INDICE

INTRODUCCION 2
CONCEPTOS Y E LEMENTOS DE LA I NVESTIGACIÓN 3
LA IN VESTIGACIÓN Y E L E STUDIO 5
TIPOS DE IN VESTIGACIÓN 6
TRABAJOS O P RODUCTOS D E L A I NVESTIGACIÓN 9
LAS F UENTES D E IN FORMACIÓN 13
FUENTES PR IMARIAS 18
PLANEACION DE LA RECOPILACION DE DATOS 27
PRIMARIOS
FUENTES SE CUNDARIAS 30
OTRAS F UENTES S ECUNDARIAS 37
FUENTES D E I NFORMACIÓN T ERCIARIAS 0
OTRAS FUE NTES 2
MEDIOS P ARA L LEGAR A L AS F UENTES 
CONFIABILIDAD D E L AS F UENTES 5
TIPOLOG!A D E LA S FU ENTES 6
INFORMACION U TILI"ANDO L AS F UENTES 7
NIVELES D E IN VESTIGACION 50
M#TODO P ARA L A R ECOLECCIÓN D E D ATOS 53
CASO PR$ CTICO 56
CONCLUSIONES 63
RECOMENDACIONES 6
BIBLIOGRAFIA 65

0
 INTRODUCCION

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INVESTIGACIÓN BÁSICA.

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INVESTIGACIÓN APLICADA.

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INVESTIGACIÓN DOCUMENTAL.
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'
,&+:&'* '(-','@

INVESTIGACIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA.

C.. (&>)-.( ' '()+ %'()+,4% '%,.%)*+.( + %'()+,4% >>.*H/,+

+ ?''*.*H/,+  + +*,?(),+= + -*'*+ (' >+(+ '% + ,.%(&)+ ' >*.( +
('&%+ '% +*),&.( . '%(+.(   ' *'()+(  -'*4,.(  +
)'*,'*+ '%
.,&'%).( :&' (' '%,&'%)*+% '% .( +*,?.( ,.. ,+*)+(
./,.(
,*,&+*'( ';-''%)'( '),)'*+@

INVESTIGACIÓN DE CAMPO.

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'(
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'
,+*H,)'* .,&'%)+ (' *',.'%+ :&' -*'*. (' ,.%(&)'% +( /&'%)'( ' +
' ,+*H,)'* .,&'%)+ + /% ' ')+* &%+ &-,+ ' )*+>+K.(@

INVESTIGACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL.

R',>' '()' %.>*' + %'()+,4% :&' .>)'%' (& %/.*+,4% ' + +,)+
%)'%,.%+ *'+++ -.* ' %'()+.*  :&' (' '%,&'%)*+ *+ + ./,+* 
+ *'++ ,.% ' -*.-4(). ' ,*'+* ' /'%4'%. (. :&' (' %++  +(
-.'* .>('*+*.@

INVESTIGACIÓN EXPLORATORIA.

R',>' '()' %.>*' + %'()+,4% :&' (' *'++ ,.% ' -*.-4(). ' '()+,+* 
.( +(-',).( /&%+'%)+'( ' &%+ -*.>'H),+ ')'*%++  '%,.%)*+* .(
-*.,''%).( +',&+.( -+*+ '+>.*+* &%+ %'()+,4% -.()'*.*@
E( ) '(+**.+* '()' )-. ' %'()+,4% -.*:&' + ,.%)+* ,.%
(&(
*'(&)+.( (' (-/,+ +>** %'+( ' %'()+,4%  -*.,''* +
(&
,.%(',&'%)' ,.-*.>+,4%@

INVESTIGACIÓN DESCRIPTIVA.

M'+%)' '()' )-. ' %'()+,4% :&' &)+ ' ).. ' +%H(( (' .*+
,+*+,)'*+* &% .>K'). ' '()&. . &%+ ()&+,4% ,.%,*')+ ('++*
(&(
,+*+,)'*(),+(  -*.-'+'(@ C.>%++ ,.% ,'*).( ,*)'*.( ' ,+(/,+,4%
(*' -+*+ .*'%+* +*&-+* . (()'+)+* .( .>K').( %.&,*+.( '% ' )*+>+K.
%++).*.@ A &+ :&' + %'()+,4% :&' ?'.( '(,*). +%)'*.*'%)'
-&'' ('** ' >+(' -+*+ %'()+,.%'( :&' *':&'*+% &% +.* %' '
-*./&%+@

INVESTIGACIÓN EXPLICATIVA.

M'+%)' '()' )-. ' %'()+,4% :&' *':&'*' + ,.>%+,4% '

.(
)..( +%+),.  (%)),. '% ,.%K&+,4% ,.% ' '&,).  ' %&,). ('
)*+)+ ' *'(-.%'* . +* ,&'%)+ ' .( -.*:&( ' .>K'). :&' (' %'()+@

TRABAJOS O PRODUCTOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN.

T.. )*+>+K. ' %'()+,4% '% -*%,-. -.* .( ,.%.,'%).( +,+%+.( .
.*+.( *':&'*' ('* ,.&%,+. + )'*,'*+( -'*(.%+(@ L+ )+*'+ %++.*+
'(+**.++ (&*' ' &% ,.%)';). ')'*%+.  '( -*',(+'%)' (' ' :&'
'>' ).+* '% ,&'%)+ ' %'()+.* '% ' .'%). ' ,.&%,+*
(&(
*'(&)+.(@ L.( ,.%.,'%).( ,'%)/,.( ,.. + (' ?+>*+ ('++. -+*+
('* )+'( ?+% ' ('* ,.&%,+>'( &+.( + /% ' -.(>)+*
(&
,.%/*+,4%  ' ,.%)*>&* + 'K.*+'%). ' + '&,+,4% '% '%'*+@

L+ /.*+ '% :&' '>' ?+,'*. '( +*++  +>+*,+ '(' + ,.&%,+,4% .*+
+ *H/,+ ?+()+ + '(,*)+@ E% *'++ . :&' -*'+',' '( + ,.&%,+,4%
'(,*)+  '%)*. ' ()+ '%,.%)*+.( )+>% &%+ *+% '*(+ ' ('.(
. /.*+).(< .%.*+/+( '%(+.  +%&+ )*+)+. *'('+ *'(&'%
)'((
%/.*' ,.-'%. +*),&.( -.%'%,+ '),@ + (& ' ,++ &%. ' '.( -&''
*''()* ,'*)+( .++'( -.* . :&' )'%*+.( &% *+% %'*.
'
-.(>+'( -+*+ ,.&%,+* .( *'(&)+.( :&' '% ).. ,+(. '-'%'*H% '
+( ,+*+,)'*(),+( -*.-+( ' )*+>+K. ,.. -&''% ('* '%)*' .)*+
( (&
';)'%(4% )-. ' +-.*)+,4% ' ->,. + :&' '()H *. ( '( &% *':&().
+,+,. ( (' -*')'%' %,&*. '% &%+ -&>,+,4% -'*4,+ ( ?+ ' '()+* 
(&K'). + '>+)' '% '(+( *'.%+( '),@= -'*. . H( -.*)+%)' '( :&' (' 
+ ,.%.,'*  +&' + + /.*+,4% %)'',)&+ ' .)*.( 
%'()+.*'(@

LA MONOGRAFÍA.

E()' )*+>+K. ' %'()+,4% *+ +*''.* ' &% )'+ '(-',/,. ' %.&,*+
&%. . +*.( -*.>'+( :&' (' '%,&'%)*+% '()*',?+'%)' %,&+.(@ S' )*+)+
' &% +%H(( -+*),&+*  -*./&%. H( . '%.( ';?+&(). ' &% )'+ :&'
-&'' -*'('%)+*(' '% /.*+ '(,*-)+ . ';-,+)+@ R':&'*' ' -+*)' '
%'()+.* -.* '*+*(' ' +( ,+*+,)'*(),+( ' '()' )*+>+K. &% .%. '
)'+ )*+)+.  ' '-'. ,+>+ ' &%+ ')...+ ,'%)/,+ +',&++ + +
+)'*+@ S '( &% )*+>+K. >*'' -&'' )*+)+*(' ' &% +*),&. (&(,'-)>' '
-&>,+*(' '% &%+ *'()+ '(-',+++@

EL ENSAYO.

E()' )-. ' )*+>+K. ' %'()+,4% (' ,+*+,)'*+ -.* ('* >*''= (' *'&,' +
'/',)&+* ,.'%)+*.( *'(-',). + &% )'+ .*%+ . %. -'*. ,.%
&%+
-'*(-',)+ %.'.(+@ R':&'*' ' -+*)' ' %'()+.* &%+ ,'*)+ +&*'
%)'',)&+  &%+ .(( ' ,*'+)+  + /% ' -*.-.%'* %&'+( +
( -+*+
'()&+* ' .>K'). :&' (' ,.'%)+@

EL MANUAL.

E()' -*.&,). ' + %'()+,4% (' -*'('%)+ '% /.*+ ' >*. '% ' :&' ('
*'(&' . '('%,+ . /&%+'%)+ ' &%+ +)'*+= (' ,+*+,)'*+ -.* &)+* &%
'%&+K' ('%,.  ,+*. +&% ('%. ' ,+*H,)'* ),%,.  -.* ('** + +(
*'/'*'%,+( *H-+( '% +( %++,.%'( ' .)*.( %'()+.*'(@ S''K+%)' +
+%&+ '( ' +',& :&' '( &% >*. :&' (' '%,&'%)*+ + (%)'(( ' +(
%.,.%'( -*%,-+'( ' +&%+ +)'*+@

EL TRATADO.

E( &% -*.&,). ' + %'()+,4% :&' (' '%)*'+ '% /.*+ ' >*.  :&'
,.%)'%' ' +%'*+ ,.%,'%)*++ ';-,++  H( . '%.( ,.-')+ .(
,.%.,'%).( ' &%+ +)'*+ ')'*%++@ E( ' +.* ';)'%(4% :&' '
+%&+ ' %,&' &%+ (4% H( *'/';+  ,*),+ ' )'+ :&' (' '(+**.+
+( ,.. '''%).( *'+,.%+.( ,.% + )'H),+ +>.*++@

LA RESEÑA.

S' *'++ '+%)' &%+ >*'' ';-.(,4% '(,*-)+ . ,*),+ ' + ).)++ .

&%+ -+*)' ' + .>*+ ' .)*. & .)*.( %'()+.*'( ' +? :&' )'%+.( .(
.++'(< + *'('+ '(,*-)+  + *'('+ ,*),+@ L+ -*'*+ (' )+ +
'/',)&+* '+%)' &% *'(&'% &% %'%)+*. ' ,.%)'%. . +( ,+*+,)'*(),+(
' + .>*+@ L+ ('&%+ :&' -&'' ('* .>K')+ . ,*),+ -,+ )+>%
'+%)' &% *'(&'% &%+ '+&+,4% . +.*+,4% H( . '%.( ';?+&()+
' .,&'%). ' :&' (' )*+)'@

E% ' %' -'+4,. + *'('+ ,&-' &% -.*)+%)' -+-'< ''%,+* +

,++  ,+%)+ ' ,.%.,'%).( +:&*.( -.* .( +&%.( '% *'+,4% ,.%
+ .>*+ *'('++@

EL RESUMEN.

S' )*+)+ ' &%+ -*'('%)+,4% (%)),+ ' )'+ . )'+( ,'%)*+'( ,.%)'%.(
'% &%+ .>*+ -*.-+ . +K'%+ &)+%. &% '%&+K' ,+*.  &%+
*'+,,4% ('%,+  -*',(+= *':&'*' ' -+*)' ' %'()+.* .>K')+
 *'(-'). +
-'%(+'%). ' +&).* '% (& %)'*+@ E% ' H>). -'+4,.
'(
-*'(,%>' + :&' '()&+ + ',)&*+  ,*),+ ' &% >*. +
%/'()+ +
,+-+,+ ' +>()*+,,4%  +&+ + +/%+* ' -'%(+'%). +%+),.  (%)),.
' +&%.@

LA TESIS.

E( &% )*+>+K. ' %'()+,4% .*%+ :&' (' '(+**.+ '% '
H>).
+,+,. ,.% ' -*.-4(). ' .>)'%'* &% *+. :&' -&'' ('* ' ,'%,+)&*+
' +'()*+ . ' .,).*+.@

E()' -*.&,). ' + %'()+,4% *'%' ).+( +( ,+*+,)'*(),+( :&' ?'.(
('++. *'(-',). + &%+ %'()+,4% *+,.%+< '( *'/';. (()'H),. 
')4,.= )'%' -.* /%++ .>)'%'* ,.%.,'%).(  (.&,.%+* -*.>'+( '%
' H>). ,'%)/,. /.(4/,. . '-*,.),%,.  (' '(+**.+ '+%)' &%
-*.,'(.@ S' )*+)+ ' &% )*+>+K. ' %'()+,4% ,.-'K. :&' *':&'*' ' -+*)'
' %'()+.* +( ,&++'( :&' ?'.( -*',(+. '(). '(
+,))&
,.%.(,)+ +,))& .*+ +,))& .>K')+ ?+>+ '% ' +%'K. ' )..(
 ),%,+(  :&' ('+ .*'%+.  -'*(''*+%)'@
LAS FUENTES DE INFORMACIÓN O CONOCIMIENTO.
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 FUENTES PRIMARIAS

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 CONCLUSIONES

• L+( /&'%)'( ' %/.*+,4% (.% &%+ >+(' -+*+ ' '(+**.. '
+
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-*.>'H),+ + :&' %.( -*.-.*,.%+% &%+ '+ + :&' (.% '()&.(
*'++.( ,.% +%)'*.*+@

• L+( /&'%)'( -*+*+( (.% +( H( +,.%('K+>'( + &)+* '%

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/&'%)'( (',&%+*+(

• L.( %'()+.*'( %. %,+% (& )*+>+K. '(' ,'*. (%. (.>*' +( >+('(
' ,.%.,'%). + '()+>',.  +,'-)+.@

• L+( -*%,-+'( /&'%)'( ' %/.*+,4% (.% +( -*+*+( (',&%+*+( 

)'*,+*+(
 RECOMENDACIONES

• L.( )*+>+K.(  +)'*+'( *'++.( -.* '()&.(.( '% ()&+,.%'(

+%)'*.*'( (.% ' &)+ + :&' ,.% (&( ,.%.,'%).( 
'(,&>*'%).( %.( .*'%)+% '% %&'()*+ %'()+,4%@

• S' '>'*H ' &)+* + /&'%)' -*+*+ ,.. -*'*+ .-,4% + :&' '(
%/.*+,4% .*%+  %. '( '*++ ' +% '()&. -*'.@

• T.+ %'()+,4% (' '>' *'++* ).+%. '% >+(' '()&.(

*'++.( -*'+'%)' + :&' %.( +&+*+% + /.*+* &%+ >+(' (4+
+ (+ :&' %.( +-.+*+ '% ' %,. ' + %'()+,4%@

• S' '>'% ' +-*.',?+* +( )*'( /&'%)'( ' %/.*+,4% -*%,-+'( :&'
(' ?+% '()&+.@
 BIBLIOGRAFIA

I%)*.&,,4% '%'*+ + S'*,. ' C.%(&)+< >*. ' )';). -+*+ ' '()&+%)' '
>>.)',..+  +%&+ -+*+ ' >>.)',+*. ' ,.%(&)+@[M;,. < UNAM 2000

U%'*(+ ' + S+'@ P*.',). F.'%). ' &(. ' + %/.*+,4% ,'%)/,.
),%,+ '% .( -*.,'(.( +,+,.( ' + U%'*(+ @M4&.
'%)*'%+'%). ' &(&+*.( '% ' $*'+ ' C'%,+( S.,+'(  &+%+'(@ [B..)H
< U%'*(+ ' + S+'@ O/,%+ ' B>.)',+ 2002