INGLÉS

Unidad 4. Resumen

RESUMEN UNIDAD 4

1. There is / there are; There was / There were; There will be

CONCUERDA
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA SIGNIFICADO
CON EJEMPLO

Sustantivos There is a pen on the

There is There isn’t Is there …?
singulares desk.
HAY
Sustantivos There are some
There are There aren’t Are there …?
plurales apples on the table.
Sustantivos There was a dog in
There was There wasn’t Was there…?
singulares the park.
HABÍA
Sustantivos There were three
There were There weren’t Were there …?
plurales children in the school.
There will be a party
Sustantivos
on Friday.
There will be There won’t be Will there be …? singulares o HABRÁ
There will be many
plurales
people at the party.

2. Countable and uncountable nouns

COUNTABLE NOUNS UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Son sustantivos que se pueden Son sustantivos que no se pueden

contar. contar porque son masas, líquidos,
Ejemplo: an apple; three apples. gases o conceptos abstractos.
Ejemplo: butter; water; poverty.

Tienen plural. No tienen plural.

Ejemplo: orange / oranges Ejemplo: some water  three
waters

3. Plural de los nombres

3.1. Plurales regulares:

Añaden –s.

Reglas ortográficas:

a) Los nombres que terminan en consonante + -y, cambian la "y" por "i" y
añaden "es": baby  babies.

b) Los nombres que terminan en vocal + -y, añaden una "s": boy  boys.

c) Los nombres que terminan en -s / -ss / -sh / -ch / -x / -z / -zz añaden "es":
bus  buses.

d) Algunos sustantivos terminados en -o añaden "es": tomato  tomatoes

e) Algunos nombres que terminan en -f o -fe cambian la "f" o "fe" por "ves":
knife  knives

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Unidad 4. Resumen

3.2. Plurales irregulares:

SINGULAR PLURAL SIGNIFICADO

child children niño / niños

foot feet pie – pies

tooth teeth diente - dientes

louse lice piojo – piojos

man men hombre – hombres

woman women mujer – mujeres

mouse mice ratón – ratones

ox oxen buey – bueyes

penny pence penique – peniques

person people persona - personas

4. Casos particulares: singular y plural

4.1. Casos especiales de concordancia:

Forma Forma Verbo en Verbo en

Palabras Ejemplos
singular plural singular plural
clothes
glasses
jeans
pyjamas   My pyjamas are red and
white.
scissors
trousers
billiards
dominoes
measles   The measles is an infectious
illness.
news
headquarters His headquarters is near
means
series    here.
His headquarters are near
species here.
cattle
police   There are a lot of cattle in
my village.

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Unidad 4. Resumen

4.2. Casos especiales de distinto significado en singular y plural.

Palabra Significados Ejemplos

Singular: mirada Her look is a bit sad.

look/ looks
Plural: aspecto He’s got great looks. He is very handsome.

Singular: ahorro I can make a good saving if I sell my car.

saving/ savings
Plural: ahorros "Where do you have your savings?"

Singular: costumbre

custom/ customs
Italian people have very strange customs.
Plural: costumbres;
We had to go through customs before entering
aduana
the U.S.A.

Singular: bosque; There is a beautiful beech wood near Biescas.

madera Beech wood is excellent for furniture.
wood/ woods

Plural: bosques Tropical woods are in danger.

5. El género de los sustantivos

Masculino Femenino
Palabra Significado Palabra Significado
boy niño girl niña
bridegroom novio bride novia
bull toro cow vaca
king rey queen reina
monk monje nun monja
actor actor actress actriz
host anfitrión hostess anfitriona
lion león lioness leona
prince príncipe princess princesa
tiger tigre tigress tigresa
waiter camarero waitress camarera
widower viudo widow viuda

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Unidad 4. Resumen

6. El artículo

6.1. El artículo indeterminado: a / an

a) Forma:

A  delante de palabra que empieza por vocal.

AN  delante de palabra que empieza por consonante.

b) Significado:

A
un, una
AN

c) Usos:

Cuando el nombre se menciona por 1ª vez.

Ejemplo: The children were playing with a car. The car was yellow and red.

Con nombres de profesiones y oficios en singular.

Ejemplo: I am an engineer.

Cuando se quiere indicar la unidad.

Ejemplo: There's a police station near the bank.

Un individuo u objeto como representante de una especie o clase:

Ejemplo: A cat is bigger than a mouse.

6.2. El artículo indeterminado: the

b) Forma:

The

d) Significado:

El / la / los / las

e) Usos:

Con personas o cosas específicas ya conocidas::

Ejemplo: The house is very expensive.

Cuando mencionamos un nombre o sustantivo por segunda vez:

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Unidad 4. Resumen

Ejemplo: I bought a car. The car was very expensive.

Cuando nos referimos a algo/alguien que es único:

Ejemplo: The Earth goes round the Sun.

Cuando nos referimos a un nombre geográfico:

Ejemplo: The Manzanares river. El río Manzanares.

Con adjetivos que se refieren a grupos de personas:

Ejemplo: The rich and the poor. Delante de instrumentos musicales:

Con instrumentos musicales

Ejemplo: We play the saxophone. Tocamos el saxofón.

Delante de nombres propios de apellidos para indicar un colectivo familiar.

Ejemplo: The Smiths work in their own business.

7. Some / Any y sus compuestos

Nombres contables Nombres incontables

en plural
Afirmativa We have got SOME pens. She has got SOME milk.

Negativa We haven’t got ANY pens. She hasn’t got ANY milk.

Interrogativa Have you got ANY pens? Has she got ANY milk?

7.1. Usos especiales de some y any

Some se puede usar en oraciones interrogativas cuando esperamos una

respuesta afirmativa o cuando ofrecemos algo.

Ejemplo: "Would you like some tea?" "¿Te gustaría algo de té?"

Any se puede usar en oraciones afirmativas con el significado de "cualquiera".

Ejemplo: "Take any pen you want." "Coge el bolígrafo que quieras."

7.2. Compuestos de some y any

Concordancia
somebody / someone anybody / anyone
verbal
Somebody / someone is
Afirmativa
calling me.
There isn't anybody/
Negativa Verbo en singular
anyone at home.
Did anybody / anyone
Interrogativa
visit you yesterday?"

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Unidad 4. Resumen

Concordancia
something anything
verbal
Something is
Afirmativa
happening.
He hasn't done
Negativa Verbo en singular
anything.
"Have you got
Interrogativa
anything?"

somewhere anywhere Significado

They live somewhere
Afirmativa En algún sitio
near Madrid.
There isn't a
Negativa En ningún sitio
telephone anywhere.
"Is there a bank
Interrogativa En algún sitio
anywhere?"

8. No / None /Nobody – No-one / Nothing / Nowhere

PALABRA SIGNIFICADO USO EJEMPLOS

not a We had to taxi because there was no train.
No Verbo en afirmativa
not any There are no cars in the street.
nadie
How much milk do you have? None.
None ninguno Verbo en afirmativa
None of the banks were / was open.
nada
Nobody No-one is coming today.
nadie Verbo en afirmativa
No-one I told nobody about the accident.

Nothing nada Verbo en afirmativa He said nothing.

Nowhere ninguna parte Verbo en afirmativa He’s got nowhere to train.

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Unidad 4. Resumen

9. Lot of, lots of, much, many, too much, too many, a little, little, a few, few

USO
Con Con En En
PALABRA SDO. EJEMPLOS
contables incontables oraciones oraciones
en plural afirmat. negat. e
interrogat.
There were a lot of people
mucho/a;
A lot of
Lots of
muchos /
muchas
   in the street.
He's got lots of money in
the bank.
I haven't had much time
Much
mucho /
mucha   lately.
"Is there much traffic in
Madrid?"
There aren't many carrots
Many
muchos /
muchas    in the fridge.
They've worked here for
many years.

Too much demasiado    I took too much exercise.

Too many
demasiados
/as    He's got too many
problems.

A little
poco (pero
algo)    We’ve got a little time
before the bus leaves.

Little
poco (casi
nada)    She's got little time to
revise for the next test.

There are a few eggs in the

A few
pocos (pero
algunos)    fridge, we can cook an
omelette.

It's very expensive to live in

Few
pocos (casi
ninguno)    Madrid because there are
few cheap flats

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Unidad 4. Resumen

10. All (of), most (of), each, every, both (of), neither (of)

USOS
PALABRA SIGNIFICADO EJEMPLOS
Delante de
Delante de nombre
pronombre objeto

All (of) todo/a/os/as  All (of) the potatoes are in the

fridge.

All of todo/a/os/as  All of us are going to the

cinema

Most (of) la mayoría de  Most (of the) British tourists

prefer the beach.

Most of la mayoría de  I phoned all my friends, but

most of them were away.

USOS

PALABRA SIGNIFICADO Delante de EJEMPLOS

Delante de
determinante +
contables en
sustantivo o de
singular
pronombre objeto

Each
cada (cosa vista
por separado)  Each country has its
traditions.

Each of the books I've written

Each of
cada (cosa vista
por separado)  is very important for me.
Each of them was very
successful.
cada (cosas
Every vistas en
conjunto)  I go to bed early every day.

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Unidad 4. Resumen

USOS

Delante de
PALABRA SIGNIFICADO Delante de determinante EJEMPLOS
Delante de
contables + sustantivo
contables
en o de
en plural
singular pronombre
objeto

Both
Ambos; los
dos  Both cars are very comfortable.

Both of
Ambos; los
dos   Both of my sisters speak Italian.
Both of them are very clever.

Neither
Ninguno de los
dos  Neither car is very comfortable.

Neither of
Ninguno de los
dos   Neither of my friends was at home.
Neither of us played the match.

11. Complex clauses: Clauses of contrast (Oraciones Compuestas Concesivas)

CONECTOR SEGUIDO POR EJEMPLO

We didn’t play tennis although we had good

Although rackets.
oración
Even though She was cold even though she had a scarf
and a coat.

Though I got up early, I couldn’t catch the

Though oración inicial
bus.

I couldn’t eat in spite of the fact that I was

In spite of the fact that hungry.
oración
Despite the fact that They don’t see each other despite the fact
that they’re friends.

In spite of workinga lot, he didn’t pass.

verbo –ing
In spite of his strength, he couldn’t lift the
In spite of nombre box.

Despite pronombre Julia liked English theatre despite not

speaking English

They went to the cinema despite the snow.

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Unidad 4. Resumen

12. Formación de palabras: Negative prefixes

PREFIJOS NEGATIVOS
NOMINALES ADJETIVALES
Prefijo Ejemplo Prefijo Ejemplo
disadvantage dishonest
dis- dis-
(desventaja) (deshonesto)
illegality illegal
il- il-
(ilegalidad) (ilegal)
impossibility impolite
im- im-
(imposibilidad) (maleducado),
insecurity inhuman
in- in-
(inseguridad) (inhumano)
non-smoker (no irregular (irregular)
non- ir-
fumador)
irregularity unbelievable
ir- un-
(irregularidad) (increíble),

13. Leer y escribir: Composición de textos escritos

13.1. Linkers of contrast: conectores para unir ideas opuestas

English Spanish Ejemplo

Her poems are short, but

but pero
they're interesting

However, … I was tired. However /

Sin embargo, …
Nevertheless, … Nevertheless, I went out
with her.

I don't like animals. On the

On the contrary, … Por el contrario, …
contrary, I hate them.

On the one hand I like big

On the one hand .., . On the Por una parte, … . Por
cities. On the other hand, I
other hand, ... otra, …
hate the noise of the cars.

This computer is quite new,

, while …
, mientras que … while / whereas that one is
, whereas …
very old.

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Unidad 4. Resumen

13.2. A for and against essay

Estructura general

Paragraph 1:
Introduce the topic saying that there are arguments for and against the topic.

Paragraph 2:
Give opinions and reasons for the topic.

Paragraph 3:
Give opinions and reasons against the topic.

Paragraph 4:
Conclusion: summarize the arguments and give personal opinion.

Expresiones útiles:

Empezar: Many people say / think that... / It is true that ... / There are positive and
negative aspects of ... / There are many reasons for ....

Hablar sobre This is not an easy question ... / There is not a clear answer ... / We
el tema must look at both sides of the question.

Introducir Firstly, ... Secondly, ... / On the one hand, … On the other hand, … /
argumentos: One advantage is that ...

Contrastar: Yet,… / Nonetheless,…

What's more, … / In addition, …/ Furthermore, … / Moreover, …

Añadir
…, too. / … ,as well. / one (dis)advantage is ... /
información:
Firstly, …; secondly,…; thirdly, …; lastly,…; finally, ….

Aportar
For example, .. / According to ... / We do not have evidence that ....
datos:

Para expresar
This is because ... / As a result, … / Therefore, …
causa y
My main reason is ... / One reason for ... is ... / Another reason is ...
resultado:

To sum up, … / In short, … / On the whole, … / To conclude, … /

Conclusión
In conclusion, ….

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