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COMPRAVENTA
COMPRAVENTA
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FACULTAD DE DERECHO
QUINTO SEMESTRE
NEIVA-HUILA
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DERECHO COMPARADO
Compraventa (Colombia)
El código civil en su artículo 1849 define la compraventa como un contrato en que una
de las partes se obliga a dar (Transmitir el derecho real) una cosa y la otra a pagarla en
dinero. Aquélla se dice vender y ésta comprar. El dinero que el comprador da por la cosa
vendida se llama precio el cual junto con el objeto son elementos esenciales de la
compraventa; por otra parte el código de comercio en su artículo 905 la define como un
contrato en que una de las partes se obliga a trasmitir la propiedad de una cosa y la otra
a pagarla en dinero. El dinero que el comprador da por la cosa vendida se llama precio.
Cuando el precio consista parte en dinero y parte en otra cosa, se entenderá permuta si
la cosa vale más que el dinero, y venta en el caso contrario. Para los efectos de este
artículo se equipararán a dinero los títulos valores de contenido crediticio y los créditos
comunes representativos de dinero.
Este contrato es bilateral puesto que cuenta con dos partes, oneroso teniendo en cuenta
que las dos partes reciben utilidades (Dinero-objeto), conmutativo, aleatorio,
consensual ya que solo basta la voluntad de las partes para obligarse y solemne porque
debe cumplir en ocasiones con ciertas solemnidades como lo son la ad-sustancian actus
(escritura pública) o la ad-probationen (recibo de pago).
El contrato de compraventa cuenta con dos partes, el tradente es la persona que por la
tradición transfiere el dominio de la cosa entregada por él, y adquirente la persona que
por la tradición adquiere el dominio de la cosa recibida por él o a su nombre así mismo
pueden entregar y recibir a nombre del dueño sus mandatarios o sus representantes
legales; en las ventas forzadas que se hacen por decreto judicial a petición de un
acreedor, en pública subasta, la persona cuyo dominio se transfiere es el tradente, y el
juez su representante legal.
La tradición de una cosa corporal mueble deberá hacerse significando una de las partes
a la otra que le transfiere el dominio, y figurando esta transferencia por uno de los
medios siguientes:
5. Por la venta, donación u otro título de enajenación conferido al que tiene la cosa
mueble como usufructuario, arrendatario, comodatario, depositario o a
cualquier otro título no traslaticio de dominio; y recíprocamente por el mero
contrato en que el dueño se constituye usufructuario, comodatario,
arrendatario, etc.
Para poder ser parte, sea como tradente o adquiriente se necesita tener una plena
capacidad como lo establece el artículo 1502 del código civil así; Para que una persona
se obligue a otra por un acto o declaración de voluntad, es necesario
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La capacidad legal de una persona consiste en poderse obligar por sí misma, sin el
ministerio o la autorización de otra, excepto aquellas que la ley declara incapaces; Son
absolutamente incapaces los impúberes. Sus actos no producen ni aún obligaciones
naturales, y no admiten caución. Son también incapaces los menores púberes. Pero la
incapacidad de estas personas no es absoluta y sus actos pueden tener valor en ciertas
circunstancias y bajo ciertos respectos determinados por las leyes. Además de estas
incapacidades hay otras particulares que consisten en la prohibición que la ley ha
impuesto a ciertas personas para ejecutar ciertos actos.
COMPARATIVE RIGHT
The civil code in its article 1849 defines the sale as a contract in which one of the parties
is obliged to give (Transmit the real right) one thing and the other to pay it in money. That
one says to sell and this one to buy. The money that the buyer gives for the thing sold is
called a price which together with the object are essential elements of the sale; on the
other hand the code of commerce in its article 905 defines it as a contract in which one
of the parties is obliged to transfer ownership of one thing and the other to pay it in
money. The money that the buyer gives for the thing sold is called price. When the price
consists of part in money and part in something else, it will be understood as swap if the
thing is worth more than money, and sale in the opposite case. For the purposes of this
article, credit content securities and common money representative credits shall be
equated with money.
This contract is bilateral since it has two parties, onerous considering that the two parties
receive profits (money-object), commutative, random, consensual since only the will of
the parties is sufficient to be bound and solemn because it must meet on occasions with
certain solemnities such as the ad-substant actus (public deed) or the ad-probationen
(payment receipt).
The contract of sale has two parts, the merchant is the person who by tradition transfers
the domain of the thing delivered by him, and the acquirer who by tradition acquires the
domain of the thing received by him or his name as well they can deliver and receive on
behalf of the owner their agents or their legal representatives; in the forced sales that
are made by judicial decree at the request of a creditor, in public auction, the person
whose domain is transferred is the merchant, and the judge is his legal representative.
The tradition of a movable body thing must be done by meaning one of the parties to the
other that transfers the domain, and this transfer by one of the following means:
2. Showing the thing to the acquirer as a sign that the apprehension can take place.
3. Giving the keys to the buyer of the barn, warehouse, chest or any place where the thing
is stored.
4. Taking charge of making the thing available to the other in the agreed place.
5. For the sale, donation or other title of alienation conferred on the person who has the
movable thing as usufructuary, lessee, tenant, depositary or any other title not
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transferring ownership; and reciprocally by the mere contract in which the owner is
constituted usufructuary, tenant, tenant, etc.
It must be taken into account that the tradition of a property occurs in the public registry
office.
The sale has a number of exceptions, the first of these is the Bravis hands which applies
to usufructuaries, tenants, tenants among others; We continue with the posessorium
constitution, the tacit resolution condition that is not an essential element but it is natural
because it is understood to belong to the contract without a criminal clause, it is known
that in any bilateral contract it is wrapped by virtue of which the part fulfilled, in case of
Failure of the other party to choose, at its discretion (i) the termination of the contract
or (ii) the performance of the breached obligation, in both cases with compensation for
damages. When the resolution is chosen, the judge is asked to declare the contractual
link dissolved for breach. The judicially declared resolution is an indirect way of
extinguishing the obligations as the contract, which is its source, is declared resolved
(instant execution contracts) or terminated (successive execution contracts); This
condition must meet specific requirements which directly generate effects such as:
2. The party invoking the resolution must have fulfilled its obligations or paved to comply
with them.
3. The unfulfilled party must not only be in a delay of fulfilling the obligation but must be
legally constituted in default.
4. The judicial declaration of resolution dissolves the link with retroactive effect, so things
must return to the state prior to the conclusion of the contract.
5. The judicial declaration of termination extinguishes the obligations with effect towards
the future.
The exception of an unfulfilled contract is given in the bilateral contracts since none of
the contracting parties is in default, failing to comply with the agreement, while the other
does not comply with it, or is not ready to comply with it in the manner and time due. as
established in article 1609 of the civil code.
2. That he consents to said act or declaration and his consent does not suffer from vice.
The legal capacity of a person is to be able to force themselves, without the ministry or
authorization of another, except those that the law declares incapable; The impubers are
absolutely incapable. Their acts do not produce or even natural obligations, and do not
admit caution. They are also incapable of minor children. But the incapacity of these
people is not absolute and their acts may have value in certain circumstances and under
certain respects determined by law. In addition to these disabilities there are other
individuals that consist of the prohibition that the law has imposed on certain people to
execute certain acts.
The sale has a particular capacity as established in article 1851 of the civil code "all
persons who are not declared non-able to enter into the contract to celebrate it or to
enter into any contract are qualified for the sales contract"; it is that order of ideas that
the contract of sale between non-divorced spouses, and between the father and the son
of the family is void; Administrators of public establishments are prohibited from selling
any part of the assets they manage, and whose disposal is not included in their ordinary
administrative powers; except in the case of express authorization of the competent
authority; The public employee is prohibited from buying public or private goods sold
through his ministry; and to the magistrates of the Supreme Court, judges, prefects and
secretaries of each other, the assets in whose litigation they have intervened, and that
are sold as a result of the litigation, even if the sale is made in public auction.
The employee with coercive jurisdiction who, knowing of some execution and having,
therefore, the double character of judge or prefect and creditor, makes posture to the
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things put up for auction, in his capacity as creditor, whose circumstance is excluded it
must be expressed clearly; It is not lawful for tutors and curators to buy any part of the
assets of their pupils, but as provided in the title of the administration of tutors and
curators; The presidents, the trustees of the competitions, and the executors, are subject
to the purchase or sale of the things that have to pass through their hands under these
orders.
COMPRAVENTA
DERECHO COMPARADO
¿Qué es un contrato?
Según el Artículo 2 de la UCC, un contrato para la venta de bienes por más de $ 500 debe
ser por escrito para que sea ejecutable (UCC 2-201). La venta de valores es un caso
especial cubierto en el Artículo 8 (UCC 8-319); Para que se pueda hacer cumplir, un
contrato para la venta de valores debe ser por escrito, independientemente del monto
involucrado. Para la venta de otros tipos de propiedad personal, se debe involucrar un
mínimo de $ 5,000 antes de que un contrato ejecutable se haga por escrito. De lo
contrario, un acuerdo oral es exigible como un contrato vinculante.
Se dice que los contratos que deben ser por escrito para ser ejecutables están dentro del
Estatuto de Fraudes. El Estatuto de Fraudes se remonta a 1677, cuando el Parlamento
inglés decretó que ciertos tipos de contratos deben ser por escrito. Las partes aplicables
de la UCC definen efectivamente los tipos de contratos de venta que deben ser por
escrito. Además, cada estado tiene su propia versión del Estatuto de Fraudes.
Según el UCC, un contrato de venta por escrito debe especificar las partes involucradas,
el tema a vender y cualquier material o términos o condiciones especiales. Algunos
estados también requieren que se especifique la consideración, el monto y el tipo de
pago. Pero la UCC no requiere un contrato de venta formal. En muchos casos, un
memorando o una colección de documentos es suficiente cumplimiento. Los tribunales
han sostenido que un cheque escrito puede considerarse un memorando escrito de un
acuerdo de venta. El UCC permite que se ejecute un contrato de venta por escrito, incluso
si deja de lado los términos materiales y no está firmado por ambas partes. Sin embargo,
una parte no puede crear un contrato de venta por sí mismo que sea vinculante para la
otra parte, y la defensa o la persona contra la cual se solicita el contrato debe firmar un
contrato exigible.
COMPRAVENTA
Contrato de venta, "Contrato de venta" incluye tanto una venta actual de bienes como
un contrato para vender bienes en un momento futuro. Una "venta" consiste en pasar el
título del vendedor al comprador por un precio (Sección 2-401). Una "venta actual"
significa una venta que se realiza mediante la realización del contrato; las partes se
ajustan al contrato cuando cumplen con las obligaciones del contrato.
FORMAS DE CONTRATACIÓN
Delimitación de objetos
1. Antes del cumplimiento: una parte, generalmente debido a una alteración de las
circunstancias, está protegida por la falta de reciprocidad entre la oferta y la
aceptación, aunque sea en un aspecto mínimo, como un recurso para no llevar a
cabo el acuerdo. Estos acuerdos se materializaron en forma impresa: el anverso
contenía una serie de espacios en blanco donde se cumplían las condiciones
específicas de la oferta o aceptación, y el reverso incluía una miríada de cláusulas
que, como era de esperar, normalmente nadie lee. Los precios se fijaron de
acuerdo con los del mercado. Y como la aceptación debería coincidir con la oferta,
y no fue así, el vendedor no tenía la obligación de entregar. Los vendedores están
obligados a cumplir con el contrato al precio establecido inicialmente.
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2. Después del cumplimiento: una vez que el vendedor ha enviado los productos y
el comprador los ha recibido, puede surgir la pregunta sobre algún aspecto del
cumplimiento (generalmente sobre la calidad). En estos casos no se cuestiona la
existencia del contrato, ya que está claro que la respuesta es afirmativa, aunque
solo sea como resultado del comportamiento de ambos; La cuestión fundamental
radica en determinar el contenido del contrato: las cláusulas que rigen.
Oferta de respuesta
1. Regla de espejo o regla de imagen de espejo: para que la respuesta a una oferta
constituya aceptación, debe coincidir con todos los términos de la primera sin
ninguna variación; Cualquier modificación (ya sea por adición o cambio) de los
términos de una oferta hace que la aceptación sea una contraoferta. En el mundo
del Derecho Común, esta concepción se llama una regla de imagen espejo, porque
la aceptación debe ser como el reflejo de la oferta en un espejo: exacto.
2. Regla de la última palabra o la regla del último tiro: si la oferta y la aceptación no
coinciden, según la regla anterior, esta última se convierte en una contraoferta;
entonces el cumplimiento del oferente es equivalente a la aceptación de esa
contraoferta, a pesar de esta falta de coincidencia. El contrato se rige por los
términos de la oferta de aceptación, que son los términos de la oferta inicial más
los agregados (que pueden ser términos adicionales simples o incluso contrarios
a cualquiera de la oferta inicial). De esta forma, el contrato se rige por los últimos
92 propuestos a tiempo. La única excepción a esta situación es el rechazo expreso
por parte del oferente de los términos de la contraoferta. Sin embargo, como es
habitual en la práctica, el postor es el comprador y el aceptante el vendedor,
quien hace la propuesta posterior es el último. Con lo cual la doctrina contractual
tradicional tiende a favorecer al vendedor.
Perfección contractual
Cancelación de contrato
La "cancelación" ocurre cuando cualquiera de las partes pone fin al contrato por
incumplimiento de la otra parte o su efecto es el mismo que el de la "terminación",
excepto que la parte canceladora también retiene cualquier remedio por incumplimiento
del contrato completo o cualquier saldo no ejecutado.
COMPARATIVE RIGHT
What is a contract?
Contract by which the seller transmits or, when appropriate, undertakes to transfer
ownership of an asset to the buyer, a change in a price that the buyer agrees to pay. The
dismemberment of a property right, or any other right, can also be transmitted by sale.
A sales contract is an agreement between a buyer and a seller that covers the sale and
delivery of goods, securities and other personal property. In the United States, national
sales contracts are governed by the Uniform Commercial Code. International sales
contracts are framed in the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International
Sale of Goods (CISG), also known as the Vienna Sales Convention.
According to Article 2 of the UCC, a contract for the sale of goods for more than $ 500
must be in writing to be enforceable (UCC 2-201). The sale of securities is a special case
covered in Article 8 (UCC 8-319); In order for it to be enforced, a contract for the sale of
securities must be in writing, possibly of the amount involved. For the sale of other types
of personal property, a minimum of $ 5,000 must be involved before an enforceable
contract is made in writing. Otherwise, an oral agreement is enforceable as a binding
contract.
It is said that the contracts that must be written to be enforceable are within the Statute
of Fraud. The Statute of Fraud dates back to 1677, when the English Parliament decreed
what types of contracts should be in writing. The affected parts of the UCC effectively
affect the types of sales contracts that must be written. In addition, each state has its
own version of the Fraud Statute.
According to the UCC, a written sales contract must specify the parties involved, the
subject of the seller and any material or special terms or conditions. Some states also
require that the consideration, amount and type of payment be specified. But the UCC
does not require a formal sales contract. In many cases, a memorandum or a collection
of documents is sufficient compliance. The courts have argued that a written check may
have a written memorandum of a sales agreement. The UCC allows a written sales
contract to be executed, even if it neglects the material terms and is not signed by both
parties. However, a party may not create a contract of sale by itself that is binding on the
other party, and the defense or the person against whom the contract is requested must
sign an enforceable contract.
COMPRAVENTA
Sales contract, "Sales contract" includes both a real sale of goods and a contract to sell
goods at a future time. A "sale" consists of passing the title of the seller to the buyer for
a price (Section 2-401). A "current sale" means a sale that is made by performing the
contract; the parties conform to the contract when they fulfill the obligations of the
contract.
FORMS OF CONTRACTING
1. Hiring by adhesion: they are also called adhesion contracts, in which there is no
reciprocal process in their formation: one part is the one that carries the weight, the other
simply must give consent, adhere. Take it or leave it. It is the model that usually applies
to relationships between entrepreneurs and consumers.
2. Hiring through forms: there is a bilateral negotiation process, in addition to the content
of the contract is not determined through individual documents, but through printed
forms, with blank spaces. This model is used more frequently in relations between
entrepreneurs, although not exclusively, since it is also necessary at the beginning, but
without applying the rules of defense of consumers.
THE REQUIREMENT OF THE COINCIDENCE BETWEEN THE OFFER AND THE ACCEPTANCE
Object delimitation
One of the traditional requirements regarding the formation of the contract is the perfect
identity between the offer and the acceptance, so that any modification with respect to
the offer introduced by the acceptor in its declaration makes it a counter offer. However,
in the current contract, many acceptances do not coincide exactly with the offer, and not
because the parties disagree on the basic issues (price, quantity, object), but because in
minor aspects, and sometimes even unconsciously, the acceptor introduces a
modification to the offer. And what is worse, the bidder generally does not even notice
them, because in reality these terms have not been negotiated. In practice, a dispute that
arises from this requirement generally arises in two situations:
2. After compliance: once the seller has sent the products and the buyer has received
them, the question may arise about some aspect of compliance (usually about quality).
In these cases the existence of the contract is not questioned, since it is clear that the
answer is affirmative, if only as a result of the behavior of both; The fundamental question
lies in determining the content of the contract: the clauses that govern.
Answer Offer
1. Mirror rule or mirror image rule: for the response to an offer to constitute acceptance,
it must match all the terms of the first without any variation; Any modification (either by
addition or change) of the terms of an offer makes acceptance a counter offer. In the
world of Common Law, this conception is called a mirror image rule, because acceptance
must be like the reflection of the offer in a mirror: exact.
2. Rule of the last word or the rule of the last shot: if the offer and acceptance do not
match, according to the previous rule, the latter becomes a counter offer; then the
fulfillment of the bidder is equivalent to the acceptance of that counter offer, despite this
lack of coincidence. The contract is governed by the terms of the acceptance offer, which
are the terms of the initial offer plus the aggregates (which may be simple additional
terms or even contrary to any of the initial offer). In this way, the contract is governed by
the last 92 proposed on time. The only exception to this situation is the express rejection
by the bidder of the terms of the counter offer. However, as usual in practice, the bidder
is the buyer and the acceptor is the seller, who makes the subsequent proposal is the last.
With which the traditional contractual doctrine tends to favor the seller.
Contractual Perfection
1. For the perfection of a contract it is not necessary to agree all the elements of it. This
statement is based on a distinction between essential elements and accidental elements
of the contract.
2. If the benefits of a contract are carried out without any objection to the printed
conditions sent by the counterparty, such omission implies acceptance, which constitutes
a case of relevant silence.
The "termination" occurs when either party in accordance with a power created by
agreement or law terminates the contract in a manner other than for breach. In
"termination", all obligations that are still enforceable on both sides are released, but any
right based on prior breach or performance survives.
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Contract cancellation
"Cancellation" occurs when either party terminates the contract for breach of the other
party or its effect is the same as that of the "termination", except that the canceling party
also retains any remedy for breach of the entire contract or any Balance not executed.
• It is a bilateral and synalagmatic contract, which gives rise to obligations on both sides
of the parties, obligations that are reciprocal and interdependent, so that the action of
each party is actually carried out due to the legal obligation assumed by the other party ;
• It is an onerous contract, since it is foreseen for each party, a capital gain and interest,
each of which assumes the specific obligations to obtain a consideration (do ut des);
• It is a transfer of rights contract, due to the fact that the right of ownership is transferred
from the seller's assets to the buyer's assets, generally in relation to the assets
determined individually, when it affects a given individual
The price can be made payable in money or otherwise. If all or part of the goods are paid,
each party is a seller of the goods to be transferred. Although all or part of the price is
payable in an interest in real estate, the transfer of the goods and obligations of the seller
with reference to them are subject to this Article, but not the transfer of interest in real
estate or obligations of the transferor in relation to them. .
• The parties, if they wish, can enter into a sales contract even though the price has not
been settled. In this case, the price is a reasonable price at the time of delivery if: nothing
is said about the price; or the price is left to be agreed by the parties and they do not
succeed; or the price must be set in terms of any agreed market or other standard
established or registered by a third person or agency and is not established or registered.
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• A price to be fixed by the seller or the buyer means a price to be fixed in good faith.
• When a price that remains to be fixed other than by agreement of the parties is not
fixed because of one of the parties, the other may, at its option, treat the contract as
canceled or set a reasonable price itself .
• However, when the parties intend not to be linked unless the price is fixed or agreed
and is not fixed or agreed, there is no contract. In such a case, the buyer must return the
goods already received or, if he cannot do so, he must pay his fair value at the time of
delivery and the seller must return any part of the price paid on account.
Unless otherwise agreed, the place of delivery of goods is the place of business of the
seller or, if he has none, his residence; but in a contract for the sale of identified goods
that, according to the knowledge of the parties at the time of contracting, are located
elsewhere, that place is the place for delivery; and title documents can be delivered
through regular banking channels
In conclusion, the contract of sale is one of the most important contracts entered into in
today's society; It is the most common legal instrument by which the civil circulation of
goods and securities is carried out. Its legal and economic role is a natural and continuous
growth in the period of transition towards a functioning market economy.