
con un péndulo que rompe el especímen.

La energía es calculada midiendo la altura del giro del brazo

despues de golpear el especímen. (mayor altura = menos
energía absorbida).

50
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

22
 51
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muchas gracias!

felices vacaciones

buenos finales!

52
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

23