Prameyratnasangrah Gujarati PDF

âd¡efÐ_k„N°l
âL$piL$—: îuhëgcpQpe® V²$õV$, dp„X$hu-L$ÃR>
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âL$piL$—:
îuhëgcpQpe® V²$õV$, L„$kpfp bÅf, dp„X$hu,
rS>.—L$ÃR>, NyS>fps, 370 465. ap¡_—:—(—02834—) 231463
Email : gosharad@rediffmail.com
Must Visit :
http://www.pushtimarg.net
http://vallabhacharyavidyapeeth.org/
kç`pv$L$—: Np¡õhpdu ifv¹$ (—dp„X$hu-L$ÃR>—)
â\d k„õL$fZ : 1999, ârs : 4,000

qÜsue k„õL$fZ : rh.k„. 2064 ârs : 3,000
s©sue k„õL$fZ : rh.k„. 2070 ârs : 2,000
N°Þ\âL$pi_ klpe—: ê$.—50

fhp_Nu-`¡qL»$N hN¡f¡ MQ® ê$.—15 (A_frS>õV$X®$)
âp[àsõ\p_ :
îuhëgcpQpe® V²$õV$, L„$kpfp bÅf,
dp„X$hu—-—L$ÃR>, NyS>fps,370 465.
ap¡_—:—02834—-—231463
(khpf¡ 10 \u 1 A_¡ kp„S>¡ 4 \u 6)
dyÖL$—:
`|h}â¡k âp. gu., fpS>L$p¡V$.
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âpL¹L$\_
S>ers îuhëgcpep£ S>ers Q rhÌ$g¡íhf: âcy: îudp_¹ &
`yfyjp¡ÑdíQ s¥íQ r_qv®$ô$p `yrô$`v¹$^rsf¹ S>ers &&
dlpâcy îuhëgcpQpe® Q fZ_¡ Arcâ¡ s (L$)sÒhv$i® _
(M)L$s®ìer_^p®fZ A_¡ (N)cNhëgugprQÞs_=îudv¹$cpNhsìep¿ep
k„b„û r_ê$`Zp¡_p kyìeh[õ\s AÝee__p¡ iycpf„c Å¡ L$fhp¡ lp¡e sp¡, `p¡s¡
îudv$pQpe® Q fZrhfrQs N° Þ \kprlÐedp„ ¾$di: L r_bÞ^pÞs® N s
M N
ipõÓp\®âL$fZ, kp¡m âL$fZN°Þ\p¡ A_¡ r_bÞ^pÞsN®s cpNhsp\®âL$fZ
_p _pdp¡ rhQpfu iL$pe.
Ap ÓZ¡e N°Þ\p¡D`f ìep¿epÐdL$ kprlÐe `Z `fhs}kpçâv$preL$

rhÜp_p¡A¡ `yóL$g âL$V$ L$f¡gy„ S> R>¡. S>¡d_¡, `fÞsy, d|gN°Þ\p¡\u iê$Aps L$fhu
AOfu gpNsu lp¡e, s¡hp rS>opkyAp¡dpV¡$ Ap ÓZ¡e qv$ipAp¡dp„
AÝee_epÓp_p kyMv$ iycpfçcdpV¡$ k„õL©$scpjpdp„ ÓZ âr¾$epN°Þ\p¡ L$pg¾$d¡
âL$V$ \ep lsp : îugpgycË$ÆL©$s âd¡efÐ_pZ®h, îurNqf^fÆL©$s
iyÙpÜ¥sdps®ÎX$ A_¡ îuNËw$gpgpÆL©$s h¡v$pÞsrQÞspdrZ.
Apd hpëgcds_p„ Ap âr¾$epN°Þ\p¡ `¥L$u L$p¡CL$ A¡L$ N°Þ\_y„ ìeh[õ\s

AÝee_ L$fhy„ k„r_›$ AÝee_p\}_¡ Apf„cdp„ OÏ„ D`L$pfL$ _uhX¡$ R>¡.
(L$) Ap âr¾$epN°Þ\p¡\u iê$Aps L$ep® `R>u, ¾$di:, buÅ, ÓuÅ A_¡

Qp¡\p sb½¡$ hpëgc sÒhv$i®__p ìeh[õ\s AÝee_dpV¡$ D`f S>Zph¡g
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r_bÞ^_p ipõÓp\®-kh®r_Z®e âL$fZp¡, AÏcpóe s©sueõL$Þ^ A_¡
h¡v$õsyrs_p kybp¡r^_uÆ rhÜÞdÎX$_; A_¡ AÞsdp„ 3Ahspfhpv$phgu A_¡
âõ\p_fÐ_pL$f N°Þ\p¡_p„ AÝee_ A`¡rns lp¡e R>¡.
(M) s¡dS> hpëgc ^d®kp^_p L¡$ L$s®ìer_^p®fZ _p kpQp õhê$`_¡

kdS>hpdpV¡$ 2 kìep¿e jp¡X$iN°Þ\p¡, 3 kh®r_Z®epÞsN®s kp^_âL$fZD`f
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âL$pipqv$ìep¿epAp¡ kp^_v$ur`L$p c[¼sl„k c[¼sl¡syr_Z®e; A_¡ AÞs¡
â\d-rÜsue-s©sue-A¡L$pv$i õL$Þ^p¡_p„ kybp¡r^_uÆ _p AÝee__p¡ ¾$d
Apv$i®fus¡ D`L$pfL$ \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡.
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(N) Ap rkhpe cNhëgugprQÞs_ L$fhp kpfy A¡V$g¡ L¡$
îudlpâcyÆ_¡ Arcâ¡s ""gugp„ Ly$h®_¹ ipõÓp\¯ Q õ\pèrs'' _u _urs_¡
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A_ygnu_¡ hpõsrhL$ gugprcâpe_¡ ùv$e„Nd L$fhpdpV¡$ kìep¿e
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jp¡X$iN°Þ\p¡_p„ kpdpÞe AÝee_ `R>u, îu`yfyjp¡Ñdklö_pd (kìep¿e),
Np¡›$uipg îuO_íepdcË$L©$s ipõÓõL$Þ^p\®âL$fZpÝepep¡_u rhcpNk|rQL$p L¡$
îucpNhsp\®r_bÞ^p_ykpfu îuNp¡Ly$gfpeL©$s AÝepep\®, rÓrh^_pdphgu
(kìep¿e) L¡$ v$idõL$Þ^p_y¾$drZL$p (kìep¿e); A_¡ cpNhsp\®âL$fZ_p
kfMp AÝee_ `R>u S>, AÞs¡ 4kybp¡r^_uÆ_y„ AÝee_ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ S>
AÝee_p\} îudlpâcyÆ_¡ kdyrQs Þepe Apù iL¡$ R>¡.
AÞe\p
L$C gugpÜpfp âcy `p¡sp_p A¥íhep®qv$ kpdÕe®_u
bpbsdp„ L$ep¡ ipõÓp\® õ\pr`s L$fhp dp„N¡ R>¡ !
L$C gugpÜpfp âcy `p¡sp_p r_v$p£j-kd lp¡hp D`fpÞs
L©$`p-v$ep-ndp-õhë`kÞsp¡rjsp_p õhcph_u bpbsdp„
L$ep¡ ipõÓp\® õ\pr`s L$fhp dp„N¡ R>¡ !
L$C gugpÜpfp âcy `p¡s¡ L$dp®sus A_¡ L$d®r_esag_p
r_epdL$ lp¡hp\u `p¡sp_¡ L$d®bÞ^_ _ lp¡hp R>sp„e gp¡L$dp„
^d®_p L$ep qv$ìe Apv$i®_¡ õ\pr`s L$fhp_u bpbsdp„ L$ep¡
ipõÓp\® õ\pr`s L$fhp dp„N¡ R>¡ !
Aphp b^p rhh¡L$p¡ Ap`Z_¡ gp^sp S> _\u. Aphp rhh¡L$ lp„rkg
L$ep® rh_p d_õhu fus¡ cNhëgugp_p„ A\®OV$_p¡ L$f_pfp D`v¡$iL$p¡ rhQpf A_¡
ìehlpf dp„ `p¡sp_u õhÃR>[Þv$sp S> gp¡L$p¡_¡ v$pMhsp lp¡e R>¡. Ap A¡L$
ArsL$ô$âv$ S> aL$s _l] bëL¡$ Arsie gÄÅS>_L$ Ap`Zp dpN®_u lL$uL$s
R>¡. ApS>¡ cNhÐõhê$` A_¡ cNhÐL$\p _¡ Ap`Z¡ aL$s ìe[¼sNs
gpc`|ÅdpV¡$ lp\¡ QX¡$g A¡L$ kõsp¡ lp\p¡ dp_u_¡ S> Ål¡fdp„ îudlpâcyÆ_p
D`v¡$ip¡_p _pd¡ ""dyMdõsurs h¼sìe„ îp¡sp L$[íQv¹$ crhóers'' A_¡
""g¡rMÞeõsurs rgrMsìe„ ¾¡$sp L$[íQv¹$ crhóers'' Þepe¡ âh(h„!)Q_ L¡$
`yõsL$p¡ âL$pris L$fu füp R>uA¡ !
hpZuõhpsÞÔe g¡rM_uõhpsÞÔe A_¡ ìe[¼sNs fyrQdyS>b

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^dp®_yóW$p_õhpsÞÔe _p„ L$p¡C_p `Z `rhÓ Ar^L$pfp¡_¡ `X$L$pfhp_y„ sp¡ _ S> lp¡e.
S>¡_¡, `fÞsy, S>¡ rhQpfhy„ bp¡ghy„ L¡$ S>¡d hfshy„ lp¡e s¡ `p¡s¡ `p¡sp_u
S>hpbv$pfu_p cp_ kp\¡ `p¡sp_p _pd¡ S> âL$V$ L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡. Apdp„ L$p¡C_¡
hp„^pcf¡gy„ iy„ gpNu iL¡$ ? Ap\u rh`fus `p¡sp_u gpQpfu L¡$ h¥QpqfL$-hprQL$-
ìephlpqfL$ õhÃR>[Þv$sp_u `pOX$u Å¡ buÅ_¡ dp\¡ Opghpdp„ Aphsu lp¡e sp¡ s¡
bp¥rÙL$; A_¡ _¥rsL$ fus¡ `Z, kh®\p A_yrQs S> lp¡e R>¡. klw kÄS>_p¡dpV¡$
kldrs`|h®L$ Ap hMp¡X$hp S>¡hy„ A¡L$ L©$Ðe b_u S>sy„ lp¡e R>¡ ! s¡dp„e `pR>u
Ap`Zp vy$rh®Qpf vy$cp®h vy$óL©$Ðe Aop_ L¡$ AÞ^îÙp _¡ Apcpfu A¡hu Ap`Zu
L$dÅ¡fuAp¡dp„ Å¡ Ap`Z¡ îudlpâcyÆ S>¡hp eyNpÞsfL$pfu dlp_¹ ApQpe®_y„
_pd k„X$p¡hsp lp¡CA¡ sp¡ s¡ sp¡ ¼epf¡e nçe lp¡C iL$sy„ S> _\u !
Aphu b¡S>hpbv$pf d_p¡h©rÑ_¡ L$pfZ¡ dpN®_u k¡hp_p W¡$L$pZ¡ Ap qv$ìe

dpN®_¡ Ap`Z¡ lpr_ S> h^pf¡ `lp¢QpX$u R>¡; A_¡ lÆ h^pf¡ `lp¢QpX$sp fluiy„ !
hpëgcds_p AÝee_dpV¡$ Ap âr¾$epN°Þ\p¡\u âpfçc L$ep® rh_p

kuû hp_f-R>gp„N dpfu_¡ kybp¡r^_uÆ rhN¡f¡ N°Þ\p¡dp„\u R|>V$L$-s|V$L$ hQ_p¡
V$p„L$u_¡ îudlpâcyÆ_p _pd¡ K^y-Qsy„ Ål¡fdp„ bpa_pfpAp¡ ldZp„ hfkpv$u
v¡$X$L$pAp¡_u dpaL$ `yóL$g hû Nep R>¡ !
Aphu L$`fu `qf[õ\rsdp„, îudlpâcy-îuâcyQfZpqv$ `|hp®Qpep£_p„

N°Þ\p¡`qv$ô$ rhjep¡_p r_ê$`Zp¡_¡, Äep„ kyû `yrô$dpN}e kp^pfZ S>_sp
õhphg„rbsp_p¡ ArcNd v$pMhu_¡ `p¡s¡ kcp_ \hp_p¡ `yfyjp\® âL$V$ _l] L$f¡,
Ðep„ kyû Ap âhs®dp_ vy$fhõ\p v|$f _l] S> \pe.
Np¡õhpdu îuifv¹$bphpA¡, s¡\u, "`yrô$âh¡riL$p' "`yrô$âh¡i' A_¡

"`yrô$`\' `y[õsL$pAp¡ âL$V$ L$ep® `R>u, lh¡ D`f S>Zph¡g âd¡efÐ_pZ®h N°Þ\_p
âpê$` (Synopsis)_p Ap^pf¡ S>¡ Ap âd¡efÐ_k„N°l âL$V$ L$ep£ R>¡, s¡
`yrô$dpN®dp„ õhe„rinL$ N°Þ\dpmp (Teach Yourself Series)_p A¡L$
kyfçe kyd_ sfuL¡$ klz kpQp `yrô$dprN®Ap¡ dpV¡$ Apl¹gpv$L$pfu A_¡ Arc_Þv$_ue
rkÙ \i¡ S> !
`yrô$dpN®_p„ ÓZ¡e Apepdp¡ • sÒhv$i®_ L$s®ìer_^p®fZ A_¡

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cNhëgugprQÞs__p„ A_¡L$rh^ âd¡ep¡_u bpbsdp„ âdpZ-ey[¼s`yf:kf
A_¡L$rh^ i„L$p-Apn¡`p¡_p„ kdp^p_ kp\¡ `qfQe L$fphu Ap`_pf
îugpgycË$Æv¹$hpfp gMpe¡g âd¡efÐ_pZ®h Mf¡Mf A¡L$ Arsie Av¹$cys
N°Þ\R>¡. âõsys "âd¡efÐ_k„N°l' s¡ N°Þ\_p„ âpf„rcL$ ÓZ âL$fZp¡ L¡$ rhh¡L$p¡_p„
Ap^pf¡ gMpe¡g N°Þ\ R>¡. bpL$u_p„ âL$fZp¡ L¡$ rhh¡L$p¡ `Z Aphu S> fus¡ _S>v$uL$_p
crhóedp„ âL$V$ \pe s¡hu îudlpâcyÆ_u L©$`ph©rô$ Np¡õhpdu îuifv¹$bphp D`f
hfk¡ s¡hp¡ iyc d_p¡f\ lz„ dpfp ùv$edp„ fpMy„ Ry>„.
buÅ L$p¡C_u bpbsdp„ L$p„C `Z gMhp-bp¡ghpdpV¡$ lz„ dpfu Ås_¡

Ar^L$pfu dp_u g¡hp_u A_r^L$pfQ¡óV$p sp¡ _ S> L$ê„$. Agbs¹ dpfu `p¡sp_u
bpbsdp„ A¡V$gy„ Qp¡¼L$k Å¡C-L$lu iLy„$ Ry>„ : õhdpN}e rkÙpÞsp¡_p„ b^p S>
dyØpAp¡_¡ Aphfu g¡_pf L$p¡CL$ A¡hp¡ kybp¡^ cpjpN°Þ\, S>¡ õhdpN}e
rkÙpÞsp¡_p„ ÓZ¡e Apepdp¡_p„ AÝee_ âpf„c L$fhp dp„N_pf_¡ Dèp¡Nu \C iL¡$,
s¡hp¡ gMu v¡$hp_u suh° dl¡jZp hfkp¡\u fpMhp R>sp„e lÆ kyû lz„ `p¡s¡ Aphp¡
L$p¡C N°Þ\ gMu i¼ep¡ _\u. sp¡ lh¡ Aphp¡ A¡L$ Ap N°Þ\âL$pris \hp S>C füp¡ R>¡,
Ap Arsie kÞsp¡j_p¡ rhje d_¡ gpN¡ R>¡.
s¡\u îu`yrô$âcy îudlpâcy A_¡ îuâcyQfZp¡ _u L©$`p\u Np¡õhpdu

îuifv¹$bphp_u Ap L©$rs klw `yrô$dpN}Ap¡_¡ õhdpN}e N°Þ\p¡`qv$óV$ sÒhv$i®__p
õhpÝepedp„ Arsie D`L$pfL$ \i¡ S> A¡hp iycrhíhpk kp\¡...
îuNp¡ù_p\âcyQfZ âpL$V¹$ép¡Ðkh
rh.k„.2052 : dy„bB. Np¡õhpdu íepd d_p¡lf
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âp¼¹L$\_
Ap`Zp ^d®ipõÓp¡dp„ L$l¡hpdp„ Apìe„y R>¡ L¡$ âÐe¡L$ b°pûZ—-—nrÓe—-
—h¥íe ÓZ F>Z—-—1.—v¡$h F>Z 2.—r`sf F>Z A_¡ 3.—F>rj F>Z kp\¡ S>Þd¡ R>¡.
v¡$h F>Z eoÜpfp, r`sf F>Z âÅ¡Ð`rÑ—-—îpÙ—-—s`®Zpqv$Üpfp Äepf¡ F>rj
F>Z h¡v$pqv$ipõÓp¡_p AÝee_—-—AÝep`_Üpfp QyL$s¡ \pe R>¡.
âÐe¡L$ `y[óV$c[¼sdpN}D`f `Z Ap ÓZ F>Zp¡ `y[óV$c[¼sdpN®_u

×[óV$\u `Z fl¡gp„ lp¡e S> R>¡. Ap\u S> S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ `p¡sp_¡ `y[óV$c[¼sdpN}e
dp_¡ R>¡ A_¡ `y[óV$c[¼sdpN}e b_u fl¡hp `Z dpN¡ R>¡ s¡d_pdpV¡$ Ap F>Z_¡
QyL$s¡ L$fhp AphíeL$ lp¡e R>¡, klS>v$pk lp¡hp\u. õh^d®`pg_ A_¡ k„sp_p¡dp„
h¥óZh—-—k„õL$pf_p tkQ_Üpfp buSy>„ F>Z QyL$s¡ \pe R>¡. A_¡ îuApQpe®QfZ
rhfrQs N°Þ\p¡_p AÝee_—-—AÝep`_Üpfp ÓuSy>„ F>Z QyL$s¡ \pe R>¡.
""cNhÃR>põÓp¡_y„ AÝee_ L$fu_¡ d_—-—hpZu—-—v¡$l\u cNhÐk¡hp

L$fhu Å¡CA¡'' •Aphu îuApQpe®QfZ_u õ`ô$ Apop lp¡hp R>sp„ A_¡ ApV$gy„
rh`yg N°Þ\kprlÐe `y[óV$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡dpV¡$ S> ApQpep£A¡ fÃey„ lp¡hp R>sp„ S>¡
`y[óV$c[¼sdpN}ep¡ õhdpN}e N°Þ\p¡_y„ AÝee_—-—AÝep`_ _\u L$fsp s¡d_p
dp\¡ îuApQpe®QfZ_y„ F>Z fl¡ S> R>¡. Ap F>Z_¡ QyL$s¡ L$fhy„ s¡ âÐe¡L$
`y[óV$c[¼sdpN}e_„y `rhÓ A_¡ Ar_hpe® L$s®ìe R>¡.
âpQu_L$pmdp„ ApQpe®h„iÅ¡ õhe„ ipõÓ s\p õhdpN}e N°Þ\p¡_p¡

Aæepk L$fsp A_¡ buÅ_¡ L$fphsp. AÝee_—-—AÝep`__u `f„`fp_p A_¡L$
apev$ p Ap¡ lsp. Ny f y — -—rióe bÞ_¡ _ p õhdpN® r hjeL$ Aop_—-
—AÞe\pop_(—N¡fkdS>—) v|$f \sp„. rhiyÙop_ âpàs \sy„. îuApQpe®QfZ_u
qv$ìe hpZu_p k„N\u s¡d_u L©$`p—-—âkÞ_sp âpàs \su. _hu_ â¡fZp dmsu.
kçâv$pedp„ Å¡ L$p¡C rhL©$rs—-—N¡ffurs âh¡isu sp¡ sfs S> Ýep_dp„ Aphu S>su.
rhL©$rsAp¡_¡ v|$f L$fhp_p¡ D`pe dmu S>sp¡. kçâv$pe D`f Apn¡` L$f_pfp
vy$S>®_p¡_¡ DÑf Ap`hp_y„ kplk s\p ep¡Áesp Aphsu. õh^dp®QfZdp„ k„ie,
ifd L¡$ k„L$p¡Q _ fl¡sp„. Ap b^p apev$pAp¡\u ApS>¡ Ap`Z¡ klz h[ÊQs R>uA¡.
Ap`Z¡ `y[óV$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡ ApS>¡ èp®às Aop_—-—AÞe\pop_dp„

Æhu füp R>uA¡. kçâv$pedp„ `¡ku Ne¡gu rhL©$rsAp¡_¡ Ap`Z¡ rkÙpÞs kçds—-
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—^d® kdÆ füp R>uA¡ Äepf¡ L¡$ kpQp rkÙpÞsp¡_¡ A^d® kdÆ füp R>uA¡.
kçâv$pe D`f \sp Apn¡`p¡_¡ _`y„kL$_u dpaL$ kp„cm¡ fpMhpdp„ S> h¥óZhsp
kdÆ füp R>uA¡. Ap`Zu Aphu vy$fhõ\p \hp_y„ A¡L$ dpÓ L$pfZ R>¡ õhdpN}e
d|mN°Þ\p¡_p AÝee_—-—AÝep`__u `f„`fp_y„ _óV$âpe: \h„y. Ap vy$fhõ\p_¡ Å¡
Ap`Z¡ ky^pfhp dpNsp lp¡CA¡ sp¡ s¡_p¡ A¡L$ dpÓ D`pe R>¡—: õhdpN}e
d|mN°Þ\p¡_p AÝee_—-—AÝep`__u âpQu_ `f„`fp_u `y_:õ\p`_p.
`funpL$pe®¾$d_p Apf„c\u S> Adpfu lpqv®$L$ Arcgpjp lsu L¡$ Ap

L$pe®¾$ddp„ Å¡X$p_pf rkÙpÞsrS>opky gp¡L$p¡ `y[óV$c[¼skçâv$pe_p d|m N°Þ\p¡_y„
Ahgp¡L$_ `p¡sp_u Ås¡ L$fu iL¡$ A_¡ buÅ_¡ L$fphu iL¡$ s¡hp¡ knd b_¡. L$p¡C
`Z Ås_u `|h®c|rdL$p rh_p ku^p S> d|mN°Þ\p¡\u AÝee__u iê$Aps
L$fphhu, `fÞsy, rlsphl _ gpNsp„ âh¡riL$p, `y[óV$âh¡i 1—-—2, `y[óV$`\ s\p
âd¡efÐ_k„N°l Üpfp iê$Aps L$fhpdp„ Aphu L¡$ S>¡\u d|mN°Þ\p¡_p âdyM
`pkpAp¡_y„ âp\rdL$ op_ AÝe¡spAp¡_¡ \C iL¡$. õhdpN®_y„ âp\rdL$ op_ d¡mìep
bpv$ S>¡d_u rkÙpÞsrS>opkp âbm b_u lp¡e s¡hp sÒhbycyÐky gp¡L$p¡dpV¡$,
Ap_p `R>u, õhdpN}e jp¡X$iN°Þ\ kp^_v$ur`L$p îukhp£Ñdõsp¡Ó Apqv$
N°Þ\p¡—-—_p kO_ AæepkdpV¡$ A¡L$ rhrióV$ `pW¹$e$¾$d_u iê$Aps L$fu füp R>uA¡.
Ap L$pe®¾$d_u iê$Aps L$fsp kde¡ Adpfu kdn L¡$hm s¡ S> gp¡L$p¡ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡Ap¡
r_óW$piug, ^¥e®hp_, `qfîdu A_¡ rS>opky R>¡. Ap Aæepk¾$ddp„ Å¡X$p_pf¡
`funp\} dV$u_¡ rhÛp\} b_hy„ `X$i¡. Ad_¡ `|Z® rhíhpk R>¡ L¡$ `y[óV$âcy s\p
îuApQpe®QfZp¡_u L©$`p\u Ap`Z¡ klz Ap qv$ipdp„ ApNm hû iL$uiy„.
Ap L$pe® kfm _\u, Ai¼e `Z _\u. AphíeL$sp R>¡ sp¡ dpÓ

dpN®r_óW$p_u. r_óW$p_u Äep¡s_¡ Ap`Z¡ byThp _ v$CA¡. kp\u h¥óZhdp„
r_óW$p_u Äep¡s_¡ âL$V$phuA¡. S>¡V$gu klpesp A¡L$—-—buÅ_u L$fu iL$pe s¡V$gu
L$fuA¡.
d|m N°Þ\p¡_y„ AÝee_ kfmsp\u A_¡ kç`|Z®sp\u L$fu iL$pe s¡dpV¡$

A_ychu rhÜp_ kç`pv$L$p¡Üpfp Ac|s`|h® `yõsL$p¡_y„ âL$pi_ \C fü„y R>¡. Ap
`yõsL$p¡ Myb S> Vy„$L$p kdedp„ Ap`_p lp\dp„ Aphu S>i¡. Ap `yõsL$p¡ A¡V$gp b^p
dprlsukcf A_¡ kfm li¡ L¡$ Anfop_ ^fph_pf L$p¡C `Z ìe[¼s s¡_¡ Aë`
dl¡_s\u kdÆ iL$i¡. Apd R>sp„ Å¡ Ap_p Aæepkdp„ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ Akyrh^p
13
S>Zpi¡ sp¡ s¡d_u klpespdpV¡$ "dpN®v$i®L$' `Z e\pkde D`gå^ \i¡.
`y[óV$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡_¡ d|mN°Þ\p¡_¡ Aæepk L$fphhp_p rhQpf\u DÐkprls \C_¡
A_¡L$ ApQpe®h„iÅ¡A¡ `Z õh^d® kdÆ_¡ "dpN®v$i®L$' b_hp_u kçdrs Apù
R>¡. dpN®v$i®L$ kçbÞû rhi¡j dprlsu rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ `p¡sp_p õ\pr_L$ r_funL$p¡
A\hp `funpk„QpgL$ dy¿eL¡$ÞÖp¡ `pk¡\u dmu iL$i¡. d|mN°Þ\p¡_p AÝee_—-
—AÝep`__p _hu_ Arcep__u ApV$gu c|rdL$p kp\¡ Ap "âd¡efÐ_k„N°l'
rhÛp\}Ap¡(—`funp\}Ap¡ _l]—)_¡ Ap`sp„ `fd lj®_p¡ A_ych \C füp¡ R>¡. Ap
N°Þ\dp„ "âd¡efÐ_pZ®h' N°Þ\_p "¿eprsrhh¡L$' rkhpe_p bpL$u b^p rhrhL$p¡_p¡
kdph¡i L$fu g¡hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡.
r`sp `p¡sp_p kÞsp_p¡_p crhóe_u kyfnpdpV¡$ S>¡d `p¡sp_u cp¥rsL$

kç`rÑ_y„ hkues_pdy„ gMsp lp¡e R>¡ s¡d îuApQpe®QfZ¡ `p¡sp_u `y[óV$k©[óV$_p
Apr^v¥$rhL$ DÐL$j®dpV¡$ rkÙpÞsN°Þ\p¡ê$ù hkues gMu fpMu R>¡. r`sp_„y
hkues_pdy„ hp„Qhp_u S>¡hu BÞs¡Åfu k„sp_p¡dp„ lp¡e R>¡ s¡_p L$fsp„ `Z h^y
BÞs¡Åfu kdN° `y[óV$k©[óV$dp„ îuApQpe®QfZp¡_p N°Þ\p¡_p AÝee_dpV¡$ ÅN¡
s¡hu `y[óV$âcy s\p îuApQpe®QfZp¡_p QfZpfrhÞv$dp„ Aæe\®_p.
AÞs¡, kçâv$pe_p AÞsf„N A¡hp A_¡L$ L$pep£dp„ Arsie ìeõs lp¡hp

R>sp„ Ap `yõsL$_p„ k„ip¡^_-k„`pv$_ D`fp„s Np¡õhpdu îuíepdd_p¡lfÆ
(qL$i_NY$-`pgp® ) A¡ `p¡sp_p S>¡ Aprih®Q_p¡ Apàep R>¡ s¡ Adpfp dpV¡$ Mf¡Mf
DÐkplh^®L$ R>¡.
hkÞs`ÊQdu 1999 `funpk„QpgL$ d„X$m hsu

Np¡õhpdu ifv¹$ (dp„X$hu-L$ÃR>)
14
A_y¾$drZL$p
1.â`ÊQ rhh¡L$ 21-42
1. S>Ns¹ b°ûpÐdL$ R>¡ 21
2. S>Ns¹ b°û_y„ L$pe® R>¡ 21
3. b°û `p¡s¡ S> S>NÐL$sp® R>¡ 22
4. b°û S>NÐL$pfZ `Z R>¡ 22
5. s¡ ArcÞ_r_rdÑp¡`pv$p_ L$pfZ R>¡ 22
D`pv$p_L$pfZ
r_rdÑL$pfZ
6. kÐL$pfZsphpv$ 23
7. kÐL$pfZsphpv$\u rcÞ_ dpÞespAp¡ 24
AÅrshpv$ õhcphhpv$ âsuÐekdyÐ`pv$hpv$
k„Opshpv$ Apf„chpv$ rhhs®hpv$
8. `qfZpdhpv$ 26
rhL©$s`qfZpdhpv$
ArhL©$s`qfZpdhpv$
9. S>Ns¹ b°û_y„ ArhL©$s`qfZpd R>¡ 27
10. S>Ns¹ kÐe R>¡ 28
11. ÅNrsL$ hõsyAp¡_p¡ Acph k„ch¡ L¡$ _l] ? 29
AÐeÞspcph
âpNcph
AÞep¡Þepcph
12. Acph _l] `Z rsfp¡cph 31
13. Qsyrh®^ Acphp¡_y„ r_fpL$fZ 32
AÐeÞspcph_y„ r_fpL$fZ
âpNcph-âÝh„kpcph_y„ r_fpL$fZ
AÞep¡Þepcph_y„ r_fpL$fZ
14. DÐ`rÑ _l] Aprhcp®h 35
AkÐL$pe®hpv$-DÐ`rÑ
kÐL$pe®hpv$-Aprhcp®h
15. ìepdp¡rlL$p dpep 38
16. dpep_p„ L$pep£ 38
ApÃR>pqv$L$p
15
AÞe\pâsursl¡syc|sp
17. ìepdp¡l__u âr¾$ep 39
18. rhjesp 40
19. S>Ns¹ A_¡ k„kpf 41
2. Æh rhh¡L$ 43-59
1. Æhk©rô$_y„ âep¡S>_ 43
2. Æhp¡_p¡ Aprhcp®h 43
3. ìeyÃQfZ ¼ep„ ? 43
4. S>X$ S>Ns¹ —b°ûL$pe® —`Z —ÆhpÐdp —b°ûp„i —S> 44
5. Æh AÏê$` R>¡ 44
6. ÆhpÐdp —A_¡ —S>X$S>Ns¹ —b°û\u —ArcÞ_ —R>¡ 45
7. c¡v$krlóÏ Ac¡v$ 45
8. spv$pÐçe 46
9. Ap_Þv$p„i_p¡ rsfp¡cph 46
10. hfZ 48
11. `„Q`hp® ArhÛp_p¡ k„b„^ 49
AÞs:L$fZpÝepk
âpZpÝepk
B[ÞÖepÝepk
v¡$lpÝepk
õhê$`rhõd©rs
12. v¡$l_u âp[às 51
k|ÿdv¡$l
õ\|mv¡$l
13. `„Q`hp® rhÛp 52
h¥fpÁe-kp„¿e-ep¡N-s`-c[¼s
14. ÆhpÐdpAp¡_u ÓZ Ahõ\pAp¡ 52
iyÙ
bÙ/k„kpfu
dy¼s
15. ÆhpÐdp_p¡ kpnpÐL$pf 53
16. Æhp¡_p„ NyZp¡ 54
16
`qfdpZ-k„¿ep-`©\¼Ðh-v¥$riL$`fÐhp`fÐh-q¾$epkpdÕe®
âpZ^pfZâeÐ_-õhà_âL$piL$Ðh-gp¥qL$L¡$[ÞÖepN°püÐh
rhkr`®Q¥sÞe-ìep`L$Ðh
17. Æhp¡_p„ âL$pf 55
1. v¥$hu
A$. `yrô$Æh
L$. iyÙ`yrô$ M.`yrô$`yrô$
N. dep®v$p`yrô$ N. âhpl`yrô$
Ap. dep®v$pÆh
2. Apkyfu
18. dy[¼s_p„ b¡ âL$pfp¡ 57
ÆhÞdy[¼s
rhv¡$ldy[¼s
19. dyL¹$Ðer^L$pfu v¥$hu Æhp¡_p„ b¡ âL$pfp¡ 57
`yrô$Æh_u dy[¼s
dep®v$pÆh_u dy[¼s
20. dy[¼s_p„ rhrh^ âL$pfp¡ 58
21. Apkyfu Æhp¡_u dy[¼s 58
3. d|gê$` rhh¡L$ 60-76

1. `fsÒh 60
2. b°û —`fdpÐdp —cNhp_¹ —îuL©$óZ —A_¡ —s¡d_p —Ahspfp¡ 60
3. k[ÃQv$p_„v$ —lp¡hy„ —s¡ —b°û_y„ —ApNhy„ —õhê$` —R>¡ 61
ks¹-rQs¹-Ap_Þv$
4. s¡ S> b°û k©rô$_p¡ kS>®L$-`pgL$-k„lpfL$ R>¡ 62
5. "b°û' —L$lp¡ —L¡$ —"kh®ìepr`sÒh' —L$lp¡ : A\® A¡L$ S> 62
õ\p_/v¥$riL$`qfÃR>¡v$
kde/L$prgL$`qfÃR>¡v$
hõsy/õhê$`L©$s`qfÃR>¡v$
6. s¡ —kh®ìepù —khp®ÐdL$ —lp¡hp\u —rÓrh^c¡v$hrS>®s —R>¡ 63
kÅsuec¡v$
rhÅsuec¡v$
õhNsc¡v$
17
7. s¡ A_¡L$ qv$ìe NyZ^dp£\u `qf`|Z® lp¡e R>¡ 65
kpL$pf-Aìee-kh®kd\®-L$sy¯ kd\®-AL$sy¯ kd\®-AÞe\pL$sy¯
kd\®-õhsÞÓ-kh£íhf-kh®o-r_Ny®Z-khp®^pf-kh®rhgnZ-
ArcÞ_r_rdÑp¡`pv$p_-rhfyÙ^dp®îe-sL$p®Np¡Qf-A×íe
õh¡ÃR>ep×íe-kdp_-L$d®amv$psp
8. `fb°û îuL©$óZ 71
9. Anfb°û 71
10. Anfb°û_p¡ `fb°û kp\¡_p¡ k„b„^ 72
^d®-^rd®kçbÞ^
^pd-^prdkçbÞ^
11. NrZsp_„v$ 73
12. r_fpL$pf 73
13. Anfb°û_u âsursdp„ Ar^L$pfc¡v$ 73
14. k©[óV$âr¾$ep 74
15. kd[óV$ AÞsep®du 75
16. sÒhkpfZu 76
4. `y[óV$ rhh¡L$ 77-90

1. kpL$pf/iyÙpÜ¥s b°ûhpv$ 77
2. sÒh×[óV$ A_¡ gugp×[óV$ 78
3. sÒhv$i®__p¡ Dv¹$v¡$íe 79
4. `y[óV$ 80
5. kpdÕep®_y`psu/kp^pfZ `y[óV$ 80
6. kykp^_ÆhrhjeL$ A_yN°l 82
-kp^_pr^L$agâv$ A_yN°l
-kp^_p_yL|$gagâv$ A_yN°l
7. r_:kp^_ÆhrhjeL$ A_yN°l 83
8. vy$óV$kp^_ÆhrhjeL$ A_yN°l 83
-L$pgbp^L$ A_yN°l
-L$d®bp^L$ A_yN°l
-õhcphbp^L$ A_yN°l
9. õhcphp_y`psu/rhi¡j A_yN°l 85
10. `y[óV$_p c¡v$\u c[¼s_p c¡v$ 87
18
-dep®v$p c[¼s -`y[óV$ c[¼s
11. Qsyrh®^ `y[óV$c[¼s 88
-âhpl`y[óV$ c[¼s -dep®v$p`y[óV$ c[¼s
-`y[óV$`y[óV$ c[¼s -iyÙ`y[óV$ c[¼s
5. `y[óV$c[¼s Ar^L$pf rhh¡L$ 91-102

1. õ\peu fyrQ S> kpQu fyrQ 91
2. fyrQ \hp_p¡ âL$pf 92
3. fyrQ S>Nphhp_p¡ kpQp¡ A_¡ iyÙ D`pe 92
4. fyrQ_p âL$pfp¡ 98
-`fp¡nfyrQ -A`fp¡nfyrQ
5. fyrQ_p¡ rhL$pk : â¡d - Apk[¼s - ìek_ 100
6. khp®Ðdcph rhh¡L$ 103-106

1. khp®Ðdcph 103
2. khp®Ðdcph_p âL$pfp¡ 104
-k„ep¡NL$pgu_ khp®Ðdcph
-rhâep¡NL$pgu_ khp®Ðdcph
3. kpQp¡ khp®Ðdcph sp¡ c[¼s\u \pe s¡ S> 106
4. dep®v$pdpN}e khp®Ðdcph 106
5. c¼s_p cphp_ykpf khp®Ðdcph 106
7. `y[óV$dpN}eag rhh¡L$ 107-136

1. c¼s_u L$pd_p : cNhp_¹ 107
2. rÓrh^ am 107
-Agp¥qL$L$ kpdÕe®
-kpeyÄe
-h¥Ly$ÎW$pqv$ qv$ìegp¡L$dp„ k¡hp¡èp¡rNv¡$l_u âp[às
3. r_fp¡^ 111
4. r_fp¡^ c¼s_p¡ A_¡ cNhp__p¡ 112
5. r_fp¡^_p L$fZ - õhê$` - L$pe® - âep¡S>_ 112
6. kp^_r_fp¡^ 114
19
7. amr_fp¡^ 115
8. c¼sp¡_p cphp_yê$` gugp 115
9. _h^pc[¼s 117
10. cph_p 119
11. kp^_p_yê$` cph_p 120
12. Aprhcp®hp¡Ðkh 121
13. ârsbÞôp_ 122
14. cNhp__y„ ifZ 122
15. ArhÛp_pi 122
16. N©lpk[¼s_p¡ _pi 123
17. fpS>kcph_u r_h©rÑ 124
18. dplpÐçebp¡^ 124
19. _pdõdfZ 125
20. Nyàsfus¡ Apkyf cphp¡_p¡ _pi 125
21. cNhp_dp„ v$p¡jv$i®_ _l] 126
22. cNhp_dp„ gp¥qL$L$ r¾$ep - ^d® _\u lp¡sp 126
23. c[¼s_u h©rÙ `Z cNhp_Üpfp 127
24. NyZNp_krls k¡hp 128
25. cNhv¹$^dp®_yfp¡û kd`®Z 129
26. cNhp_¹ c[¼s\u hi \pe R>¡ 130
27. h°S>gugp_yê$` cp¡N - kpS> - kÄÅ 130
28. k¡hp„$N$kpdN°u_p v$p¡jp¡_y„ r_hpfZ 131
29. NyZNp_ 132
30. v¡$lpÝepk_u r_h©rÑ 132
31. B[ÞÖepÝepk_u r_h©rÑ 132
32. AÞs:L$fZpÝepk_u r_h©rÑ 133
33. `p¡sp_p õhê$`_y„ op_ 133
34. rhep¡Ndp„ NyZNp_ 133
35. AÞepîeÐepN 134
36. cNhv$pop`pg_ 134
37. h¥óZh_„y S> AÞ_ g¡hy„ 135
38. D`k„lpf 135
20
1. â`„Qrhh¡L$
S>Ns¹ L¡$ â`„Q A¡ `fdpÐdpÜpfp r_rd®s A¡L$ ¾$uX$p„NZ R>¡. Ap
¾$uX$p„NZdp„ v$f¡L$ ÆhpÐdpA¡ `fdpÐdp_p k„L¡$s dyS>b `p¡s-`p¡sp_p¡ v$ph
M¡ghp_p¡ R>¡. AÃR>p M¡gpX$udpV¡$ A¡ S>ê$fu lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ A¡ `p¡sp_p ¾$uX$põ\m_¡
Qp¡d¡f\u `|Z®`Z¡ ÅZu-kdÆ g¡. ¾$uX$põ\m_¡ ÅZu-kdÆ g¡hp R>sp„
M¡gpX$u Ðep„ kyû kam \C iL$sp¡ _\u L¡$ Äep„ kyû s¡ `p¡sp_¡ ¾$uX$põ\m_p
õhê$` L¡$ õhcph _¡ A_yê$` b_phu_¡ `p¡sp_p¡ v$ph _ M¡g¡. Ap\u v$f¡L$
ÆhpÐdpdpV¡$ A¡ S>ê$fu lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ s¡ S>Ns¹_p sp[ÒhL$ õhê$`_¡ ÅZ¡ A_¡ s¡
õhê$`_p A_yê$` `p¡sp_u Æh_kp^_p_¡ ApL$pf Ap`¡.
S>Ns¹ b°ûpÐdL$ R>¡ :
ipõÓdp„ b°û_p õhê$`_y„ r_ê$`Z k[ÃQv$p_„v$pÐdL$ sÒh sfuL¡$
L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. ks¹ + rQs¹ + Ap_„v$ = k[ÃQv$p_„v$. b°û Äepf¡ S>Ns¹_¡
âL$V$ L$fhp_u BÃR>p L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ `p¡sp_p "ks¹' _pdL$ NyZ^d® hX¡$ `p¡s¡ S>
S>Nv¹$ê$`¡ `qfZd¡ R>¡. Ap\u S>, kp¡_p_p b_¡gp Of¡Zp„ S>¡d kyhZp®ÐdL$ lp¡e
R>¡, dpV$u_p b_¡gp fdL$X$p„ S>¡d d©v$pÐdL$ lp¡e R>¡ s¡d, b°û `p¡s¡ S> S>Nv¹$ê$`¡
`qfZdsy„ lp¡hp\u s\p S>Ns¹_p kh® `v$p\p£dp„ Ap¡sâp¡s L¡$ A¡L$d¡L$ \C_¡ fl¡sy„
lp¡hp\u, ipõÓp¡dp„ S>Ns¹_y„ hZ®_ b°ûpÐdL$ sfuL¡$ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. `©Õhu
S>m s¡S> hpey A_¡ ApL$pi ê$ù `p„Q dlpc|sp¡\u OX$pe¡g lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡
S>Ns¹_¡ S> "â`„Q' `Z L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
S>Ns¹ b°û_y„ L$pe® R>¡ :

kpdpÞe bp¡gQpgdp„ `pZu cfhy„, M¡su L$fhu, ipmpA¡ S>hy„ hN¡f¡_¡
"L$pe®' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Al], `fÞsy, S>Ns¹dpV¡$ Äepf¡ "b°û_y„-L$pe®' iåv$
hp`fhpdp„ Aphsp¡ lp¡e Ðepf¡ "L$pe®' iåv$ L$p¡CL$ `pqfcprjL$ A\®dp„ h`fpsp¡
lp¡e R>¡. "L$pe®' A¡V$g¡ S>¡ âL$V$/DÐ`Þ_ \pe s¡. Ap\u, S>Ns¹_y„ âpL$V$é L¡$
S>Ns¹_u DÐ`rÑ b°ûÜpfp \C R>¡ s¡ A\®dp„ S>Ns¹ A¡ b°û_y„ L$pe® R>¡. Ap
bpbs_¡ gp¥qL$L$ ×óV$pÞs_u klpesp\u kdS>sp„ •Of¡Zp„ kp¡_u b_ph¡ R>¡
Ap\u Of¡Zp S>¡d "kp¡_u_y„ L$pe®' NZpe R>¡, dpV$gy„ Ly„$cpf b_ph¡ R>¡ Ap\u
dpV$gp_¡ S>¡d "Ly„$cpf_y„ L$pe®' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡; s¡d S>Ns¹_y„ r_dp®Z b°ûdp„\u
`p¡s¡ b°ûÜpfp \e¡gy„ lp¡hp\u S>Ns¹_¡ "b°û_y„-L$pe®' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
21
b°û `p¡s¡ S> S>Ns¹-L$sp® R>¡ :
Ly„$cpf S>¡d dpV$gp„ fdL$X$p„ sphX$u hN¡f¡ b_ph¡ R>¡, Ap\u Ly„$cpf_¡
dpV$gp„ hN¡f¡ L$pep£_p¡ "L$sp®' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ b°û¡ S>Ns¹_y„
r_dp®Z L$e®y„ lp¡hp\u b°û_¡ "S>Ns¹-L$sp®' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
b°û S>Ns¹-L$pfZ `Z R>¡ :

S>¡dp„ L¡$ S>¡_pÜpfp hõsy DÐ`Þ_ \pe s¡_¡ "L$pfZ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
buÆ fus¡ L$l¡hy„ lp¡e sp¡ S>¡_p rh_p hõsy DÐ`Þ_ _ \C iL¡$ s¡_¡ "L$pfZ'
L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. v$p.s. dpV$gy„ A¡L$ L$pe® R>¡. dpV$gp_¡ DÐ`Þ_ L$fhpdpV¡$ dpV$u
`pZu QpL$X$p¡ v„$X$p¡ hN¡f¡_u âp\rdL$ S>ê$fuAps fl¡ R>¡. Apdp„_u L$p¡C `Z hõsy
M|V¡$ sp¡ dpV$gy„ _ b_u iL¡$. Ap\u dpV$u hN¡f¡_¡ dpV$gp_p„ "L$pfZ' L$l¡hpdp„
Aph¡ R>¡. S>Ns¹_p¡ L$sp® S>¡d b°û R>¡ s¡d S>Ns¹_y„ L$pfZ `Z b°û S> R>¡.
s¡ ArcÞ_r_rdÑp¡`pv$p_ L$pfZ R>¡ :

dpV$gy„ dpV$u\u b_¡ R>¡. `pZu, QpL$X$p¡, v„$X$p¡ hN¡f¡ dpV$gp_¡ b_phhpdp„
klpeê$` \pe R>¡. Of¡Zp„ kp¡_p\u b_¡ R>¡. l\p¡X$u A¡fZ L$p_k hN¡f¡ Of¡Zp„
b_phhpdp„ klpeê$` \pe R>¡. Ap ×óV$pÞsp¡_¡ Ýep_`|h®L$ Å¡sp„ b¡ bpbsp¡
Ýep_ M¢Q¡ R>¡ :
1. hõsy_y„ r_dp®Z L$p¡CL$ `v$p\® L¡$ Öìe\u \pe R>¡.
2. hõsy_p r_dp®Zdp„ L¡$V$gpL$ klpeL$ kp^_p¡_u S>ê$qfeps lp¡e R>¡.
Ap_¡ S> Å¡ sL®$ipõÓue cpjpdp„ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ A¡d L$lu iL$pe
L¡$ L$p¡C `Z hõsy_u DÐ`rÑ_p„ dy¿eÐh¡ b¡ L$pfZp¡ lp¡e R>¡ :
1. D`pv$p_L$pfZ
2. r_rdÑL$pfZ
D`pv$p_ L$pfZ : S>¡ L$pfZ `p¡sp_p L$pe®\u Sy>v$p `X$ép rh_p L$pe®_p ê$`dp„
`qfZdu S>sy„ lp¡e s¡hp L$pfZ_¡ "D`pv$p_L$pfZ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. v$p.s.
dpV$u A¡L$ A¡hy„ Öìe R>¡ L¡$ S>¡_¡ OpV$ Apù_¡ OX$p¡ b_phhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. OX$p_p
ê$`dp„ OX$pe¡gu dpV$u_¡ OX$p\u Sy>v$u `pX$u iL$psu _\u. Ap L$pfZ¡ S> dpV$u_¡
OX$p_y„ "D`pv$p_L$pfZ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
22
r_rdÑ L$pfZ : D`pv$p_L$pfZ rkhpe_p L$pe®_u DÐ`rÑdp„ klpeL$ \sp„
L$pfZp¡_¡ "r_rdÑL$pfZ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. v$p.s. QpL$X$p¡ v„$X$p¡ `pZu hN¡f¡.
QpL$X$p¡ v„$X$p¡ `pZu hN¡f¡ dpV$gp_p„ r_dp®Zdp„ klpeê$` \_pfp `v$p\p£ R>¡. Ap\u
Ap `v$p\p£_¡ dpV$gp_p "r_rdÑL$pfZ' L¡$ "L$fZ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
kpdpÞe fus¡ L$p¡C `Z L$pe®_p D`pv$p_L$pfZ s\p r_rdÑL$pfZ
AgN-AgN lp¡e R>¡. S>Ns¹_p qL$õkpdp„, `fÞsy, D`pv$p_ A_¡ r_rdÑ
L$pfZ AgN-AgN _\u. b°û S> S>Ns¹_y„ D`pv$p_L$pfZ R>¡ A_¡ b°û S>
S>Ns¹_y„ r_rdÑL$pfZ `Z R>¡. kfm cpjpdp„ L$l¡h„y lp¡e sp¡ S>¡ dpV$u\u S>Ns¹_y„
r_dp®Z \pe R>¡ s¡ dpV$u `Z b°û S> R>¡; A_¡ dpV$u_¡ OpV$ Ap`hpdp„ klpeL$
\_pfp `pZu QpL$X$p¡ v„$X$p¡ hN¡f¡ `v$p\p£ê$` `Z `p¡s¡ b°û S> R>¡. A\p®s¹ S>¡
Öìe\u S>Ns¹ b_¡ R>¡ s¡ `Z b°û S> R>¡ A_¡ S>Ns¹_p r_dp®Zdp„ klpeL$
\_pfp âL©$rs `yê$j L$pg L$d® õhcph hN¡f¡ sÒhp¡ `Z `p¡s¡ b°û S> b_¡ R>¡.
Ap\u S> b°û_¡ S>Ns¹_y„ "ArcÞ_-r_rdÑp¡`pv$p_-L$pfZ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
A¡V$g¡ L¡$ S>Ns¹_y„ r_rdÑ A_¡ D`pv$p_ L$pfZ A¡L$-A[v¹$h$sue b°û S> R>¡.
kÐL$pfZsphpv$ :
L$pfZ_u bpbsdp„ b¡ âL$pf_p hpv$p¡ âQrgs R>¡. AkÐL$pfZsphpv$
A_¡ kÐL$pfZsphpv$. AkÐL$pfZsphpqv$Ap¡_y„ dp_hy„ R>¡ L¡$ buS>_p¡ _pi A¡ S>
A„Ly$f_u DÐ`rÑ_„y L$pfZ b_¡ R>¡. dpV$u_p t`X$_p¡ _pi S> dpV$gp_u DÐ`rÑ_y„
L$pfZ lp¡e R>¡. sg_p¡ _pi S> s¡g_u DÐ`rÑ_y„ L$pfZ b_¡ R>¡. Apd D`fp¡¼s
b^p S> ×óV$pÞsp¡dp„ `|h® hõsy_p¡ _pi Acph L¡$ AkÑp S> `pR>m\u âL$V$ \su
hõsy_y„ L$pfZ b_su v¡$Mpe R>¡. Ap `f\u AkÐL$pfZsphpv$u rQÞsL$p¡_y„ dp_hy„
R>¡ L¡$ Acph _pi L¡$ AkÑp S> DÐ`Þ_ \_pf hõsy_y„ L$pfZ lp¡e R>¡. Ap
rkÙpÞs_¡ "AkÐL$pfZsphpv$' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. îuhëgcpQpe®A¡ `p¡sp_p
dsdp„ AkÐL$pfZsphpv$_¡ dpÞesp _\u Apù. îuhëgcpQpe®_y„ L$l¡hy„ R>¡ L¡$
Aks¹ hõsydp„ L$pfZspê$` ^d® flu S> iL$sp¡ _\u. Ap\u Aks¹ hõsy L$p¡C_y„
`Z L$pfZ b_u S> _\u iL$su. Ap bpbs_¡ \p¡X$u kfm cpjpdp„ kdÆA¡.
kh® â\d "^d®'_p¡ A\® L¡$V$gpL$ Dv$plfZp¡_u klpesp\u kdÆA¡.

awg ^d} R>¡ sp¡ NÞ^ s¡_p¡ ^d® R>¡. `pZu ^d} R>¡ sp¡ iusgsp s¡_p¡ ^d® R>¡. k|e®
A¡L$ ^d} R>¡ sp¡ âL$pi s¡_p¡ ^d® R>¡. Æh `Z A¡L$ ^d} R>¡ sp¡ Q¥sÞe s¡_p¡ ^d®
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R>¡. Apd v$f¡L$ `v$p\®dp„ L$p¡CL$_¡ L$p¡CL$ âL$pf_u gpnrZL$sp L¡$ rhrióV$sp lp¡e R>¡
S>¡_p\u s¡ `v$p\®_u Ap¡mM \su lp¡e R>¡. `v$p\®_u Aphu gpnrZL$sp L¡$
rhrióV$sp_¡ S> `v$p\®_p¡ "^d®' L¡$ "NyZ^d®' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. ^d® l„d¡ip s¡ S>
`v$p\®dp„ flu iL¡$ L¡$ S>¡_y„ A[õsÐh lp¡e. A\p®s¹ S>¡_y„ kv$Þsf A[õsÐh S> _
lp¡e s¡hp Aks¹ `v$p\®dp„ L$p¡C `Z ^d® flu iL$sp¡ _\u. L$pfZsp A¡ `Z A¡L$
âL$pf_p¡ ^d® R>¡. v$p.s. dpV$u A¡ dpV$gp_y„ L$pfZ R>¡. Ap\u dpV$udp„ L$pfZspê$`
^d® R>¡. îuhëgcpQpe®_y„ L$l¡hy„ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡_y„ kv$Þsf A[õsÐh S> _ lp¡e s¡hu
Aks¹ hõsydp„ L$pfZspê$` ^d® flu S> _\u iL$sp¡. s¡hu [õ\rsdp„ Aks¹ hõsy
L$pfZ L¡$hu fus¡ b_u iL¡$ ? Ap\u îuApQpe®QfZ_y„ L$l¡hy„ R>¡ L¡$ Akv¹$ hõsy
L$p¡C_y„ `Z L$pfZ b_u iL$su _\u. Ap\u S>, buS>_p¡ _pi h©n_u DÐ`rÑ_y„
L$pfZ _\u b_sy„ bëL¡$ buS> Myv$ h©nê$`¡ `qfZdsy„ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡,
dpV$u_p t`X$_p¡ _pi dpV$gp_y„ L$pfZ _\u b_sp¡ dpV$u_p¡ bëL¡$ t`X$ S>
dpV$gpê$`¡ `qfZdsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap D`f\u kdÆ iL$pe R>¡ L¡$ S>¡d buS> dpV$u L¡$
sg S>¡hp ks¹ `v$p\p£ S> h©n dpV$gp L¡$ s¡g _p L$pfZ b_sp„ lp¡e R>¡, s¡d S>Ns¹
L¡$ S>Ns¹dp„_u âÐe¡L$ hõsy ks¹ L$pfZ_y„ S> `qfZpd R>¡, Aks¹_y„ _l].
kÐL$pfZsphpv$\u rcÞ_ dpÞespAp¡ :
S>Ns¹_u DÐ`rÑ i¡dp„\u \C R>¡ ? Ap âí__p¡ DÑf ip¡^hp_u
d\pdZdp„ A_¡L$ ds-hpv$p¡ âh©Ñ \ep R>¡. Apdp„ dy¿eÐh¡ AÅrshpv$
õhcphhpv$ âsuÐekdyÐ`pshpv$ k„Opshpv$ Apf„chpv$ rhhs®hpv$ rhL©$s
`qfZpdhpv$ ArhL©$s `qfZpdhpv$ hN¡f¡ hpv$p¡ R>¡. L$pfZ A_¡ L$pe® _u bpbsdp„
`p¡s-`p¡sp_p¡ ×[óV$L$p¡Z âõsys L$f_pfp Ap hpv$p¡_p¡ k„n¡`dp„ `qfQe d¡mhhp¡
õhds_¡ kdS>hpdp„ D`L$pfL$ \i¡. Apdp„ ArhL©$s `qfZpdhpv$
îuhëgcpQpe®_p¡ rkÙpÞs R>¡.
AÅrshpv$ : L$pfZ L¡$ L$pe® A¡ sp¡ dpZk_u L$p¡fu L$ë`_p S> R>¡. hõsys: _ sp¡
L$p„BL$ L$pfZ S>¡hy„ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ _ L$pe® S>¡hy„. Aphu ^pfZp âõsys L$f_pfp
îuNp¥X$`pv¡$ AÅrshpv$_p¡ rkÙpÞs âõ\pr`s L$ep£ lsp¡.
õhcphhpv$ : DÐ`Þ_ \hy„, rhÛdp_ fl¡hy„ A_¡ AÞs¡ _pi `pdhy„ s¡ sp¡ v$f¡L$
hõsy_p¡ _v$u_u dpaL$ kss âhpldp_ õhcph S> lp¡hp\u ApÐe[ÞsL$ ApN°l
fpMu_¡ AdyL$ hõsy L$p®e S> R>¡ L¡$ AdyL$ hõsy L$pfZ S> R>¡, Aphp vy$fpN°l`|Z®
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L$pe®-L$pfZcph_¡ õhuL$pfhp_u L$p¡B `Z bp¥rÙL$ AphíeL$sp lp¡su _\u.
âpQu_ L$pmdp„ õhcphhpv$u rhQpfL$p¡ `Z OZp lsp.
âsuÐekdyÐ`pv$hpv$ : L$l¡hpsp L$p¡B `Z A¡L$ S> L$pfZ\u L$l¡hpsy„ L$p¡B `Z
L$pe®, ¼epf¡e, DÐ`Þ_ \B iL$sy„ _\u. OZp b^p l¡syAp¡ c¡Np \pe(=âsuÐe)
sp¡ S> L$p¡BL$ A¡L$ L$pe®_p âL$V$(=kdyÐ`pv$) \hp_p¡ Apcpk \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap
ds byÙ cNhp_¡ D`v¡$íep¡ lsp¡.
k„Opshpv$ : hõsydpÓ õhgnZ R>¡. A\p®s¹ `p¡s¡ S>¡ R>¡ s¡ S> R>¡. Ap S> L$pfZ¡
hõsydpÓ õhsÞÓ R>¡. v$p.s. h©n A¡ `p¡sp_p õhê$`dp„ sp¡ h©n S> R>¡ `fÞsy
A_¡L$p_¡L$ h©np¡ Äepf¡ _ÆL$-_ÆL$ DN¡gp Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡, Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡_¡
"h_' L$l¡hpsy„ lp¡e R>¡. hõsys: h©np¡ rkhpe h_ S>¡hy„ L$iy„ lp¡sy„ _\u. kpdpÞe
gp¡L$p¡_u kdS>, `fÞsy, L$p„CL$ A¡hu lp¡e R>¡ : h©np¡ L$pfZ R>¡ Äepf¡ L¡$ h_ A¡
h©np¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ DÐ`Þ_ \sy„ A¡L$ L$pe® R>¡. k„Opshpqv$Ap¡_p ds¡ Ap kdS> Mp¡V$u
R>¡. s¡d_p rlkpb¡, hõsys:, h_ A¡ h©np¡_p¡ aL$s A¡L$ k„Ops=kd|l dpÓ R>¡,
DÐ`Þ_ \_pfy„ L$pe® _l]. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ S>Ns¹ `Z A_¡L$p_¡L$ nrZL$ `v$p\p£_p¡
L¡$hg A¡L$ k„Ops S> R>¡. k„Ops L$v$u `Z ×íe S>Ns¹_u bpü hpõsrhL$sp _
lp¡B ÖóV$p_u ApÞsqfL$ ^pfZp S> L¡$hm lp¡e R>¡. k„Opshpv$ `Z byÙ cNhp_¡
S> D`v¡$i¡g ds R>¡.
Apf„chpv$ : L$pfZê$` `v$p\p£_¡ Äepf¡ A¡L$W$p L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ Ðepf¡ L$p¡B L$pe®
`v$p\® DÐ`Þ_ \pe R>¡. v$p.s. Qp¡Mp v|$^ Mp„X$ hN¡f¡ L$pfZp¡_¡ Äepf¡ rhr^`|h®L$
A¡L$W$p L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ Muf(=L$pe®) b_¡ R>¡. Äep„ kyû Qp¡Mp hN¡f¡_¡
A¡L$W$p L$fhpdp„ _lp¡sp Apìep Ðepf¡ Muf_y„ A[õsÐh kv$Þsf _ lsy„. Äepf¡
L$pfZp¡ A¡L$W$p L$fhpdp„ Apìep, s¡ `l¡gp„ S>¡ hõsy_y„ A[õsÐh kv$Þsf _lp¡sy„,
s¡hu _|s_ hõsy_p¡ Ðepf `R>u Apf„c \pe R>¡. Ap\u v$f¡L$ L$pe® A¡L$ _|s_
Apf„c R>¡, A¡L$ iê$Aps R>¡. Ap ×[óV$A¡ S>Ns¹ `Z A¡L$ _|s_ Apf„c R>¡, A¡L$
_|s_ L$pe® R>¡. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ A¡L$ _|s_ kÐe R>¡. Apf„chpv$ Þepeds_p¡ rkÙpÞs R>¡.
Apf„chpv A_¡ k„Opshpv$ bÞ_¡ hpv$p¡ Ahehp¡\u Ahehu (=L$pe®)

_u DÐ`rÑ \su lp¡hp_u hps dp_¡ R>¡. Apdp„, `fÞsy, Apf„chpqv$Ap¡ L$pe®-
S>Ns¹_¡ kÐe dp_¡ R>¡, Äepf¡ L¡$ k„Opshpqv$Ap¡ L$pe®-S>Ns¹_¡ kÐe _\u dp_sp.
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rhhs®hpv$ : A„^pfpdp„ v$p¡fX$p D`f _S>f `X$sp„ k`®_p lp¡hp_p¡ Apcpk \sp¡
lp¡e R>¡. Al] v$p¡fXy„$ kÐe R>¡ Äepf¡ L¡$ k`® c°p[ÞsS>Þe lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡
rdÕep/AkÐe R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ S>Ns¹_u A_yc|rs Aop_S>Þe c°dZp_¡
L$pfZ¡ \su lp¡hp\u S>Ns¹ AkÐe/rdÕep R>¡. b°û S> A¡L$dpÓ kÐe sÒh R>¡.
"rhhs®' A¡V$g¡ L¡$ S>¡ hõsy lL$uL$sdp„ S>¡hu \B S> _ iL$su lp¡e, s¡hu fus¡ s¡_p¡
cpk \hp d„X$hp¡; A¡V$g¡ L¡$ s¡_u c°p[Þs \hu. rhhs®hpv$ îui„L$fpQpe£ âõsys
L$f¡gp¡ rkÙpÞs R>¡.
`qfZpdhpv$ :
Ap`Z_¡ Å¡ L$p¡C rQÓ b_phhy„ lp¡e sp¡ s¡_p dpV¡$ A_¡L$ `|h®
s¥epfuAp¡ L$fhu `X$su lp¡e R>¡. v$p.s. L$pNm/L¡$_hpk `¡[Þkg f„N `pZu hN¡f¡
A¡L$W$p L$fhp, `¡[ÞkghX¡$ âp\rdL$ rQÓ b_phhy„, f„N_y„ rdîZ s¥epf L$fhy„,
rQÓdp„ f„N `|fhp hN¡f¡. Aphu bû âr¾$epAp¡ `|Z® \sp„ `qfZpdõhê$`¡ rQÓ
âL$V$ \pe R>¡. Ap\u A¡d L$lu iL$pe R>¡ L¡$ L$pNm/L¡$_hpk `¡[Þkg f„N hN¡f¡
rQÓ_u `|hp®hõ\p L¡$ `|h®rkÙ L$pfZp¡ R>¡ Äepf¡ L¡$ rQÓ s¡d_u DÑfphõ\p L¡$
`pR>m\u âL$V$ \sy„ A¡L$ `qfZpd R>¡. `qfZpdhpqv$Ap¡_p¡ rkÙpÞs R>¡ L¡$ L$pfZ
A_¡ L$pe® A¡ A¡L$ fus¡ Å¡sp„ hõsy_u b¡ Ahõ\pAp¡ R>¡. v$p.s. bpm`Z qL$ip¡f
eyhp âp¥Y$ hN¡f¡ Ahõ\pAp¡ d_yóe_u lp¡e R>¡. Ahõ\pAp¡ bv$gpsu lp¡e R>¡.
Ahõ\p âdpZ¡ _hp¡-_hp¡ d_yóe S>_dsp¡ _\u lp¡sp¡. d_yóe L¡$ S>¡ bpmL$
lsp¡ s¡ S> qL$ip¡f b_sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. qL$ip¡f d_yóe S> eyhp_ b_¡ R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡
L$pfZ S> ¼épf¡L$ L$pe®ê$` ^pfZ L$fsy„ lp¡e R>¡. _|s_ L$p¡B hõsy DÐ`Þ_ \su _\u
L¡$ S>¡hu Þepeds_u dpÞesp R>¡. lh¡ L$pfZ S> Å¡ L$pe®ê$`¡ âL$V$ \sy„ lp¡e R>¡ sp¡
L$pe® AkÐe/rdÕep lp¡C S> L¡$hu fus¡ iL¡$ ! Ap\u L$pe® kÐe S> lp¡e R>¡. S>Ns¹
`Z kh®L$pfZê$` Aìe¼s âL©$rsdp„\u ìe¼s \e¡g L$pe® L¡$ `qfZpd R>¡. Aphu
dlrj® L$r`g_p kp„¿eds_u dpÞesp R>¡.
`qfZpd b¡ âL$pf_p lp¡e R>¡ :
1. rhL©$s `qfZpd
2. ArhL©$s `qfZpd
îuhëgcpQpe®_p ds¡ S>Ns¹ A¡ b°û_y„ ArhL©$s `qfZpd R>¡.

26
1. rhL©$s `qfZpd :
v|$^_¡ S>dphsp„ s¡ v$lu b_u S>sy„ lp¡e R>¡. v$lu_p ê$`dp„ `qfZdhp\u
v|$^_p `p¡sp_p NyZ^dp£dp„ rhL$pf Aphu S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡_p¡ õhpv$ MpV$p¡ \C
Åe R>¡. s¡ OË$ b_u Åe R>¡. ApV$gy„ S> _l] bëL¡$ v$lu b_u Nep `R>u s¡
`p¡sp_p„ d|mê$` A¡V$g¡ L¡$ v|$^_p õhê$`dp„ Aphu iL$sy„ _\u. v$l] `pRy>„ v|$^ b_u
iL$sy„ _\u. Ap L$pfZ¡ v$l]_¡ v|$^_y„ "rhL©$s `qfZpd' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. rhL©$s
`qfZpd_¡ kdS>hpdpV¡$ lh¡ Ap`Z¡ A¡d L$lu iL$uA¡ L¡$ D`pv$p_(v|$^) L$p¡C
L$pe®(v$l])ê$`¡ `qfZd¡; A_¡ s¡d \hp\u s¡_p d|m sp[ÒhL$ õhê$`dp„ Å¡ rhL$pf
L¡$ bv$gph Aphu Åe, sp¡ s¡hp `qfZpd_¡ "rhL©$s `qfZpd' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
2. ArhL©$s `qfZpd :
D`fp¡¼s âL$pf\u rh`fus D`pv$p_(kp¡_y„) L$pe® (Of¡Zp) ê$`¡ `qfZd¡;
A_¡ s¡d R>sp„ Å¡ s¡_p„ d|m sp[ÒhL$ õhê$`dp„ L$p¡C `Z âL$pf_u rhL©$rs L¡$
bv$gph _ Aph¡, sp¡ s¡hp `qfZpd_¡ "ArhL©$s `qfZpd' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. L$p¡C
hõsy Å¡ ArhL©$sê$`¡ `qfZdsu lp¡e sp¡ s¡_y„ ê$`pÞsfZ s¡_p d|mê$`dp„ i¼e
lp¡e R>¡. v$p.s. kp¡_p_p Of¡Zp„ kp¡_p_y„ ArhL©$s `qfZpd lp¡e R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$
Of¡Zp_p ê$`dp„ `qfZs \C S>hp R>sp„ kp¡_p_p d|mc|s sÒh L¡$ NyZ^d® dp„
L$p¡C `Z Ås_u rhL©$rs L¡$ bv$gph Aphsp¡ _\u lp¡sp¡. Ap S> L$pfZ¡ kp¡_p_y„,
Of¡Zp_¡ Ap¡Npmu _pMhp\u, `|h®ê$`dp„ ê$`pÞsfZ `Z i¼e lp¡e R>¡.
S>Ns¹ b°û_y„ ArhL©$s `qfZpd R>¡ :
`|h£ rhQpfu Nep s¡ âdpZ¡ b°û S> S>Ns¹_y„ r_rdÑ A_¡ D`pv$p_
Dceê$` L$pfZ R>¡. S>Ns¹_p r_dp®Zdp„ b°û rkhpe buSy>„ L$p¡C `Z sÒh cpN
cS>hsy„ _\u. b°û `p¡s¡ S> S>Ns¹_y„ r_dp®Z L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ `p¡s¡ S> S>Ns¹ê$`¡
`qfZd¡ `Z R>¡. S>Ns¹_p A_Þs _pd-ê$`p¡_¡ ^pfZ L$fsy„ lp¡hp R>sp„ b°û_p
õhê$`dp„ L$p¡C `Z âL$pf_p¡ rhL$pf _\u Aphsp¡. S>¡d kp¡_y„ Of¡Zpê$`¡ `qfZdsy„
lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡ kp¡_y„ S> fl¡ R>¡, kp¡_„y dV$u_¡ L$p„B Of¡Zp„ b_sp„ lp¡sp„ _\u. s¡d
S>Ns¹ê$`¡ `qfZdsy„ lp¡hp R>sp„ b°û `p¡s¡ b°û S> fl¡ R>¡. kdyÖdp„\u Nd¡ s¡V$gy„
`pZu Dg¡Qhpdp„ Aph¡, Nfdu\u Nd¡ s¡V$gy„ bpóùch_ \C Åe s¡d R>sp„,
kdyÖ A¡V$gp¡ _¡ A¡V$gp¡ S> `|Z® fl¡ R>¡. A`|Z® `qf[ÃR>Þ_ L¡$ kurds S>Ns¹ê$`¡
`qfZdsy„ lp¡hp R>sp„ b°û_u `|Z®sp A_Þssp L¡$ A`qf[ÃR>Þ_sp dp„ L$p¡C `Z
âL$pf_u Mpdu Aphsu _\u. hmu Of¡Zp_¡ Ap¡Npmu v¡$hp\u S>¡d s¡_y„ `|h®ê$`dp„
27
ê$`pÞsfZ i¼e R>¡, s¡d b°û_u `Z âge L$fhp_u BÃR>p \pe, Ðepf¡ S>Ns¹_¡
s¡ `p¡sp_p õhê$`dp„ rhgu_ L$fu g¡ R>¡. Ðepf¡ S>Ns¹ b°û\u ArcÞ_ \C Åe R>¡.
Ap L$pfZ¡ S> îuhëgcpQpe® S>Ns¹_¡ b°û_y„ "ArhL©$s `qfZpd' L$l¡ R>¡.
S>Ns¹ kÐe R>¡ :
"ks'¹ L$¡ "kÐe' s_¡¡ L$lh¡pdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>_¡p¡ _pi L$v$u `Z \C iL$sp¡ _
lpe¡. "Aks'¹ L$¡ "AkÐe' s_¡¡ L$lh¡pdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>_¡¡ L$v$u `Z âL$V$ _ L$fu
iL$ps„y lpe¡. v$p.s. kkgp_p dp\pD`f i]NX$p, ApL$pi-L$ykyd L$¡ kp_¡p-Qpv„$u_u
_v$u. dpephpqv$ApÜ¡pfp "rdÕep' s_¡¡ L$lh¡pdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ ks¹ `Z _ lpe¡ A_¡
Aks¹ `Z _ lpe¡. Ap\u rdÕep hõsy kv$¹-Akv$¹ bÞ_\¡u rhgnZ lpe¡ R>.¡
îui„L$fpQpe®_p¡ ds "dpephpv$'_p _pd\u ârkÙ R>¡. s¡Ap¡_u dpÞesp
R>¡ L¡$ b°û dpep_¡ L$pfZ¡ Æh-S>Nv¹$ê$`¡ cpk¡ R>¡. Ap\u A¡L$dpÓ b°û S> kÐe R>¡.
Æh-S>Ns¹ ârsrbçb_u dpaL$ rdÕep lp¡e R>¡. A¡L$ ìe[¼s_u kpd¡ OZp b^p
AfukpAp¡ fpMhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ S>¡V$gp AfukpAp¡ li¡ s¡V$gp„ ârsrbçb s¡
ìe[¼s_p v¡$Mpi¡. ìe[¼s sp¡ A¡L$ S> R>¡ `Z A_¡L$ ârsrbçbp¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ s¡
A_¡L$ê$`¡ cprks \pe R>¡. Afukpdp„ v¡$Mpsu ìe[¼s Mf¡Mf Afukpdp„ lp¡su
_\u, s¡d R>sp„ s¡ Ðep„ v¡$Mpe sp¡ R>¡ S>. Afukpdp„ v¡$Mpsu ìe[¼s_y„ ârsrbçb
Å¡ ks¹ lp¡e sp¡ Afukp_¡ lV$phu g¡hp R>sp„ Ðep„ s¡_p¡ A_ych \hp¡ Å¡CA¡.
lL$uL$s, `fÞsy, s¡_p\u DgV$u lp¡e R>¡. L¡$dL¡$ Afukp_¡ lV$phu g¡sp„ S> ârsrbçb
A×íe \C S>sy„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u `|hp£¼s ìep¿ep dyS>b ârsrbçb ks¹ `Z _\u,
L$pfZL¡$ s¡_p¡ r_j¡^ L¡$ bp^ sp¡ \sp¡ S> lp¡e R>¡. ârsrbçb Aks¹ `Z lp¡C iL$sy„
_\u L$pfZ L¡$ s¡ A_ychdp„ Aphsy„ lp¡e R>¡. ârsrbçb, Ap\u, ks¹ Aks¹
bÞ_¡\u rhgnZ lp¡e R>¡. rdÕep lp¡e R>¡. îui„L$fpQpe® dyS>b Aphp ×óV$pÞsp¡dp„
: S>¡_y„ ârsrbçb `X$sy„ lp¡e R>¡ s¡_¡ rbçb = b°û kdS>hy„, s¡ ârsrbçb =
Æh sfuL¡$ cpksy„ lp¡e R>¡; A_¡ s¡ ârsrbçb_p¡ Apcpk âL$V$ L$f_pfu D`pr^
Afukp¡ L¡$ v$`®Z = dpep_¡ õ\p_¡ kdS>hu.
b°û D`f Äepf¡ dpep_y„ AphfZ Aphu Åe, Ðepf¡ dpepê$ù
AphfZdp„ b°û_y„ ârsrbçb Æhê$`¡ v¡$Mphp gpN¡ R>¡. Ap\u S>Ns¹ ks¹_u
dpaL$ cprks \pe R>¡. S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ S>Ns¹, `fÞsy, Å¡ kÐe lp¡s sp¡ s¡_p¡
r_j¡^ L¡$ bp^ i¼e _ lp¡e. Afukp_p lV$u S>hp\u ârsrbçb S>¡d A×íe \C
28
Åe R>¡, s¡d ArhÛp-dpep_y„ AphfZ b°ûD`f\u v|$f \C S>sp„ S>X$-
ÆhpÐdL$ S>Ns¹_p¡ r_j¡^ L¡$ bp^ \C Åe R>¡. Ap\u S>Ns¹ A¡ îui„L$fpQpe®_p
ds¡ kv¹$-Akv¹$ Dce\u rhgnZ rdÕep R>¡.
îuhëgcpQpe®_p ds¡, `fÞsy, S>Ns¹ dpreL$ L¡$ rdÕep _\u. b°û

kÐe R>¡ A_¡ s¡hp kÐe b°û¡ S>Ns¹_y„ r_dp®Z L$ey¯ R>¡. b°û kh® _pd-ê$`-
L$dp£_¡ ^pfZ L$fhpdp„ kd\® lp¡hp\u s¡ kh®ch_kd\® R>¡. kh®ch_kd\® A¡hy„
b°û `p¡s¡ S>Ns¹ê$`¡ `qfZçey„ R>¡; dpep âL©$rs L¡$ `fdpÏ _l]. b°û_p k„L$ë`p¡
AkÐe L$v$u \C iL$sp _\u s¡\u s¡ kÐek„L$ë` R>¡. kÐek„L$ë` b°û¡ `p¡sp_u
õhsÞÓ BÃR>p\u Ap S>Ns¹_y„ r_dp®Z L$ey¯ R>¡. Ap\u dpV$u\u b_ph¡gp fdL$X$p„
S>¡d d©v$pÐdL$=dpV$u_p„ S> lp¡e R>¡, kp¡_p\u b_ph¡gp Of¡Zp„ S>¡d kyhZp®ÐdL$
S> lp¡e R>¡, s¡d kh®ch_kd\® A_¡ kÐek„L$ë` A¡hp b°û\u b_¡gy„ Ap S>Ns¹
dpreL$ L¡$ rdÕep L¡$hu fus¡ lp¡C iL¡$ ? Ap\u S>Ns¹ AkÐe L¡$ rdÕep _\u `fÞsy
kÐe S> R>¡.
ÅNrsL$ hõsyAp¡_p¡ Acph kçch¡ L¡$ _l] ?

kÐe hõs_yp¡ L$v$u `Z Acph \sp¡ _\u A_¡ S>Ns¹ kÐe R>.¡ A¡
rkÙpÞs Ap`Z¡ kdÆ Nep. S>Ns¹ Å¡ kÐe lpe¡ sp¡ S>Ns¹ L$¡ ÅNrsL$
`v$p\p_£p¡ L$v$u `Z Acph \hp¡ _ ÅC¡A,¡ `fÞs,y S>Ns_¹p `v$p\p_£p¡ Acph•
dpV$g„y _óV$ \e,„y L$`X$„y bmu Ne,„y `V¡$²pg¡ DX$u Ne„y hNf¡¡ Dv$plfZpd¡p„ •Ap`Z¡
b^p A_c y hsp S> lpC¡A¡ R>uA.¡ s¡ S> âdpZ¡ kdN° S>Ns_¹p¡ `Z Acph
âge hMs¡ \sp¡ lph¡p_„y ipõÓpÜ¡pfp S>Zphhpdp„ Aph¡ R>.¡ Apd S>Ns¹ Å¡
_pihp_¹ lpe¡ sp¡ s_¡¡ "kÐe' L$¡d L$lu iL$pe ? Aphp¡ AL¡$ `pep_p¡ âí_ Dv$¹c$h¡ R>.¡
D`fp¡¼s âí__p DÑf_¡ kdS>hpdpV¡$ Acph_y„ õhê$` A_¡ s¡_p

âL$pfp¡_¡ kdS>hp M|b S> S>ê$fu R>¡. "cph' A¡V$g¡ L$p¡C hõsy_y„ lp¡hy„, A[õsÐh,
kÑp L¡$ lepsu. v$p.s. ""Al] dpV$gy„ R>¡'' Apd L$l¡hp\u dpV$gp_y„ A[õsÒh
lepsu L¡$ cph k|rQs \pe R>¡. Äepf¡ L$p¡C hõsy_p„ _ lp¡hp_¡ AkÑp_¡ L¡$
A_[õsÐh_¡ "Acph' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. v$p.s. ""dpV$gy„ _óV$ \ey„'' L¡$ ""L$`Xy„$
bmu Ney„'' S>¡hp rh^p_p¡hX¡$ hõsy_p¡ Acph k|rQs L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
Þepeds âdpZ¡ Acph Qpf âL$pf_p lp¡e R>¡, S>¡ _uQ¡ dyS>b R>¡ :
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1. AÐeÞspcph"" v¡$iL©$s¹
2. âpNcph "" L$pgL©$s¹
3. âÝh„kpcph " " L$pgL©$s¹
4. AÞep¡Þepcph"" õhê$`L©$s¹
1. AÐeÞspcph : õ\m_¡ A_ygnu_¡ Äepf¡ L$p¡C hõsy_p A[õsÐh_p¡ r_j¡^

L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ hõsy_p¡ AÐeÞspcph k|rQs \pe R>¡. v$p.s. ""Ap
Ap¡fX$pdp„ dpV$gy„ _\u'' hp¼edp„ ""Ap Ap¡fX$pdp„'' iåv$p¡\u L$p¡C õ\m_p¡ r_v£$i
L$fu_¡, s¡ õ\mdp„ dpV$gp_p Acph_p¡ r_v£$i L$fhpdp„ Aphu füp¡ R>¡.
2. âpNcph : hõsy Äep„ kyû DÐ`Þ_ \su _\u Ðep„ kyû s¡_p¡ Acph lp¡e
R>¡. Ap\u hõsy_u DÐ`rÑ `|h£_p Acph_¡ hõsy_p¡ "âpNcph' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡
R>¡. v$p.s. M¡X|$s¡ M¡sfdp„ buS> hphu v$u^p lp¡e `fÞsy Äep„ kyû R>p¡X$ ENu
S>sp _\u Ðep„ kyû R>p¡X$_p¡ S>¡ Acph lp¡e R>¡, s¡_¡ "R>p¡X$_p¡ âpNcph'
L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. âpL¹$ + Acph = âpNcph. "âpL¹$' A¡V$g¡ `l¡gp„; s¡\u
DÐ`rÑ `l¡gp„ fl¡_pfp¡ Acph s¡ âpNcph.
3. âÝh„kpcph : "âÝh„k' A¡V$g¡ _pi. hõsy_p¡ _pi \ep `R>u S>¡ Acph
\sp¡ lp¡e s¡_¡ hõsy_p¡ "âÝh„kpcph' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
âpNcph A_¡ âÝh„kpcph L$prgL$ Acph R>¡. âpNcph = DÐ`rÑ

`l¡gp_p¡ Acph. âÝh„kpcph = _pi \ep `R>u_p¡ Acph.
4. AÞep¡Þepcph : A¡L$ hõsy_p buÆ hõsydp„ fl¡sp `fõ`f_p L¡$

AÞep¡Þe_p Acph_¡ "AÞep¡Þepcph' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. v$p.s. dpV$gy„ A¡
L$`Xy„$ _\u A_¡ L$`Xy„$ A¡ dpV$gy„ _\u. dpV$gp_y„ `p¡sp_y„ L$p¡C A¡L$ r_[íQs õhê$`
lp¡e R>¡. A¡ L$pfZ¡ dpV$gy„ dpV$gp rkhpe buSy>„ L„$C `Z _\u lp¡sy„. A\p®s¹
dpV$gpdp„ `p¡sp_p„ rkhpe buÆ bû hõsy_p¡ Acph lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u S> •
""dpV$gy„ L$`Xy„$ _\u, OX$p¡ _\u, V¡$bg _\u'' hN¡f¡ ìehlpf i¼e b_sp lp¡e R>¡.
AÞep¡Þepcph õhê$`L©$s Acph R>¡. v$f¡L$ hõsy_y„ `p¡sp_y„ L$p¡C A¡L$ ApNhy„
õhê$` lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ Ap õhê$` S> hõsy_u Ap¡mM lp¡e R>¡, A¡V$gy„ S> _l] bëL¡$
30
A¡ Ap¡mM S> A¡ hõsy_¡ buÆ hõsy\u Sy>v$u `pX$su lp¡e R>¡. A¡L$ hõsy_y„ S>¡
õhê$` R>¡ s¡ buÆ hõsy_y„ lp¡sy„ _\u. A\p®s¹ A¡L$ hõsydp„ buÆ hõsy_p¡ Acph
lp¡e R>¡. A¡_¡ S> "AÞep¡Þepcph' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
Acph_¡ kdÅhhp dpV¡$ Ap`¡gp D`fp¡¼s ×óV$pÞsp¡ S>Ns¹dp„ fl¡gp

`v$p\p£_p R>¡. Þepeds AcphÜpfp S> kdN° S>Ns¹_y„ r_ê$`Z L$f¡ R>¡. S>¡dL¡$
Äepf¡ S>Ns¹ DÐ`Þ_ \ey„ _ lsy„ Ðepf¡ S>Ns¹_p¡ âpNcph øsp¡. âge \i¡ Ðepf¡
S>Ns¹_y„ A[õsÐh _l] flu Åe. A\p®s¹ S>Ns¹_p¡ âÝh„kpcph A_¡
AÐeÞspcph \C S>i¡. S>Ns¹ A¡ Cíhf _\u; Ap\u S>Ns¹ A_¡ Cíhf hÃQ¡
`fõ`f AÞep¡Þepcph R>¡.
Acph _l] `Z rsfp¡cph :

ÞepedsÜpfp õ\pr`s Acph_p rkÙpÞs_¡ îuhëgcpQpe®
õhuL$pfsp _\u. L$pfZL¡$ Arh_piu kÐe b°û `p¡s¡ S> S>Ns¹ê$`¡ `qfZçey„
lp¡hp\u S>Ns¹_y„ `Z Arh_piu kÐe lp¡hy„ õhpcprhL$ S> R>¡. lh¡ S>Ns¹ Å¡
kÐe lp¡e sp¡ S>Ns¹ L¡$ ÅNrsL$ `v$p\p£_p¡ _pi=Acph L¡$hu fus¡ \C iL¡$ ?
Ap\u S>Ns¹_p¡ Acph sp¡ \sp¡ S> _\u, rsfp¡cph dpÓ \pe R>¡.
Al] "Acph' A_¡ "rsfp¡cph' hÃQ_p¡ saphs kdS>hp¡ S>ê$fu R>¡.

"Acph' iåv$_p¡ A\® Þepeds A_ykpf hõsy_y„ A[õsÐh kv$Þsf _ fl¡hy„
A¡hp¡ \pe R>¡. Äepf¡ L¡$ "rsfp¡cph'_p¡ A\® hõsy_y„ A[õsÐh Msd \C S>hy„
s¡hp¡ _\u \sp¡. "rsfp¡cph'_u ìep¿ep Ap âdpZ¡ Apù iL$pe :
A[õsÐh ^fphsu hõsy Å¡ `p¡sp_p L$pe® (A\®q¾$ep)_¡ âL$V$
_ L$fsu lp¡e sp¡; A\hp sp¡ rhÛdp_¹ lp¡hp R>sp„e s¡
A_ychpsu _ lp¡e sp¡, s¡ hõsy_p¡ rsfp¡cph \ep¡ R>¡ A¡d
kdÆ g¡hy„.
v$p.s. `pZu_¡ gp„bp kde kyû Nfd L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ A¡L$ kde
A¡hp¡ Aph¡ L¡$ `pÓ A¡L$v$d L$p¡fy„ \C Åe. Þepeds L$l¡i¡ : `pZu_p¡
Acph=_pi \C Nep¡, `pZu_y„ A[õsÐh _ fl¹éy„. rhQpf L$fp¡ ! `pZu_¡
DL$pmhp\u iy„ Mf¡Mf s¡_y„ A[õsÐh _óV$ \C Åe R>¡ ? _p. `pZu_y„ A[õsÐh
_óV$ \sy„ _\u, s¡_y„ hfpmdp„ aL$s ê$`pÞsfZ \C Åe R>¡. `pZu lh¡ hfpm_p
31
ê$`dp„ `qfZdu Ney„ lp¡e R>¡. S>¡ hõsy ks¹ lp¡e s¡_p A[õsÐh_p¡ _pi-Acph
L$v$u `Z \sp¡ _\u. Ap\u S>, D`fp¡¼s ×óV$pÞsdp„, îuhëgcpQpe®_p ds¡
`pZu_p¡ Acph _l] `fÞsy rsfp¡cph \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. hfpm b_u S>hp\u Þlphp
ùhp gphhp gC S>hp k]Qhp hN¡f¡ `pZu_p L$pep£(A\®r¾$ep); s\p iusgsp
sfgsp Apqv$ NyZp¡ `Z, âL$V$ flu S>sp _\u. s¡ rsfp¡rls \C S>sp lp¡e R>¡ L¡$
Ry>`pC S>sp lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u S> `pZu_¡ lh¡ `|h®hs¹ Å¡C `Z iL$psy„ _\u. Apd
`pZu_p¡ rsfp¡cph \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡, Acph _l], s¡_y„ klz\u dp¡V$pdp„ dp¡Vy„$ âdpZ
A¡ R>¡ L¡$ Å¡ DL$msp `pZu_u hfpm_¡ A¡L$ L$p¡fp `pÓdp„ cfu g¡hpdp„ Aph¡ A_¡
s¡ `pÓ_¡ W„$X$p hpsphfZdp„ fpMhpdp„ Aph¡ A\hp sp¡ b„^ `pÓD`f W„$Xy$ `pZu
f¡X$hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ `pZu_¡ afu\u d¡mhu iL$pe R>¡. lh¡ `pZu_p¡ Å¡ Acph \sp¡
lp¡e sp¡ `pZu afu\u L¡$hu fus¡ Aphu iL¡$ ? Ap_p\u A¡ kprbs \pe R>¡ L¡$ S>¡
ks¹ R>¡ s¡_p¡ L$v$u `Z Acph L¡$ _pi \sp¡ S> _\u. ""L$`X$p_y„ fpM \C S>hy„'',
""dpV$gp_y„ W$uL$fp„ \C S>hy„'', ""bfa_y„ `pZu \C S>hy„'' L¡$ ""`¡V²$p¡g_y„ ^ydpX$p¡
\C S>hy„'' S>¡hp kh®S>_kpdpÞe iåv$âep¡Np¡ `Z hõsy_p¡ Acph _l] `Z
rsfp¡cph \sp¡ lp¡hp_y„ S> kd\®_ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap^yr_L$ rhop_ `Z A¡ rkÙpÞsdp„
rhíhpk ^fph¡ R>¡ L¡$ L$p¡C `Z A¡_Æ®_y„ A[õsÐh Msd \sy„ _\u. ApMy„ S>Ns¹
A¡_Æ®\u cf¡gy„ R>¡. A¡_Æ®_p ê$` bv$gpsp„ fl¡ R>¡ `fÞsy A¡_Æ®_y„ õhê$`
A¡d_y„ A¡dS> fl¡ R>¡. Ap D`f\u lh¡ kdÆ iL$pe R>¡ L¡$ hõsy_p¡ Acph _l]
`fÞsy rsfp¡cph S> \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. lh¡ Þepeds Üpfp L$[ë`s Qpf âL$pf_p
Acphp¡_y„ r_fpL$fZ hp‰c rkÙpÞs_u ×[óV$\u kdÆA¡.
Qsyrh®^ Acph_y„ r_fpL$fZ :

AÐeÞspcph_y„ r_fpL$fZ : õ\m_¡ r_v£$i L$fu_¡ Äepf¡ L$p¡C hõsy_p
A[õsÐh_p¡ r_j¡^ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ hõsy_p¡ AÐeÞspcph kdÅe R>¡.
v$p.s. ""Ap¡fX$pdp„ dpV$gy„ _\u''. sÒh×[óV$\u Å¡sp„ L$p¡C `Z hõsy_p¡ AÐeÞs
Acph lp¡C S> _\u iL$sp¡, L$pfZ L¡$ S>Ns¹ b°û_y„ `qfZpd R>¡ Ap\u ks¹ R>¡;
A_¡ "ks¹' s¡_¡ S> L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡_p¡ L$v$u `Z Acph _ \sp¡ lp¡e. hmu,
b°û kh®-S>Ns¹ê$`¡ bÞey„ lp¡hp\u, S>Ns¹_u âÐe¡L$ hõsy b°ûpÐdL$ R>¡. b°û
ìep`L$ `Z R>¡ A_¡ kh®ê$` `Z, s¡\u h¡v$ L$l¡ R>¡ ""kh¯ kh®ded¹'' S>Ns¹_u
âÐe¡L$ hõsy khp®ÐdL$ R>¡. Ap\u Äepf¡ A¡d L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ "" Ap Ap¡fX$pdp„
dpV$gy„ _\u '' Ðepf¡ A¡_p¡ A\® Ap¡fX$pdp„ dpV$gp_y„ A[õsÐh _\u A¡hp¡ _\u \sp¡,
32
`fÞsy, Ap¡fX$pdp„ dpV$gy„ rsfp¡rls fus¡ fl¡gy„ R>¡, A¡hp¡ A\® \pe R>¡. dpV$gy„ L$ep
ê$`dp„ rsfp¡rls R>¡ ? A¡hp¡ âí_ \pe sp¡ A¡_p¡ DÑf A¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap¡fX$p_u S>du_ L¡$
s¡_p D`f fl¡gp fS>L$Zp¡ L¡$ R>¡hV¡$ ApL$pi (Mpgu S>Áep/AhL$pi) `Z b°ûê$`
lp¡hp\u khp®ÐdL$ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u s¡-s¡ ê$`p¡dp„ dpV$gp_p¡ rsfp¡cph R>¡ s¡d
kdS>hy„ Å¡CA¡. A_ychpÐdL$ b°ûop_ \su hMs¡ op_uAp¡_¡ `p¡sp_pdp„ S>
kL$m b°ûpÎX$_y v$i®_ \sy„ lp¡hp_y„ h¡v$p¡dp„ r_ê$`Z dm¡ R>¡. îueip¡v$pÆ_p
Mp¡mpdp„ `p¡Y¡$gp cNhp_¹_p dyMdp„ kdõs b°ûpÎX$_p v$i®_ \hp,
dlpcpfs_p eyÙ `|h£ rhfpV$_u kcpdp„ s\p eyÙ_p d¡v$p_dp„ cNhp_¹Üpfp
`p¡sp_p õhê$`dp„ kdõs S>Ns¹_¡ v¡$MpX$hy„, \p„cgpdp„\u îu_©tkl cNhp_¹_y„
âpL$V¹$é, dÞÓ L¡$ ep¡N i[¼s\u L$p¡C `Z õ\m¡ L$p¡C `Z hõsy L¡$ ìe[¼s _¡ âL$V$
L$fu v¡$sp lp¡hp_p A_¡L$ `yfpZâk„Np¡, kÞs îuop_¡íhf¡ `pX$p_¡ dyM¡ h¡v$p¡ÃQpf
L$fpìep¡ L¡$ dufpbpC_¡ dpV¡$ rhj `Z Ad©s \C Ney„. Aphp A_¡L$p_¡L$ âpQu_-
Ahp®Qu_ âdpZp¡ `qfZpdu ìep`L$sp A_¡ kh®_u khp®Ðd¼sp rkÙ L$f¡ R>¡.
Ap\u, sÒh×[óV$\u Å¡sp„ sp¡ L$p¡C `Z hõsy_p¡ AÐeÞspcph dp_hp_¡ L$p¡C
L$pfZ flu S>sy„ _\u. Al], `fÞsy, A¡L$ bpbs Ýep_dp„ fpMhp S>¡hu Ap R>¡ L¡$
gugpdp„ rhrh^sp fl¡ s¡ l¡sy\u b°û `p¡sp_u khp®ÐdL$sp_¡ L¡$ kh®_u kh®ê$`sp_¡
rsfp¡rls L$fu=Y$p„L$u g¡ R>¡, Ry>`phu g¡ R>¡. Ap\u kh®_u khp®ÐdL$sp_p¡ A_ych
b°ûop_u rkhpe L$p¡C_¡ \C iL$sp¡ _\u. A¡L$ Ly$im Arc_¡spdp„ fpd fphZ L„$k
L©$óZ ASy>®_ vy$ep£^_ L¡$ kusp Öp¥`v$u hN¡f¡ A_¡L$ `pÓp¡_p¡ Arc_e L$fhp_y„
kpdÕe® lp¡e R>¡, `fÞsy Äepf¡ s¡_¡ rhíhprdÓ_p¡ Arc_e L$fhp_p¡ lp¡e R>¡, Ðepf¡
AÞe `pÓp¡_p NyZ^d® L¡$ QqfÓ _¡ S>¡d s¡ `p¡sp_u AÞv$f Ry>`phu gC_¡ L¡$hm
rhíhprdÓ_p S> `pÓ_¡ s¡ âL$V$ L$fsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡d S> b°û_¡ S>¡ hMs¡ Äep„ S>¡
ê$`_¡ âL$V$ L$fhy„ lp¡e s¡ hMs¡ Ðep„ s¡ ê$` rkhpe_p b^p ê$`p¡_¡ b°û rsfp¡rls L$fu
g¡ R>¡. lp¡e R>¡, `fÞsy, s¡dp„ b^p S> ê$`p¡.
âpNcph-âÝh„kpcph_y„ r_fpL$fZ : DÒ`rÑ `|h£ hõsy_p¡ Acph

âpNcph R>¡. Äépf¡ hõsy_p¡ _pi A¡ âÝh„kpcph R>¡. `pZu A_¡ hfpm_p
×óV$pÞs_u klpesp\u âpNcph s\p âÝh„kpcph _y„ r_fpL$fZ kfmsp\u
kdÆ iL$pe R>¡. kdyÖ_y„ `pZu k|e®_u Nfdu\u sù_¡ hfpm b_sy„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap
D`f\u kdÆ iL$pe R>¡ L¡$ hfpm Äepf¡ DÐ`Þ_ \C _ lsu Ðepf¡ s¡ `pZu_p
ê$`dp„ lsu. s¡_p¡ âpNcph _ lsp¡. hfpm_y„ A[õsÐh sp¡ lsy„ S>. Agbs¹,
33
`pZu_p ê$`dp„. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ b°û `p¡s¡ S>Nv¹$ê$`¡ b_¡ R>¡. Ap\u Äep„ kyû b°û
S>Ns¹_¡ DÐ`Þ_ _\u L$fsp¡ Ðep„ kyû, hfpm S>¡d `pZuê$`¡ fl¡su lp¡e R>¡ s¡d,
S>Ns¹_y„ A[õsÐh b°ûê$`¡ lp¡e R>¡. S>Ns¹_p¡ âpNcph lp¡sp¡ _\u. âÝh„kpcph
S>¡hu `Z L$p¡C QuS> lp¡su _\u. L$pfZ L¡$ hfpm Äepf¡ W„$X$u `X¡$ R>¡ Ðepf¡ afu `pZu
b_u_¡ hfksu lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u `pZu hfpm A_¡ afu `pZu. Apd hfpm b_u
S>hp\u Å¡ `pZu_y„ A[õsÐh S> Msd \C S>sy„ lp¡e sp¡ hfkpv$_y„ `pZu L¡$hu
fus¡ Aphu iL¡$ ? Ap\u, `pZu_y„ A[õsÐh Msd \sy„ _\u. dpÓ ê$`pÞsfZ
\pe R>¡. Ap S> âdpZ¡ b°û Äepf¡ gugp_¡ k„L¡$gu g¡hp_u BÃR>p L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡
S>Ns¹ `y_: b°ûê$` b_u Åe R>¡. S>Ns¹_y„ A[õsÐh Msd \sy„ _\u. Ap_p\u
A¡ kprbs \pe R>¡ L¡$ Þepeds¡ L$f¡gu Acph_u L$ë`_p b°û A_¡ S>Ns¹ _p
k„bÞ^_u bpbsdp„ r_fp^pf rkÙ \pe R>¡.
AÞep¡Þepcph_y„ r_fpL$fZ : S>Ns¹dp„_u âÐe¡L$ hõsy_y„ A¡L$
buÅ\u S>¡ õhsÞÓ A[õsÐh v¡$Mpe R>¡ s¡_y„ L$pfZ Þepeds hõsyAp¡dp„ fl¡gp
AÞep¡Þepcph_¡ dp_¡ R>¡. A¡L$ hõsy_p buÆ hõsydp„ fl¡sp Acph_¡
"AÞep¡Þepcph' L$l¡hpe R>¡. AÞep¡Þepcph_¡ Å¡ õhuL$pfhpdp„ _ Aph¡ sp¡
S>Ns¹_p `v$p\p£dp„ fl¡gp `pfõ`qfL$ c¡v$_p¡ Mygpkp¡ L¡$d Apù iL$pi¡ ? hmu,
AÞep¡Þepcph_p¡ õhuL$pf Å¡ _ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ dpV$gphX¡$ ifuf Y$p„L$hp_y„
A¡V$g¡ L¡$ L$`X$p_y„ L$pe® A_¡ L$`X$phX¡$ `pZu cfhp_y„ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ dpV$gp_y„ L$pe® ip
dpV¡$ \sy„ _\u ? Aphu L¡$V$guL$ kdõepAp¡ Þepeds_¡ d|„Thsu lsu.
D`r_jv$p¡dp„ Ap kdõep_y„ kdp^p_ M|b S> kfm fus¡ Ap`hpdp„
Apìey„ R>¡. b°û `p¡sp_u Aprhcp®h A_¡ rsfp¡cph i[¼sAp¡\u kh® L$pe® L$f¡ R>¡.
b°û Äepf¡ k©[óV$_y„ kS>®_ L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ ""lz„ A_¡L$ê$`¡ \C ÅJ'' A¡hp
k„L$ë`Üpfp s¡ kh® ê$`p¡ ^pfZ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap`Z¡ Arc_¡sp_p Dv$plfZdp„ `l¡gp
Å¡C Nep s¡ âdpZ¡, b°û Äepf¡ S>¡-S>¡ ê$`p¡_¡ âL$V$ L$fhp_u BÃR>p L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡
s¡-s¡ ê$`p¡ rkhpe_p buÅ b^p ê$`p¡_¡ Ry>`phu g¡ R>¡, rsfp¡rls L$fu g¡ R>¡. Ap
S> L$pfZ R>¡ L¡$ S>Ns¹_u hõsydpÓ b°ûpÐdL$ lp¡hp R>sp„ `fõ`f rcÞ_ S>Zpe
R>¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡L$-buÅ_y„ L$pe® L$fu iL$su _\u.
Ap`Z¡ `|h£ Å¡C Nep L¡$ k©[óV$_y„ âpL$V$é `p¡sp_u Aprhcp®h s\p
rsfp¡cph _u i[¼sAp¡\u b°û L$f¡ R>¡. Þepeds_p Acphhpv$_p r_fpL$fZdp„
34
Ap`Z¡ b°û_u rsfp¡cphi[¼s_y„ õhê$` kdÄép. lh¡ b°û_u
Aprhcp®hi[¼s_¡ `Z kdS>hp_p¡ âepk L$fuA¡.
DÐ`rÑ _l] `Z Aprhcp®h :
Þepeds_p Acph_p rkÙpÞs_¡ _ õhuL$pfu_¡ hpëgc dsdp„
Aprhcp®h-rsfp¡cph_p¡ ipõÓue rkÙpÞs õhuL$pfhpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. s¡ S>
âdpZ¡ hpëgcds Þepeds_p DÐ`rÑ-rh_pi_p rkÙpÞs_p¡ `Z AõhuL$pf
Aprhcp®h-rsfp¡cph_p rkÙpÞs_p Ap^pf¡ S> L$f¡ R>¡. Þepeds DÐ`rÑ-
_pi_p rkÙpÞsdp„ dp_¡ R>¡ L$pfZ L¡$ s¡Ap¡A¡ AkÐL$pe®hpv$ õhuL$pep£ R>¡. s¡\u
rh`fus hp‰c ds Aprhcp®h-rsfp¡cph_p rkÙpÞsdp„ dp_¡ R>¡ L$pfZ L¡$
ApQpe®QfZ¡ kÐL$pe®hpv$_p¡ õhuL$pf L$ep£ R>¡. AkÐL$pe®hpv$ A_¡ kÐL$pe®hpv$ _p
`qfQe rh_p DÐ`rÑ s¡d S> Aprhcp®h hÃQ¡ fl¡gp c¡v$_p¡ ¿epg _l] Aphu
iL¡$. Ap\u, Ap bÞ_¡ hpv$p¡_p Ap^pf¡ Ap`Z¡ DÐ`rÑ A_¡ Aprhcp®h _p
rkÙpÞsp¡_p¡ `qfQe ¾$di: d¡mhuA¡ :
AkÐL$pe®hpv$-DÐ`rÑ : DÐ`rÑ `l¡gp„ L$pe® Aks¹ lp¡e R>¡. Ap dpÞesp_¡

"AkÐL$pe®hpv$' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Þepeds AkÐL$pe®hpv$_¡ L$p„CL$ Ap fus¡
kdÅh¡ R>¡.
M¡Xy$s `pL$ gZhpdpV¡$ M¡sfdp„ buS>_y„ hph¡sf L$fsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. hph¡sf
hMs¡ R>p¡X$(L$pe®)_y„ A[õsÐh lp¡sy„ _\u A\p®s¹ L$pe® Aks¹ lp¡e R>¡; A\hp sp¡
_¥epreL$p¡_u bp¡gudp„ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ L$pe®_p¡ âpNcph lp¡e R>¡. Ap Acph
Äepf¡ v|$f \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ L$pe®_u DÐ`rÑ \pe R>¡. A\p®s¹ Aks¹dp„ \u ks¹
DÐ`Þ_ \pe R>¡. Þepedsphg[çbAp¡ "DÐ`rÑ' iåv$_¡ `pqfcprjL$ A\®dp„
hp`f¡ R>¡. s¡d_p ds¡ S>¡ hõsy_y„ kv$Þsf A[õsÐh _ lp¡e s¡ hõsy_y„
A[õsÐhdp„ Aphhy„ A¡ "DÐ`rÑ' iåv$_p¡ A\® R>¡.
kÐL$pe®hpv$-Aprhcp®h : DÐ`rÑ `|h£ L$pe® Aks¹ lp¡e R>¡ A¡

dpÞesp Mp¡V$u R>¡. L$pe®_y„ A[õsÐh s¡_u DÐ`rÑ `l¡gp„ L$pe®ê$`¡ cg¡ _ lp¡e
`fÞsy, kv$Þsf s¡_y„ A[õsÐhS> _\u lp¡sy„ A¡hy„ dp_u iL$psy„ _\u.
îudlpâcyÆ_p ds dyS>b, L$pe® `p¡sp_u DÐ`rÑ `l¡gp L$pfZê$`¡ A[õsÐh
^fphsy„ lp¡e R>¡; A\p®s¹, DÐ`rÑ `l¡gp `Z L$pe® ks¹ lp¡e R>¡. Ap_¡ S>
35
"kÐL$pe®hpv$' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. kÐL$pe®hpv$uAp¡_u A¡ ^pfZp R>¡ L¡$ S>¡d ÅNhy„
A_¡ kyhy„ L¡$ bpg sfyZ eyhp âp¥Y$ Apqv$ ifuf_u Ahõ\pAp¡ lp¡e R>¡ s¡d L$pe®
A_¡ L$pfZ A¡ kv¹$-hõsy_u b¡ Ahõ\pAp¡ R>¡. kyjy[às_u Ahõ\pdp„ ifuf
r_[ó¾$e b_u S>sy„ lp¡e R>¡. Äepf¡ ÅN©s Ahõ\pdp„ kr¾$e. s¡ S> âdpZ¡
DÐ`rÑ `|h£ L$pe® L$pfZ-Ahõ\pê$`¡ fl¡sy„ lp¡hp\u s¡_p¡ A_ych kr¾$e L$pe®ê$`¡
_\u \B iL$sp¡. L$pe®, `fÞsy, Äepf¡ âL$V$ \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_p¡ A_ych \C iL¡$
R>¡. v$p.s. dpMZ L$pe® R>¡ A_¡ R>pk L$pfZ R>¡. R>pkdp„ dpMZ fl¡gy„ lp¡e S> R>¡.
s¡\uS> hgp¡hhp\u s¡ âL$V$ \sy„ lp¡e R>¡. R>pkdp„ Å¡ dpMZ_p¡ Acph lp¡s sp¡
Nd¡ s¡V$gy„ hgp¡hhp R>sp„ dpMZ _uL$mu _ iL$s. Ap S> âdpZ¡ sg A_¡ s¡g,
buS> A_¡ h©n hN¡f¡ L$pe®-L$pfZcph_p„ b^pS> Dv$plfZp¡dp„ kÐL$pe®hpv$_p¡ A¡
r_ed kdÆ g¡hp¡ Å¡CA¡ L¡$ v$f¡L$ L$pe® DÐ`Þ_ \sp„ `l¡gp L$pfZê$`¡ A[õsÐh
^fphsy„ S> lp¡e R>¡. `pZu_¡ Nd¡ s¡V$gy„ hgp¡hhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ `Z dpMZ
_uL$msy„ _\u lp¡sy„. L$pfZL¡$ s¡dp„ dpMZ R>¡ S> _l]. S>¡_y„ A[õsÐhS> _\u lp¡sy„,
A\p®s¹ S>¡ Aks¹ R>¡ s¡_u DÐ`rÑ \C S> _\u iL$su. Al] AkÐL$pe®hpqv$Ap¡_¡
âí_ L$fu iL$pe R>¡ L¡$ hphZu hMs¡ M¡sf_u s¡ S>Áep`f S>¡d R>p¡X$_p¡ Acph
lp¡e R>¡ A\hp R>p¡X$ Aks¹ lp¡e R>¡ s¡d buS> dpV$u Mpsf L¡$ `pZu _¡ R>p¡X$u_¡
Op¡X$p N^¡X$p JV$ hN¡f¡ bûS> hõsy s\p ìe[¼s _p¡ `Z Acph lp¡e S> R>¡.
ApV$gu bû hõsyAp¡_p¡ Acph lp¡hp R>sp„ buS>dp„\u R>p¡X$ S> âL$V$ \pe R>¡ A¡
S> kÐL$pe®hpv$_p A¡ rkÙpÞs_¡ kprbs L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$ L$pe® s¡_u DÐ`rÑ `l¡gp
L$pfZê$`¡ A[õsÐh ^fph¡ S> R>¡. Ap rkÙpÞs_p õ\pr`s \hp\u _¥epreL$p¡_p¡
DÐ`rÑ_p¡ rkÙpÞs `Z AdpÞe W$f¡ R>¡.
DÐ`rÑhpqv$Ap¡_y„ dp_hy„ lsy„ L¡$ S>¡ hõsy_y„ kv$Þsf A[õsÐh _ lp¡e

s¡hu hõsy_y„ A[õsÐhdp„ Aphhy„ s¡_¡ "DÐ`rÑ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. kÐL$pe®hpv$_¡
kdÄep bpv$ lh¡ Ap`Z¡ L$lu iL$uA¡ R>uA¡ L¡$ S>¡_y„ A[õsÐhS> _ lp¡e s¡
A[õsÐhdp„ Aphu S> _\u iL$sy„. Ap\u S> hp‰c ds dp_¡ R>¡ L¡$ hõsy_u
DÐ`rÑ _\u \su `Z Aprhcp®h \pe R>¡. Aprhcp®h A¡V$g¡ L$pfZ(buS>)-
Ahõ\pdp„ fl¡gu hõsy_y„ L$pe®(h©n)-Ahõ\pdp„ Aphhy„. Aprhcp®h A¡ b°û_u
A¡L$ i[¼s R>¡. Ap i[¼sv¹$hpfp b°û AâL$V$ fus¡ fl¡g_¡ âL$V$ L$f¡ R>¡, k|ÿd_¡
õ\|m b_ph¡ R>¡, r_[ó¾$e_¡ kr¾$e b_ph¡ R>¡. Å¡ k|ÿd L¡$ r_[ó¾$e ê$`¡ rhÛdp_
hõsy õ\|g L¡$ kr¾$e ê$`dp„ DÐ`Þ_ _ \C iL¡$ sp¡ L$p¡B `Z L$pe® DÐ`Þ_ S> L¡$d
36
\B iL¡$ ? Ap\u, S>¡ R>¡ s¡ S> dpÓ âL$V$ S> \pe R>¡, Aprhc|®s S> \pe R>¡.
b°û k[ÃQv$p_Þv$ (=ks¹+rQs¹+Ap_Þv$ ) R>¡. k©rô$_y„ kS>®_

L$fhp_u BÃR>p Äepf¡ b°û_¡ \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ L$fp¡muep¡ S>¡d `p¡sp_u gpmdp„\uS>
Åmy„ b_phu_¡ s¡dp„ fl¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡ s¡d b°û `p¡sp_p ks¹ A_¡ rQs¹ NyZ^dp£\u
Ap S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ k©rô$_y„ kS>®_ L$fu_¡ s¡dp„ ¾$uX$p L$f¡ R>¡. Ap_¡ "k©rô$_p¡
Aprhcp®h' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. A_¡ Äepf¡ b°û k©rô$_¡ k„L¡$gu g¡hp_u BÃR>p L$f¡
R>¡ Ðepf¡ •L$fp¡muep¡ S>¡d gpm_¡ `p¡sp_u AÞv$f M¢Qu gC_¡ D`f QY$u S>sp¡
lp¡e R>¡ A\hp sp¡ L$pQbp¡ S>¡d `p¡sp_p lp\`N dp\y„ hN¡f¡ A„Np¡_¡ `p¡sp_p
ifuf_u AÞv$f kdphu g¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡ s¡d •b°û kç`|Z® S>Ns¹_p¡ rhge
`p¡sp_u AÞv$f S> L$fu g¡ R>¡. Ap_¡ S>Ns¹_p¡ "rsfp¡cph' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
S>Ns¹_p Aprhcp®h-rsfp¡cph_u âr¾$ep qv$hk-fps_u dpaL$ A_hfs
Qpgsu S> fl¡su lp¡e R>¡. Ap_p\u A¡ õ`ô$ \C Åe R>¡ L¡$ S>Ns¹_u DÐ`rÑ
(Aprhcp®h) `l¡gp `Z S>Ns¹_y„ A[õsÐh, s¡_u L$pfZphõ\p_¡ ê$`¡ A\p®s¹
b°û_p ks¹ NyZ^d® sfuL¡$ lp¡e S> R>¡. afu-afu S>Ns¹_p¡ Aprhcp®h \sp¡ S>
fl¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡ s¡\u A¡ rkÙpÞs `Z õ`ô$ \C Åe R>¡ L¡$ S>Ns¹_p¡ âge \hp
R>sp„ S>Ns¹_p¡ Acph \sp¡ _\u L¡$hm rsfp¡cph S> \pe R>¡.
S>Ns¹ b°û_y„ L$pe® R>¡ A_¡ b°ûpÐdL$ R>¡ Ap hps_¡ kdÄep `R>u
L¡$V$guL$ i„L$pAp¡ Dv¹$c$h¡ R>¡. A¡ i„L$pAp¡ _uQ¡ dyS>b R>¡ :
b°û A_Þs R>¡ A_¡ A¡_p kh® ^dp£ Agp¥qL$L$ R>¡.
Ap\u b°ûdp„ DÐ`rÑ-_pi, syÃR>sp c¡v$ kpfp`Ï„-
Mfpb`Ï„ dpfy„-spfy„ hN¡f¡ gp¥qL$L$ NyZp¡ lp¡sp _\u. s¡ R>sp„e
b°ûpÐdL$ S>Ns¹dp„ D`fp¡¼s gp¥qL$L$ NyZp¡_u A_yc|rs ip
L$pfZ¡ \pe R>¡ ?
hmu, kp¡_p_p Apc|jZp¡ S>¡d kyhZp®ÐdL$ v¡$MpC
Aph¡ R>¡ s¡d b°û S>Ns¹ê$`¡ bÞey„ lp¡hp R>sp„ S>Ns¹
b°ûpÐdL$ ip L$pfZ¡ v¡$Mpsy„ _\u ?
D`fp¡¼s bÞ_¡ âí_p¡_p DÑf kdS>hpdpV¡$ b°û_u i[¼s ìepdp¡rlL$p

dpep_¡ kdS>hu S>ê$fu R>¡.
37
ìepdp¡rlL$p dpep :
_p_p bpmL$p¡ "Ap„^mp¡-`pV$p¡' _pd_u A¡L$ fds fdsp lp¡e R>¡. Ap
fdsdp„ S>¡_p D`f v$ph Apìep¡ lp¡e s¡_u Ap„Mp¡ D`f `pV$p¡ bp„^hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
Ap„M¡ `pV$p¡ bp„^¡g bpmL$ buÅ bpmL$p¡_¡ ip¡^hp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$f¡ R>¡. ApS>
âdpZ¡, k©rô$dp„ Æhp¡ kp\¡ cNhp_¹, A¡L$ fus¡ Å¡sp„, Ap„^mp¡-`pV$p¡ S> fdsp
lp¡e R>¡. cNhp_¹_u Agp¥qL$L$ fdsdp„ A_¡ bpmL$p¡_u gp¥qL$L$ fds hÃQ¡ saphs
A¡V$gp¡ S> R>¡ L¡$ gp¥qL$L$ fdsdp„ A¡L$ S>Z D`f v$ph lp¡e R>¡ Ap\u A¡L¡$ A_¡L$_¡
ip¡^hp_p lp¡e R>¡. Äepf¡ Agp¥qL$L$ fdsdp„ Ap_p\u DgVy„$ lp¡e R>¡. Ak„¿e
ÆhpÐdpAp¡ D`f A¡L$ b°û_¡ ip¡^hp_p¡ v$ph R>¡. b°û ÆhpÐdp kp\¡ k„spL|$L$X$u
fdu _\u iL$sp¡. L$pfZ L¡$ b°û sp¡ ìep`L$ R>¡. Ap\u A¡hu sp¡ L$p¡C S>Áep S> _
lp¡C iL¡$ L¡$ Äep„ b°û _ lp¡e. Ap\u, b°û `p¡s¡ k„sphp_¡ W¡$L$pZ¡ `p¡sp_u i[¼s
ìepdp¡rlL$p dpepv¹$hpfp Æhp¡_¡ c°rds L$f¡ R>¡. s¡d_u byrÙD`f Aop_ A_¡
AÞe\pop_ _p¡ `pV$p¡ bp„û v¡$ R>¡. dpepv¹$hpfp c°rds \hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ Ap`Z¡
Æhp¡_¡; S>_L$r`sp kdp_ cNhp_¹_p õhê$`_y„ Aop_, `p¡sp_p s\p
cNhp_¹_p ¾$uX$p„NZ kdp_ Ap S>Ns¹_p õhê$`_y„ Aop_, S>Ns¹-Æh kp\¡
cNhp_¹_p kçbÞ^_y„ Aop_; A_¡ õhL$s®ìe_y„ `Z Aop_ \C Åe R>¡.
ApV$gy„ S> _l] Ap bû bpbsp¡_¡ Ap`Z¡ s¡_p d|m õhê$`\u Sy>v$u S> fus¡
kdS>sp \C S>CA¡ R>uA¡. Ap S> L$pfZ R>¡ L¡$ S>Ns¹ b°ûpÐdL$ lp¡hp R>sp„
Ap`Z¡ s¡_u b°ûpÐdL$sp_p¡ A_ych L$fu iL$sp _\u s\p S>Ns¹dp„ gp¥qL$L$
Ab°û^dp£_p¡ A_ych L$fsp \C S>CA¡ R>uA¡.
dpep_p L$pep£ :
"ìepdp¡l' A¡V$g¡ Aop_ L¡$ c°dZp. dpep Æhp¡_¡ Aop_ê$ù
AphfZ\u Y$p„L$u_¡ c°rds L$f¡ R>¡, Ap\u dpep_¡ "ìepdp¡rlL$p' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
dpep `p¡sp_y„ L$pe® b¡ fus¡ L$f¡ R>¡. â\d sp¡ s¡ Æhp¡_¡ hõsy_p kpQp õhê$`_y„
op_ \hp v¡$su _\u. hõsy_p kpQp õhê$`_y„ ApÃR>pv$_ L$fu v¡$ R>¡. buSy>„ S>¡ hõsy
`p¡s¡ S>¡hu R>¡ s¡_¡ s¡_p\u Sy>v$u fus¡ v¡$MpX¡$ R>¡; A¡V$g¡ hõsy_p kpQp õhê$`_¡
ApÃR>pqv$s L$ep® `R>u s¡_p¡ AÞe\p Apcpk L¡$ âsurs L$fph¡ R>¡. Ap\u dpep_¡
b¡ âL$pf_p âcphp¡ DÐ`Þ_ L$f_pfu dp_hpdp„ Aphu R>¡ :
1. ApÃR>pqv$L$p
2. AÞe\pâsursl¡syc|sp
38
ApÃR>pqv$L$p : dpep_y„ â\d L$pe® lp¡e R>¡ : Æhp¡_u byrÙ_y„ ApÃR>pv$_
L$fhp_y„. ApÃR>pv$_ L$fhy„ A¡V$g¡ Y$p„L$u v¡$hy„. cNhp_¹ Æhp¡_u byrÙ_¡ dpepv¹$hpfp
A¡hu fus¡ Y$p„L$u v¡$ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡\u Æhp¡_¡ S>Ns¹ b°û hN¡f¡_p hpõsrhL$ õhê$`_y„ op_
flu S>sy„ _\u. Æh Aop_u b_u Åe R>¡.
AÞe\pâsursl¡syc|sp : dpep_y„ buSy>„ L$pe® R>¡ : Aop_u b_¡gp

Æhp¡_¡ hõsy_p d|m õhê$`\u Sy>v$p õhê$`_y„ op_ L$fphhy„. A\p®s¹ AÞe\pop_
L$fphhy„. dpep_p Ap L$pe®_¡ L$pfZ¡ S> Æhp¡_¡ S>Ns¹ hN¡f¡_p Mp¡V$p õhê$`_u
âsurs \hp gpN¡ R>¡. S>Ns¹ L¡$ ÅNrsL$ hõsy_p DÐ`rÑ-_pi \sp„ S> _\u lp¡sp
R>sp„ Æhp¡ S>Ns¹_¡ DÐ`rÑ-_pihp_ kdS>sp lp¡e R>¡. sÒh×rô$\u Å¡sp„ L$p¡C
`Z hõsydp„ kpfp`Ï„ L¡$ Mfpb`Ï„ lp¡sy„ _\u. R>sp„ Æhp¡ L$p¡CL$ hõsy_¡ kpfu
NZ¡ R>¡ sp¡ L$p¡CL$_¡ Mfpb. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ L$p¡C `Z hõsydp„ õhpcprhL$ fus¡ A¡hp¡
L$p¡C NyZ lp¡sp¡ _\u L¡$ S>¡\u sÒh×[óV$\u Å¡sp„ s¡_u bpbsdp„ ""Ap dpfu R>¡'',
""Ap spfu R >¡'' L¡$ ""Ap kph®S>r_L$ R>¡'' hN¡f¡ ^pfZp L¡$ v$php _¡ kpQp NZu
iL$pe. Apd R>sp„ Ap`Z¡ hps-hpsdp„ dpfy„-spfy„ L$fsp lp¡CA¡ R>uA¡. Ap s\p
Aphp A_¡L$ Mp¡V$p„ op_p¡ dpep_¡ L$pfZ¡ Æhp¡_¡ \sp„ lp¡e R>¡.
dpep_p bÞ_¡ L$pep£_¡ kdÄep `R>u dpep `p¡sp_y„ L$pe® L$ep âL$pf¡ L$f¡
R>¡ s¡ âr¾$ep_p¡ rhQpf lh¡ âpk„rNL$ b_¡ R>¡.
ìepdp¡l__u âr¾$ep :
1. kh®â\d dpep Æh_u byrÙ_¡ Aop_\u Y$p„L$u v¡$ R>¡.
2. Ðepf bpv$ S>Ns¹_p rhjep¡(hõsy)_p kdp_ dpreL$
rhjep¡_¡ Æh_u byrÙdp„ DÐ`Þ_ L$f¡ R>¡.
dpreL$ rhjep¡_u DÐ`rÑ_¡ L$pfZ¡ Æhp¡_u byrÙ A¡hu c°rds b_u

Åe R>¡ L¡$ dpep_¡ L$pfZ¡ hõsy_p¡ S>¡ âL$pf âL$V$ \pe s¡ S> âdpZ¡ Æh kdS>sp¡
\B Åe R>¡. lh¡ Aphp¡ Æh Äepf¡ S>Ns¹_p rhjep¡_p kç`L®$dp„ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ :
(3) byrÙdp„ fl¡gp dpreL$ rhjep¡_y„ ân¡`Z
(`fphs®_/REFLECTION) dpep_¡ L$pfZ¡ S>Ns¹_p
hpõsrhL$ rhjep¡D`f \B S>sy„ lp¡e R>¡.
39
S>Ns¹_p rhjep¡ D`f \sp dpreL$ rhjep¡_p ân¡`Z\u S>¡d ka¡v$
hõsyD`f gpg f„N_p¡ âL$pi _pMsp„ s¡ gpg f„N_u v¡$Mphp gpN¡ R>¡, s¡d
S>Ns¹_p rhjep¡ `p¡sp_p iyÙ õhê$`dp„ N©lus \hp_¡ õ\p_¡ dpep_p NyZ-^dp£
krls N©lus \hp gpN¡ R>¡. dpepv¹$hpfp Æh_u byrÙ_y„ ApÃR>pv$_ \hp\u Æh
Aop_u b_¡ R>¡. Ap âr¾$ep_¡ bpmL$_p ×ô$pÞs hX¡$ kfmsp\u kdÆ iL$pi¡.
L¡$dL¡$ Ap kde¡ Æh_u [õ\rs A¡L$ A¡hp Abp¡^ bpmL$ S>¡hu lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ S>¡_¡
kpfp-Mfpb JQ-_uQ L¡$ râe-Arâe _p¡ rhh¡L$ _ lp¡e. _p_y„ bpmL$ `p¡s¡ L„$C
ÅZsy„ _\u lp¡sy„, Ap\u s¡_¡ S>¡ L„$C `Z A_¡ S>¡hy„ `Z Å¡hp-kdÅhhpdp„
Aph¡ R>¡, s¡_¡ bpmL$ s¡hy„ dp_u L¡$ kdÆ g¡ R>¡. Å¡ kpfu hõsy_p dpV¡$ s¡ kpfu
_\u A¡d riMhhpdp„ Aphsy„ lp¡e sp¡ s¡ bpmL$ kpfu hõsy_¡ `Z Mfpb S>
dp_u-kdÆ g¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ Å¡ Mfpb hõsydpV¡$ s¡ kpfu R>¡ s¡hy„
riMhhpdp„ Aphi¡ sp¡ s¡ Mfpb_¡ `Z kpfu S> dp_u-kdÆ g¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡.
lh¡ Äepf¡ `Z s¡_u kpd¡ L$p¡C kpfu hõsy gphhpdp„ Aphi¡ Ðepf¡ bpmL$ s¡_¡
Mfpb sp¡ kdS>i¡ S>, svy$`fpÞs s¡ hõsy s¡_¡ Mfpb v¡$Mpi¡ `Z. dpep `Z
Ap S> âr¾$ep\u Æhp¡_¡ cp¡mhsu lp¡e R>¡ (Æh_p âL$fZdp„ Ap âr¾$ep_¡
krhõspf kdÅhhpdp„ Aphi¡).
rhjesp :
byrÙdp„ DÐ`Þ_ \e¡gp dpreL$ rhjep¡_¡ "rhjesp' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
S>Ns¹dp„ fl¡gp `v$p\p£ L¡$ S>¡_y„ op_ B[ÞÖep¡ hX¡$ Ap`Z_¡ \pe R>¡, s¡Ap¡_¡
B[ÞÖeop__p rhje lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡, "rhje' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. dpep_¡ L$pfZ¡
Æh_u byrÙdp„ rhjesp (=S>Ns¹_p rhjep¡ S>¡hpS> dpreL$ rhjep¡)_y„ kS>®_
L$fu_¡ s¡ rhjesp_p¡ ân¡` S>Ns¹_p rhjep¡D`f L$f¡ R>¡. Ap L$pfZ¡ Å¡_pf_¡
S>Ns¹_p rhjep¡_p¡ iyÙ A_ych \hp_¡ W¡$L$pZ¡ rhjesp-rdrîs rhje_p¡
A_ych \hp gpN¡ R>¡. Ap A_ychdp„ rhje_p¡ A_ych sp¡ e\p\® S> lp¡e R>¡
`fÞsy rhjesp_p¡ A_ych dpepS>Þe lp¡hp\u AkÐe lp¡e R>¡. v$p.s. azv$fX$u
afsp dpZk_¡ Apk-`pk_u bû [õ\f hõsyAp¡ Np¡m-Np¡m afsu v¡$Mpsu
lp¡e R>¡. Ap A_ychdp„ Apk-`pk fl¡g V¡$bg Myfiu v$uhpg hN¡f¡ hõsyAp¡_p
f„N ApL$pf v|$fu hN¡f¡_p¡ A_ych sp¡ e\p\® S> lp¡e R>¡ `fÞsy s¡ hõsyAp¡_y„
Np¡m-Np¡m afsy„ v¡$Mphy„ AhpõsrhL$ lp¡e R>¡. Ap S> âL$pf¡ S>Ns¹_p V¡$bg
Myfiu Of `qfhpf kç`rÑ hN¡f¡ S>¡ `Z L$p¡C rhjep¡_p¡ A_ych Ap`Z_¡
40
\sp¡ lp¡e R>¡ s¡ A_ych sp¡ e\p\® S> lp¡e R>¡ `fÞsy Ap A_ych_u kp\p¡-kp\
V¡$bg DÐ`Þ_ \ey„, V¡$bg _ô$ \ey„, V¡$bg kpê„$ R>¡, V¡$bg Mfpb R>¡ hN¡f¡_p¡ S>¡
A_ych \pe R>¡ s¡ dpepS>Þe L¡$ rhjespê$` lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ AhpõsrhL$-
AkÐe lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u rhjesp_p¡ A_ych A¡ Ap`Zp¡ c°d lp¡e R>¡.
Al] A¡L$ hps Mpk Ýep_dp„ fpMhu Å¡CA¡ L¡$ dpep Æh_u
byrÙdp„S> rhjesp_¡ DÐ`Þ_ L$fsu lp¡e R>¡. S>Ns¹_p rhjep¡ kp\¡ dpep L$p¡C
`Z âL$pf_u R>¡X$-R>pX$ L$fsu _\u. L$pfZ L¡$ S>Ns¹ sp¡ b°û¡ b_pìey„ lp¡e R>¡.
Ap\u S> rhje_u dpÓ A_yc|rs S> AhpõsrhL$ê$`¡ \su lp¡e R>¡. dpep_p
^dp£ Æh_u dpÓ byrÙ_¡ S> âcprhs L$fsp lp¡e R>¡ s¡ ^dp£ rhje-S>Ns¹dp„
âh¡isp _ lp¡hp\u S>Ns¹ AhpõsrhL$ \C S>sy„ _\u.
S>Ns¹ A_¡ k„kpf :

S>Ns¹ b°ûpÐdL$ lp¡hp\u kÐe R>¡ A¡ ipõÓ_p rkÙpÞs_¡ Al]
kyû_p r_ê$`Z\u Ap`Z¡ kdÆ i¼ep R>uA¡. Apd R>sp„ ipõÓdp„ A_¡L$
W¡$L$pZ¡ ""Ap b^y„ AkÐe R>¡; rdÕep R>¡; c°d R>¡'' Aphy„ r_ê$`Z Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡;
sp¡ Ap rhfp¡^pcpk_y„ r_fpL$fZ L¡$hu fus¡ \C iL¡$ ?
Mf¡Mf Å¡sp„ sp¡ ipõÓdp„ L$p¡C `Z Ås_p¡ rhfp¡^pcpk R>¡ S> _l].
s¡d R>sp„ S>¡ rhfp¡^pcpk Ap`Z_¡ S>Zpe R>¡ s¡_y„ L$pfZ S>Ns¹ A_¡ k„kpf _¡
A¡L$ kdÆ b¡khp_u Nçcuf c|g R>¡. S>Ns¹ A_¡ k„kpf A¡ bÞ_¡ AgN-
AgN hõsy R>¡.
S>Ns¹ A¡ b°û_p Q¥sÞe A_¡ Ap_„v$ NyZ^d®_p rsfp¡^p_`|h®L$ ks¹

NyZ^d®\u âL$V$ \e¡gu _pd-ê$`-L$dp®ÐdL$ S>X$ k©rô$ R>¡. S>Ns¹ b°ûpÐdL$
lp¡hp\u kÐe R>¡. S>Ns¹ L$v$u `Z AkÐe L¡$ rdÕep lp¡C iL$sy„ _\u.
S>Ns¹dp„_p Æhp¡ dpep_p âcphdp„ Aphu_¡ `p¡sp_u Al„sp A_¡

ddsp hX¡$ b°ûpÐdL$ S>Ns¹\u rcÞ_ `p¡sp_u A¡L$ L$pë`r_L$ k©rô$ b_ph¡ R>¡,
Ðepf¡ s¡hu s¡ Al„sp-ddsp[ÐdL$p k©rô$_¡ "k„kpf' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. S>Ns¹ kÐe
R>¡. Al„sp-ddsp `Z kÐe R>¡, `fÞsy, S>Ns¹ A_¡ Al„sp-ddsp_u kp\¡
Æh¡ Å¡X$u_¡ DÐ`Þ_ L$f¡g k„kpf AkÐe R>¡. dpep_p âcph l¡W$m Æh¡ dpreL$
41
^dp£_¡ S>Ns¹ D`f W$p¡L$u b¡kpX¹$ép R>¡. A¡ dpreL$ ^dp£ Æh_¡ S>Ns¹\u rcÞ_ L$p¡C
A¡L$ Ah_hu S> k©rô$ v¡$MpX¡$ R>¡. k„kpfê$` A¡ dpreL$ k©rô$ Æh_¡ hpõsrhL$sp\u
v|$f gC Åe R>¡. s¡ Æh_¡ "lz„' dp„ s\p "dpfp-spfp' dp„ A¡hp¡ akphu v¡$ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡\u
Æh âcy_¡ c|gu Åe R>¡. cNhp_¡ Æh_¡ Ap`¡gu Al„sp\u Æh ""lz„ b°û_p¡
A„i L¡$ v$pk Ry>„( A¡hu b°prûL$ Al„sp )'' _p¡ cph fpMu_¡ âcy_u k¡hp-c[¼s
`Z L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. cNhp_¡ Æh_¡ Ap`¡gu ddsp\u Æh ""âcy dpfp cS>_ue
Apîe R>¡ ( A¡hu b°prûL$ ddsp )'' _p¡ cph fpMu_¡ âcy_¡ `Z `p¡sp_p dp_u
iL¡$. Al„sp-ddsp_p¡ Aphp¡ kvy$èp¡N L$fhp_p õ\p_¡ S>¡ S>Ns¹_¡ cNhp_¡
`p¡sp_u ¾$uX$pdpV¡$ b_pìey„ R>¡ s¡ S>Ns¹dpV¡$ Æhp¡ ""lz„-dpfy„-spfy„'' L$fhp gpNu
Åe R>¡. s¡ Aphp¡ rhè®e dpep_¡ L$pfZ¡ S> \pe R>¡. S>¡ Æhp¡_¡ cNhp_¡ `p¡sp_u
`y[óV$¾$uX$p_¡ A_yê$` \hp dpV¡$ âL$V$ L$ep® s¡ Æhp¡ `Z `p¡sp_u dpreL$ Al„sp-
ddsp_¡ L$pfZ¡ âcy_u `y[óV$gugp_¡ A_yê$` \hp_¡ W¡$L$pZ¡ âhprlgugpdp„
k„X$p¡hpe¡gp lp¡hp\u `p¡s¡ S> S>Ns¹dp„ ¾$uX$p L$fsp lp¡e R>¡. dpep_p âcph¡ âL$V$
\su Al„sp-ddsp_p Aphp vy$fyèp¡N v¹$hpfp `p¡sp_y„ Arls L$fsp Æhp¡_¡
s¡d_p kpQp L$s®ìe_y„ cp_ L$fphhpdpV¡$ Al„sp-ddsp-S>Þe k„kpf_¡ "rdÕep'
"AkÐe' L¡$ "c°dê$`' L$l¡hpdp„ Aphsp¡ lp¡e R>¡.
S>Ns¹ A¡ `fdpÐdp_y„ ¾$uX$p„NZ R>¡. s¡ vy$:Mê$` _\u. S>Ns¹_p

Agp¥qL$L$ õhê$`_¡ ÅZu_¡ âÐe¡L$ ÆhpÐdpA¡ Ap S>Ns¹dp„ `p¡s-`p¡sp_p
L$s®ìe_y„ r_^p®fZ L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡.
rhi¡j hp„Q_dpV¡$ :
1.îugpgycV¹$V$Æ-rhfrQs "âd¡efÐ_pZ®h' _pdL$ N°Þ\dp„_p¡ â\d
"â`„Qrhh¡L$'.
2.îudlpâcy Æ -rhfrQs "sÒhp\® v $u`r_bÞ^' N° Þ \_y „ â\d
"ipõÓp\®âL$fZ'.
3.Np¡õhpdu îu`yfyjp¡ÑdÆ-rhfrQs "k©rô$c¡v$hpv$'.
4.Np¡õhpdu îu`yfyjp¡ÑdÆ-rhfrQs "Aprhcp®h- rsfp¡cphhpv$'.
5.Np¡õhpdu îu`yfyjp¡ÑdÆ-rhfrQs "âõ\p_fÐ_pL$f'.
6.Np¡õhpdu îuíepdd_p¡lfÆ-rhfrQs _hu_ âL$pris "b°ûk|ÓpÏcpóe'
â\d M„X$_u âõsph_p.
***
42
2. Æhrhh¡L$
Æhk©rô$_y„ âep¡S>_ :
S>Ns¹ A¡ b°û_u AQ¡s_ k©rô$ R>¡. b°û_u gugpdp„ S>Ns¹_y„ õ\p_
A¡L$ ¾$uX$p„NZ L¡$ f„Nd„Q kdp_ R>¡. f„Nd„Q lp¡e `Z Arc_¡sp _ lp¡e sp¡ _pV$L$
cS>hu iL$psy„ _\u. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ ¾$uX$p„NZ lp¡e `Z ¾$uX$p L$f_pf M¡gpX$u _
lp¡e sp¡ ¾$uX$p `Z \C iL$su _\u. L$gpL$pf L¡$ M¡gpX$u rh_p f„Nd„Q L¡$ ¾$uX$p„NZ
r_Æ®h r_[ó¾$e A_¡ r_f\®L$ b_u S>sy„ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ k©rô$dp„ Å¡ Æhp¡
_ lp¡s sp¡ k©rô$ `Z r_Æ®h A_¡ r_[ó¾$e b_u Ås. gugp kçch _ fl¡s.
b°û afu A¡L$pL$u S>¡hp¡ S> flu Ås. R>s¡ k©rô$A¡ `Z ¾$uX$p_p¡ Ap_Þv$ gC _
iL$s. ¾$uX$pdpV¡$ M¡gpqX$Ap¡ S>ê$fu lp¡e R>¡. _pV$L$dpV¡$ Arc_¡sp S>ê$fu lp¡e R>¡.
s¡ S> âdpZ¡ Ap S>X$ k©rô$D`f ¾$uX$p L$fhpdpV¡$ Æhp¡_¡ âL$V$ L$fhp S>ê$fu lsp.
Ap S> L$pfZ R>¡ L¡$ b°û¡ S>X$_u kp\p¡-kp\ Æhp¡_¡ `Z âL$V$ L$ep® R>¡.
Æhp¡_p¡ Aprhcp®h :
k[ÃQv$p_Þv$ b°û_p ks¹ A_¡ rQv¹$ A„ip¡hX¡$ Æh_p¡ Aprhcp®h \pe
R>¡. Ap Aprhcp®h_u âr¾$ep_¡ hZ®hsp„ D`r_jv$¹dp„ L$l¡hpey„ R>¡ : ""lz„ A¡L$
A_¡L$ \C ÅJ.'' A¡hp âL$pf_u blzch_¡ÃR>p \sp„ A[Á_dp„\u S>¡d Ak„¿e
sZMpAp¡ Tfsp„ lp¡e R>¡, s¡d b°ûdp„\u Ak„¿e A„iê$` S>X$-Æhp¡ âL$V$ \ep
R>¡. Apd b°û `p¡s¡ S> Æhê$`¡ b_sp¡ lp¡hp\u Æh `Z S>Ns¹_u dpaL$
b°ûpÐdL$ A_¡ b°ûdp„\u ìeyÃQqfs \e¡g b°û_p¡ A„i R>¡.
ìeyÃQfZ ¼ep„ ?
b°ûdp„\u Æh_p âL$V$ \hp_u âr¾$ep A¡d kdÅhhpdp„ Aphu R>¡ L¡$
S>¡d A[Á_dp„\u sZMp blpf Tfsp lp¡e s¡d b°ûdp„\u `Z Ak„¿e Æhp¡
R|>V$p `X¡$ R>¡. Ap âr¾$ep_p¡ rhQpf L$fsp„ õhpcprhL$ fus¡ âí_ \B iL¡$ L¡$ b°û Å¡
ìep`L$ lp¡e sp¡ Æhp¡ s¡dp„\u Äep„ R|>V$p `X$u_¡ blpf Aphu iL¡$ A¡hy„
Ab°ûpÐdL$ õ\p_ L$ey„ lp¡B iL¡$ ?
Ap i„L$p_y„ kdp^p_ kdyÖ A_¡ sf„N _p ×ô$pÞs\u kdÆ iL$pe R>¡:

kdyÖ_p sf„Np¡ (dp¡ÅAp¡) S>¡d kdyÖdp„ S> b_sp lp¡e R>¡; A_¡ kdyÖdp„ S>
rhgu_ `Z \sp„ lp¡e R>¡, s¡d b°ûpÐdL$ Æh b°ûê$` âv¡$idp„ S> (b°ûdp„ S>)
43
R|>V$p¡ `X¡$ R>¡ A_¡ b°ûdp„ S> rhgu_ \C Åe R>¡. rhfyÙ^dp®îe lp¡hp\u b°ûdp„
b^y„ iL¹$é b_¡ R>¡.
S>X$S>Ns¹ b°û_y„ L$pe® `fÞsy ÆhpÐdp sp¡ b°ûp„i S> :
S>¡ DÐ`Þ_ \pe s¡_¡ "L$pe®' L$l¡hpdp„ Ah¡ R>¡, v$p.s., h©n. S>¡dp„\u
L$p„CL$ DÐ`Þ_ \pe s¡_¡ "L$pfZ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡, v$p.s., buS>. L$pe®-
L$pfZ_u Ap ìep¿ep_p Ap^pf¡ S> S>Ns¹_¡ "b°û_y„-L$pe®' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
Al], `fÞsy, rhQpfhp_u hps A¡ R>¡ L¡$ Aprhcp®h sp¡ Æh_p¡ `Z b°ûdp„\u
\pe R>¡ s¡d R>sp„ Æh_¡ "b°û_y„-L$pe®' _ L$lu_¡ aL$s "A„i' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡
s¡_y„ L$pfZ iy„ ?
S>Ns¹ A_¡ Æh bÞ_¡_p¡ Aprhcp®h b°ûdp„\u S> \pe R>¡. R>sp„

Aprhc|®s \ep bpv$ S>Ns¹_p `v$p\p£ OV$ `V$ dL$p_ ifuf _v$u `h®s gp¡Yy„$ gpL$Xy„$
hN¡f¡ A_¡L$ _pdp¡ s¡dS> ê$`p¡ _¡ ^pfZ L$fu g¡sp lp¡e R>¡. Ap rhrcÞ_ _pd-
ê$`p¡ s¡d_u A¡L$-buÅ\u AgN Ap¡mMpZ b_u Åe R>¡. ÆhpÐdp_u
bpbsdp„ Aphy„ _\u b_sy„. ÆhpÐdpAp¡ Ak„¿e lp¡e R>¡, `fÞsy, s¡Ap¡_p
_pd ê$` f„N ApL$pf hS>_ hN¡f¡ S>X$ S>Ns¹_u dpaL$ lp¡sp _\u. `pZu_p
rbÞvy$Ap¡ S>¡d A¡L$ kfMp„ lp¡hp\u s¡d_¡ A¡L$-buÅ\u Sy>v$p kdÆ iL$hy„ dyíL¡$g
lp¡e R>¡. s¡d S> ÆhpÐdpAp¡_u Ap¡mM S>X$ `v$p\p£_u dpaL$ L$fhu dyíL¡$g lp¡e
R>¡. Ap S> L$pfZ¡ Æhp¡_¡ b°û_p "A„i' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Äepf¡ S>Ns¹_¡
"b°û_y„-L$pe®' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
Æh AÏê$` R>¡ :
ipõÓdp„ ÆhpÐdp_¡ AÏ`qfdpZ dp_hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. b°û ìep`L$
R>¡, Äepf¡ ÆhpÐdp AÏ/k|ÿd/`qf[ÃR>Þ_ R>¡. ÆhpÐdp Q¡s_ R>¡ A_¡ Q¥sÞe
L¡$ Q¡s_p s¡ ÆhpÐdp_p¡ ^d® R>¡. kç`|Z® ifufdp„ ÆhpÐdp_u Q¡s_p_p¡ A_ych
\sp¡ lp¡hp\u L¡$V$gpL$ gp¡L$p¡ ÆhpÐdp_¡ `Z b°û_u dpaL$ ìep`L$ kdÆ g¡sp
lp¡e R>¡. Ap dpÞesp, `fÞsy, c|g cf¡gu R>¡. DÛp_dp„ awg L$p¡B A¡L$ S> õ\m¡
lp¡e R>¡ `fÞsy s¡_u kyNÞ^_u A_yc|rs DÛp_dp„ Qp¡d¡f \su S> lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u
awg_¡ ìep`L$ dp_u iL$psy„ _\u. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ ÆhpÐdp AÏ S> R>¡,
ifuf¥L$v¡$ihs}R>¡, R>sp„ s¡_p Q¡s_p ^d®_u A_yc|rs kyNÞ^_u dpaL$, kç`|Z®
ifufdp„ \su lp¡e R>¡.
44
ÆhpÐdp A_¡ S>X$S>Ns¹ b°û\u ArcÞ_ R>¡ :
ipõÓdp„ A_¡L$ W¡$L$pZ¡ A¡hy„ L$l¡hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡ L¡$ b°û rkhpe buSy>„ L$iy„
R>¡ S> _lu. b°û S> A¡L$dpÓ sÒh R>¡. Al] S>¡ L„$C `Z R>¡ s¡ b°û S> R>¡.
ipõÓ_p Aphp L$\_p¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ L¡$V$gpL$ gp¡L$p¡ NcfpC_¡ A¡hy„ spfZ L$pY$u b¡ksp
lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ Äepf¡ b°û rkhpe Al] buSy>„ L$iy„ \B S> _ iL$sy„ lp¡e sp¡, Ap
rhrh^sp`|Z® S>X$S>Ns¹ s\p Ak„¿e ÆhpÐdpAp¡ _u Ap`Z_¡ S>¡ A_yc|rs
\C flu R>¡, s¡ r_[íQsê$`\u Ap`Zp¡ c°d lp¡hp¡ Å¡BA¡. Ap\u îui„L$fpQpe£
S>Ns¹_¡ rdÕep dp_u gu^y„. S>Ns¹_p âL$fZdp„ Ap`Z¡ A¡ kdÆ gu^y„ L¡$
S>X$S>Ns¹ rdÕep lp¡C iL$sy„ _\u, A¡V$g¡ L¡$ S>Ns¹ kÐe S> R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡
ÆhpÐdp `Z b°û_p¡ S> A„i lp¡hp\u kÐe S> R>¡. Ðepf¡ âí_ A¡ Dcp¡ \pe R>¡
L¡$ S>X$S>Ns¹, ÆhpÐdp A_¡ b°û hÃQ¡ L¡$hp¡ kçbÞ^ li¡ ?
S>X$S>Ns¹ A_¡ ÆhpÐdp A¡ A¡L$ S> sÒh¡ ^pfZ L$f¡gp b¡ ê$`p¡ R>¡.
k[ÃQv$p_Þv$ b°û Äepf¡ `p¡sp_p rQs¹ A_¡ Ap_„v$ NyZ^dp£_¡ rsfp¡rls L$fu_¡
L¡$hm ks¹ NyZ^d®_¡ A_¡L$ A„ip¡_p ê$`dp„ âL$V$ L$f¡ R>¡, Ðepf¡ b°û_p s¡ âL$V$
kv„$ip¡_¡ "S>X$S>Ns¹' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ b°û Äepf¡ `p¡sp_p
Ap_„v$ NyZ^d®_¡ rsfp¡rls L$fu_¡ ks¹-rQs¹ NyZ^dp£_¡ ANrZs A„ip¡_p
ê$`dp„ âL$V$ L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ b°û_p s¡hp rQv„$ip¡_¡ "ÆhpÐdp' L¡$ "Q¥sÞe' L$l¡hpdp„
Aph¡ R>¡. Apd Ap`Z¡ õ`ô$ê$`\u Å¡C iL$uA¡ R>uA¡ L¡$ S>¡d kp¡_pdp„\u Å¡
h]V$u lpf b„NX$u Tp„Tf hN¡f¡ A_¡L$ Apc|jZp¡ b_phhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ h]V$u lpf L¡$
b„NX$u_y„ sÒh L$p„C bv$gpC S>sy„ _\u. s¡d S> b°û¡ `p¡s¡ S> S>X$S>Ns¹ s\p
ÆhpÐdpAp¡ _p A_¡L$ ê$`p¡ õh¡ÃR>ep ^pfZ L$ep® lp¡hp\u sÒh sp¡ A¡L$ b°û S>
fl¡, s¡ A¡L$ õhpcprhL$ sÕe R>¡. ApV$gu hps kdÄep `R>u Ap`Z¡ lh¡ kdÆ
iL$uiy„ L¡$ S>¡d kyhZ®_p b_¡gp Apc|jZp¡ kyhZ®\u rcÞ_ _\u lp¡sp„ s¡d
b°û\u S> b_¡gp S>Ns¹-Æh `Z b°û\u rcÞ_ _\u S>.
c¡v$krlóÏ Ac¡v$ :
S>X$-Æh A_¡ b°û hÃQ¡_p¡ Ac¡v$kçbÞ^ c¡v$_p¡ rhfp¡û _\u. Ap
kçbÞ^ A¡hp¡ rhgnZ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ `p¡sp_u AÞv$f S>Ns¹ A_¡ Æh _p c¡v$_¡
kdphu iL¡$ R>¡. Ap\u S> Ap Ac¡v$/AÜ¥s_¡ "c¡v$krlóÏ-Ac¡v$' L$l¡hpdp„
Aph¡ R>¡. c¡v$krlóÏ -Ac¡v$_¡ S> "spv$pÐçe' `Z L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
45
kdyÖsV$_u rhrh^ qv$ipAp¡ cZu ^kdksp, _p_p-dp¡V$p A_¡L$rh^ dp¡Å„
sÒh×rô$\u Å¡sp„ kdyÖ S> lp¡e R>¡, `fÞsy, Å¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ s¡Ap¡_p ApL$pf-
âL$pf_u c¡v$×rô$\u Å¡hp lp¡e sp¡ kdyÖ\u AgN `Z s¡Ap¡_¡ Å¡C iL$pe R>¡.
Apd \hp_y„ L$pfZ A¡ S> R>¡ L¡$ kdyÖ A_¡ s¡_p dp¡Å„ hÃQ¡ _ sp¡ AÐeÞs c¡v$
lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ _ AÐeÞs Ac¡v$. s¡ S> âL$pf¡ S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ S>Ns¹ A_¡ b°û hÃQ¡
`Z, kdyÖ A_¡ s¡_p dp¡Å„ S>¡hp¡, spv$pÐçe-kçbÞ^ lp¡e R>¡; _ AÐeÞs c¡v$
L¡$ _ AÐeÞs Ac¡v$.
spv$pÐçe :
b°û rhfyÙ^dp®îe R>¡. Ap\u `p¡s¡ A¡L$d¡h ArÜsue lp¡hp R>sp„
gugp\£ âL$V$ L$f¡gp S>X$-Æhp¡_p Ü¥s_¡, kdyÖ S>¡d dp¡Å„_u A_¡L$sp_¡ `p¡sp_u
AÞv$f kdphu g¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡ s¡d, `p¡sp_u AÞv$f kdphu g¡ R>¡. Ap\u S> S>X$-
ÆhpÐdL$ S>Ns¹ A_¡ b°û hÃQ¡_p kçbÞ^_¡ c¡v$krlóÏ-Ac¡v$ê$`
"spv$pÐçe-kçbÞ^' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
Ap_„v$p„i_p¡ rsfp¡cph :
S>Ns¹dp„ b°û_p rQs¹ A_¡ Ap_„v$ Apd b¡ NyZ^dp£ rsfp¡rls lp¡e R>¡.
ÆhpÐdpdp„, Äepf¡, b°û_p¡ L¡$hm Ap_„v$ A„i S> rsfp¡rls lp¡e R>¡. b°ûdp„\u
Äepf¡ A„iê$` ÆhpÐdpAp¡ âL$V$ \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡dp„ ks¹ A_¡ rQs¹ NyZ^dp£_u
kp\p¡-kp\ b°û_p¡ Ap_„v$ NyZ^d® `Z s¡ S> fus¡ âL$V$ \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ S>¡d
A[Á_dp„\u sZMp r_L$msp lp¡e R>¡. S>¡d s¡ sZMpAp¡dp„ \p¡X$p kde kyû
A[Á_ âL$V$ lp¡e R>¡; s¡dS> Ap_„v$ âL$V$ lp¡hp\u S>, Ðepf¡ ÆhpÐdpdp„
cNhp_¹_p A¥íhep®qv$ Agp¥qL$L$ NyZp¡_p A„iê$` A¥íhe® hue® ei îu op_ A_¡
h¥fpÁe NyZp¡ `Z âL$V$ fl¡sp lp¡e R>¡.
Ðepf `R>u cNhqv$ÃR>p\u ÆhpÐdpdp„ Ap_„v$p„i rsfp¡rls/AâL$V$

\C Åe R>¡. Ap_„v$_p rsfp¡^p_ \sp„_u kp\¡ S> A¥íhep®qv$ cNhv¹$Ny$Zp¡_p
A„iê$` A¥íhe® hue® ei îu op_ A_¡ h¥fpÁe Apd R>A¡ R> NyZp¡ `Z s¡
ÆhpÐdpdp„ rsfp¡rls \C Åe R>¡. Ap b°ûp„iê$` rQv„$i_¡, Äepf¡ s¡dp„
Ap_„v$p„i rsfp¡rls \B Åe, Ðepf¡ "Æh' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
A¥íhep®qv$ NyZp¡_p rsfp¡rls \hp\u ÆhD`f A_¡L$ rh`fus Akfp¡

46
`X¡$ R>¡. L$ep NyZ_p rsfp¡^p_\u ÆhD`f L¡$hu rh`fus Akf `X¡$ R>¡ s¡ lh¡
Å¡CA¡ :
A¥íhe® : õhps„Ôe, ¼ep„e `Z, A¥íhe®_¡ L$pfZ¡ Aphsy„ lp¡e R>¡. S>¡d Cíhf
k©rô$_y„ r_ed_ L$f¡ R>¡, s¡d A¥íhe®hp_¹ ìe[¼sdp„ `Z buÅ_y„ r_ed_
L$fhp_u i[¼s lp¡e R>¡. A¥íhe®_p rsfp¡^p_\u Æh v$u_ b_u Åe R>¡. v$u_
gp¡L$p¡ õhpcprhL$ fus¡ S> `fpû_ A_¡ kp`¡n lp¡e R>¡. A¥íhe®_p rsfp¡^p_\u
Æhdp„ `Z v$u_sp L¡$ `fpû_sp S>¡hp NyZp¡ Aphu S>sp lp¡e R>¡.
hue® : hue®hp_¹ ìe[¼s i[¼sipmu L¡$ kd\® lp¡e R>¡. hue®_p rsfp¡^p_\u Æh s¡
S> fus¡ Akd\® A_¡ cuê$ b_u Åe R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ fus¡ bmlu_ \hp\u d_yóe
cuê$ b_u S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. cuê$ d_yóe iÓyAp¡\u `p¡sp_p âpZ L$p¡C `Z
cp¡N¡ bQphhp dpV¡$ S>¡d Äep„-Ðep„ ap„ap dpfsp¡ lp¡e R>¡ s¡d hue®frls
\hp\u gp¥qL$L$-`pfgp¥qL$L$ A_¡L$ cep¡\u N°õs Æh `p¡sp_p ce_¡ v|$f
L$fhp_p D`pe dpÓdp„ S> AV$hpC S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡.
ei : î¡›$ ìe[¼s eiõhu lp¡e R>¡. s¡ ìe[¼s buÅ kp^pfZ dpZkp¡dpV¡$ Apv$i®
b_u S>su lp¡e R>¡. ei_p rsfp¡^p_\u Æhdp„ A_¡L$ âL$pf_u lu_sp cfpC
Åe R>¡. L$Z® `pk¡ A_¡L$ âL$pf_u i[¼sAp¡ lsu. s¡ blpvy$f A_¡ AÐeÞs
Dv$pf lsp¡. hmu s¡_p¡ S>Þd k|e®v¡$h_u L©$`p\u `pÎX$hp¡_u dpsp Ly$[Þs_p
Nc®\u \ep¡ lsp¡. klz `pÎX$h cpCAp¡ L$fsp„ s¡ dp¡V$p¡ lsp¡. Apd R>sp„ s¡_y„
gpg_-`pg_ fp^p _pd_u A¡L$ v$pkuÜpfp \ey„ lp¡hp\u gOyspN°[Þ\_p
cph\u cf¡gp¡ s¡ `p¡sp_¡ s¡ fp^p_p¡ `yÓ S> kdS>sp¡ lsp¡. v$pku`yÓ lp¡hp_u
lu_cph_p_¡ L$pfZ¡ s¡_p¡ b^p¡ ei _ô$ \C Nep¡. s¡_p b^p î¡óW$ Apv$ip£
d|ëelu_ b_u Nep. s¡ A^d®_p¡ `n`psu b_u Nep¡. hpO_p bÃQp_p¡
DR>¡f Å¡ O¢V$pAp¡_p V$p¡mpdp„ \pe sp¡ hpO_y„ bÃQy„ `Z O¢V$pAp¡_u dpaL$ b¢-
b¢ L$fsy„ A_¡ Opk Mpsy„ \C Åe. Ap S> lu_sp R>¡. lu_ìe[¼s
ApÐdrhíhpk\u frls lp¡hp\u Apk-`pk_p gp¡L$p¡ S>¡hy„ L$fsp lp¡e s¡hy„
s¡d_y„ A_yL$fZ L$fhpdp„ S> s¡ `p¡sp_y„ î¡e dp_u g¡su lp¡e R>¡. eip¡rhlu_
Æh `Z A_yL$fZ L$f_pfp¡ \C Åe R>¡.
îu : "îu' A¡V$g¡ ip¡cp kp¥Þv$e® kç`rÑ kÐL$d® hN¡f¡. b°û_y„ kp¥Þv$e® s¡_u
47
ìep`L$sp R>¡. îu_p rsfp¡^p_\u Æh k|ÿd-õ\|m v¡$lp¡_p AphfZp¡hX¡$
1 2 3
O¡fpC Åe R>¡. v¡$l_p k„b„^\u s¡_¡• S>Þd A[õsÐh rhL$pk
4
rh`qfZpd 6A`ne A_¡ 6d©Ðey •Apd R> cphrhL$pfp¡dp„\u `kpf \hy„
`X¡$ R>¡. hmu, kp^_-kç`rÑ s¡dS> kÐL$dp£\u lu_ \hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ s¡_¡
S>Þd S>fp=h©Ùphõ\p ìepr^=fp¡N A_¡ d©Ðey hN¡f¡ rh`rÑAp¡_p¡ kpd_p¡
L$fhp¡ `X¡$ R>¡. hmu, L$pdu `yfyj S>¡d `p¡sp_u L$pd_pAp¡_¡ k„sp¡jhpdpV¡$ s¡_p
D`pep¡dp„ S> AV$hpe¡gp¡ fl¡, s¡d Æh_¡ `Z v¡$l-B[ÞÖep¡_u L$pd_pAp¡_¡
k„sp¡jhpdpV¡$ r_fÞsf âeÐ_iug fl¡hy„ `X¡$ R>¡.
op_ : op_hp_¹ ìe[¼s_¡ ApÐdp `fdpÐdp s¡Ap¡_p k„b„^ õhL$s®ìe hN¡f¡_u

`|Z®ê$`\u õazfZp \su lp¡e R>¡. op__p rsfp¡^p_\u Æh_¡ Aphu bû
õazfZp \su b„^ \C Åe R>¡. `qfZpd¡, S>Þd-dfZ_p a¡fpdp„ s¡_¡ S>¡ v¡$l
dmsp¡ lp¡e s¡ v¡$l_¡ S> s¡ `p¡sp_y„ õhê$` kdS>hp gpN¡ R>¡. ""lz„ `yfyj Ry>„'',
""lz„ õÓu Ry>„'', ""lz„ b°pûZ Ry>„'', ""lz„ h¥íe Ry>„'', ""lz„ Nfub Ry>„''; A\hp
sp¡ ""lz„ ^_hp_ Ry>„'' Aphp v¡$l L¡$ v¥$rlL$ Ahõ\pAp¡ _¡ L$pfZ¡ S>Þd¡gp
Al„L$pfdp„ S> s¡ `p¡sp_¡ kurds L$fu g¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Aphp¡ nyÖ Al„L$pf s¡_u
`pk¡ S>¡hp L$pep£ S>¡ hMs¡ L$fph¡ s¡ hMs¡ s¡hp L$pep£ L$f_pfp¡ Æh b_u S>sp¡
lp¡e R>¡. Apd Æh v¡$lpû_ \C Åe R>¡.
h¥fpÁe : `p¡sp_pdp„ S> âkÞ_ fl¡hy„ A_¡ k„sp¡ju fl¡hy„ A¡ h¥fpNu lp¡hp_y„ gnZ
R>¡. h¥fpÁe_p rsfp¡^p_\u Æhdp„ Ak„sp¡j A_¡ AâkÞ_sp Aph¡ R>¡.
`qfZpd¡ S>Þdp¡-S>Þddp„ dmsp-rhM|V$p `X$sp„ `rs-`Ð_u dpsp-r`sp
k„srs cpC-cp„Xy$Ap¡ s¡dS> Of-kç`rÑ hN¡f¡ rhjep¡dp„ ddsp
fpMhphpmp¡ rhjepk¼s b_u Åe R>¡.
hfZ :
A¥íhep®qv$ Agp¥qL$L$ NyZp¡_y„ rsfp¡^p_ \ep bpv$ cNhp_¹ S>¡ Æhp¡_¡ S>¡
âL$pf_y„ am Ap`hp CÃR>¡ s¡ âL$pf¡ s¡Ap¡_y„ hfZ ( hfZu=`k„v$Nu ) L$f¡ R>¡.
rcÞ_-rcÞ_ am Ap`hp_u BÃR>p\u cNhp_¹ Æhp¡_y„ hfZ `Z `y[óV$dpN® (
=iyÙ`yrô$, `yrô$`yrô$, dep®v$p`yrô$ L¡$ âhpl`yrô$ ), dep®v$pdpN® L¡$ âhpldpN® dp„
rcÞ_-rcÞ_ âL$pf¡ L$f¡ R>¡. "hfZ' A¡V$g¡ `k„v$Nu. _pV$L$dp„ S>¡d _pV$L$_p
48
r_v£$iL$(X$pef¸L¹$V$f) L$ep L$gpL$pf_¡ L$ey„ `pÓ (fp¡g) cS>hhp Ap`hy„ s¡_u
`k„v$Nu _pV$L$ iê$ L$fsp `l¡gp„ L$fsp lp¡e R>¡, s¡d Æhp¡_¡ ArhÛp_p¡ k„b„^
\pe A_¡ s¡ kp\¡ Mf¡Mfu gugp_p¡ Apf„c \pe s¡ `l¡gp„ S> Æhp¡_¡ k©rô$dp„
cS>hhp_p `pÓp¡_u hl¢QZu cNhp_¹ L$fu v¡$sp lp¡e R>¡. cNhp_¹ S>¡ Æh_y„ S>¡
am dpN® kp^_ L¡$ ch dpV¡$ hfZ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ hfZ_¡ Æh L¡$ buSy>„ `Z L$p¡C bv$gu
iL$sy„ _\u.
`„Q`hp® ArhÛp_p¡ k„b„^ :

Æhp¡_y„ hfZ \C Nep bpv$ âcy_u S> BÃR>p\u Æhp¡_¡ ArhÛp_p¡
k„b„^ \pe R>¡. ArhÛp A¡ dpep_y„ S> A¡L$ L$pe® R>¡. ArhÛp_p k„b„^\u Æh_¡
Al„sp-ddsp S>Þd-dfZ `p`-`yÎe hN¡f¡_y„ b„^_ \pe R>¡. Ap b„^__y„ L$pe®
ArhÛp `p„Q âL$pf_p AÝepkp¡Üpfp L$f¡ R>¡. Ap AÝepkp¡ R>¡ :
1. AÞs:L$fZpÝepk
2. âpZpÝepk
3. B[ÞÖepÝepk
4. v¡$lpÝepk
5. õhê$`rhõd©rs
"AÝepk' A¡V$g¡ c°d. Ap `p„Q AÝepkp¡_¡ "`„Q`hp® ArhÛp' `Z

L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. lh¡ s¡_¡ ¾$di: kdÆA¡ :
1.AÞs:L$fZpÝepk : rQÑ Al„L$pf by[v¹$^$ A_¡ d_ _p kd|l_¡ "AÞs:L$fZ'

L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. AÞs:L$fZ S>X$ lp¡e R>¡. s¡d R>sp„ AÞs:L$fZ_p¡ k„b„^
Æh kp\¡ \hp\u Æh `p¡sp_¡ AÞs:L$fZê$` kdS>hp gpN¡ R>¡. Ap Æh_p¡
`l¡gp¡ c°d/AÝepk lp¡e R>¡. AÞs:L$fZpÝepk_¡ L$pfZ¡ Æh `p¡sp_¡
kv$ks¹ L$dp£_p¡ L$sp® s¡dS> kv$ks¹ amp¡_p¡ cp¡L¹$sp kdS>hp d„X¡$ R>¡.
2.âpZpÝepk : âpZ `Z S>X$ lp¡e R>¡ R>sp„ âpZ kp\¡ k„b„^ \sp„ S> Æh_¡
`p¡s¡ âpZ R>¡ s¡hp¡ c°d \C Åe R>¡. Ap Æh_p¡ âpZpÝepk R>¡.
3.B[ÞÖepÝepk : B[ÞÖep¡ `Z S>X$ lp¡e R>¡ R>sp„ B[ÞÖep¡ kp\¡ k„b„^ \sp„
49
Æh `p¡sp_¡ B[ÞÖe kdS>hp gpNu Åe R>¡. B[ÞÖep¡\u A_ychpsp„
h¥jreL$ kyM-vy$:Mp¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ Æh `p¡sp_¡ kyMu A\hp vy$:Mu dp_u g¡hp_u
c°dZpdp„ cp¡mhpeu Åe R>¡. Ap_¡ "B[ÞÖepÝepk' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
4. v¡$lpÝepk : _fu Ap„M¡ v¡$Mpsp Ap`Zp õ\|m ifuf_¡ "v¡$l' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡
R>¡. v¡$l `Z S>X$ lp¡e R>¡ `fÞsy Æh_u kp\¡ s¡_p¡ k„b„^ \hp\u Æh `p¡sp_¡
v¡$l kdÆ_¡ v¥$rlL$ kyM-vy$:Mp¡_¡ `p¡sp_p„ kyM-vy$:M dp_u g¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡.
Ap Æh_p¡ v¡$lpÝepk R>¡.
5.õhê$`rhõd©rs : `p¡s¡ b°û_p¡ A„i R>¡, A¡hp `p¡sp_p õhê$`_¡ c|gu S>hy„
s¡_¡ "õhê$`rhõd©rs' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. S>¡d-S>¡d `|hp£L¹$s AÝepkp¡ Æh_¡
hmNsp Åe R>¡ s¡d-s¡d s¡ `p¡sp_p õhê$`_¡ h^y_¡ h^y c|gsp¡ Åe R>¡.
`qfZpd¡ `p¡sp_p A„iu b°û\u h^y_¡ h^y v|$f \sp¡ Åe R>¡.
bpmL$ Äepf¡ S>Þd¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡ sØ_ Aby^ lp¡e R>¡. s¡_u Al„sp a¼s
s¡_p `p¡sp_p `|fsu S> kurds lp¡e R>¡. s¡_u ddsp `Z a¼s dpsp_p v|$^
`yfsuS> kurds lp¡e R>¡. S>¡d-S>¡d, `f„sy, s¡_p¡ kç`L®$ s¡_p r`sp cpC bl¡_
Of cp¡S>_ L$`X$p„ fdL$X$p„ `pV$u-`¡_ `yõsL$p¡ r_ipm cpC-b„^p¡ bl¡_`ZuAp¡
hN¡f¡ kp\¡ \sp¡ Åe, s¡d-s¡d s¡_u Al„sp-ddsp_p¡ rhõspf h^sp¡ Åe R>¡.
Apf„cdp„ Al„sp dpÓ v¡$ldp„ fl¡su lp¡e R>¡. ûd¡-ûd¡ Äepf¡ Ap`Z_¡ v¡$l_p
_pd_u `pR>m Å¡X$psp r`sp_p _pd_y„ op_ \pe; A\hp sp¡ v¡$l_u opsu-
hZ®_y„ op_ \pe; Ðepf¡ Al„sp \p¡X$uL$ rhõspf `pd¡ R>¡. Ðepf bpv$ v¡$l S>¡ ^fdp„
kyfrns fus¡ fl¡sp¡ lp¡e s¡ Of_y„ op_ \sp„ Al„sp s¡ fus¡ `Z rhõsfsu lp¡e R>¡.
Ap`Z¡ `p¡sp_u Ås_u bpbsdp„ Apd r`sp oprs-hZ® L¡$ Of k„b„û Al„L$pf
L¡$mhu g¡sp lp¡CA¡ R>uA¡. oprs-hZ® dpsp-r`sp L¡$ Of _u kp\¡ Ap`Z¡ L¡$V$gp
A¡L$d¡L$ \ep R>uA¡ A¡ lL$uL$s Ap`Z_¡ Ðepf¡ kdÅe R>¡ Äepf¡ L$p¡C ìe[¼s
Ap`Zu oprs-hZ® hN¡f¡_u bpbsdp„ L„$C AZR>pS>sy„ bp¡g¡ L¡$ s¡_¡ lp_u
`lp¢QpX¡$. A¡hp¡ Ahkf D`[õ\s \sp„ A¡hu L$p„CL$ sL$gua Ap`Z_¡ \hp d„X¡$ L¡$
ÅZ¡ L$p¡CA¡ Ap`Zp `p¡sp_pD`f S> Ap¾$dZ _p L$fu v$u^y„ lp¡e ! rbgLy$g Ap
S> âL$pf¡ Æh `Z `p¡sp_p AÞs:L$fZ âpZ hN¡f¡_¡ `p¡sp_p\u kh®\p
ArcÞ_ kdÆ b¡k¡ R>¡. Ap S> Æh_p¡ dp¡V$pdp„ dp¡V$p¡ c°d lp¡e R>¡.
50
v$f¡L$ S>X$ `v$p\p£ âL©$rs_p kÒh fS>k¹ A_¡ sdp¡ NyZp¡\u OX$pe¡gp lp¡e
R>¡. Ap`Zp„ v¡$l¡[ÞÖepqv$ `Z S>X$ lp¡hp\u d|mdp„ sp¡ âpL©$s NyZp¡\u S> r_rd®s
lp¡e R>¡. cNhp_¹ Nuspdp„ AS>®y__¡ kdÅh¡ R>¡ L¡$ âL©$rs_p v$f¡L$ NyZp¡_p
õhcph r_[íQs R>¡. v$f¡L$ NyZ `p¡s-`p¡sp_p õhcph dyS>b Ap`p¡-Ap` L$pe®
L$f¡ Åe R>¡. dpepdp¡rls Æh kÒhfS>õsdp¡-NyZpÐdL$ v¡$ldp„ L¥$v$ \e¡gp¡ R>¡.
Ap\u S>¡d gNpd rh_p_p Op¡X$pAp¡ khpf_¡ AZNdsu qv$ipAp¡dp„ OkX$u S>sp„
lp¡e R>¡ s¡d, v¡$l B[ÞÖe âpZ AÞs:L$fZ L¡$ õhê$`rhõd©rs `Z ÆhpÐdp_¡
`p¡s-`p¡sp_p rhjep¡ sfa OkX$u Åe R>¡. Äep„ kyû ÆhpÐdp v¡$lpqv$_p
AÝepkp¡\u dy¼s _\u \sp¡ Ðep„ kyû Ap M¢QpspZu Qpëep S> L$f¡ R>¡.
v¡$l_u âp[às :
`„Q`hp® ArhÛp_p¡ kç`L®$ \ep `R>u Æh_¡ k|ÿd s\p õ\|m v¡$lp¡
âpàs \pe R>¡.
k|ÿdv¡$l : D`fp¡L¹$s v$k k|ÿd B[ÞÖep¡, ê$`-fk-N„^-õì®-iåv$

ê$ù `p„Q sÞdpÓpAp¡ s\p AÞs:L$fZ\u k|ÿdv¡$l OX$pe¡gp¡ lp¡e R>¡. õ\|m
B[ÞÖep¡_u A„v$f fl¡gu r¾$ep Nrs ×rô$ Apõhpv$ ApO°pZ õì® L¡$ îhZ hN¡f¡
i[¼sAp¡_¡ "k|ÿd-B[ÞÖep¡' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. k|ÿdv¡$l_p¡ _pi õ\|m v¡$l_p
_pi\u \sp¡ _\u. k|ÿdv¡$l Æh_u kp\¡ `|h®S>Þddp„ L$f¡gp kpfp-_fkp„ L$dp£_u
hpk_pAp¡ L¡$ k„õL$pfp¡_¡ gB_¡ Æh_u kp\¡ A¡L$ v¡$l\u buÅ v¡$ldp„ afsp¡ fl¡ R>¡.
õ\|mv¡$l : lpX$-QpdX$p_p S>¡ v¡$l_¡ Ap`Z¡ _fu Ap„M¡ Å¡C iL$uA¡
A_¡ d©Ðey bpv$ A[Á_k„õL$pf L$fpsp„ S>¡ fpM b_u S>sp¡ lp¡e s¡_¡ "õ\|mv¡$l'
L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap õ\|mv¡$l `„Qdlpc|s - `©Õhu S>m s¡S> hpey A_¡
ApL$pi, `p„Q sÞdpÓpAp¡ • ê$` fk N„^ õì® A_¡ iåv$, `p„Q op_¡[ÞÖep¡
Ap„M _pL$ L$p_ Æc A_¡ ÐhQp; s¡dS> `p„Q L$d£[ÞÖep¡ lp\`N dp¡Yy„$
`pey=dgrhkS>®L$ A_¡ D`õ\=S>__¡[ÞÖe \u OX$pe¡gp¡ lp¡e R>¡.
k|ÿd-õ\|m v¡$l_u âp[às \hp\u v¡$lrhrióV$ Æh S>Þd-dfZ_p¡

A_ych L$f¡ R>¡. S>Þd-dfZ_p Q¾$dp„ afsp Æhp¡dp„\u S>¡ Æhp¡_p¡ A„NuL$pf
âcyA¡ v¥$huk©[óV$ê$`¡ L$ep£ lp¡e s¡ Æhp¡ âcy_u L©$`p\u kÐk„N hN¡f¡ dmsp„
`„Q`hp® rhÛp_¡ âpàs L$fu_¡ dy[¼s d¡mhu iL¡$ R>¡.
51
`ÊQ`hp® rhÛp :
1. h¥fpÁe
2. kp„¿e
3. ep¡N
4. s`
5. c[¼s
h¥fpÁe : Of `qfhpf ^_-kç`rÑ hN¡f¡ kp„kpqfL$ rhjep¡dp„ Apk[¼s_p¡ Acph.
kp„¿e : h¥fpÁe DÐ`Þ_ \sp„ r_Ðe(ApÐdp) A_¡ Ar_Ðe (`qfhs®_iug v¡$l
hN¡f¡) hÃQ¡ fl¡g c¡v$_p op_`|h®L$ ddspõ`v$ kh®hõsyAp¡_p¡ ÐepN L¡$
k„Þepk i¼e b_¡ R>¡.
ep¡N : ÐepN L$ep® `R>u `fdpÐdpdp„ rQÑ_¡ [õ\f L$fhpdpV¡$ ed r_ed Apk_
âpZpepd âÐeplpf Ýep_ ^pfZp A_¡ kdpr^ ê$` AóV$p„N ep¡N_p¡
Aæepk L$fhp¡ s¡ ep¡N R>¡.
s` : ×íedp_ S>Ns¹_u b°ûpÐdL$sp A_¡ ApÐdp_u b°ûp„isp _y„
A¡L$pN°sp`|h®L$ rQÞs_ L$fsp fl¡hy„. Ap kp\¡ cNh‰ugp_p rhQpf`|h®L$
kyM-vy$:M t_v$p-âi„kp rdÓ-iÓy hN¡f¡ âÐe¡L$ ÜÞÜp¡dp„ kdp_sp_p¡ cph
L¡$mhhp¡ A_¡ s¡ ÜÞÜp¡_¡ kl_ L$fhp.
c[¼s : âcy kp\¡_p A„ip„ricphê$` k„b„^_u r_fÞsf cph_phX¡$
`fdpÐdpdp„ âNpY$ â¡d \hp¡. dp¡nv$psp lp¡hp_p cph_¡ L$pfZ¡ Å¡
`fdpÐdpdp„ â¡d \pe sp¡ s¡hp â¡d_¡ "dep®v$pc[¼s' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
`yrô$c[¼sdp„ sp¡ dp¡n_u `Z L$pd_p lp¡hu Å¡CA¡ _rl.
ÆhpÐdpAp¡_u ÓZ Ahõ\pAp¡ :
ArhÛp A_¡ rhÛp _p D`f S>Zph¡g `p„Q-`p„Q `hp£_¡ L$pfZ¡
ÆhpÐdpAp¡ ÓZ Ahõ\pAp¡dp„\u `kpf \pe R>¡ :
1. iyÙ
2. bÙ/k„kpfu
3. dy¼s
iyÙ : b°ûdp„\u A„iê$`¡ Aprhcp®h \ep `R>u Ap_„v$p„i_p rsfp¡^p_\u gB_¡

Äep„ kyû ArhÛp_p¡ k„b„^ \sp¡ _\u, Ðep„ kyû_u Ahõ\p_¡ Æh_u
"iyÙ-Ahõ\p' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
52
bÙ : ArhÛp_p¡ k„b„^ \hp\u Æh S>Þd-dfZ_p Q¾$dp„ b„^pe R>¡. Ap\u
Ap Ahõ\p_¡ Æh_u "bÙphõ\p' L¡$ "k„kpfu-Ahõ\p' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡
R>¡. Ap Ahõ\pdp„ Æh Ðep„ kyû fl¡ R>¡ L¡$ Äep„ kyû s¡ `„Q`hp®rhÛp_¡
âpàs L$fu _\u g¡sp¡.
dy¼s : `„Q`hp® rhÛp_u âp[às `R>u Æh_¡ S>Þd-dfZ_p Q¾$dp„\u dy[¼s
dmu Åe R>¡. Ap\u Æh_u Ap Ahõ\p_¡ "dyL¹$sphõ\p' L$l¡hpe R>¡.
ÆhpÐdp_p¡ kpnpÐL$pf :
ApL$pi A¡V$g¡ AhL$pi dp„ S>¡d ê$` f„N ApL$pf lp¡sp _\u, s¡\u
Ap„Mp¡hX¡$ s¡_¡ Å¡C iL$psy„ _\u. s¡ S> âL$pf¡ k|ÿdv¡$lrhrióV$ Æhp¡ `Z õ\|m
âpL©$s ê$` rh_p_p lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u Ap`Zu âpL©$s B[ÞÖep¡ kp\¡ s¡d_p¡ k„r_L$j®
\C iL$sp¡ _\u. Ap L$pfZ¡ S> kp^pfZ d_yóe Æhp¡_¡ Å¡C iL$sp¡ _\u. s¡\u
S>, A¡V$g¡ L¡$ r_[íQs ê$`¡ v¡$Mpsp _ lp¡hp\u, âcyrkhpe buÅ L$p¡C `Z Æh_¡
Å¡C iL$sp _\u sp¡ ÅZu L¡$d iL¡$ L¡$ L$ep¡ Æh `yrô$dpN}e L¡$ dep®v$pdpN}e L¡$
âhpldpN}e R>¡ ? R>sp„e L$ep Æh_u fyrQ îÙp frs L¡$ r_›$p L$ep dpN®_¡
A_ykfhp_u R>¡, Ap L$kp¡V$u_¡ Ap^pf¡ s¡ Æh_y„ L$ep dpN®dp„ âcyA¡ hfZ L$ey¯
li¡ s¡_y„ kp^pfZ A_ydp_ bp„û iL$pe R>¡.
Apd R>sp„e ÓZ Akp^pfZ `qf[õ\rsdp„ Æh_p¡ kpnpÐL$pf \C `Z

iL¡$ R>¡:
1.r_ÅÐdL¥$hëedp„ rQÑh©rÑ_¡ r_fyÙ L¡$ A¡L$pN° b_ph_pfu
ep¡Nkp^_pÜpfp d_dp„ ApÐdkpnpÐL$pfu ×rô$_y„ kpdÕe®
rhL$rks \pe sp¡ s¡hp âbm op_p¡ÐL$j®hpmp d_hX¡$ ÆhpÐdp_¡
Å¡C iL$pe R>¡.
A\hp
2. cNhp_¹_u L©$`p\u âpàs \e¡gu qv$ìe×rô$\u L¡$ S>¡hu ×[óV$
cNhp_¡ ASy>®__¡ Ly$fyn¡Ó_p d¡v$p_dp„ `p¡sp_p v$i®_ L$fphhp
Apù lsu s¡hu ×[óV$\u ÆhpÐdp_p `Z Qpnyj v$i®_ L¡$
kpnpÐL$pf i¼e b_u S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡.
A\hp
3. op_dpN}e kp^_pAp¡hX¡$ S>¡_u ×[óV$ b°ûop_p[ÐdL$p b_u
53
NC lp¡e s¡hu b°ûop_kcf ×rô$\u ÆhpÐdp_¡ `Z Å¡C
iL$pe R>¡; A_¡ ¼epf¡L$ A`hpv$ê$`¡, cNhp_¹ A¡hu BÃR>p L$f¡ L¡$
d_yóep¡ r_S> L¡$ `f ApÐdp_¡ Sy>A¡, Ðepf¡ `Z ApÐdp_y„ Qpnyj
v$i®_ i¼e b_sy„ lp¡e R>¡. S>¡d, riiy`pg_p¡ cNhp_¡ h^ L$ep£
Ðepf¡, qv$ìe s¡S>`y„S>ê$` Æh riiy`pg_p v¡$ldp„\u r_L$mu_¡
cNhp_¹ îuL©$óZdp„ kdpC S>sp¡ âÐe¡L$ kcpkv$p¡A¡ Å¡ep¡
lsp¡. ÆhpÐdp_p¡ kpnpÐL$pf v¡$hspAp¡ `Z L$fu iL¡$ R>¡.
Æhp¡_p NyZp¡ :
Æh_p A_¡L$ NyZ^dp£ `¥L$u L¡$V$gpL$ dlÒh`|Z® NyZ^dp£ Ap dyS>b
r_ê$r`s \e¡gp R>¡ :
`qfdpZ : Æh_y„ `qfdpZ (ApL$pf/dp`) AÏê$` lp¡e R>¡.
k„¿ep : Ak„¿e Æhp¡_y„ âpL$V¹$é$ b°ûdp„\u \hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ fd¡i_p¡ Æh,
dl¡i_p¡ Æh, qv$_¡i_p¡ Æh s\p A¡L$ Æh b¡ Æh ÓZ Æh Apd
k„¿ep_p¡ NyZ `Z Æhp¡dp„ fl¡ R>¡.
`©\L¹$Ðh : ""fd¡i_p¡ Æh Ap v¡$idp„ rhÛdp_ s¡_p ifufdp„ R>¡ `Z `fv¡$idp„
rhÛdp_ qv$_¡i_p v¡$ldp„ s¡ rhÛdp_ _\u'' Ap âL$pf¡ A¡L$ Æh_y„ buÅ
Æh\u Sy>v$p`Ï„ bsphu iL$psy„ lp¡hp\u v$f¡L$ Æhp¡dp„ "`©\L¹$Ðh' _pd_p¡ NyZ
`Z lp¡e R>¡.
v¥$riL$ `fÐh-A`fÐh : afu\u fd¡i_p¡ Æh fd¡i_p ifufdp„ Atlep R>¡ `f„sy
Ðep„ qv$_¡i_p ifufdp„ s¡ _\u. Apd Æhdp„ `f-A`f cph `Z v¡$MpX$u
iL$psp¡ lp¡hp\u Æhdp„ v¥$riL$ `fÐh-A`fÐh NyZ `Z lp¡e R>¡.
r¾$epkpdÕe® : Æh A¡L$ v¡$ldp„\u buÅ v¡$ldp„ k„¾$dZ L$fsp¡ lp¡hp\u, s¡_pdp„
v¡$lr_ó¾$dZ A_¡ v¡$lpÞsf L¡$ gp¡L$pÞsf âpàs L$fu iL$hp_y„ r¾$epkpdÕe® `Z
lp¡e R>¡.
âpZ^pfZâeÐ_ : cNhqv$ÃR>p dyS>b v¡$lâp[às_¡ gpeL$ lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡
ÆhpÐdpdp„ âpZ_¡ ^pfZ L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_ A_¡ AÝepk `Z i¼e b_¡ R>¡.
Ap\u Ap¥`QpqfL$ ê$`\u s¡_pdp„ Ap NyZ `Z dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
õhà_âL$piL$Ðh : õhà_ Å¡su hMs¡ õhà__p rhjep¡ blpf _\u lp¡sp
AÞs:L$fZdp„ S> lp¡e R>¡. Ap [õ\rsdp„ Æh õhà__y„ âL$pi_ L$f¡ R>¡;
A\p®s¹ bp¡^ L$fph¡ R>¡.
54
gp¥qL$L¡$[ÞÖepN°püÐh : Ap`Zu gp¥qL$L$ B[ÞÖep¡hX¡$ Æh_p¡ kpnpÐL$pf L$fu
iL$hp¡ i¼e _ lp¡hp\u "gp¥qL$L¡$[ÞÖepN°püÐh' `Z Æh_p¡ A¡L$ NyZ R>¡.
rhkr`®Q¥sÞe : `p¡s¡ ùv$edp„S> r_hpk L$fsp¡ lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡_y„ Q¥sÞe kç`|Z®
ifufdp„ a¡gpe¡gy„ lp¡hp\u s¡dp„ "rhkr`®Q¥sÞe' _pd_p¡ NyZ `Z lp¡e R>¡.
ApV$gp NyZp¡ Æh_u A„v$f k©[óV$ v$fçep_ cNhqv$ÃR>p\u Aphsp

lp¡e R>¡. Apdp„_p L¡$V$gpL$ NyZp¡ Æh_p õhcphrkÙ lp¡e R>¡ S>epf¡ L¡$ buÅ
L¡$V$gpL$ NyZp¡ ApNÞsyL$ L¡$ Ap¥`QpqfL$ `Z lp¡e R>¡.
ìep`L$Ðh : dp¡n_p kde¡ rsfp¡rls \e¡g Ap_„v$ Æhdp„ `y_: âL$V$ \sp„, `p¡s¡
AÏ S> fl¡hp R>sp„e, `p¡sp_pdp„ ìep`L$sp_p¡ `Z A_ych Æh L$fu iL¡$ R>¡.
Æhp¡_p âL$pf :
îudÑh•uspdp„ hZ®h¡g âL$pf¡ dy¿eÐh¡ Æhp¡ b¡ âL$pf_p lp¡e R>¡ :
1. v¥$hu
2. Apkyfu.
v¥$hu : "v¥$hu-Æhp¡' s¡_¡ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡d_u A„v$f cNhp_¡
k|ÿd kÜpk_p õ\pr`s L$f¡gu lp¡e. Ap kv¹$hpk_p_¡ L$pfZ¡ v¥$hu Æhp¡dp„
ApÐdp¡Ùpf_p D`pep¡ Apv$fhp_u fyrQ A_¡ ep¡Áesp Aphsu lp¡e R>¡. kp^_p¡_y„
A_y›$p_ L$fu_¡ âcyL©$`p\u s¡Ap¡ dp¡n L¡$ c[¼s _¡ âpàs L$f¡ R>¡.
Apkyfu : Apkyfu Æhp¡ k©rô$gugp_p kpsÐedpV¡$ âcyA¡ âL$V$ L$ep® R>¡

-dy[¼sgugp_p Ar^L$pfuê$`¡ _rl. Apkyfu Æhp¡_¡ S> "âhplu-Æhp¡' `Z
L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡d_p b¡ D`c¡v$p¡ R>¡ : vy$o® A_¡ Ao.
"`yrô$âhpldep®v$pc¡v$' _pd_p N°Þ\dp„ îuApQpe®QfZ¡ Æhp¡_p b^p

S> âL$pfp¡_y„ krhõsf hZ®_ L$ey¯ R>¡. s¡ dyS>b v¥$huÆhp¡ dy¿eÐh¡ b¡ âL$pf_p lp¡e
R>¡ :
1. `yrô$Æh
2. dep®v$pÆh
55
`yrô$Æh : ipõÓÜpfp r_rjÙ A¡hu L$p¡C `Z bpbsdp„ ApÐe[ÞsL$
fyrQ sp¡ S>¡Ap¡ _ S> fpMsp lp¡e, s¡dS> ipõÓue õhN®-dp¡npqv$ amp¡dp„ `Z
S>¡d_¡ L$p¡C Ås_u fyrQ _ lp¡e; svy$`fp„s S>¡ Æhp¡_¡ `yrô$âcydpV¡$ õhê$`pk[¼s
L¡$ cS>_pk[¼s lp¡e sp¡ s¡hp Æhp¡_¡ `yrô$Æhp¡ kdS>hp. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ L$p¡C `Z
gp¥qL$L$ L¡$ `pfgp¥qL$L$ am L¡$ dy[¼s _¡ `Z d¡mhhpdp„ S>¡Ap¡_¡ ApÐe[ÞsL$ fyrQ _
lp¡e s¡hp; A_¡ âcy_u k¡hp-L$\p-c[¼sdp„S> `p¡sp_p Æh__u kp\®L$sp
kdS>_pfp Æhp¡_¡ "`yrô$Æh' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
dep®v$pÆh : ipõÓÜpfp r_rjÙ lp¡e A¡hu L$p¡C `Z bpbsdp„

dep®v$pÆhp¡_¡ `Z ApÐe[ÞsL$ fyrQ sp¡ lp¡su _\u. s¡ R>sp„e `yÎeL$dp£_u
dep®v$pdp„ flu_¡ õhN®; A\hp sp¡ ipõÓue kp^_p¡_u dep®v$p dyS>b r_óL$pdL$d®
op_p¡`pk_p L¡$ depv$p®c[¼sÜpfp dp¡n d¡mhhp_u Arcgpjp dep®v$pÆhp¡_¡
lp¡e R>¡, s¡\u Aphp Æhp¡_¡ "dep®v$pÆh' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
`yrô$Æhp¡ afu Qpf âL$pf_p lp¡e R>¡ :

1. iyÙ`yrô$
2. `yrô$`yrô$
3. dep®v$p`yrô$
4. âhpl`yrô$
iyÙ`yrô$ : cNhp_¹ kpnps¹ âL$V$ \C_¡ A\hp sp¡ AÞe L$p¡C âL$pf¡
S>epf¡ Æh_¡ õ_¡l_y„ v$p_ L$f¡ R>¡, Ðepf¡ s¡ Æh h°S>cL¹$sp¡_u dpaL$ âcydp„ ky×Y$
s¡dS> kh®\u Ar^L$ õ_¡lhpmp¡ \C Åe R>¡. Ap\u h°S>cL¹$sp¡ S>¡hp cphhpmp
Æhp¡_¡ "iyÙ`yrô$Æh' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
`yrô$`yrô$ : cNhÐk¡hpdp„ Dèp¡Nu lp¡e A¡hu kh® bpbsp¡_y„ s\p

âcy_p õhê$`_y„ dplpÐçe_y„ L¡$ NyZ^dp£_y„ `Z op_ Aphp Æhp¡_¡ âcyL©$`p\u
kp„`X¡$g kÐk„N L¡$ ep¡Áe Nyfy Üpfp kl¡S>¡ dmu Åe R>¡. Aphu L©$`p A¡V$g¡ L¡$ `yrô$
S>¡ `y[óV$Æhp¡D`f hfk¡ s¡ Æhp¡_¡ "`yrô$`yrô$-Æh' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
dep®v$p`yrô$ : Blgp¥qL$L$-`pfgp¥qL$L$ amp¡_u bpbsp¡dp„ S>¡Ap¡_¡

Apk[¼s lp¡su _\u `f„sy âcyk¡hp_u syg_pdp„ S>¡Ap¡_¡ âcy_p„ Agp¥qL$L$ NyZp¡_p„
56
îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZdp„ Apk[¼s h^pf¡ lp¡e s¡hp `yrô$Æhp¡_¡ "dep®v$p`yrô$-
Æh' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
âhpl`yrô$ : âcyk¡hp k„b„û bpü L$pep£dp„ h^y `X$su fyrQ ^fph_pfp

`Z âcy_u bpbsdp„ Aë` õhê$`pk[¼shpmp `yrô$Æhp¡_¡ "âhpl`yrô$-Æh'
L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
dy[¼s_p b¡ âL$pfp¡ :
1. ÆhÞdy[¼s
2. rhv¡$ldy[¼s
ÆhÞdy[¼s : h¥fpÁe kp„¿e Apqv$ rhÛp_p `p„Q `hp£ âpàs \sp„ S>
ÆhD`f_y„ ArhÛp_y„ b„^_ Y$ugy„ `X$u Åe R>¡. Æh_p v¡$l B[ÞÖe âpZ
AÞs:L$fZ A_¡ õhê$`rhõd©rs_p AÝepkp¡ v|$f \C Åe R>¡. Ap AÝepkp¡ v|$f
\hp R>sp„, k„rQs s\p âpfå^ L$dp£_p amp¡ cp¡Nhhp_p Äep„ kyû bpL$u füp
lp¡e Ðep„ kyû, v¡$l_p¡ rhge(d©Ðey) \sp¡ _\u. ArhÛp_y„ b„^_, `fÞsy, Y$ugy„
`X$u S>hp\u Al„sp-ddspS>Þe k„kpf Æh_p¡ Ry>V$u Åe R>¡. Apd, ArhÛp
AÝepk A_¡ k„kpf \u frls Æh_p v¡$l_p¡ Äep„ kyû rhge \sp¡ _\u Ðep„
kyû s¡ Æh_¡ "ÆhÞdy¼s' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. ÆhÞdy[¼s A¡ Al„sp-
ddspÐdL$ k„kpf\u dmsu dy[¼s R>¡. ÆhÞdyL¹$s ÅNrsL$ b„^_p¡\u dyL¹$s _\u
lp¡sp¡. Æh_dy[¼s A_¡ rhv¡$ldy[¼s hÃQ¡_p¡ c¡v$ kdS>hp\u S>Ns¹ A_¡ k„kpf
hÃQ¡_p¡ c¡v$ õ`ô$ê$`\u kdS>dp„ Aphu iL¡$ R>¡.
rhv¡$ldy[¼s : ÆhÞdyL¹$s d_yóe_¡ Äepf¡ rhÛdp_ A_¡ ApNpdu

v¡$l\u `Z Ry>V$L$pfp¡ dmu Åe R>¡, Ðepf¡ s¡ "rhv¡$ldy¼s' L$l¡hpe R>¡.
rhv¡$ldy[¼s_p A_¡L$ âL$pfp¡ R>¡. S>¡ Æh_u S>¡hu ep¡Áesp lp¡e, s¡ dyS>b,
cNhp_¹ dy[¼s `R>u s¡ Æh_¡ s¡hy„ õ\p_ Ap`sp lp¡e R>¡. dy¼s L¡$hm v¥$hu Æhp¡
S> \C iL¡$ R>¡. Apkyfu Æhp¡ dy¼s \C iL$sp _\u.
dyL¹$Ðer^L$pfu v¥$hu Æhp¡_p b¡ âL$pfp¡ :

1. `yrô$Æh
2. dep®v$pÆh
57
`yrô$Æh_u dy[¼s : `yrô$Æhp¡ â\d sp¡ âcy_u rhi¡j L©$`p_¡ L$pfZ¡
dy[¼s_u `Z L$pd_p\u frls b_u L¡$hm cNhÐõhê$`pk[¼sê$`p r_Ny®Z c[¼s_¡
S> c|smD`f hfsp lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u v¡$l`ps `R>u `Z s¡Ap¡ r_Ðegugpdp„ `Z
âcy_u õhê$`pk[¼s L¡$ cS>_pk[¼s _p¡ S> gpc d¡mh_pfp lp¡e R>¡.
dep®v$pÆhp¡_u dy[¼s : dep®v$pÆhp¡ dpV¡$ ipõÓdp„ L$d®ep¡N op_ep¡N

D`pk_p-c[¼sep¡N s\p kp„¿e-ep¡N S>¡hp A_¡L$ kp^_p¡ bsphhpdp„ Apìep
R>¡. Ap kp^_p¡_p A_yóW$p_Üpfp dep®v$pÆhp¡ e\pr^L$pf dy[¼s d¡mh¡ R>¡.
dy[¼s_p rhrh^ âL$pfp¡ :

L$. L¡$hm r_óL$pd L$d® L$fhp\u ApÐdp_„v$ê$`p dy[¼sgpc
\pe R>¡.
A\hp
M$. b°ûop_ krls h¥qv$L$ L$dp£Üpfp b°ûp_„v$âp[àsê$`p
dy[¼s dm¡ R>¡.
A\hp
N$. b°û¡ ^pfZ L$f¡gp h¡v$p¡L¹$s A[Á_ hfyZ Apqv$; s\p
`yfpZp¡L¹$s rih vy$Np® NZ`rs Apqv$ v¡$hê$`p¡_u
b°ûby[v¹$^$\u ApS>Þd r_óL$pdcph\u c[¼s`|h®L$
D`pk_p L$fhp\u s¡-s¡ v¡$hspAp¡_p gp¡L$dp„ A\hp sp¡
s¡-s¡ v¡$hõhê$`dp„ kpgp¡¼e kprô®$ kprdàe kpê$àe
A\hp kpeyÄe ê$`p dy[¼s âpàs \pe R>¡.
A\hp
O$. L$p¡C `Z v¡$h_p¡ Apîe L$ep® rkhpe L¡$hm kp„¿e
A\hp ep¡N Üpfp `Z ApÐdp_„v$_p A_ych_p ê$`¡
dy[¼s âpàs \pe R>¡.
Apkyfu Æhp¡_u dy[¼s :

Apkyfu Æhp¡_u dy[¼s bpbsdp„ A¡d kdS>hy„ : S>¡ Æhp¡_¡ cNhp_¹
Apkyfu b_phhp BÃR>¡ R>¡ s¡ Æhp¡dp„ hfZ kde¡ S> Akv¹$hpk_p õ\pr`s L$fu
v¡$ R>¡. Akv¹$hpk_p dy[¼s d¡mhhpdp„ ârsb„^L$ b_u S>su lp¡e R>¡. Ap
Akv¹$hpk_p_¡ L$pfZ¡ Apkyfu Æhp¡ Apkyfu v¡$l_¡ âpàs L$f¡ R>¡. s¡Ap¡_u fyrQ
58
õhcphhips¹ r_[Þv$s L$dp£ L$fhpdp„ S> \pe R>¡. Ap_p `qfZpd¡ s¡Ap¡_¡
lu_ep¡_uAp¡dp„ S>Þd g¡hp `X¡$ R>¡. Apd, Apkyfu Æhp¡ âge è®Þs k„kpfu
v$ipdp„ S> S>Þdsp-dfsp fl¡ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ âgeè®Þs dyL¹$s \sp _\u. cNhp_¹
Äepf¡ k©rô$_¡ k„L¡$gu g¡hp_u (âge_u) BÃR>p L$f¡ R>¡, Ðepf¡ Apkyfu Æhp¡_u
ArhÛp_p¡ _pi L$fu_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ `p¡sp_p õhê$`dp„ rhgu_ L$fu v¡$ R>¡. Ap_p\u
`l¡gp„ Nd¡ s¡V$gp kp^_p¡ L$fhp R>sp„ `Z Apkyfu Æhp¡ dy¼s \C iL$sp _\u.
1.îugpg|cË$Æ-rhfrQs âd¡efÐ_pZ®hpÞsN®s rÜsue "Æhrhh¡L$'.
2.îuhëgcpQpe®-rhfrQs sÒhp\®v$u`r_b„^ N°Þ\pÞsN®s ipõÓp\®âL$fZ.
3.Np¡õhpdu îu`yfyjp¡ÑdÆ-rhfrQs ÆhpÏÐhhpv$.
4.Np¡õhpdu îu`yfyjp¡ÑdÆ-rhfrQs ÆhârsrbçbÐhMÎX$_hpv$.
5.Np¡õhpdu îu`yfyjp¡ÑdÆ-rhfrQs âõ\p_fÐ_pL$f.
6.Np¡õhpdu îuíepdd_p¡lfÆ-rhfrQs _hu_ âL$pris "b°ûk|ÓpÏcpóe'
M„X$-4_u âõsph_p.
***
59
3. d|gê$`rhh¡L$
`fsÒh :
vy$r_ep_p ^d®-v$i®_p¡dp„ `fõ`f A_¡L$ rhjep¡D`f OZp b^p
dsc¡v$p¡ dp¡S|>v$ füp R>¡ A_¡ flu iL¡$ R>¡. OZp-b^p ^d®-v$i®_p¡, `fÞsy, S>¡
A¡L$ rkÙpÞs_u bpbsdp„ dlv„$i¡ kldrs ^fph¡ R>¡ s¡ rkÙpÞs R>¡ : L$p¡CL$
i[¼s L¡$ L$p„BL$ A¡L$ sÒh A¡hy„ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ kh®d|m R>¡, S>¡_¡ kh®o kh®kd\® kh®L$sp®
/ khp£`pv$p_ kh®ìepù kh£íhf kh®amv$psp / khp®_„v$ A_¡ kh®i¡j dpÞep
rkhpe R|>V$L$p¡ S> _\u. Aphp sÒh_¡ "`fsÒh' L$l¡hy„ ep¡Áe S> NZpe.
b°û-`fdpÐdp-cNhp_¹-îuL©$óZ A_¡ s¡d_p Ahspfp¡ :

cpfsue k_ps_ ^d®-v$i®_dp„ s¡ `fsÒhdpV¡$ S> "b°û' "`fdpÐdp'
L¡$ "cNhp_¹' rhN¡f¡ _pdp¡ hp`fhpdp„ Apìep„ R>¡. Ap ÓZ¡e _pdp¡ `fsÒh_p
ÓZ AgN-AgN `pkpAp¡_¡ v$ip®h_pfp _pdp¡ R>¡.
bû
° : A_c y hpsp„ L$¡ A_c
y hpsus b^p S> _pd ê$` A_¡ L$dp£ _u cusf kl_zp
D`pv$p_sep rhÛdp_ AL¡$ AMX„$ kÑp_¡ hv¡$p¡`r_jv$p¡dp„ "bû
° ' L$l¡hpdp„ Apìe„y R>.¡
`fdpÐdp : ÆhpÐdp_u syg_pdp„ s¡ `fdsÒh L¡$ b°û _¡ "`fdpÐdp' `Z

L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡ A¡L$ A¡hp¡ khp®Ðdp R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ kh® ApÐdpAp¡\u î¡›$ R>¡, `f
R>¡, kh®_u cusf rbfpS>sp¡ A„sfsdpÐdp R>¡, râesd R>¡. s¡\u s¡_¡
"`fdpÐdp' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. `fsÒh_p `fdpÐdp lp¡hp_p `pkp_y„ r_ê$`Z
Mpk L$fu_¡ Nusp hN¡f¡ ipõÓdp„ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.
cNhp_¹ : A¡ `fd sÒh Äepf¡ k©[óV$gugp âL$V$ L$fu_¡ `p¡sp_p A¥íhe® hue®
ei îu, op_, h¥fpÁe Apqv$ qv$ìe NyZp¡_¡ âL$V$ L$f¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_¡ dlpcpfs,
lqfh„i`yfpZ, rhóÏ`yfpZ, îudv¹$cpNhs hN¡f¡ A¥rslprkL$-`p¥fprZL$
N°Þ\p¡ "cNhp_¹' L$l¡sp lp¡e R>¡.
îuL©$óZ : s¡ cNhp_¹ Äepf¡ `p¡sp_u qv$ìe ANrZs kdN° i[¼sAp¡ kp\¡

`p¡sp_p c¼sp¡_¡ õhê$`p_„v$_y„ v$p_ L$fhp c|smD`f âL$V$ \sp lp¡e Ðepf¡
îudv¹$cpNhsdp„ "îuL©$óZ' _pd¡ hZ®hpep R>¡.
60
Ahspfp¡ : s¡ îuL©$óZ_p ÓZ NyZphspfp¡ : 1b°ûp 2rhóÏ A_¡ 3rih sfuL¡$
ipõÓp¡dp„ hZ®hpep R>¡. gugphspfp¡ sp¡ Ak„¿e lp¡hp R>sp„e cpNhs Apqv$
`yfpZp¡dp„ krhi¡jsep Qp¡huk Ahspfp¡, s¡dp„ `Z âdyM v$i Ahspfp¡ A_¡
s¡dp„ `Z Qpf `y[óV$-Ahspfp¡ îu_©tkl îuhpd_ îufpd A_¡ îubgfpd _p
ê$`¡ hZ®hpe¡gp R>¡.
D`f Å¡ey„ s¡ âdpZ¡ b°û_p„ `fdpÐdp A_¡ cNhp_¹ lp¡hp_p„

`pkpAp¡_y„ r_ê$`Z ÆhpÐdp_¡ A_¡ k©[óV$ L¡$ Ahspf _u gugpAp¡_¡ ×[óV$dp„
fpMu_¡ L$fhpdp„ Aphsy„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u Ap b^p r_ê$`Zp¡ kp`¡nr_ê$`Z_u
âr¾$ep dyS>b \sp„ r_ê$`Zp¡ R>¡. r_f`¡n hõsy×[óV$ L¡$ sÒh×[óV$ \u S>epf¡
`fsÒh_y„ r_ê$`Z L$fhpdp„ Aphsy„ lp¡e Ðepf¡ s¡_¡ "b°û' L$l¡hpsy„ lp¡e R>¡.
Ap\u "b°û' A¡ `fsÒh_u r_f`¡nk„op R>¡ s¡d L$lu iL$pe. `fsÒh_p
b°û`n_y„ r_ê$`Z h¡v$p¡`r_jv$p¡dp„ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.
k[ÃQv$p_„v$ lp¡hy„ s¡ b°û_y„ ApNhy„ õhê$` R>¡ :

h¡v$p¡-D`r_jv$p¡ b°û_¡ k[ÃQv$pÞv$pÐdL$ sfuL¡$ hZ®h¡ R>¡.
ks¹ + rQs¹ + Ap_„v$ = k[ÃQv$p_„v$.
k[ÃQv$p_„v$ A¡ b°û_y„ õhê$`gnZ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ ApNhu Ap¡mM R>¡.
ks¹ : "ks¹' A¡V$g¡ A[õsÐh kÑp L¡$ lp¡hp`Ï„. b°û_y„ A[õsÐh Adp`-
A_„s R>¡. b°û kh®õ\m¡ kh®L$pmdp„ A_¡ kh®ê$`¡ kh®_¡ ìepù_¡ fl¡gy„ R>¡.
b°û_p Aphp A_„s Adp` L¡$ Akud A[õsÐh_¡ L$pfZ¡ S> b°û_¡ "ks¹'
NyZ^d®hpmy„ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
rQs¹ : "rQs¹'_p¡ A\® R>¡ Q¥sÞe. op_ Q¥sÞe_p¡ âdyM NyZ lp¡hp\u "rQs¹'
L$l¡sp„ b°û_u kh®cpkL$sp_y„ r_ê$`Z L$fhpdp„ Aphsy„ lp¡e R>¡.
Ap_„v$ : b°û_y„ dy¿e õhê$`gnZ sp¡ "Ap_„v$' S> R>¡. b°ûdp„ fl¡gu AâpL©$s-
Agp¥qL$L$ h¥jreL$ vy$:Mp¡\u Ak„õ`©óV$ A_„s i[¼sAp¡_¡ L¡$ NyZ^dp£_¡ "Ap_„v$'
61
s¡ S> b°û S>Ns¹_p¡ kS>®L$-`pgL$-k„lpfL$ R>¡ :
b°û_y„ gnZ s¡_p L$pe®_u ×[óV$\u `Z h¡v$p¡dp„ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. h¡v$p¡
L$l¡ R>¡ :
S>¡_p hX¡$ Ap S>Ns¹ DÐ`Þ_ \pe R>¡, S>¡_p Ap^pf¡
Ap S>Ns¹_„y A[õsÐh V$L$u füy„ R>¡; A_¡ A„s¡ S>¡_u A„v$f
S>Ns¹ kdpC S>hp_y„ R>¡, s¡ S>Ns¹_p DÐ`rÑ-[õ\rs-
ge_p ArcÞ_r_rdÑp¡`pv$p_ L$pfZê$` sÒh_¡ "b°û'
b°û A_„s R>¡. s¡_p NyZ^dp£ `Z A_„s R>¡. h¡v$p¡ `Z b°û_p
kç`|Z® õhê$`_y„ hZ®_ L$fu iL$hpdp„ `p¡sp_¡ Akd\® NZph¡ R>¡. Ðepf¡ kpdpÞe
Æh b°û_p„ õhê$` L¡$ NyZp¡ _y„ hZ®_ ¼ep„\u L$fu iL¡$ ! Apd R>sp„ b°û_p
õhê$`_¡ kdS>hpdpV¡$ s\p s¡_u bpbsdp„ âQpqfs L¡$V$guL$ N¡fkdÅ¡_¡ v|$f
L$fhpdpV¡$ `Z b°û_p„ h¡v$p¡¼s L¡$V$gpL$ NyZp¡_¡ ÅZhp M|b S> S>ê$fu R>¡.
"b°û' L$lp¡ L¡$ "kh®ìepr`-sÒh' L$lp¡ ; A\® A¡L$ S> :

"b°û'iåv$_p¡ A\® ìep`L$ \pe R>¡. ìep`L$ A¡V$g¡ S>¡ õ\p_ kde L¡$
hõsy-õhê$`_u kudpAp¡dp„ b„^pe¡gy„ _ lp¡e s¡. Ap_¡ Ap`Z¡ \p¡X$uL$
kfmsp\u kdS>hp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fuA¡ :
õ\p_/v¥$riL$`qfÃR>¡v$ : b°û L$p¡C `Z âL$pf_u õ\m_u
kudpdp„ b„^pe¡gy„ _\u. A¡hy„ L$p¡C õ\m _\u L¡$ Äep„ b°û_y„
A[õsÐh _ lp¡e. b°û_y„ A[õsÐh kh® õ\m¡ lp¡e R>¡. dpfy„
sdpfy„ L¡$ sd¡ hp„Qu füp R>p¡ s¡ `yõsL$_y„ A[õsÐh L$p¡C Qp¡½$k
S>Áep `|fsy„ kurds lp¡e R>¡. v$p.s. Å¡ lz„ Of_u A„v$f lp¡J sp¡
Of_u blpf lp¡C iL$sp¡ _\u A_¡ Å¡ blpf lp¡J sp¡ A„v$f
lp¡C iL$sp¡ _\u. Apd dpfy„ A[õsÐh dep®qv$s R>¡. s¡ S>
âdpZ¡ S>Ns¹dp„ fl¡g v$f¡L$ hõsy L¡$ ìe[¼s _p_u-dp¡V$u
õ\m_u dep®v$pdp„ b„^pe¡gu lp¡e R>¡. õ\m_u dep®v$p_¡
"v¥$riL$`qfÃR>¡v$' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. b°û_¡ õ\m_u Aphu
dep®v$p _X$su _\u lp¡su. ApMf¡ b°û S> sp¡ kdN° k©[óV$_p¡
Ap^pf R>¡ !
62
kde/L$prgL$`qfÃR>¡v$ : b°û_¡ kde_u `Z L$p¡C dep®v$p
_X$su _\u. S>Ns¹_p `v$p\p£ kde_u dep®v$pdp„ b„^pe¡gp
lp¡e R>¡. cysL$pm_p `v$p\p£_y„ A[õsÐh ApS>¡ _\u. ApS>_u
A_¡L$ hõsyAp¡ L$pg¡ _l] flu Åe. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ Aphsu
L$pg_u A_¡L$ hõsyAp¡ `fdqv$hk¡ _l] lp¡e. Aphu kde_u
dep®v$p b°û_¡ _X$su _\u. cys crhóe A_¡ hs®dp_ Apd
ÓZ¡e L$pmdp„ A¡L$u kp\¡ b°û A[õsÐh ^fph¡ R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$
L$pm `Z sp¡ b°ûdp„ S> fl¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. kde_u dep®v$p_¡
"L$prgL$`qfÃR>¡v$' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. b°û L$pgL©$s `qfÃR>¡v$\u
frls R>¡.
hõsyõhê$`L©$s `qfÃR>¡v$ : b°û_¡ õhê$` L¡$ ApL$pf-âL$pf _u
`Z dep®v$p lp¡su _\u. Op¡X$p¡ ìy R>¡ `Z d_yóe _\u lp¡C
iL$sp¡. d_yóe õÓu L¡$ `yfyj lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡ `Z `h®s L¡$ _v$u _\u
lp¡C iL$sp. Apd S>Ns¹_p v$f¡L$ `v$p\p£ L$p¡CL$ _¡ L$p¡CL$ õhê$`
L¡$ ApL$pf-âL$pf_u dep®v$pdp„ b„^pe¡gp lp¡e R>¡. b°û_¡ Aphu
L$p¡C `Z dep®v$p lp¡su _\u. b°û A¡L$-ArÜsue lp¡hp R>sp„
S>Ns¹_p kh® S>X$-Q¡s_ ê$`p¡_¡ Myv$ ^pfZ L$f¡ R>¡.
Apd Ap`Z¡ kdÄep L¡$ b°û v¡$i L$pm A_¡ õhê$` _u kudpAp¡\u `f
lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ kh®Ó kh®v$p A_¡ kh®ê$`¡ fl¡g R>¡. Ap L$pfZ¡ S> s¡_¡ "kh®ìepù'
L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡ Ap S> A\®dp„ s¡_¡ "b°û' `Z L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
s¡ kh®ìepù khp®ÐdL$ lp¡hp\u rÓrh^-c¡v$-rhhrS>®s `Z R>¡ :

b°û hõsy L¡$ õhê$` _u kudpdp„ b„^pe¡gy„ _\u s¡ kp„cmu_¡ L¡$V$gpL$
c¡v$hpqv$Ap¡_p d_dp„ i„L$p \su lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ S>X$ Æh A_¡ AÞsep®du \u b°û_p¡
c¡v$ õ`óV$ê$`¡ v¡$MpC Aph¡ R>¡. Ðepf¡ b°ûdp„ hõsyL©$s¹ `qfÃR>¡v$ _\u s¡hy„ L¡$d L$lu
iL$pe ? Ap\u b°ûdp„ kÅsue rhÅsue A_¡ õhNs c¡v$p¡ R>¡ s¡hy„ kprbs
\pe R>¡.
b°û_p sp[ÒhL$ õhê$`_p op_\u Ap i„L$p_y„ r_fpL$fZ kdS>sp„ `l¡gp„

"kÅsuec¡v$' "rhÅsuec¡v$' A_¡ "õhNsc¡v$' L$p¡_¡ L$l¡hpe s¡ kdÆiy„ :
63
kÅsuec¡v$ : L$p¡C A¡L$ NyZ^d® Äepf¡ A_¡L$ hõsyAp¡dp„
ìep`L$ fus¡ s¡d_p DÐ`Þ_ \sp„_u kp\¡ S> dmu Aphsp¡ lp¡e
sp¡ s¡_¡ "Års' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. v$p.s. ASy>®_ eyr^r›$f
vy$ep£^_ L$Z® hN¡f¡ Sy>v$u-Sy>v$u ìe[¼sAp¡ R>¡, `fÞsy, s¡ b^p_¡
Ap`Z¡ A¡L$ iåv$ "d_yóe' \u bp¡gphu iL$uA¡ R>uA¡. L$pfZ L¡$
s¡ b^pdp„ d_yóeÐh Års kdp_ê$`¡ fl¡gu lp¡e R>¡. A¡L$ S>
Års_p lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ b^p d_yóep¡_¡ "kÅsue' L$l¡hpdp„
Aph¡ R>¡. Al] Ýep_dp„ g¡hp_u hps A¡ R>¡ L¡$ b^p d_yóep¡
Års_u ×[óV$\u A¡L$Åsue lp¡hp R>sp„ ìe[¼s_u ×[óV$\u
rcÞ_-rcÞ_ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u d_yóep¡dp„ kÅsuec¡v$ R>¡ s¡d
L$lu iL$pe R>¡. Æhp¡_¡ b°û_p kÅsue dp_u iL$pe R>¡.
b°ûp„i lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ b°û_p„ NyZ^dp£, Q¥sÞe r_Ðesp hN¡f¡,
Æhdp„ `Z fl¡gp lp¡e R>¡. Al] Ýep_dp„ g¡hp_u hps A¡ R>¡ L¡$
Æhp¡_u DÐ`rÑ Å¡ b°û rkhpe L$p¡C buÅ sÒh\u \C lp¡s
sp¡ b°û A_¡ Æh hÃQ¡ kÅsuec¡v$ k„chu iL$s. b°û `p¡s¡
S> Å¡ Æhê$` bÞep¡ lp¡e sp¡ b°û A_¡ Æh hÃQ¡
kÅsuec¡v$ k„chu iL$sp¡ _\u.
rhÅsuec¡v$ : `fõ`f Akdp_ NyZ^dp£ ^fph_pf_¡

"rhÅsue' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. v$p.s. S>X$ A_¡ Æh. S>X$
`v$p\p£_¡ `p¡sp_p A[õsÐh_y„ cp_ lp¡sy„ _\u. s¡Ap¡dp„ kyM-
vy$:M BÃR>p âeÐ_ hN¡f¡ NyZp¡ lp¡sp _\u. Äepf¡ Æhdp„ Ap
b^p NyZp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u S>X$-Æh hÃQ¡ rhÅsuec¡v$ lp¡e
R>¡. õÓu-`yfyj Npe-Op¡X$p¡ d_yóe-ìy hN¡f¡ rhÅsuec¡v$_p
×óV$pÞsp¡ R>¡. S>X$-S>Ns¹_¡ b°û\u rhÅsue dp_u iL$pe R>¡.
lL$uL$sdp„ sp¡ Æh_u dpaL$ S> S>X$-S>Ns¹ `Z b°û_p¡ S>
A„i lp¡e R>¡. R>sp„, Æh_u syg_pdp„ S>X$ `v$p\p£dp„ b°û_p
NyZ^dp£_p¡ rsfp¡cph h^y âdpZdp„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u S>X$_¡
rhÅsue dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap rhÅsuesp, `fÞsy,
sp[ÒhL$ _\u. gugp_u rkrÙdpV¡$ A_¡L$ _pd-ê$`p¡ ^pfZ
L$fhp_u BÃR>p\u Myv$ b°ûdp„ S> A_¡ `p¡s¡ b°û¡ S> âL$V$
64
L$f¡gu Ap rhÅsuesp R>¡. Ap\u sÒh×[óV$A¡ S>X$ `v$p\p£
Äepf¡ b°û\u rhÅsue _\u, Ðepf¡ b°û A_¡ S>X$ hÃQ¡
rhÅsuec¡v$ `Z ¼ep„\u i¼e lp¡e ?
õhNsc¡v$ : h©n A_¡ s¡_u X$pmuAp¡_p¡, ifuf A_¡ s¡_p

A„Np¡_p¡ L¡$ diu_ A_¡ s¡_p õ`¸Af-`pV®¹$k¹ hÃQ¡_p c¡v$p¡_¡
"õhNsc¡v$' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. A¡L$ Ahehu hõsydp„ fl¡gp
Ahehp¡_p„ M„X$p¡_p c¡v$_¡ "õhNsc¡v$' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
AÞsep®du A¡ b°û_y„ A¡L$ rhrióV$ ê$` R>¡. AÞsep®du_y„ L$pe®
âÐe¡L$ Æhdp„ flu_¡ s¡_y„ r_ed_ L$fhp_y„ lp¡e R>¡.
AÞsep®dudp„ b°û_p ks¹ rQs¹ A_¡ Ap_„v$ Apd ÓZ¡e
NyZ^dp£ âL$V$ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u S>X$ s¡dS> Æh _u syg_pdp„
AÞsep®du_¡ b°û_p¡ õhNsc¡v$ dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
sÒh×[óV$A¡ Å¡sp„ AÞsep®du A_¡ b°û hÃQ¡ L$p¡C `Z
âL$pf_p¡ c¡v$ lp¡sp¡ _\u. L$pfZ L¡$ AÞsep®duê$`¡ `Z b°û
`p¡s¡ S> âL$V$ \sy„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u b°û A_¡ AÞsep®du hÃQ¡
õhNsc¡v$ `Z k„chu iL$sp¡ _\u.
kÅsue rhÅsue A_¡ õhNs c¡v$p¡\u frls lp¡hp\u b°û_u

ìep`L$sp r_vy®$óV$ rkÙ \pe R>¡. ìep`L$sp S> b°û_y„ A¥íhe® R>¡. kh®Ó kh®v$p
A_¡ kh®ê$`dp„ b°û Ah[õ\s lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ S> kdN° k©[óV$_y„ r_ed_ L$f_pfp¡
Cíhf `Z s¡ S> R>¡.
s¡ A_¡L$ qv$ìe NyZ^dp£\u `qf`|Z® lp¡e R>¡ :

kpL$pf : ìep`L$ lp¡hp R>sp„ b°û kpL$pf `Z R>¡. S>¡d Ýhr__p sf„Np¡
v¡$i rhv¡$i s\p AhL$pi hN¡f¡ kh® õ\m¡ ìepàs lp¡e R>¡. ìep`L$ ê$`dp„ s¡
kp„cmu _\u iL$psp„ `fÞsy f¡X$uAp¡dp„ s¡ S> Ýhr_-sf„Np¡ iåv$_p ê$`dp„ kpL$pf
`Z b_u S>sp„ lp¡e R>¡. Ýhr_sf„Np¡_u S> dpaL$ ×[óV$sf„Np¡ `Z kh®Ó ìepàs
lp¡e R>¡. ìep`L$ ê$`dp„ s¡_¡ `Z Ap`Z¡ Å¡C iL$sp„ _\u `fÞsy V¡$guhuT_
k¡V$dp„ s¡ S> ìep`L$ sf„Np¡ kpL$pf×íe `Z b_u S>sp„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap S> fus¡ b°û
ìep`L$ `Z R>¡ A_¡ s¡d R>sp„ kpL$pf `Z R>¡ S>.
65
Aìee : b°û_p„ DÐ`rÑ-_pi \sp _\u. s¡ k_ps_-Arh_piu sÒh
R>¡. k©[óV$ v$fçep_ S>X$ Æh hN¡f¡ A_¡L$ ê$`p¡_¡ ^pfZ L$fsy„ lp¡hp R>sp„ b°ûdp„
L$p¡C `Z rhL$pf Aphsp¡ _\u. Ap L$pfZ¡ b°û_¡ "Aìee' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
b°û_u dpaL$ S> b°û_p AâpL©$s-Agp¥qL$L$ A_„s NyZ-^dp£ `Z rhL$pffrls
Arh_piu L¡$ Aìee lp¡e R>¡. rhL$pffrls lp¡hy„ A¡ S> b°û_y„ hue® R>¡. "hue®'
A¡V$g¡ kpdÕe®. Arh_piu lp¡hy„ s¡ S> hue®hp_¹ L¡$ kpdÕe®ipgu lp¡hy„ L$l¡hpe.
kh®kd\® : b°û kh® âL$pf_u Agp¥qL$L$ i[¼sAp¡\u kç`Þ_ =

kh®kd\® lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ s¡_¡ "L$sy¯-AL$sy¯-AÞe\pL$sy¯kd\®' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ :
L$sy¯-kd\® : S>¡ Æhp¡ S>` s` eo Ýep_ ed r_ed hN¡f¡

ipõÓue kp^_p¡\u frls lp¡e R>¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ `Z DÑd am_y„
v$p_ L$fhpdpV¡$ b°û kd\® R>¡. Ap b°û_p L$sy¯-kd\® lp¡hp_y„
âdpZ R>¡. h°S>cL¹$sp¡ D`fp¡L¹$s kh® kp^_p¡\u frls lsp„
R>sp„ cNhp_¹ îuL©$óZ¡ ep¡NuAp¡ L¡$ op_uAp¡ dpV¡$ `Z vy$g®c
lp¡e s¡hy„ `fd am s¡Ap¡_¡ Apàey„.
AL$sy¯-kd\® : L$p¡C ìe[¼s Nd¡ s¡V$gp ipõÓue kp^_p¡\u
kç`Þ_ lp¡e R>sp„ Å¡ b°û_u BÃR>p s¡_¡ am Ap`hp_u _
lp¡e sp¡ s¡_¡ L$p¡C `Z âL$pf_y„ am _ Ap`hpdpV¡$ `Z b°û
kd\® R>¡. Ap b°û_p AL$sy¯-kpdÕe®_y„ ×óV$pÞs R>¡.
AÞe\pL$sy¯-kd\® : cNhÃQqfÓp¡_p Ahgp¡L$_\u A¡hy„ `Z
Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡ cNhp_¹ âÐe¡ L$pd ¾$p¡^ gp¡c
dp¡l S>¡hp ipõÓr_rjÙ cphp¡ fp¿ep lsp s¡hp vy$óV$kp^_
Ly$åÅ `|s_p L„$k riiy`pg hN¡f¡_p¡ `Z DÙpf cNhp_¡ L$ep£
lsp¡. Ap b°û_y„ AÞe\pL$sy¯-kpdÕe® R>¡.
kh®kd\® lp¡hy„ A¡ b°û_p¡ ei R>¡. ei s¡_p¡ S> a¡gpsp¡ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ S>¡
kh®i[¼sdp_ lp¡e. NyZfrls_u L$urs®_y„ Np_ L$p¡Z L$f¡ ? i[¼sfrls_¡ `pdhp L¡$
ÅZhp `Z L$p¡Z BÃR>p fpM¡ ? kpdÕe®frls_¡ `pdhp\u `Z ip¡ gpc ?
Ap\u b°û_¡ r_Ny®Z r_^®d®L$ dp__pfpAp¡ b°û_¡ A_y`põe Aâpàe Ao¡e
66
A_¡ Aag b_phu v¡$sp lp¡e R>¡. hõsys: b°û r_Ny®Z r_^®d®L$ _ lp¡C AâpL©$s
Agp¥qL$L$ kh®NyZp¡\u kç`Þ_ R>¡ A_¡ Ap\u S> b°û b^pdpV¡$ D`põe o¡e
âpàe A_¡ agê$` R>¡. Ap b°û_p¡ ei R>¡.
õhsÞÓ : A`qfrds-op_-i[¼s A_¡ A`qfrds-r¾$ep-i[¼s lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡

b°û õhsÞÓ R>¡. op_ lp¡e `Z r¾$epi[¼s _ lp¡e sp¡ dpZk `fsÞÓ b_u
S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. A_¡L$ cZ¡gp-NZ¡gp `[ÎX$s gp¡L$p¡ ip dpV¡$ buÅ_u QpL$fu
L$fsp Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡ ? Ap_y„ L$pfZ s¡d_pdp„ r¾$epi[¼s_p¡ Acph lp¡e R>¡. s¡ S>
âdpZ¡ r¾$epi[¼s lp¡e `Z op_ _ lp¡e sp¡ s¡hp¡ dpZk `Z `fsÞÓ b_u
S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. dSy>fdp„ s¡_p dprgL$ L$fsp„ A_¡L$NZu h^y i[¼s lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡
`fÞsy op_i[¼s_p Acphdp„ `fsÞÓ b_u_¡ s¡ Æh_è®Þs dSy>fu S> L$ep®
L$fsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. `fsÞÓsp\u dy[¼s s¡ S> d¡mhu iL¡$ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡_pdp„ op_i[¼s A_¡
r¾$epi[¼s Apd bÞ_¡ i[¼sAp¡ lp¡e. b°û A_„s op_i[¼s s¡dS> A_„s
r¾$epi[¼s, Apd bÞ_¡ i[¼sAp¡\u kç`Þ_ lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ õhsÞÓ R>¡. b°û_y„
õhps„Ôe S> b°û_u îu-ip¡cp R>¡. hpO Nd¡ s¡V$gp¡ i[¼sipmu lp¡e `fÞsy Å¡
s¡ `]S>fpdp„ `yfpe¡gp¡ lp¡e sp¡ s¡_u bû ip¡cp kdpàs \C S>su lp¡e R>¡. s¡ S>
âdpZ¡ Nd¡ s¡V$gp¡ `[ÎX$s `Z Å¡ L$p¡C_u QpL$fu L$fsp¡ lp¡e sp¡ s¡_u ip¡cp `Z
fl¡su _\u. Ap\u ip¡cp sp¡ s¡_u S> lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ õhsÞÓ lp¡e. Ap\u S>
b°û_p õhps„Ôe_¡ s¡_u "îu=ip¡cp' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
kh£íhf : õhsÞÓ lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ b°û D`f dpep hN¡f¡ L$p¡C `p¡sp_p¡ âcph
`pX$u iL$sy„ _\u. b°û_¡ L$p¡C `p¡sp_p hidp„ L$fu iL$sy„ _\u. DgV$p_p¡ b°û S>
kh®_¡ `p¡sp_p hidp„ fpMsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u S> b°û_¡ "kh£íhf' `Z L$l¡hpdp„
Aph¡ R>¡.
kh®o : b°û Å¡ kh®Ó kh®v$p A_¡ kh®hõsydp„ ìepàs lp¡e R>¡ sp¡ A¡hu L$C
bpbs lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ b°û_u ÅZL$pfu\u blpf lp¡e ! Ap\u S> b°û kh®o
`Z R>¡. kh®osp A¡ b°û_p¡ op_ NyZ R>¡.
r_Ny®Z : b°û AâpL©$s Agp¥qL$L$ A_„s NyZp¡\u kç`Þ_ lp¡hp R>sp„ âpL©$s
gp¥qL$L$ kh® NyZp¡\u frls R>¡. Ap L$pfZ¡ b°û_¡ "r_Ny®Z' L¡$ "r_^®d®L$' `Z
L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. âpL©$s NyZp¡\u frls lp¡hy„ A¡ S> b°û_p¡ h¥fpÁe NyZ R>¡.
67
Ap âL$pf¡ b°û_p 1ìep`L$sp = A¥íhe® 2Aìeesp=hue®
3 4 5 6
kh®i[¼sdÑp=ei õhpsÞÔe=îu kh®o=op_ A_¡ âpL©$sNyZhrS>®ssp
= hf¥pÁe Apd R> NZ y p_¡y„ r_ê$`Z L$eȳ. Ap rkhpe `Z bû
° _p buÅ A_L¡$
NZy ^dp_£y„ r_ê$`Z ipõÓpd¡p„ Åh¡p dm¡ R>.¡
khp®^pf : k©[óV$_y„ kS>®_ L$fu_¡ s¡_p Ap^pfê$`¡ b°û `p¡s¡ b_sy„ lp¡hp\u b°û_¡
"khp®^pf' `Z L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
kh®rhgnZ : kdyÖ sf„Np¡ê$`¡ âL$V$ \sp¡ lp¡hp R>sp„ sf„Np¡dp„ s¡ kdpàs \C
_\u S>sp¡, L¡$dL¡$ s¡ `qf`|Z® R>¡. s¡ S> âL$pf¡ Ak„¿e S>X$-Æh-ê$`¡ b°û âL$V$
\sp¡ lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡ S>X$-Æh-Apqv$dp„ kdpàs \C S>sp¡ _\u. sf„Np¡ê$`¡ b_hp
R>sp„ kdyÖ_y„ õhsÞÓ õhê$` fl¡sy„ lp¡e R>¡. s¡d S> b°û kh®ê$` lp¡hp R>sp„
kh®\u õhsÞÓ-rhgnZ `Z R>¡ S>.
Ap_y„ L$pfZ kdS>hp S>¡hy„ R>¡ : r`sp_p NyZp¡ `yÓdp„ Aphsp lp¡e R>¡,
`yÓ_p r`spdp„ _l]. kdyÖ_p NyZp¡ sf„Np¡dp„ Aphsp lp¡e R>¡, sf„Np¡_p NyZp¡
kdyÖdp„ _l]. Ap_pD`f\u A¡ rkÙpÞs õ\pr`s \pe R>¡ L¡$ l„d¡ip L$pfZ_p
NyZp¡ S> L$pe®dp„ Aphsp lp¡e R>¡, L$pe®_p NyZp¡ L$pfZdp„ Aphsp _\u. Ap\u S>
b°û Äepf¡ S>X$ L¡$ Æh _p ê$`p¡_¡ ^pfZ L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡ S>X$_u dpaL$ AQ¡s_ L¡$
Æh_u dpaL$ AÏ L¡$ `qf[ÃR>Þ_ b_u _\u S>sp¡. Ap L$pfZ¡ S> b°û_¡
"kh®rhgnZ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
ArcÞ_r_rdÑp¡`pv$p_ : k©[óV$_y„ r_rdÑ s\p D`pv$p_ Apd bÞ_¡
L$pfZê$` b°û S> R>¡ (Ap_y„ r_ê$`Z rhõspf`|h®L$ \C Qy¼ey„ R>¡).
rhfyÙ^dp®îe : sÒhs: b°û A¡L$-ArÜsue lp¡hp R>sp„ k©[óV$ kde¡
s¡ A_¡L$ rhfyÙ ê$`p¡_¡ ^pfZ L$f¡ R>¡. `p¡s¡ ìep`L$ lp¡hp R>sp„ Æhê$`¡ AÏ b_u
Åe R>¡. kh®L$pfZp¡_y„ `Z L$pfZ lp¡hp R>sp„ S>Nv¹$ê$`¡ L$pe® `Z b_u Åe R>¡.
kh®ê$`p¡_¡ ^pfZ L$fsy„ lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡ kh®\u rhgnZ `Z R>¡. Aphp `fõ`f
A_¡L$ rhfyÙ ^dp£_¡ ^pfZ L$fsy„ lp¡hp\u b°û rhfyÙ^dp®îe R>¡.
sL$p®Np¡Qf : b°û_p õhê$`_¡ sL®$_u k„Ly$rQs by[v¹$^$kpdÕe®\u kdÆ
68
iL$psy„ _\u. b°û_u ìep`L$sp rhfyÙ^dp®îesp hN¡f¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ sL®$_p r_edp¡
b°û_u kpd¡ `pR>p `X¡$ R>¡. Ap L$pfZ¡ b°û_¡ "eyL¹$ÐeNp¡Qf' L¡$ "sL$p®Np¡Qf'
A×íe : b°û_y„ õhê$` AâpL©$s Agp¥qL$L$ lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ d_yóe
`p¡sp_u âpL©$s-gp¥qL$L$ B[ÞÖep¡ hX¡$ b°û_p¡ kpnpÐL$pf L$fu iL$sp¡ _\u. s¡ S>
âdpZ¡ A_r^L$pfu-Aep¡Áe Æhp¡ `Z b°û_y„ v$i®_ L$fu iL$sp _\u. Ap\u
b°û_¡ "A×íe' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
õh¡ÃR>ep-×íe : A×íe lp¡hp R>sp„ b°û S>¡_¡ `p¡sp_p õhê$`_y„ v$i®_
L$fphhp BÃR>¡ R>¡ s¡_u kpd¡ `p¡sp_y„ õhê$` âL$V$ `Z L$f¡ R>¡. Ap\u b°û, L$epf¡L$,
õh¡ÃR>ep ×íe `Z b_sy„ lp¡e R>¡. AhspfL$pg s\p A_hspfL$pg dp„ `Z
cNhp__p v$i®_ A_¡L$ Æhp¡A¡ L$ep® lp¡hp_y„ `yfpZp¡ s\p gp¡L$ dp„ ârkÙ$ R>¡ S>.
v$i®_ Ap`hp L¡$ _ Ap`hp A¡ b°û_u õhsÞÓ BÃR>pD`f r_c®f L$f¡ R>¡.
cNhp__p v$i®_ `Z b^p_¡ A¡L$kfMp \sp„ _\u lp¡sp. S>¡ ÆhpÐdp kpd¡
cNhp_¹ `p¡sp_y„ S>¡hy„ A_¡ S>¡V$gy„ õhê$` âL$V$ L$fhp_u BÃR>p L$f¡ R>¡ s¡_¡
cNhp__y„ s¡hy„ A_¡ s¡V$gy„ S> õhê$` ×rô$Np¡Qf \sy„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap_y„ ârkÙ$ ×ô$pÞs
L„$k_u kcpdp„ `^pfsp cNhp__p v$i®_ rcÞ_-rcÞ_ cphhpmp c¼sp¡_¡
rcÞ_-rcÞ_ ê$`¡ \ep lp¡hp_y„ R>¡. L„$k_u kcpdp„ `^pfsp cNhp_¹ r÷Ap¡_¡
L$pdv¡$h S>¡hp gpNsp lsp„, Np¡`-kMpAp¡_¡ rdÓ S>Zpsp lsp„, hX$ugp¡_¡
kyLy$dpf bpmL$ S>¡hp v¡$Mpsp lsp„, Äepf¡ L„$k_p `l¡ghp_p¡_¡ sp¡ cNhp_¹
kpnps¹ d©Ðeyê$`¡ v¡$Mpsp lsp„. S>¡_p ùv$edp„ S>¡hp¡ cph lp¡e R>¡ cNhp_¹ s¡_¡ s¡hp
ê$`¡ S> v$i®_ Ap`sp lp¡e R>¡. D¼s OV$_p\u A¡ rkÙpÞs kdÆ iL$pe R>¡ L¡$
Ahspf_p kdedp„ `Z cNhp_¹ b^p Æhp¡_¡ `p¡sp_p k[ÃQv$p_Þv$ Agp¥qL$L$
õhê$`_p v$i®_ _\u Ap`sp„. Ap_p¡ A\® A¡hp¡ `Z _\u kdS>hp_p¡ L¡$
cNhp__p s¡-s¡ ê$`p¡ âpL©$s L¡$ gp¥qL$L$ lp¡e R>¡. cNhp__p v$i®_ âpL©$s bpmL$,
qL$ip¡f L¡$ eyhp ê$`¡ A\hp sp¡ iÓy L¡$ dlp`yfyj ê$`¡ \sp lp¡hp R>sp„e sÒhs: sp¡
cNhp_¹ ld¢ip k[ÃQv$p_Þv$ê$` Agp¥qL$L$S> lp¡e R>¡. S>¡ gp¡L$p¡_p¡ A¡hp¡ DÃQ
Ar^L$pf lp¡sp¡ _\u L¡$ s¡Ap¡ cNhp__p k[ÃQv$p_Þv$ õhê$`_p v$i®_ L$fu iL¡$
s¡Ap¡_¡ ""S>¡hu ×rô$ s¡hu k©rô$'' Þepe¡ cNhp_¹ spfsçe\u v$i®_ Ap`sp„ lp¡e
R>¡. Aop_u `yfyjp¡_¡ gp¡L$k×i âL$V$ ê$` A_ychpe `Z s¡_u
69
k[ÃQv$p_Þv$pÐdL$sp _ S>Zpe. iyóL$ op_u `yfyjp¡_¡ b°û_u
k[ÃQv$p_Þv$pÐdL$sp S>Zpe `fÞsy gp¡L$k×i ê$` s¡d_¡ Av¹$cy$s L¡$ rhõdeS>_L$
S> gpN¡. op_u-c¼s `yfyjp¡_¡ gp¡L$k×i âL$V$ ê$` A_¡ k[ÃQv$p_Þv$pÐdL$sp b¡D
A¡L$u kp\¡ • cNhv¹$c$[¼s L¡$ cNhëgugp dp„ Äepf¡ S>¡hp A_ych_u A`¡np
h^y lp¡e Ðepf¡ âcy s¡hp •S>Zpe, âcy_u rhfyÙ^dp®îesp_¡ s¡Ap¡ ÅZu-
dp_u L¡$ dpZu iL$sp„ lp¡hp\u.
kdp_ : b°û_u k©rô$dp„ L$p„BL$ S>X$ê$`¡ lp¡e R>¡ sp¡ L$p¡BL$ Æhê$`¡.
Æhp¡dp„ `Z d_yóep¡ sp¡ kp^_pQfZÜpfp `p¡sp_p¡ ApÐdp¡Ùpf L$fhp kd\®
lp¡e R>¡; Äepf¡ L¡$ kp^_pQfZ_p kpdÕe®\u rhlu_ ìy-`rnAp¡ rbQpfp
ApÐdp¡Ù$pf `Z L$fu iL$sp _\u lp¡sp. Æhp¡dp„ L$p¡BL$ kyÞv$f sp¡ L$p¡BL$ Ly$ê$`,
L$p¡BL$ kd\® sp¡ L$p¡BL$ Akd\®, L$p¡C kyMu sp¡ L$p¡C vy$:Mu, L$p¡C dy[¼sep¡Áe sp¡
L$p¡C dy[¼s-Aep¡Áe, L$p¡C `pù sp¡ L$p¡C `yÎeipgu hN¡f¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap_¡ L$pfZ¡
A¡hy„ L$p¡B_¡ Qp¡¼L$k S> gpNi¡ L¡$ b°û_u k©rô$ Akdp_sp, c¡v$cph, `n`ps L¡$
rhjdsp \u cf`|f R>¡. Aphu AZkdS>_¡ L$pfZ¡ S> b°ûdp„ Akdp_sp-
rhjdsp_p¡ v$p¡jpfp¡`Z Aop_u gp¡L$p¡Üpfp hpf„hpf \sy„ S> fl¡ R>¡.
b°û_p Akdp_ `n`psu L¡$ ¾|$f lp¡hp_p„ Apn¡`p¡_¡ r_fp^pf A_¡
Aop_\u â¡qfs kdS>hp Å¡BA¡. Mf¡Mf Å¡sp„ b°ûdp„ Akdp_sp L¡$ ¾|$fsp
lp¡BS> _\u iL$su. L$pfZ L¡$ Akdp_ L¡$ ¾|$f \hp dpV¡$ b°û_¡ `p¡sp_p\u L$p¡C
rcÞ_ ìe[¼s L¡$ hõsy _u S>ê$f `X$i¡. b°û_u kdõep NZp¡ sp¡ kdõep A_¡
rhriô$sp NZp¡ sp¡ rhriô$sp A¡ R>¡ L¡$ s¡ Akdp_ L¡$ ¾|$f \hp dpV¡$ `p¡sp_p\u
rcÞ_ lp¡e s¡hp¡ "L$p¡BL$' gph¡ ¼ep„\u ? b°û rkhpe Al] buSy>„ L$p¡C lp¡e sp¡
_¡! lh¡ Å¡ b°û `p¡s¡ S> S>X$-Æh, ^_u-r_^®_, dp¡V$p¡-_p_p¡, `pù-
`yÎepÐdp hN¡f¡ b_sy„ lp¡e sp¡ b°û_p D`f Akdp_ `n`psu L¡$ ¾|$f lp¡hp_p¡
Apn¡` \C S> _\u iL$sp¡. S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ S>Ns¹ A¡ b°û_u ApÐdk©rô$ R>¡
Ap\u b°û r_v$p£j A_¡ kh®kd S> R>¡.
L$d®amv$psp : kpfp L$dp£ L$f_pfp„ kpfy„ am âpàs L$f¡ R>¡. Mfpb L$dp£
L$f_pfp„ Mfpb am âpàs L$fsp„ lp¡e R>¡. Aphy„ b¡-`p„Q-v$k ×ô$pÞsp¡dp„ Å¡ep
`R>u L¡$V$gpL$ gp¡L$p¡ A¡hu ^pfZp bp„û g¡sp lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ d_yóe `p¡sp_p L$dp£\u
am_¡ DÐ`Þ_ L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. Ap ^pfZp_p¡ A\® Å¡ A¡hp¡ \sp¡ lp¡e L¡$ Cíhf_u
70
BÃR>p L¡$ r_eÞÓZ rh_p L$d® `p¡s¡ S> õhsÞÓ L¡$ r_f`¡n ê$`¡ d_yóe_¡ am
Ap`sp lp¡e R>¡ sp¡ Ap ^pfZp sv¹$v$_ Mp¡V$u R>¡. L$p¡C `Z am d_yóe
õhâeÐ_\u DÐ`Þ_ L$fu iL$sp¡ _\u. Af¡ ! d_yóe Äepf¡ L$p¡C L$d® `Z,
Bíhf¡ÃR>p rh_p, L$fhpdp„ kd\® _\u lp¡sp¡ Ðepf¡ L$d®am_¡ DÐ`Þ_ L$fhpdpV¡$
¼ep„\u õhsÞÓ b_u iL$hp_p¡ R>¡ ! kpfp L¡$ Mfpb b^p âL$pf_p„ L$d®amp¡ Cíhf
`p¡sp_u õhsÞÓ BÃR>p\u S> Ap`sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. am Ap`hpdp„ Cíhf dpV¡$ A¡
S>ê$fu _\u lp¡sy„ L¡$ s¡ d_yóe_p„ L$dp£_¡ Å¡B_¡S> am Ap`¡. Cíhf BÃR>¡ sp¡ L$d®_¡
gÿedp„ g¡ `Z A_¡ BÃR>¡ sp¡ _ `Z g¡. L$d®r_ers_p„ b^p r_edp¡ Æh_¡ gpNy
`X$sp lp¡e R>¡. Cíhf sp¡ b^p r_edp¡ L¡$ ip÷p¡\u D`f õhsÞÓ lp¡e R>¡. ¼epf¡L$
L$d®r_edp¡dp„ b„^pC S>hp_u gugp âL$V$ L$fsp¡ lp¡e sp¡ s¡ `Z s¡_u BÃR>p_¡
Apû_S> lp¡e R>¡ - L$d®r_edp¡_¡ Apû_ _l]. S>¡d `p¡sp_u BÃR>p\u gp¡L$p¡
`¡ÞV$ $D`f b¡ëV$ bp„û g¡sp lp¡e R>¡ !
D`fp¡¼s NyZp¡ rkhpe õd©rs-`yfpZp¡dp„ buÅ `Z b°û_p„ A_¡L$

NyZp¡_y„ hZ®_ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. sv$_ykpf îudv¹$c$pNhs b°û_p Aphp L¡$V$gpL$
NyZp¡_y„ hZ®_ L$f¡ R>¡ :
kÐe `rhÓsp v$ep ndp ÐepN kÞsp¡j _d°sp id v$d

s` kpçe kl_iugsp Dv$pku_sp ip¥e® s¡S> bg õd©rs
Ly$igsp L$p[Þs ^¥e® d©vy$sp âNëcsp âîe iug i[¼s
Nçcufsp [õ\fsp dp_ A_l„L$pf hN¡f¡ hN¡f¡.
`fb°û îuL©$óZ :
D`r_jv$p¡ S>¡_¡ "b°û' "`fb°û' "ApÐdp' "kÐe' "fk' "Ap_Þv$'
"A_Þs' "c|dp' L¡$ "_pfpeZ' hN¡f¡ L$l¡ R>¡ s¡ îuL©$óZS> R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡
`yfpZp¡ S>¡_¡ "cNhp_¹' L$l¡ R>¡ A\hp sp¡ õd©rsAp¡ S>¡_¡ "`yfyjp¡Ñd' L¡$
"`fdpÐdp' L¡$ "`fd¡íhf' L$l¡ R>¡ s¡ `Z îuL©$óZS> R>¡. Ap\u `|hp£¼s b^p
Agp¥qL$L$ NyZp¡ `fb°û îuL©$óZ_pS> R>¡ s¡d kdS>hy„.
Anfb°û :
k©rô$_¡ âL$V$ L$fhp_u BÃR>p \sp„ `fb°û klz â\d `p¡sp_p
Anfb°ûê$ù `pkp_¡ kr¾$e L$f¡ R>¡. Anfb°ûdp„ `fb°û_p ks¹ rQs¹ s\p
71
Ap_Þv$ Ap ÓZ¡e NyZ^dp£ âL$V$ lp¡e R>¡. `fb°û_u BÃR>p\u Anfb°û S>
S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ k©rô$ê$`¡ `qfZd¡ R>¡. Ap\u k©rô$_¡ âL$V$ L$fhpdpV¡$ `fb°û¡
^pfZ L$f¡gp kh®L$pfZ-L$pfZê$`_¡ "Anfb°û' L$l¡hpdp Aph¡ R>¡.
Anfb°û_p¡ `fb°û kp\¡_p¡ kçbÞ^ :

Anfb°û A¡ `fb°û_p¡ ^d®(NyZ^d®) L¡$ i[¼s `Z R>¡ A_¡ `fb°û
_y„ ^pd(r_hpkõ\p_) `Z R>¡. Ap\u Anfb°û_p¡ `fb°û kp\¡ ^d®-^d}
s\p ^pd-^pdu lp¡hp_p¡ rhgnZ kçbÞ^ R>¡.
^d®-^rd®-kçbÞ^ : ^d® l„d¡ip ^d}dp„ S> fl¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡.

v$p.s. `yó` ^d} R>¡ sp¡ s¡dp„ fl¡_pfu NÞ^ s¡ `yó`_p¡ ^d®
lp¡e R>¡. k|e® ^d} R>¡ sp¡ s¡ k|e®dp„ fl¡_pfp¡ âL$pi s¡_p¡ ^d®
lp¡e R>¡. Anfb°û A¡ `fb°û_p¡ ^d® L¡$ i[¼s R>¡. Ap\u
^d®×rô$\u s¡_¡ rhQpfhpdp Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ k|e®_p âL$pi_u
dpaL$ Anfb°û `fb°ûdp„ fl¡gy„ S>Zpe R>¡.
^pd-^prd-kçbÞ^ : Of_p dprgL$_¡ "^prd' L$l¡hpdp

Aph¡ R>¡ Äepf¡ L¡$ Of_¡ "^pd' L$l¡hpdp Aph¡ R>¡. ^pdu
^pddp„ fl¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Anfb°û A¡ `fb°û_y„ ^pd R>¡. lh¡
Å¡ ^pd×rô$\u Å¡hpdp Aph¡ sp¡ `fb°û Anfb°ûdp„ fl¡gy„
S>Zpi¡.
`fb°ûdp„ Anfb°û A_¡ Anfb°ûdp„ `fb°û ! Ap kçbÞ^

d_yóe_u nyÖ by[Ù$\u kdS>dp„ _ Aph¡ A¡hp¡ Ai¼e kçbÞ^ S>Zpe R>¡,
`fÞsy, rhfyÙ^dp®îe lp¡hp\u b°ûdpV¡$ L„$C `Z Ai¼e _\u lp¡sy„. Anfb°û
A_¡ `fb°û hÃQ¡_p Ap rhgnZ kçbÞ^_¡ h÷ A_¡ sp„sZp„_p ×ô$pÞs_p
Ap^pf¡ \p¡X$pL$ A„i¡ kdÆ iL$pe R>¡ :
A¡L$ s¥epf h÷_¡ Å¡ Ahehu_p ê$`dp„ Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ L$`X$pdp„

hZpe¡gp spZp„-hpZp„ L$`X$p_p Ahehê$`¡ S>Zpi¡. Ap ×rô$\u Å¡sp„ h÷_¡
"^d}' A_¡ sp„sZp„Ap¡_¡ "^d®' L$l¡hpi¡. A\p®s¹ ""h÷dp„ sp„sZp„Ap¡ fl¡ R>¡''
A¡d L$l¡hy„ `X$i¡. ApS> ×ô$pÞs_¡ buÆ ×rô$\u rhQpqfA¡ sp¡ sp„Zp„-hpZp„Ap¡_¡
72
hZhp\u L$`Xy„$ s¥epf \sy„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u, sp„sZpAp¡ L$`X$p_y„ "D`pv$p_' L¡$
"kdhpeu-L$pfZ' L$l¡hpi¡ L¡$ S>¡dp„ L$pe® DÐ`Þ_ \sy„ lp¡e R>¡. sp„sZp„Ap¡dp„
DÐ`Þ_ \sy„ lp¡hp\u L$`Xy„$ "L$pe®' L$l¡hpe R>¡. L$pe® ld¢ip `p¡sp_p D`pv$p_
L$pfZdp„ fl¡sy„ lp¡e R>¡. S>¡d dpV$gy„ dpV$udp„ L¡$ Of¡Zp„ kp¡_p-Qp„v$udp„ fl¡sp„ lp¡e
R>¡. L$pfZ_¡ "^d}'L$l¡hpe R>¡ Äepf¡ L¡$ L$pe®_¡ "^d®' L$l¡hpdp Aph¡ R>¡. A¡V$g¡ Ap
×rô$\u Å¡hp S>sp„ sp„sZp„Ap¡ ^d} b_u Åe R>¡ A_¡ L$`Xy„$ ^d®. lh¡ Ap`Z_¡
sp„sZp„Ap¡dp„ L$`Xy„$ fl¡sy„ lp¡e A¡hy„ gpNi¡.
D`fp¡¼s ×ô$pÞsdp„ Ap`Z¡ Å¡ey„ L¡$ Å¡hp_p¡ ×rô$L$p¡Z bv$gpC S>hp\u

^d®-^d}dp„ `Z `fõ`f DgV$p-kygV$u lp¡e R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ Anfb°û_¡
`Z Å¡hp_p¡ ×rô$L$p¡Z bv$gpsp„ Anfb°û ¼epf¡L$ ^d®ê$`¡ sp¡ ¼epf¡L$ ^pdê$`¡
âsus \pe R>¡.
NrZsp_Þv$ :
`fb°û_¡ Å¡ awg kdS>hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ Anfb°û s¡_u kyNÞ^ R>¡.
kyNÞ^_u suh°sp S>¡V$gu awgdp„ lp¡e R>¡ s¡V$gu âkf¡g kyNÞ^dp„ lp¡su _\u. s¡
S> âdpZ¡ S>¡V$gp¡ Ap_Þv$ `fb°ûdp„ lp¡e R>¡ s¡V$gp¡ Anfb°ûdp„ âL$V$ S>Zpsp¡
_\u. Ap L$pfZ¡ Anfb°û_¡ "NrZsp_Þv$'L$l¡hpe R>¡. Al] afu\u epv$ L$fu
g¡hy„ Å¡BA¡ L¡$ `fb°û_p A¥íhe® hue® ei îu op_ h¥fpÁe A`qf[ÃR>Þ_Ðh
kh®ch_kpdÕe® hN¡f¡ `|hp£¼s AâpL©$s-Agp¥qL$L$ NyZ^dp£_¡ "Ap_Þv$'iåv$\u
L$l¡hpdp Aph¡ R>¡.
r_fpL$pf :
S>¡d k|e® kpL$pf lp¡e R>¡ `fÞsy Qp¡d¡f a¡gpe¡gp¡ s¡_p¡ âL$pi
ìep`L$=r_fpL$pf lp¡e R>¡, s¡d `fb°û kpL$pf R>¡ Äepf¡ L¡$ Anfb°û s¡_u
ìep`L$sp lp¡hp\u r_fpL$pf R>¡. Anfb°û_u âp[às op_dpN®\u \pe R>¡ Äepf¡ L¡$
`fb°û îuL©$óZ_u âp[às c[¼s\u \pe R>¡.
Anfb°û_u âsursdp„ Ar^L$pfc¡v$ :

op_u A_¡ c¼s_¡ Anfb°û_u âsurs rcÞ_-rcÞ_ ê$`¡ \su lp¡e
R>¡. c¼s_u ×rô$ `fb°û îuL©$óZ_¡ ip¡^su lp¡hp\u Anfb°û_y„ v$i®_ c¼s_¡
`fb°û_p ^pd sfuL¡$ \sy„ lp¡e R>¡. Äepf¡, op_u_u ×rô$ ^pdu `fb°û `yfyjp¡Ñd
73
îuL©$óZ kyû `lp¢Qu iL$su _ lp¡hp\u s¡_¡ Anfb°û_y„ v$i®_ ^pdê$`¡ \sy„ _\u.
op_u_¡ Anfb°û_u âsurs ìep`L$ k[ÃQv$p_Þv$ õhe„âL$pi NyZpsus
hN¡f¡ê$`¡ \su lp¡e R>¡. op_u_¡ Anfb°ûâp[àsê$` am dm¡ R>¡.
k©rô$âr¾$ep
Ou A¡L$ L$pe® R>¡. Ou_y„ L$pfZ v|$^ lp¡e R>¡. `fÞsy v|$^dp„\u ku^y„ S> Ou
DÐ`Þ_ \C _\u S>sy„. v|$^_y„ â\d v$l] b_¡ R>¡, v$l]_u R>pk b_¡ R>¡, R>pkdp„\u
dpMZ b_¡; A_¡ R>¡ëg¡ sb¼L¡$ Ou lp\dp„ Aphsy„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap ¾$ddp„ Ou_y„ L$pfZ
dpMZ, dpMZ_y„ L$pfZ R>pk, R>pk_y„ L$pfZ v$l] A_¡ v$l]_y„ L$pfZ v|$^ b_sy„
lp¡e R>¡. Al] v|$^ A¡ L$pe®ê$` Ou krls Ou_p S>¡V$gp `Z L$pfZp¡ R>¡ s¡ b^p_y„
Apqv$L$pfZ NZpe R>¡. Ap ×ô$pÞsdp„ A¡L$ R>¡hpX¡$ v|$^ R>¡ Äepf¡ L¡$ buS>¡ R>¡hpX¡$ Ou
R>¡. v|$^_¡ ApÛL$pfZ dp_u iL$ep Äepf¡ Ou A¡ A[Þsd L$pe® R>¡. v|$^ A_¡ Ou _u
hÃQ¡ A_¡L$ L$pfZp¡_u L$X$uAp¡ R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ âL©$s kÞv$c®dp„ A¡L$ R>¡hpX¡$
`fb°û R>¡ Äepf¡ buS>¡ R>¡hpX¡$ S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ S>Ns¹ R>¡. `fb°û ApÛL$pfZ R>¡
Äepf¡ S>Ns¹ A¡ A[Þsd L$pe® R>¡. `fb°û A_¡ S>Ns¹ hÃQ¡ L$pfZ-L$pe®cph_u
A_¡L$ L$X$uAp¡ Å¡X$pe¡gu lp¡e R>¡. Ap L$X$uAp¡_y„ op_ \pe sp¡ Ap`Z¡ kdÆ iL$uiy„
L¡$ b°ûdp„\u S>Ns_y„ âpL$V¹$e L$C âr¾$ep\u \ey„.
`fb°û k©rô$_y„ r_dp®Z Anfb°ûdp„ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap\u k©rô$_p r_dp®Z_u

iê$Apsê$`¡ Anfb°ûdp„ 1L$$pg 2L$d® 3õhcph 4âL©$rs A_¡ 5`yfyj, ApV$gp
sÒhp¡ klz â\d DÐ`Þ_ \pe R>¡. dL$p__y„ r_dp®Z L$fhpdpV¡$ S>¡d rkd¡ÞV$ IV$p¡
`Ð\f Q|_p¡ gp¡M„X$ hN¡f¡ h`fpsp lp¡e R>¡ s¡d L$pg-L$d®-õhcphpqv$_¡ Ap
k©rô$_p„ Q|_p-`Õ\f S>¡hp kdS>hp Å¡BA¡. Anfb°û_p ks¹-rQs¹-
Ap_Þv$pÐdL$ lp¡hp\u, s¡_p ks¹ A_¡ rQs¹ NyZ^dp£\u L$pg L$d® õhcph âL©$rs
A_¡ `yfyj sÒhp¡_u DÐ`rÑ \pe R>¡. Äepf¡ Ap_Þv$\u ìerô$-AÞsep®du_u
DÐ`rÑ \su lp¡e R>¡. Anfb°û_u kv„$ic|s kÐh-fS>k¹-sdp¡NyZp[ÐdL$p
âL©$rsdp„\u dls¹sÒh, Al„L$pf, `p„Q sÞdpÓpAp¡(iåv$ õì® ê$` fk NÞ^),
`p„Q dlpc|sp¡(ApL$pi hpey s¡S> S>g `©Õhu), `p„Q op_¡[ÞÖep¡(Ap„M _pL$
L$p_ Æc ÐhQp), `p„Q L$d£[ÞÖep¡(lp\`N dp¡Yy„$ D`õ\=S>__¡[ÞÖe
`pey=DÐkN£[ÞÖe); A_¡ d_ Ap 23 sÒhp¡_u DÐ`rÑ \pe R>¡. rQv„$ic|s
`yfyjdp„\u Ak„¿e ÆhpÐdpAp¡_u DÐ`rÑ \pe R>¡. Anfb°û_p„
Ap_Þv$p„idp„\u k[ÃQv$p_Þv$pÐdL$ Ak„¿e ìerô$-AÞsep®du DÐ`Þ_ \pe R>¡.
74
AÞsep®du v$f¡L$ ÆhpÐdp_u A„v$f flu_¡ s¡_y„ r_ed_ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap AÞsep®du
kdrô$-AÞsep®du_p A„iê$` lp¡e R>¡.
kdrô$AÞsep®du :
Anfb°ûdp„\u S>¡ âL$pf¡ ìerô$-AÞsep®du âL$V$ \pe R>¡, s¡S> âL$pf¡
k©rô$r_ed_ L¡$ Ahspf L$pep£_¡ L$fhpdpV¡$ `fb°û `p¡s¡S> kdrô$-AÞsep®du
`Z b_¡ R>¡. kdrô$-AÞsep®du_¡ S> "rhfpV$`yfyj' "kdrô$`yfyj'
"b°ûpÎX$d|rs®' "`fdpÐdp' "_pfpeZ' "Apv¹$e$phspf' L¡$ "kL$pgphspfphspfu'
`Z L$l¡hpdp Aph¡ R>¡. `fb°û Anfb°ûê$`¡ khp£`pv$p_ b_¡ R>¡ sp¡ kdrô$-
AÞsep®duê$`¡ OV$-OV$dp„ rhÛdp_ klw_p r_eÞsp-Cíhf b_¡ R>¡. `fb°û
Anfb°ûê$`¡ op_uAp¡_y„ D`põe b_¡ R>¡ sp¡ AÞsep®duê$`¡ dep®v$pc[¼sdp„
cS>_ue b_¡ R>¡. âL©$rs_p„ kÐhfS>õsdp¡ NyZp¡_y„ r_ed_ L$fp_pfp„ NyZphspf
v¡$hsp : b°ûp rhóÏ A_¡ rih _y„ âpL$V$é `Z kdrô$-AÞsep®duê$` ^pfZ
L$f_pf îuL©$óZdp„\u S> \sy„ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ dÐõe hpfpl hNf¡
gugphspfp¡_y„ âpL$V$é `Z.
Ap kdN° r_ê$`Z_¡ A¡L$×[óV$dp„ S> by[ÙNs L$fhpdpV¡$ ApNm“p

‘p“p E‘f Ap`hpdp„ Aphsu kpfZu Arsie D`L$pqfZu \i¡—. Sy>Ap¡
ApNm“y„ ‘p“y„.
rhi¡j hp„Q_ dpV¡$—:

1.îugpgycË$ÆL©$s "âd¡efÐ_pZ®h' _pdL$ N°Þ\dp„_p¡ "d|gê$`rhh¡L$'.
2.îudlpâcyÆ-rhfrQs "sÒhp\®v$u`r_bÞ^' N°Þ\_p "kh®r_Z®eâL$fZ'
dp„ Aphsy„ "âd¡eâL$fZ'.
3.îudlpâcyÆ-rhfrQs s©sueõL$Þ^kybp¡r^_udp„ k©[óV$âL$fZ (3&8-11).
4.îudlpâcyÆ-rhfrQs "AÏcpóe'dp„ â\dpÝepe.
5.Np¡õhpdu îu`yfyjp¡ÑdÆ-rhfrQs "âõ\p_fÐ_pL$f' N°Þ\dp„_p¡
"âd¡eâL$fZ'.
6.Np¡õhpdu îuíepdd_p¡lfÆÜpfp _hu_ âL$pris "`Óphgçb_d¹' N°Þ\_u
`pR>m Ap`¡g r_b„^ : ""b°ûhpv$L$u c|rdL$pL¡$ ê$`d¢ `Óphgçb_ N°Þ\L¡$
L$Õe Ap¥f dlÒh L$p AÝee_''.
***
75
_p¢^—: Ap kpfZudp„ Óp„ku guV$uAp¡ R>¡ s¡ `pkp L¡$ hõsy-hfs_ _¡ HrNs L$f¡ R¡
Äepf¡ L¡$ kuû guV$uAp¡ ^pe®-^pfL$cph¡ L¡$ L$pe®-L$pfZcph¡ A¡L$dp„\u âL$V$ \sp„
buÅ ê$`p¡_¡ HrNs L$f¡ R>¡.
k[ÃQv$p_„v$-`fb°û-`|Z®`yfyjp¡Ñd
kpL$pf-cNhp_¹
îuL©$óZ
b°ûp„X$d|rs®-kd[óV$-AÞsep®du-rhfpV¹$
`fdpÐdp-kL$gphspfphspfu r_fpL$pf-kh®L$pfZL$pfZc|s
Anfb°û
_pfpeZ
NyZphspfp¡ gugphspfp¡
(b°ûp-rhóÏ-rih) (dÐõe-hfplpqv$) L$d® õhcph L$pg âL©$rs `yfyj
dlv¹$
âpZ-byqÙ Al„L$pf
spdk Al„L$pf fpS>k Al„L$pf kp[ÐhL$ Al„L$pf
`„QsÞdpÓp v$irh^-B[ÞÖep¡ d_
`„Qdlpc|s
Ak„¿eÆhpÐdpAp¡— Ak„¿eìe[óV$-AÞsep®rdAp¡
76
4. `yrô$rhh¡L$
sÒhv$i®_ A_¡ ^d®v$i®_ Ap b¡ `np¡_y„ lp¡hy„ A¡ L$p¡C `Z k„âv$pe_u
`qf`|Z®spdpV¡$ AphíeL$ lp¡e R>¡. sÒhv$i®_(philosophy)`n_¡ âd¡e`n
`Z L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Äepf¡ L¡$ ^d®v$i®_`n_¡ ApQpf, ìehlpf L¡$ kp^_p `n
sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. `yrô$c[¼sdpN® A_¡ `yrô$ifZpNrsdpN® A¡
hpëgckçâv$pe_p„ ^d®v$i®_ `np¡ R>¡. ApS>¡ hpëgckçâv$pe_y„ _pd Aphsp„
s¡_u bpbsdp„ gp¡L$p¡ \p¡Xy„$-OÏ„ Å¡ L$p„BL$ ÅZ¡ R>¡ sp¡ s¡ "lh¡guk„âv$pe' sfuL¡$ L¡$
S>¡ s¡_y„ sØ_ Mp¡Vy„$ A_¡ c°pdL$ _pd-õhê$` R>¡, A\hp dpÓ c[¼sdpN® sfuL¡$
Al] A¡ L$l¡hy„ Aâpk[P¹$N$L$ _l] NZpe L¡$ c[¼s A¡ a¼s hpëgckçâv$pe_¡ S>
_l] `f„sy buÅ `Z OZp b^p k„âv$pep¡_¡ dpÞe kp^_p R>¡ S>.
^d®v$i®_`n_p A_¡L$ `¡V$p `np¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡dp„, dy¿eÐh¡, 1. rkÙp„s 2.
ìehlpf 3. am A_¡ 4. cph_p `np¡_p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡. sÒh krls â\d
ÓZ `np¡_y„ r_ê$`Z "`yrô$âh¡i-1'dp„(`©›$ 43-44 D`f) \e¡gy„ R>¡.
cph`n_u kdS> lh¡ `R>u, e\phkf, Ap`hpdp„ Aphi¡.
hëgck„âv$pe_p sÒhv$i®_ `n\u dp¡V$p cpN_p gp¡L$p¡• k„âv$pe_p

A_yepeuAp¡ `Z •sØ_ AÅZ R>¡ A¡d L$l¡hpdp„ L$p¡C Arsiep¡[¼s _\u
S>Zprs. kpL$pf-b°ûhpv$ A¡ hpëgck„âv$pe_y„ sÒhv$i®_ R>¡. Ap_¡ S>
`pR>m\u "iyÙpÜ¥sb°ûhpv$' _pd `Z Ap`hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. kpL$pfb°ûhpv$_p
âdyM âd¡e-sÒhp¡ : `fb°û, Anfb°û, AÞsep®du, Æh, S>Ns¹ hN¡f¡_y„
krhõspf r_ê$`Z Ap `|h£ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.
kpL$pf / iyÙ$pÜ¥s b°ûhpv$ :

sÒh sp¡ A¡L$ dpÓ b°û S> R>¡. Ap S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ k©rô$dp„ S>¡ L„$C `Z
_pd ê$` L¡$ L$d® v¡$MpC füp„ R>¡ s¡ b^y„, gugp_u BÃR>p\u, b°û S> õhe„ bÞey„ R>¡.
Ap\u S>, dpep âL©$rs `yfyj L$pg L$d® õhcph `fdpÏ hN¡f¡ S>¡ L$p¡C `Z sÒh
/ sÒhp¡_¡ k©rô$_p D`pv$p_ L¡$ r_rdÑ L$pfZ sfuL¡$ dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ s¡ b^p
ê$`p¡ `Z õhe„ b°û¡ S> ^pfZ L$ep¯ R>¡. Aphp A_¡L$ _pd-ê$`-L$dp£dp„ ìepàs-
a¡gpe¡gy„ lp¡hp R>sp„ b°û_y„ A¡L$ kpL$pf-`yfyjp¡Ñd-L©$óZ õhê$` `Z R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ Ap
b^p\u `f-î¡›$, õhs„Ó A_¡ Argàs R>¡. A\p®s¹ A_¡L$ rhfyÙ^dp£_p¡ Apîe
A¡hy„ b°û S>Ns¹-k©rô$ ê$`¡ ìep`L$-A_¡L$ lp¡hp R>sp„ îuL©$óZ õhê$`¡ kpL$pf-
77
A¡L$ `Z R>¡. îuhëgcpQpe®QfZ_p Ap hpv$_¡ S> kpL$pf / iyÙ$pÜ¥s b°ûhpv$
sÒhv$i®_ A¡ L$p¡C `Z k„âv$pedpV¡$ `pep kdp_ lp¡e R>¡ Äepf¡ ^d®-
kp^_p A¡ s¡_p D`f QZhpdp„ Aphsu Bdpfs kdp_ lp¡e R>¡. `pep rh_p_u
Bdpfs A[õ\f lp¡e R>¡, L$p¡C `Z kde¡ S>du_v$p¡õs \C iL¡$ R>¡. Ap\u
k„âv$pe_u ^d®-kp^_pdp„ ApNm h^hp dpNsp A_yepreAp¡ dpV¡$ sÒhv$i®__y„
op_ lp¡hy„ Myb S> AphíeL$ lp¡e R>¡.
sÒh×rô$ A_¡ gugp×rô$ :

îuhëgcpQpe® k©rô$_¡ b¡ ×rô$\u Å¡h¡ R>¡ :
1. sÒh×rô$
2. gugp×rô$
N„cufsp\u rhQpf L$fsp„ k©rô$_u bpbsdp„ L¡$V$gpL$ âí_p¡ D˜h¡ R>¡.
S>¡d L¡$ :
k©rô$_y„ hpõsrhL$ õhê$` iy„ li¡ ? k©rô$_p OV$L$ d|mc|s
sÒhp¡ L$ep-L$ep A_¡ L¡$V$gp„ li¡ ? k©rô$_y„ k„Qpg_ L$p¡Z L$fsy„
li¡ ? k©rô$_p„ OV$L$ sÒhp¡_p¡ b°û kp\¡ L¡$hp¡ k„b„^ li¡ ?
k©rô$_y„ k„Qpg_ L$ep r_edp¡\u \sy„ li¡? k©rô$_p¡
Aprhcp®h-rsfp¡cph s¡dS> s¡_u [õ\rs L$ep„ L¡$hu fus¡ A_¡
¼epf¡ \su li¡ ? hN¡f¡.
sÒh×rô$\u k©rô$_¡ Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ Ap / Aphp âí_p¡_p kdp^p_p¡

kpL$pfb°ûhpv$_u klpesp\u Apù iL$pe R>¡. âí_p¡_u i©„Mgp, `f„sy, ApV$gp
dpÓ\u AV$L$u S>su _\u. Ap kp\¡ L¡$V$gpL$ A¡hp `Z âí_p¡ D˜hsp lp¡e R>¡ L¡$
S>¡_p„ kdp^p_p¡ sÒh×rô$\u Apù iL$psp„ _\u. S>¡hp L¡$ :
k©rô$ ip dpV¡$ A[õsÐhdp„ Aphu li¡ ? sÒh Å¡ A¡L$ S>
õhuL$pfhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ k©rô$dp„ ApV$gu bû rhrh^sp_p¡ iy„
Mygpkp¡ ? A\p®s¹ L$p¡BL$ Æh sp¡ L$p„BL$ S>X$, L$p¡BL$ d_yóe sp¡
L$p¡BL$ v¡$h Aphy„ ip dpV¡$ ? Æhp¡dp„ `Z L$p¡BL$ lu_ sp¡ L$p¡BL$
î¡›$, L$p¡BL$ vy$:Mu sp¡ L$p¡BL$ kyMu, L$p¡BL$ c¼s sp¡ L$p¡BL$
78
Ac¼s Aphy„ ip L$pfZ¡ ? Äepf¡ b^y„ âcy S> L$f¡ A_¡ L$fph¡
R>¡ sp¡ `R>u ip L$pfZ¡ L$p¡B_¡ õhN® dm¡ R>¡ Äepf¡ L$p¡B_¡ _L®$ ?
Ap A_¡ Aphp buÅ `Z âí_p¡_p k„sp¡jL$pfL$ DÑf gugp×rô$\u S>

Apù iL$pe R>¡. Al] A¡L$ hps Ýep_dp„ fpMu g¡hu Å¡BA¡ L¡$ sÒh×rô$ A_¡
gugp×rô$ A¡ A¡L$ buÅ_u rhfp¡û _\u, `|fL$ S> R>¡. S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ Ap b¡ ×rô$_u
hÃQ¡ kdÞhe kpû _\u i¼ep s¡Ap¡ L$p„ sp¡ sÒh_¡ L$p„ sp¡ gugp_¡ AÞepe L$fu
b¡W$p R>¡. sÒh D`f h^y `X$sp¡ cpf Ap`_pfpAp¡ gugp-k©rô$_¡ rdÕep AkÐe
L¡$ syÃR> dp_u b¡k¡ R>¡. Ap_p\u rh`fus, gugp-k©rô$ D`f S> k„`|Z® ×rô$
L¡$[ÞÖs L$f_pfpAp¡ Cíhf-sÒh_p¡ rsfõL$pf L$fu b¡k¡ R>¡. Äepf¡ L¡$ sÒh A_¡
gugp Ap bÞ_¡ ×rô$_p¡ õhuL$pf L$fhp R>sp„ `Z S>¡Ap¡ Ap bÞ_¡ ×rô$ hÃQ¡
kdÞhe kpû _\u iL$sp s¡Ap¡ sÒh-b°û A_¡ gugp-k©rô$_¡ `fõ`f
AÐeÞs rcÞ_ dp_u g¡ R>¡. dlpâcy îuhëgcpQpe®QfZ_u A¡ Akp^pfZ
rhi¡jsp R>¡ L¡$ Ap`¡ sÒh A_¡ gugp Ap bÞ_¡ ×rô$Ap¡_p¡ kâdpZ kdÞhe
kpû_¡ iyÙpÜ¥s-`yrô$c[¼sdpN®_y„ âhs®_ L$ey¯. Ap`¡ _ sp¡ S>Ns-k©rô$_¡
rdÕep AkÐe L¡$ syÃR> dp_u R>¡ L¡$ _ b°û-sÒh_p¡ rsfõL$pf L$ep£ R>¡. s¡ S> fus¡,
dlpâcy_u ×rô$dp„ b°û A_¡ k©rô$_u hÃQ¡_p¡ k„b„^ _ sp¡ ApÐe[ÞsL$c¡v$-Ü¥s
ê$` R>¡ L¡$ _ ApÐe[ÞsL$pc¡v$-L¡$hgpÜ¥s ê$`. b°û A_¡ k©rô$ _u hÃQ¡,
dlpâcy_u ×rô$dp„ spv$pÐçe-iyÙpÜ¥s ê$` k„b„^ R>¡. A\p®s¹, k©rô$_¡ Å¡
sÒh×rô$\u Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ b°û S> A¡L$ dpÓ sÒh R>¡. A_¡ Å¡ gugp×rô$\u
Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ A¡L$d¡h sÒh b°û¡ gugp\£ ^pfZ L$f¡gp„ A_¡L$ _pd-ê$`-L$dp£
S> Ap k©rô$ R>¡.
sÒhv$i®__p¡ DØ¡íe :
îuApQpe®QfZ¡ âL$V$ L$f¡gp k©rô$_p Aphp sÒh-flõe_¡ _ ÅZ_pfp
gp¡L$p¡ `fdpÐdp_¡ `p¡sp_p\u OZp¡-OZp¡ v|$f kdS>¡ R>¡. A_¡ Ap L$pfZ¡ S>
s¡Ap¡_u A„v$f ce gOysp S>¡hu cph_pAp¡ Of L$fu S>su lp¡e R>¡. `fdpÐdp
Ap`Zp\u A¡V$gp¡ v|$f A×íe L¡$ Aõ`©íe _\u S>¡V$gp¡ L¡$ Ap`Z¡ s¡_¡ dp_u b¡W$p
R>uA¡. s¡ Ap`Zp\u A¡V$gp¡ _ÆL$ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡V$gp Ap`Z¡ Ap`Zp\u _ÆL$ R>uA¡.
L$Z-L$Zdp„ ìepàs s¡ `fdpÐdp_¡ Ap`Z¡ Å¡C iL$uA¡ R>uA¡, s¡_p¡ õì® `Z
L$fu iL$uA¡ R>uA¡ A¡V$gp¡ s¡ kygc R>¡. S>Ns_u DÐ`rÑ-[õ\rs-âge_p
ArcÞ_-r_rdÑp¡`pv$p_ L$pfZê$` s¡ `fdpÐdp kpL$pf-îuL©$óZ õhê$`¡
79
Ap`Zp Ofdp„ âL$V$ \C_¡ `p¡sp_p õhê$`p_Þv$_y„ dp¡npr^L$ Agp¥qL$L$ kyM `Z
Apù iL¡$ R>¡. AsA¡h S>¡ gp¡L$p¡_p d_dp„ îuL©$óZ_p s¡ õhê$`p_Þv$_y„ kyM
d¡mhhp_u BÃR>p \su lp¡e s¡dZ¡ iyÙpÜ¥s-`yrô$c[¼sdpN®_p¡ Apîe g¡hp¡
Å¡BA¡. Ap hps `yrô$Æhp¡_¡ kdÅhhu A¡ S> dlpâcy îuhëgcpQpe®_p
kpL$pfb°ûhpv$_p¡ `fd A_¡ Qfd DØ¡íe R>¡.
`yrô$ :
"`yrô$'A¡ cNhp__p¡ A¡L$ NyZ-^d® R>¡. "`yrô$'_¡ A_yN°l-L©$`p;
âkßsp, k„sp¡j, v$ep, ndp S>¡hp Sy>v$p-Sy>v$p _pdp¡\u `Z Ap¡mMhpdp„ Aph¡
R>¡. cpNhspqv$ ip÷p¡dp„ A_¡L$ v¥$hu Æhp¡ D`f A_¡L$ âL$pf¡ cNhp__u `yrô$-
L©$`p \C lp¡hp_p âk„N hZ®hhpdp„ Apìep R>¡. Ap hZ®_p¡_p Ap^pf¡
cNhp__u `yrô$_y„ hN}L$fZ _uQ¡ dyS>b L$fu iL$pe R>¡.
`yrô$-A_yN°l
1. kpdÕep®_y`prs/kp^pfZ`yrô$ 2. õhcphp_y`prs/rhi¡j`yrô$
(dep®v$pÆhrhjeL$) (`yrô$ÆhrhjeL$)
A¥íhe®-hue®-ei-îu-op_-h¥fpÁepqv$^d®âpL$V$éL$pfu Ap_Þv$pÐdL$^rd®âpL$V$éL$pfu
L$.kykp^_ÆhrhjeL M.r_:kp^_ÆhrhjeL$ N.vy$ô$kp^_ÆhrhjeL$
A. âkpv$ Ap. sp¡j B.v$ep C.ndp

(kp^_pr^L$agâv$) (kp^_p_yL|$gagâv$)
L$pg-L$d®-õhcphpqv$bp^L$ õhê$`pk[¼sâv$
E‘f v$ip®h¡g kpfZudp„ cNhp__u dy¿eÐh¡ b¡ âL$pf_u `yrô$ (=
1
L©$`p) kdS>dp„ Aph¡ R>¡. kpdÕep®_y`psu A¡V$g¡ L¡$ kp^pfZ `yrô$ A_¡
2
õhcphp_y`psu A¡V$g¡ L¡$ rhi¡j `yrô$.
kpdÕep®_y`psu / kp^pfZ `yrô$ :

cNhp__p kpdÕe® = i[¼s_y„ hZ®_ ip÷dp„ 1A¥íhe® 2hue® 3ei 4îu
5
op_ 6h¥fpÁe hN¡f¡ Agp¥qL$L$ NyZp¡_p ê$`dp„ L$fhpdp„ Apìéy„ R>¡. cNhp_¹
80
`p¡sp_p NyZ / NyZp¡_¡ Äepf¡ L$p¡C Æh_u A„v$f Ap„riL$ L¡$ `|Z® ê$`¡ âL$V$ L$f¡ R>¡
Ðepf¡ cNhp__u s¡ `yrô$_¡ "kpdÕep®_y`prs`yrô$' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. cNhp__u
Aphu `yrô$_u L$pd_p dep®v$pdpN}Æhp¡ L$fsp lp¡e R>¡. kpdÕep®_y`psu`yrô$_u
L$pd_p `yrô$Æhp¡A¡ fpMhu _ Å¡BA¡.
Ap_¡ S> Å¡ buÅ iåv$p¡dp„ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ S>¡ `yrô$ klS>sp,
õhpcprhL$sp L¡$ A_pepk¡ _ \su lp¡e A\p®s¹ S>¡ `yrô$ L$fhpdp„ cNhp__¡
rhQpf L¡$ k„L$ë` L$fhp¡ `X$sp¡ lp¡e, cNhp__u s¡hu `yrô$_¡ kpdÕep®_y`psu`yrô$
L$lu iL$pe R>¡. Aphu `yrô$ L$fsp kde¡ cNhp_¹ `p¡sp_¡ s¡dp„ blz k„X$p¡hsp _\u
lp¡sp. õhe„ Argàs flu_¡ A¥íhep®qv$ NyZp¡Üpfp A\hp sp¡ hpkyv¡$h k„L$j®Z
Ar_fyÙ âÛyç_ S>¡hp ìe|lp¡Üpfp A`¡rns L$pe® `|Z® L$fphu g¡sp lp¡e R>¡.
Ap`Z¡ `Z OZu hMs¡ Aphy„ L$fsp lp¡BA¡ R>uA¡. Ap`Zu Mpk `qfrQs L¡$
õ_¡lu _ lp¡e s¡hu L$p¡C ìe[¼s Ap`Zu dv$v$ g¡hpdpV¡$ Aph¡ A\hp s¡
dykubsdp„ R>¡ s¡hy„ Ap`Zp ÅZhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ _p¡L$f-QpL$fÜpfp, V¡$guap¡_-
V$`pg\u L¡$ Ap¡mMusp gp¡L$p¡Üpfp Ap`Z¡ s¡_¡ dv$v$ dp¡L$gphu v¡$sp lp¡BA¡ R>uA¡.
ìe[¼sNsê$`¡ Ap`Z¡ `p¡s¡ s¡dp„ blz-JX$p¡ fk g¡sp _\u lp¡sp. OZu hMs¡ sp¡
Aphu dv$v$ L$fhpdp„ Ap`Z_¡ L$p¡BL¡$ b¡-Qpf hMs epv$ A`phhy„ `X$sy„ lp¡e R>¡.
Ap âL$pf_u dv$v$ L$fhpdp„ Ap`Z¡ blz-JX$p¡ fk _\u gC iL$sp s¡_y„ L$pfZ `Z
kdÆ iL$pe s¡hy„ R>¡. Aphp kde¡ Ap`Zp d_dp„ syfs A¡hp¡ rhQpf Aphsp¡
lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ Apd sp¡ L$p¡C qv$hk dp¡Yy„$ `Z _\u v¡$MpX$sp A_¡ Äepf¡ dv$v$_u S>ê$f
`X$u R>¡ Ðepf¡ v$p¡X$sp Apìep R>¡. dv$v$ dpN_pf_u õhp\®-cph_p Ap`Z_¡ fk
g¡sp„ AV$L$phsu lp¡e R>¡. Aphy„ S> cNhp__u bpbsdp„ `Z kdS>hy„ Å¡BA¡.
cNhp__p A_yN°l`pÓ Æhp¡ ÓZ âL$pf_p lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡.
1. kykp^_
2. r_:kp^_ A_¡
3. vy$ô$kp^_
sv$_ykpf cNhp__u L©$`p `Z ÓZ âL$pf_u lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡.
1/L$. kykp^_ÆhrhjeL$
1/M. r_:kp^_ÆhrhjeL$ A_¡
1/N. vy$ô$kp^_ÆhrhjeL$
81
lh¡ Ap`Z¡ Ap ÓZ¡e âL$pf_u L©$`p_p¡ ¾$di: rhQpf L$fuiy„.
1/L$. kykp^_ÆhrhjL$ - A_yN°l :

`p¡sp_u d_p¡L$pd_p_¡ `|fu L$fhpdpV¡$ S>¡ h°s S>` s` su\® eo hN¡f¡
D`pep¡-kp^_p¡ Apv$fu iL$sp lp¡e s¡hp Æh_¡ "kykp^_Æh' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
Aphp kykp^_ Æh_u D`f cNhp_ b¡ âL$pf¡ A_yN°l L$fsp lp¡e R>¡ :
A. kp^_pr^L$agâv$ A_¡
Ap. kp^_p_yL|$gagâv$.
1/L$/A. kp^_pr^L$agâv$ A_yN°l : A_yN°l_p Ap âL$pf_¡ Ap`Z¡ A¡L$
gp¥qL$L$ ×ô$pÞs\u kdÆiy„. ^pfp¡ L¡$ A¡L$ L$gpL$pf `p¡sp_u L$p¡C L$pd_p_¡
k„sp¡jhp_u A`¡np\u Ap`Zu `pk¡ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap`Z¡ s¡_¡ A¡L$ L$gpL©$rs
b_phhp_y„ L$luA¡ R>uA¡. A¡ A¡L$ AÐeÞs kyÞv$f L$gpL©$rs b_phu_¡ gph¡ R>¡.
s¡_¡ Å¡B_¡ Ap`Z¡ L$gpL$pf D`f A¡V$gp "âkÞ_' \C S>BA¡ R>uA¡ L¡$ s¡_u
dl¡_s_p bv$gpdp„, ìehlpf¡, S>¡V$gu fL$d s¡_¡ Ap`hu Å¡BA¡ s¡_p L$fsp„ h^y
fL$d s¡_¡ `yfõL$pf_p ê$`dp„ Apù v$BA¡ R>uA¡. Ap S> âL$pf¡ `p¡sp_u
d_p¡L$pd_p `|Z® L$fhpdpV¡$ Äepf¡ L$p¡C ìe[¼s h°s s` S>¡hp kp^_ L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡
s¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ cNhp__¡ Å¡ "âkÞ_sp' \pe R>¡ sp¡ s¡_p kp^_ L$fsp„ `Z Ar^L$
am cNhp_¹ s¡_¡ Apù v¡$sp lp¡e R>¡. kyv$pdpÆ_p„ `[Ð_A¡, vy$fpN°l`|h®L$,
kyv$pdpÆ_¡ cNhp_¹ `pk¡\u ^_ dpNu gphhpdpV¡$ dp¡L$ëep. cNhp_¡ s¡d_p
dyW$u cpf `p¦Ap_p bv$gpdp„ v¡$hfpS> BÞÖ_p S>¡hu k„`rÑ s¡d_u `[Ð__¡ Apù
v$uû. kyv$pdpÆ_u `[Ð_ D`f cNhp__p¡ Ap A_yN°l s¡dZ¡ L$f¡gp kp^__u
kfMpdZu\u OZp¡ Ar^L$ lsp¡.
1/L$/Ap. kp^_p_yL|$gagâv$ A_yN°l : ¼épf¡L$ cNhp_¹ Æhp¡_¡, s¡d_u

kp^_p\u k„syô$ (âkÞ_ _l]) \B_¡, s¡Ap¡_u d_p¡L$pd_p A_ykpf A\hp sp¡
s¡dZ¡ L$f¡g âeÐ_p¡/kp^_p¡ A_ykpf S> am Ap`sp lp¡e R>¡. kp^_\u h^y,
D`fp¡¼s âL$pf¡, am Ap`sp _\u lp¡sp. cNhp__p Aphp A_yN°l_¡
"kp^_p_yL|$g-agâv$-A_yN°l' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. v$p.s. ^°yhÆ kphL$udpsp_p
rsfõL$pf\u vy$:Mu \B_¡ S>„Ngdp„ Nep. fpÄe`v$ âpàs \pe s¡hu L$pd_p\u Ðep„
s¡dZ¡ DN° s`íQep® L$fu. cNhp_¹ s¡d_p s`\u "k„syô$' \ep A_¡ s¡d_¡
82
fpÄe`v$ A`pìey„. Ap cNhp__p¡ kp^_p_yL|$gagâv$ A_yN°l lsp¡.
1/M. r_:kp^_ÆhrhjeL$ A_yN°l :

r_:kp^_Æh : S>¡ Æh, hZ® tgN v¡$l Apey `p` Aop_ S>¡hp
L$pfZp¡\u Aph¡gu L$p¡BL$ Ås_u Aep¡Áesp_¡ L$pfZ¡, `p¡sp_u d_p¡L$pd_p `|Z®
L$fhpdpV¡$ L$p¡C `Z Ås_p âeÐ_p¡ L$fu iL$sp¡ _ lp¡e s¡hp Æh_¡
"r_:kp^_Æh' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Al] `yrô$Æh_u r_:kp^_sp_¡ Sy>v$u
kdS>hu Å¡BA¡.
kp^_ L$fu iL$hp kd\® Æh_p D`f S>¡d cNhp_¹ A_yN°l L$fsp lp¡e
R>¡ s¡d r_:kp^_ Æh D`f `Z cNhp_ A_yN°l L$f¡ R>¡ s¡hy„ Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
Nfub Aklpe L¡$ r_b®m ìe[¼s_¡ Å¡B_¡ v$epcph ÅN¡ R>¡. s¡d r_:kp^_
Æhp¡ D`f cNhp_¹ S>¡ A_yN°l L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ `Z v$epê$` S> lp¡e R>¡. v$p.s.
`pÎX$h-L$p¥fh eyÙ kde¡ dpep® Ne¡gp A_¡L$ k¥r_L$p¡ D`f cNhp__u v$ep×rô$
`X$u lsu. s¡ k¥r_L$p¡A¡ dy[¼s_p L$p¡C `Z kp^_p¡ L$ep¯ _ lsp„ s¡d R>sp„ s¡Ap¡_¡
dy[¼s dmu NB.
1/N. vy$ô$kp^_ÆhrhjeL$ A_yN°l :
vy$ô$kp^_Æh : gp¡L$ h¡v$ L¡$ c[¼s _u ×rô$\u S>¡ L$dp£ r_rjÙ L¡$ r_[Þv$s
NZhpdp„ Aphsp„ lp¡e s¡hp L$dp£ L$f_pfp Æhp¡_¡ "vy$ô$kp^_Æh' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡
R>¡.
kykp^_ A_¡ r_:kp^_ Æhp¡_u dpaL$ vy$ô$kp^_Æhp¡ D`f `Z

cNhp__p¡ A_yN°l \sp¡ Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. L$p¡C bpmL$ sp¡ap_ L$f¡ sp¡ `Z
hX$ugp¡ s¡_p âÐe¡ ndpcph gphu_¡ s¡_p `pg_-`p¡jZdp„ c¡v$cph _ fpMsp
lp¡e s¡hy„ OZu hpf Å¡hpdp„ Aphsy„ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ OZu hpf cNhp_¹
vy$ô$kp^_Æhp¡_p v„$X$_ue L$dp£_¡ ndp L$fu_¡, L$p¡BL$ hMs sp¡ s¡d_¡, DÑd am
`Z âv$p_ L$fu v¡$sp lp¡e R>¡. cNhp_¹ Ap b^y„ L$fhpdpV¡$ õhs„Ó lp¡e R>¡.
cNhp_¹ D`f L$p¡C `Z r_edp¡ gpNy `X$sp _\u. v$p.s. vy$ô$ L$dp£ L$fhphpmp L„$k
bL$pkyf s©Zphs® `|s_p S>¡hp A_¡L$ Akyfp¡ lsp„ L¡$ S>¡d_¡ cNhp_¡ `p¡sp_p lp\¡
dpfu_¡ A¡hu dy[¼s Apù v$uû L¡$ S>¡ A_¡L$ kÐL$dp£ L$ep® `R>u S> âpàs \C iL¡$
R>¡.
83
r_:kp^_ s\p vy$ô$kp^_ Æhp¡ D`f cNhp_¹ Äepf¡ A_yN°l L$f¡ R>¡
Ðepf¡ s¡d_p L$pg(=d©Ðey ) L$d®(=kpfp„-Mfpb ) õhcph(=v¥$hu-Apkyfu
hN¡f¡) hN¡f¡ Å¡ s¡d_p DÙpfdp„ ApX¡$ Aphsp„ lp¡e sp¡ s¡ b^p_p¡ `Z cNhp_¹
bp^ L$fu v¡$sp lp¡e R>¡. A\p®s¹ cNhp_¹ s¡ b^p_¡ NZL$pfsp _\u. cNhp__p
Aphp A_yN°l_¡
L$pgbp^L$-A_yN°l,
L$d®bp^L$-A_yN°l A_¡
õhcphbp^L$-A_yN°l
• L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ A_yN°l L$fhpdp„ cNhp_¹ v¡$h v$p_h
L¡$ dp_h _p¡ c¡v$ `Z Å¡sp _\u lp¡sp.
L$pgbp^L$-A_yN°l : rhíhê$` eohX¡$ Akyf-v¥$Ðep¡_¡ eocpN

`lp¢QpX$sp lsp. Ap ÅZu_¡ BÞÖ¡ rhíhê$`_p¡ h^ L$ep£. rhíhê$`_p r`sp
Ðhô$pA¡ `yÓ_p d©Ðey_p¡ bv$gp¡ g¡hpdpV¡$ BÞÖ_¡ dpf¡ s¡hp¡ `yÓ DÐ`Þ_ L$fhp_u
BÃR>p\u A¡L$ eo L$ep£. ep¡Áe fus¡ ApQf¡g eo L$p¡C qv$hk r_óam Åe _l].
eo_p amõhê$`¡ h©Ópkyf_pd_p¡ rhL$fpm v¥$Ðe DÐ`Þ_ \ep¡. BÞÖ, `f„sy,
cNh˜¼s lsp¡. v¥$Ðe_p lp\¡ s¡_y„ d©Ðey \pe s¡hy„ cNhp_¹ BÃR>sp _ lsp.
Ap\u cNhp_¡ eo_p k„L$ë`dp„ c|g L$fphu v$uû. Ap_p `qfZpd¡,
cNhqv$ÃR>p\u, BÞÖ¡ S> h©Ópkyf_p¡ h^ L$fu v$u^p¡. Apd BÞÖ_p d©Ðey_¡
AV$L$phu_¡ cNhp_¡ BÞÖ D`f "L$pg( d©Ðey )bp^L$ A_yN°l' L$ep£.
L$d®bp^L$-A_yN°l : AÅrdg A¡L$ vy$ô$ "dpZk' lsp¡. _ L$fhp_p„
b^p„ L$pdp¡ A¡ L$fu Qy¼ép¡ lsp¡. A¡_p `yÓ_y„ _pd A¡Z¡ _pfpeZ fp¿ey„ lsy„. `yÓ_y„
_pd "_pfpeZ' bp¡gsp„-bp¡gsp„ A¡_y„ d©Ðey \ey„. "_pfpeZ'A¡ cNhp__y„
_pd lp¡hp\u A_¡ dfsp„ kde¡ s¡Z¡ cNhp__p _pd_p¡ DÃQpf L$ep£ lp¡hp\u
cNhp_¡ AÅrdg_p b^p vy$óL$dp®_p¡ _pi L$fu_¡ s¡_p¡ DÙpf L$ep£.
vy$ô$kp^_Æh D`f cNhp__p¡ Ap "L$d®bp^L$-A_yN°l' \ep¡.
õhcphbp^L$-A_yN°l : v¡$hp¡_p iÓy rlfÎepn A_¡ rlfÎeL$ri`y _¡
cNhp_¡ BÞÖ_u âp\®_p\u dpep®. `yÓip¡L$\u ¾$p¡r^s \e¡gu dpsp qv$rsA¡
BÞÖ_p Arcdp__¡ sp¡X$u iL¡$ A¡hp `yÓp¡_u L$pd_p L$fu. ÷udp¡ldp„ A„^ b_¡gp
dlrj® L$íe`Üpfp qv$rs_¡ Nc® füp¡. qv$rs_u kNcp®hõ\pdp„ BÞÖ¡ h¡j bv$gu_¡
84
qv$rs_u Myb k¡hp-QpL$fu L$fu. dp¡L$p¡ dmsp„ BÞÖ¡ qv$rs_p `¡V$dp„ âh¡i L$fu_¡
qv$rs_p Nc® D`f s¡_p Adp¡O hÇ>\u âlpf L$ep£. hÇ>âlpf\u
Nc®õ\qv$rs`yÓp¡_y„ d©Ðey r_[íQs lsy„. `f„sy, õhcphbp^L$ cNhp__p
A_yN°l_¡ L$pfZ¡ hÇ> Nc®_¡ dpfhp_¡ W¡$L$pZ¡ s¡_p Vy$L$X$p L$fu_¡ S> ip„s \C Ney„.
Vy$L$X$p \C S>hp R>sp„ Nc®_y„ d©Ðey cNhÐL©$`p\u _ \ey„. Nc®_p Ap¡NZ`Qpk
Vy$L$X$p \ep. s¡ b^p dfy•Zp¡ BÞÖ_u kp\¡ õhN®dp„ Nep. Aphp¡ S> A_yN°l
cNhp_¡ `furns D`f L$ep£ lsp¡. AíhÐ\pdpA¡ `p„X$hp¡_p h„i_p¡ _pi
L$fhpdpV¡$ DÑfp_p Nc® D`f b°ûp÷ R>p¡X¹$éy„$. b°ûp÷\u DÑfp_p Nc®_y„ d©Ðey
r_[íQs lsy„. cNhp_¡, `f„sy, b°ûp÷_p¡ `p¡sp_p õhê$`dp„ rhge L$fu_¡ Nc®_u
fnp L$fu. Apd cNhp_¡ b°ûp÷_p õhcph_p¡ `Z bp^ L$ep£. Ap cNhp__p¡
"õhcphbp^L$-A_yN°l' \ep¡.
cNhp__u L©$`p_¡ S>`-s`pqv$ kp^_p¡, r_:kp^_sp, vy$ô$kp^_sp,
L$pg, L$d® L¡$ õhcph S>¡hp L$p¡C `Z `qfbmp¡ âcprhs L$fu iL$sp _\u.
cNhp__u L©$`p Ap b^p\u õhs„Ó, Aõ`©ô$ L¡$ Aâcprhs lp¡e R>¡. Apd R>sp„
cNhp_¹ `p¡sp_u õhs„Ó BÃR>p\u Aphp L$p¡BL$ `qfbmp¡_¡ `p¡sp_u L©$`p
hfkphhp_y„ r_rdÑ dp_u g¡ sp¡ A¡ Sy>v$u hps R>¡. ApV$gp r_ê$`Z bpv$ lh¡
`yrô$_y„ gnZ Ap âdpZ¡ Apù iL$pe •
L$pg L$d® õhcph hN¡f¡_p¡ bp^ L$f_pf cNhp__p
A_yN°l NyZ_¡ "`yrô$' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
Al] kyû Ap`Z¡ cNhp__p kpdÕep®_y`psu L¡$ kp^pfZ A_yN°l_p

âL$pfp¡_p¡ rhQpf L$ep£. lh¡ cNhp__p õhcphp_y`psu L¡$ rhi¡j A_yN°l_p¡
rhQpf L$fuiy„.
2.õhcphp_y`psu / rhi¡j A_yN°l :
Äepf¡ Ap`Zp L$p¡BL$ õ_¡lu_¡ Ap`Zu dv$v$_u S>ê$f `X¡$ R>¡ Ðepf¡
Ap`Z¡ `Ó gMu_¡, ap¡_ L$fu_¡ L¡$ _p¡L$f_¡ dp¡L$gu_¡ L$pd Qgphu _\u g¡sp.
Ås¡-ê$bfy Nep rh_p Ap`Zp d__¡ k„sp¡j \sp¡ _\u lp¡sp¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡
cNhp_ Äepf¡ L$p¡C `yrô$Æh D`f A_yN°l L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ `p¡sp_u Ås_¡ Æh_¡
kp¢ù v¡$ R>¡. kpdÕep®_y`prs / kp^pfZ A_yN°l\u Al] DgVy„$ lp¡e R>¡. Ðep„
85
NyZp¡_p âpL$V¹$é$ Üpfp Æh_p D`f A_yN°l \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Äepf¡ Al] `p¡sp_p
(õhê$`) âpL$V¹$é$ Üpfp A_yN°l \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ðep„ `fp¡n flu_¡ A_yN°l \sp¡
lp¡e R>¡. Äepf¡ Al] A_yN°l L$fhpdpV¡$ cNhp_¹ kpnps¹ `^pfsp lp¡e R>¡.
AÅrdg_p¡ DÙpf _pd Üpfp \ep¡. h©Ópkyf_¡ dpfhp\u BÞÖ_¡ b°ûlÐep_y„
`p` gpÁey„. BÞÖÜpfp cNhp__y„ Ýep_ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp„ cNhp_¡ BÞÖ_¡ s¡
`p`dp„\u dy¼s L$ep£. ^°yhÆA¡ s` L$ey¯ A_¡ cNhp_¡ s¡d_¡ fpÄe`v$ A`pìey„.
Ap cNhp__p `fp¡n A_yN°l_p âk„Np¡ R>¡. h°S>c¼sp¡ D`f cNhp_¡ Aphu
`fp¡n fus¡ A_yN°l _ L$ep£. `yrô$Æhp¡_¡ Å¡B_¡ cNhp_¹ `p¡sp_¡ fp¡L$u iL$sp _\u.
cNhp_¹ `p¡s¡ S> s¡Ap¡_u hÃQ¡ âL$V$ \C Nep A_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ õhê$`pk[¼s_y„ v$p_
L$ey¯. Ap cNhp__p kpnps¹ A_yN°l_y„ ×ô$pÞs R>¡. `yrô$c¼sp¡ cNhp__p Aphp
kpnps¹ A_yN°l_u S> L$pd_p fpMsp lp¡e R>¡. kpdÕep®_y`prs A_yN°l_u
L$pd_p `yrô$Æhp¡dp„ lp¡su _\u. `yrô$Æhp¡_u L$pd_p_y„ r_ê$`Z L$fsp„
îuApQpe®QfZ "Qsy:ígp¡L$u'N°Þ\dp„ Apop L$f¡ R>¡ :
Äepf¡ îuNp¡Ly$gpûi âcy_¡ khp®Ðdcph\u ùv$edp„

^pfZ L$fu gu^p R>¡ sp¡ `R>u lh¡ s¡_p\u Ar^L$ gp¥qL$L$ L¡$
h¥qv$L$ hX¡$ `Z iy„ d¡mhhp_y„ bpL$u flu Åe R>¡ ? l¡ `yrô$Æhp¡
! sd¡ d_¡ DÑf Ap`p¡ !
kdpS>-`qfhpf_p `Z L¡$V$gpL$ gp¡L$p¡ dpV¡$ Ap`Zp dp¡Y$pdp„\u Aphp„

hp¼ép¡ r_L$mu S>sp„ lp¡e R>¡. ""sdpfp\u h^y buSy>„ iy„ lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡. sd¡ Aphu
Nep sp¡ b^y„ Aphu Ney„''. Aphu S> L$pd_p `yrô$Æhp¡_u `yrô$âcy_pdpV¡$ lp¡e
R>¡ A_¡ lp¡hu Å¡BA¡. Aphu L$pd_p_¡ S> õhê$`pk[¼s `Z L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
Ap\u S>, Aphu L$pd_p fpMhphpmp Æhp¡_¡ cNhp_¹ `p¡sp_p A¡hp A¥íhe®
hue® ei îu op_ L¡$ h¥fpÁe NyZ-^dp£dp„ Apk¼s \hp v¡$sp _\u L¡$ S>¡ Apk[¼s
`p¡sp_u õhê$`pk[¼s_p âcphê$`¡ _ lp¡e. kv$p_Þv$ cNhp_¹ s¡Ap¡_¡ `p¡sp_p
^d}-õhê$`dp„ S> Apk¼s L$f¡ R>¡. cNhp__p Aphp A_yN°l_¡ "dlp`yrô$' `Z
L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. `|h®r_qv®$ô$ kpfZudp„ cNhp__p Aphp A_yN°l_¡
"õhcphp_y`prs' L$l¡hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡ s¡_y„ L$pfZ kdS>hp S>¡hy„ R>¡. kpdÕe®
ld¢ip ìe[¼s_p hidp„ lp¡e R>¡. BÃR>¡ sp¡ kpdÕe®_p¡ Dèp¡N L$f¡ _ BÃR>¡ sp¡ _
`Z L$f¡. kpdÕe®_u bpbsdp„ Aphu sV$õ\sp_u h©rÑ ìe[¼s L¡$mhu iL¡$ R>¡.
õhcph_u bpbsdp„ Ap_p\u DgVy„$ lp¡e R>¡. õhcph ìe[¼s_p hidp„ lp¡sp¡
86
_\u, ìe[¼s õhcph_p hidp„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u S> Ap`Z¡ `p¡sp_p õhcph\u
rhfyÙ ApQfZ L$fu iL$sp _\u lp¡sp. õhcph_u kpd¡ gpQpf \C S>sp lp¡BA¡
R>uA¡. cNhp__y„ `Z Aphy„ S> lp¡e R>¡. kpdÕep®_y`prs A_yN°l L$fhpdp„
cNhp_¹ dep®v$pÆh âÐe¡ sV$õ\sp L¡$ Argàssp _p¡ cph L¡$mhu iL¡$ R>¡. Aphp¡
ìehlpf, `f„sy, cNhp_¹ `yrô$Æhp¡_u kp\¡ L$fu _\u iL$sp. Ðep„ cNhp__¡
`p¡sp_p¡ õhcph ApX¡$ Aph¡ R>¡. õhcph `fhi \B_¡, gpQpf \B_¡ cNhp_¹
`yrô$Æh_u kp\¡ A¡L$-d¡L$ \C Åe R>¡. `p¡sp_u Ås_¡ kp¢ù b¡k¡ R>¡.
cNhp__p iåv$p¡dp„ Ap_¡ L$l¡hy„ lp¡e sp¡ :
kdp¡@l„ kh®c|s¡jy _ d¡ Ü¡óep¡[õs _ râe: &
e¡ cS>[Þs sy dp„ c¼Ðep dre s¡ s¡jy Qpàeld¹ &&
cphp\® : lz„ âprZdpÓdpV¡$ kdp_ Ry>„. _ L$p¡C dpfpdpV¡$ râe R>¡ L¡$ _ sp¡ L$p¡C
dpfpdpV¡$ Arâe lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡ (Ap cNhp__y„ kpdÕe® R>¡ ). `f„sy S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ dpfu
â¡d`|h®L$ k¡hp L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ c¼sp¡ dpfpdp„ fl¡gp R>¡ A_¡ lz„ s¡Ap¡dp„ fl¡gp¡ Ry>„ (Ap
cNhp__p¡ õhcph R>¡).
`yrô$_p c¡v$\u c[¼s_p c¡v$ :

D`fp¡¼s rhh¡Q_\u cNhp__p A_yN°l_p b¡ âdyM c¡v$p¡ 1.
kpdÕep®_y`prs / kp^pfZ A_yN°l A_¡ 2. õhcphp_y`prs / rhi¡j A_yN°l
_p¡ rhQpf L$fhpdp Apìep¡. cNhp__p A_yN°l_p¡ A_ych âÐen fus¡ \C
iL$sp¡ _\u. Ap\u cNhp_¹ L$ep Æh D`f L$ep âL$pf_p¡ A_yN°l L$f¡ R>¡ s¡_y„
`Z op_ \C iL$sy„ _\u. cNhp__p A_yN°l_y„ A_ydp_ c¼sp¡Üpfp L$fhpdp„
Aphsu c[¼s_p âL$pf\u A\hp sp¡ c¼sp¡_u L$pd_p\u \C iL¡$ R>¡.
dep®v$pc[¼s : S>¡ c¼sp¡ gp¥qL$L$-`pfgp¥qL$L$ cp¡N L¡$ dp¡n d¡mhhp_u L$pd_p\u
c[¼s L$fsp lp¡e R>¡ s¡d_p D`f cNhp__p¡ kpdÕep®_y`prs / kp^pfZ
A_yN°l lp¡hp_p¡ r_íQe L$fu iL$pe R>¡. Ap_¡ S> Å¡ buÆ fus¡ L$l¡h„y lp¡e sp¡ S>¡
Æhp¡ D`f cNhp__p¡ kpdÕep®_y`prs / kp^pfZ A_yN°l lp¡e R>¡ s¡ Æhp¡_u
cNhp_dp„ c[¼s gp¥qL$L$-`pfgp¥qL$L$ cp¡N L¡$ dp¡n d¡mhhp_u L$pd_p\u \su
lp¡e R>¡. Aphu c[¼s_¡ "dep®v$pc[¼s' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
`yrô$c[¼s : S>¡ c¼sp¡ D`fp¡¼s L$pd_p fp¿ep rh_p cNhp__p õhê$`p_Þv$_¡
d¡mhhp_u L$pd_p\u c[¼s L$fsp lp¡e R>¡ s¡d_p D`f cNhp__p
87
õhcphp_y`prs / rhi¡j A_yN°l lp¡hp_p¡ r_íQe \pe R>¡. Ap_¡ S> Å¡ buÅ
iåv$p¡dp„ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ S>¡ Æhp¡ D`f cNhp__p¡ õhcphp_y`prs / rhi¡j
A_yN°l lp¡e R>¡ s¡ Æhp¡_u cNhp_dp„ c[¼s cNhp__p õhê$`p_Þv$_¡
d¡mhhp_u L$pd_p\u \su lp¡e R>¡. Aphu c[¼s_¡ "`yrô$c[¼s' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
`yrô$c[¼s_p D`fp¡¼s gnZ_¡ Å¡sp„ `yrô$\u c[¼s_y„ A_¡ c[¼s\u

`yrô$_y„ A_ydp_ L$fu iL$pe R>¡. Ap\u S> L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ c¼s_p D`f
\_pfu cNhp__u L©$`p S> c[¼s b_u S>su lp¡e R>¡. A\p®s¹ c[¼s_y„ buS>ê$`
`yrô$ lp¡e R>¡ Äepf¡, `yrô$_y„ agê$` c[¼s lp¡e R>¡. `yrô$ A_¡ c[¼s _p rhjedp„
ApV$gy„ rhi¡j ÅZhy„ Å¡BA¡.
Qsyrh®^ `yrô$c[¼s :
`yrô$c[¼s_p Qpf âL$pfp¡_y„ hZ®_ dlpâcy îuhëgcpQpe£
"`yrô$âhpldep®v$pc¡v$'N°Þ\dp„ L$e¯y R>¡.
1. `yrô$`yrô$c[¼s
2. dep®v$p`yrô$c[¼s
3. âhpl`yrô$c[¼s A_¡
4. iyÙ`yrô$c[¼s
1.`yrô$`yrô$-c[¼s : cNhp_¹, cNhp__u gugp, gugp`qfL$f(h°S>c¼s

hN¡f¡), gugp_p õ\m(Np¡Ly$m h©Þv$ph_ hN¡f¡), S>Ns-Æh hN¡f¡
bpbsp¡_y„ hpõsrhL$ op_ s\p âcydp„ ky×Y$ kh®\u Ar^L$ â¡d`|h®L$ L$fhpdp„
Aphsu âcyk¡hp_¡ "`yrô$`yrô$-c[¼s' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
2.dep®v$p`yrô$-c[¼s : cNhp_¹ îuL©$óZ_p Agp¥qL$L$ NyZp¡_p â¡d`|h®L$
îhZ-õdfZ-L$us®_Üpfp L$fhpdp„ Aphsu c[¼s_¡ "dep®v$p`yrô$-c[¼s'
3.âhpl`yrô$-c[¼s : âcydp„ õ_¡l s\p dplpÐçeop_ rh_p dpÓ
L$s®ìe`pg__p ê$`¡ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp âcy_p k¡hp-õdfZ_¡ "âhpl`yrô$-
c[¼s' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
4.iyÙ`yrô$-c[¼s : cNhp_¹ kpnps¹ âL$V$ \B_¡ A\hp sp¡ buÅ L$p¡C âL$pf¡
Äepf¡ L$p¡C `yrô$Æh_¡ õ_¡l-c[¼s_y„ v$p_ L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡ Æh Ap`p¡Ap`
88
S> âcydp„ ky×Y$ kh®\u Ar^L$ õ_¡lhpmp¡ \B_¡ h°S>c¼sp¡_u dpaL$ âcy_p
k¡hp-õdfZpqv$ L$fhp gpNu S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u, âcydp„ õ_¡l_u DÐ`rÑ
\ep bpv$ klS>cph\u Ap`d¡m¡ \_pfp„ âcy_p k¡hp-õdfZpqv$_¡
"iyÙ`yrô$-c[¼s' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
`yrô$c[¼s_p D`fp¡¼s Qpf âL$pfp¡_u bpbsdp„ b¡ rhQpf^pfp Qpgu

Aphu R>¡.
1. `yrô$Æhp¡ Qpf âL$pf_p õhcph L¡$ ep¡Áesp hpmp
lp¡e R>¡ : kp^pfZ, dÝed, DÑd A_¡ AÐeyÑd. Ap\u S>¡
`yrô$c¼s_p¡ S>¡hp¡ õhcph L¡$ S>¡hu ep¡Áesp lp¡e s¡ A_ykpf
cNhp_¹ s¡_¡ `yrô$c[¼s_y„ v$p_ L$fsp lp¡e R>¡. S>¡d L¡$
kp^pfZ `yrô$Æh_¡ âhpl`yrô$c[¼s, dÝed `yrô$Æh_¡
dep®v$p`yrô$c[¼s, DÑd `yrô$Æh_¡ `yrô$`yrô$c[¼s Äepf¡
DÑdp¡Ñd `yrô$c¼s_¡ iyÙ`yrô$c[¼s _y„ v$p_ cNhp_¹ L$fsp
lp¡e R>¡. c[¼sdp„ fl¡gu rhrcÞ_sp_¡ L$pfZ¡ c[¼sdp„ âpàs
\sp amdp„ `Z \p¡X$u rcÞ_sp Aphsu lp¡e R>¡. Al], `f„sy,
A¡L$ hps õdfZdp„ fl¡ L¡$ L$p¡C `Z [õ\rsdp„ `yrô$Æh_¡
âpàs \sy„ am dep®v$pdpN}e am L$fsp„ sp¡ î¡›$ S> lp¡e R>¡.
2. `yrô$Æhp¡ sp¡ b^p A¡L$ kfMp S> lp¡e R>¡; Ahõ\p

L¡$ L$np, `f„sy, s¡Ap¡_u rcÞ_-rcÞ_ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u S>¡
`yrô$Æh Äepf¡ S>¡ Ahõ\p / L$npdp„ lp¡e s¡ A_ykpf
cNhp_¹„ s¡_¡ âhplpqv$ `yrô$c[¼s_„y„ v$p_ L$fsp lp¡e R>¡. Ap
rhQpf^pfp_p A_ykpf âhpl`yrô$-c[¼s, dep®v$p`yrô$-
c[¼s A_¡ `yrô$`yrô$c[¼s A¡ `yrô$c[¼s_p„ DÑfp¡Ñf D`f
QY$sp„ `Nr\ep„ R>¡. S>¡d-S>¡d `yrô$c¼s î¡›$ L$np_¡ âpàs
L$fsp¡ Åe R>¡ s¡d-s¡d s¡_¡ î¡›$ `yrô$c[¼s_u âp[às \su
Åe R>¡.
Atl, `f„sy, Ýep_dp„ g¡hp ep¡Áe hps A¡ R>¡ L¡$ L$p¡C Æh_y„
hfZ(`kÞv$Nu) cNhp_¡ Å¡ `yrô$Æh sfuL¡$ L$ey¯ li¡ sp¡, âhpl`yrô$c[¼s_u
89
L$npdp„ lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡_u L$pd_p sp¡ âcy_p õhê$`p_Þv$_u S> fl¡hp_u. gp¥qL$L$-
`pfgp¥qL$L$ nyÖ amp¡ L¡$ dp¡n d¡mhhp_u L$pd_p âhpl`yrô$c¼sp¡dp„ `Z lp¡C
iL$su _\u. Al] A¡L$ õ`ô$sp L$fhu S>ê$fu S>Zpe R>¡. A_¡ s¡ A¡ L¡$ `yrô$Æhp¡
_u k©rô$ `Z cNhp_¡ AÞe dep®v$p âhplu L¡$ Qj®Zu Æhp¡_u kp\¡ S> L$fu R>¡.
`yrô$Æhp¡A¡ AÞe Æhp¡_u kp\¡ A¡L$ S> S>Nsdp„ fl¡hp_y„ R>¡. Aphu [õ\rsdp„
`p`L$d®, sÄS>Þe k„õL$pf, vy$:k„N, spdkpqv$h©rÑ hN¡f¡ L$pfZkf A¡ klS>
k„ch R>¡ L¡$ `yrô$Æh_p d_dp„ `Z AÞeÆhp¡_u dpaL$ \p¡X$p kdedpV¡$ gp¥qL$L$,
`pfgp¥qL$L$ L¡$ dp¡n kçb[Þ^ L$pd_pAp¡ ÅN©s \C Åe. Aphu L$pd_pAp¡,
`fÞsy, `yrô$Æhdp„ õ\peu ê$`¡ V$L$u iL$su _\u, s¡ sÐL$prgL$S> lp¡e R>¡.
rhi¡j hp„Q_dpV¡$:
1. îugpg|cV¹$V$Æ rhfrQs âd¡efÐ_pZ®hdp„_p¡ "`yrô$rhh¡L$'.
2. "c[¼sl¡syr_Z®e'(Qp¥MçbpâL$pi_)_u s\p AÏcpóe MÎX$-4 _u
Np¡.îuíepdd_p¡lfÆ(qL$i_NY$-`pgp®) rgrMs c|rdL$p.
3. îuhëgcpQpe® rhfrQs "`yrô$âhpldep®v$pc¡v$' N°Þ\.
***
90
5. `yrô$c[¼sAr^L$pfrhh¡L$
`yrô$c[¼sdpN}e am Ap`hp_u BÃR>p \sp„ Æh D`f L©$`p rhQpfu_¡
cNhp_¹ s¡_u A„v$f `yrô$c[¼sdpN® k„b„û fyrQ DÐ`Þ_ L$fph¡ R>¡. Aphu
fyrQhpmp¡ Æh `yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ âh¡ihpdpV¡$ s\p dpN®_p am_¡ âpàs
L$fhpdpV¡$ Ar^L$pfu(=ep¡Áesphpmp¡ ) NZpe R>¡. cNhp__u L©$`p âÐen fus¡
Å¡C L¡$ A_ychu iL$psu _\u. cNhÐL©$`p lp¡hp L¡$ _ lp¡hp _y„ op_ ìe[¼s_u
`yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ fyrQ R>¡ L¡$ _l] s¡_p Ap^pf¡ S> \C iL¡$ R>¡. Ap\u `yrô$dpN®_p
rkÙp„sp¡ âdpZ¡ kh®õhkd`®Z`|h®L$ âcyk¡hp-õdfZde Æh_ rhsphhp_u
õ\peu fyrQ Å¡ L$p¡C ìe[¼sdp„ ÅN©s \su lp¡e sp¡ s¡_p D`f âcy_u L©$`p R>¡ s¡hy„
kdÆ iL$pe R>¡. âcy_u L©$`p rh_p, L¡$d L¡$, Ap âL$pf_u fyrQ \hu i¼é S> _\u
lp¡su.
õ\peu fyrQ S> kpQu fyrQ :

S>¡ âL$pf_y„ kpdprS>L$-`pqfhpqfL$ hpsphfZ, k„N, â¡fZp, AÝee_,
`|h®S>Þd_p k„õL$pfp¡ hN¡f¡ âpàs \pe R>¡, kpdpÞe fus¡ s¡ S> âL$pf_u fyrQ
d_yóedp„ ÅN©s \su lp¡e R>¡. fyrQ b¡ âL$pf_u Å¡hp dmsu lp¡e R>¡. õ\peu
s\p Aõ\peu. L¡$V$gpL$ rhjep¡dp„ d_yóep¡_u fyrQ Aë`L$pgu_ lp¡e R>¡. Aphu
fyrQ S>¡ rhjep¡dp„ lp¡e R>¡ s¡ rhjep¡\u d_yóe \p¡X$p S> kdedp„ L„$V$pmu S>sp¡
lp¡e R>¡. `qfZpd¡, S>¡ L$pe®_p¡ Apfçc s¡Z¡ DÐkplc¡f L$ep£ lp¡e R>¡ s¡ L$pe®_¡
`Z• Aõ\peu fyrQ_p L$pfZ¡ •s¡_p `qfZpd kyû `lp¢QpX$hy„ s¡_pdpV¡$ i¼e
flu S>sy„ _\u. A\p®s¹ Aõ\peu fyrQ_p Ap^pf¡ Ap`Z¡ L$p¡C L$pe® / kp^_pdp„
r_›$php_ b_u _\u iL$sp. Ap hps Å¡ kdS>dp„ Aphsu lp¡e sp¡ ApNm_u
hps õ`ô$ \C S>i¡.
`yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ âh¡i d¡mhhp_p¡ dp`v„$X$ Äepf¡ ìe[¼s_u dpN®fyrQ_¡

dp_hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_¡ õ\peufyrQ_p A\®dp„ S> kdS>hp¡ Å¡BA¡. Ap\u,
dpN®dp„ âh¡i d¡mhhpdpV¡$ Aph_pf_u dpN®k„b„û S>¡ fyrQ v¡$MpC flu R>¡ s¡
õ\peu R>¡ L¡$ Aõ\peu s¡_y„ `Z `funZ L$fu g¡hy„ S>ê$fu b_u Åe R>¡.
L$p¡C rhjedp„ Äepf¡ Ap`Z_¡ fyrQ \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ kh®â\d Ap`Z¡
s¡_u bpbsdp„ e\pkçch rhi¡j dprlsu A¡L$rÓs L$fhp_p¡ âepk L$fsp
91
lp¡BA¡ R>uA¡. dprlsu A¡L$rÓs \C Nep `R>u `Z Å¡ Ap`Zu fyrQ s¡dp„ L$ped
fl¡ R>¡ sp¡ buÅ ¾$ddp„ Ap`Z¡ s¡_¡ âpàs L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fsp lp¡BA¡ R>uA¡.
fyrQ_p rhje_u âp[às \C Nep `R>u `Z Å¡ Ap`Zu fyrQ s¡dp„ kdpàs _\u
\su sp¡ Ap`Z¡ s¡ rhje_¡, e\pep¡Áe, Ap`Zp Æh_-ìehlpfdp„ gphhp_p¡
âeÐ_ L$fuA¡ R>uA¡. gp„bp kde kyû Ap`Zp Æh_-ìehlpfdp„ gpìep `R>u
`Z Å¡ Ap`Zu fyrQ s¡dp„\u Ap¡R>u _\u \su A\p®s¹ s¡_p ârs Dv$pku_sp_p¡
cph _\u ÅNsp¡, s¡_¡ Å¡B_¡ / kp„cmu_¡ / epv$ L$fu_¡ `Z fp¡dp„Q_p¡
A_ych \pe R>¡ sp¡ kdS>hy„ Å¡BA¡ L¡$ s¡ rhjedp„ Ap`Zu fyrQ õ\peu R>¡,
Aõ\peu _\u. Aphu S> õ\peu fyrQ Äepf¡ L$p¡C d_yóe_p d_dp„
`yrô$c[¼sdpN®_y„ A_ykfZ L$fhpdpV¡$ ÅN¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ kdS>hy„ Å¡BA¡ L¡$ s¡_p
D`f âcy_u L©$`p Ahíe R>¡, A_¡ s¡\u S> s¡ `yrô$c[¼sdpN®_y„ A_ykfZ
L$fhpdpV¡$ kyep¡Áe R>¡.
fyrQ \hp_p¡ âL$pf :

v¥$huÆhp¡dp„\u S>¡ Æhp¡_¡ `yrô$c[¼s_p¡ Ar^L$pf Ap`hp_u BÃR>p
âcy L$f¡ R>¡ s¡d_p Æh_dp„ âcy A¡hp„-A¡hp„ r_rdÑp¡ Dcp„ L$fu v¡$sp lp¡e R>¡ L¡$
S>¡_p L$pfZ¡ s¡Ap¡_u ( âp\rdL$ )fyrQ cNhÞdpN®dp„ DÐ`Þ_ \C S>su lp¡e R>¡.
ìe[¼s_u A„v$f fyrQ_y„ ÅNh„y„ A¡ âdyM bpbs lp¡e R>¡, fyrQ_p ÅNfZ_y„
r_rdÑ L„$C `Z lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡. `qfhpfdp„ Aip[Þs, h¡`pfdp„ _yL$kp_u, fp¡N /
hp^®¼e, AÞ^p_yL$fZ, k„N, D`v¡$iîhZ, QdÐL$pqfL$ A_ych, su\®epÓp
S>¡hp„ A_¡L$ r_rdÑp¡\u gp¡L$p¡_u A„v$f cNhÞdpN®dp„ fyrQ DÐ`Þ_ \C lp¡hp_p„
×ô$pÞsp¡ Å¡hp dmsp lp¡e R>¡. fyrQ DÐ`Þ_ \ep bpv$ kÐk„NÜpfp c¼sp¡
`pk¡\u âcy_p õhê$`-_pd-gugp-NyZp¡_¡, îuApQpe®QfZ s\p `yrô$c¼sp¡
_p QqfÓp¡ s\p õhê$` _¡ s¡dS> `yrô$c[¼sdpN®_p rkÙp„sp¡_¡ kp„cmhp_p¡
s¡dS> A_ychhp_p¡ gpc fyrQhp_ ìe[¼s_¡ dmsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap_p `qfZpd¡
cNhÐL©$`p`pÓ Æhp¡_u fyrQ `yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ ×Y$sf \C S>su lp¡e R>¡.
L¡$V$gpL$ rhi¡j L©$`p`pÓ Æhp¡dp„ sp¡ âcy Ås¡ S>, L$p¡C `Z r_rdÑ rh_p,
AÞs:â¡fZp\u c[¼sdpN®dp„ fyrQ S>Nphu v¡$sp lp¡e R>¡. Aphp L$p¡C `Z âL$pf¡
DÐ`Þ_ \e¡gu fyrQhpmp Æhp¡_p¡ Ar^L$pf `yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ rkÙ \pe R>¡.
fyrQ S>Nphhp_p¡ kpQp¡ A_¡ iyÙ D`pe :

op_ BÃR>p A_¡ âeÐ_ Ap ¾$d lp¡e R>¡ L$p¡C L$pe®_u A„v$f Ap`Zp
92
âh©Ñ A\hp L$p¡C L$pe®\u r_h©Ñ-v|$f \hp_p¡. kh®â\d Ap`Z_¡ L$p¡C L$pe® /
hõsy_u bpbsdp„ âÐen L¡$ `fp¡n fus¡ op_ \sy„ lp¡e R>¡. op_ \hp `f s¡_u
bpbsdp„ Ap`Zp A„v$f fyrQ-AfyrQ-D`¡np Apdp„\u L$p¡C A¡L$ cph ÅN¡ R>¡.
AfyrQ A\hp D`¡np( =_ fyrQ L¡$ _ AfyrQ )_p¡ cph ÅNhp `f s¡ L$pe® /
hõsy sfa Ap`Zu âh©rÑ _\u \su. A\hp sp¡ Ap`Z¡ s¡_p\u r_h©Ñ \C
S>sp lp¡BA¡ R>uA¡. A_¡ Å¡ L$p¡C L$pe® / hõsydp„ fyrQ \pe R>¡ sp¡ Ap`Zdp„ s¡
L$pe® L$fhp_u L¡$ s¡ hõsy_¡ âpàs L$fhp_u BÃR>p ÅN©s \su lp¡e R>¡. sv$_Þsf s¡
dpV¡$ Ap`Z¡ âh©Ñ \sp lp¡BA¡ R>uA¡.
L$pe®_u kamsp A\hp Akamsp Ap`Zp âeÐ_ D`f Ap^pqfs

lp¡e R>¡. Ap`Zp¡ âeÐ_ Å¡ ep¡Áe qv$ipdp„ A_¡ ep¡Áe âL$pf_p¡ li¡ sp¡ L$pe®
kam \i¡ AÞe\p Akam. âeÐ__y„ ep¡Áe L¡$ Aep¡Áe lp¡hy„ `Z `y_:, L$pe® /
hõsy rhjeL$ Ap`Zp op__p D`f Ap^pf fpM¡ R>¡. AsA¡h, k|ÿdsp\u Å¡
rhQpf L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ AÞssp¡NÒhp op_ S> kamsp A\hp Akamsp_y„
d|m rkÙ \pe R>¡.
Ap`Zp¡ rhQpe® rhje R>¡ : fyrQ. `|h£ Ap`Z¡ Å¡ey„ L¡$ fyrQ_u DÐ`rÑ
op_\u \su lp¡e R>¡. Ap`Ï„ op_ Å¡ hpõsrhL$-e\p\® (S>¡ S>¡hy„ lp¡e s¡_y„ s¡
S> âL$pf_y„ op_) li¡ sp¡ s¡_u bpbsdp„ Ap`Zu fyrQ AfyrQ A\hp D`¡np
`Z e\p\® S> li¡. `qfZpd¡, Ap`Zu âh©rÑ A\hp Aâh©rÑ / r_h©rÑ `Z
e\p\® S> li¡. Ap`Zu âh©rÑ Å¡ e\p\® li¡ sp¡ am Ahíe âpàs \i¡. A_¡ Å¡
Ap`Zu âh©rÑ Ae\p\® li¡ sp¡ s¡_p b¡ `qfZpd Aphu iL¡$ R>¡. 1. Ae\p\®
âh©rÑ_p `qfZpd¡ am_u âp[às\u kh®\p h„rQs-v|$f fl¡hy„ `X¡$. A\hp 2. Å¡
am dm¡ sp¡ L$v$pQ s¡ Ap`Z_¡ Arcgrjs S> _ lp¡e. Ap bÞ_¡ [õ\rsAp¡dp„
Ap`Zp¡ îd kpdÕe® A_¡ kde ap¡NV$ Åe R>¡. Aë`Æhu Aë`kd\®
d_yóedpV¡$ Ap [õ\rs AÐeÞs cep_L$ kprbs \C iL¡$ R>¡, Mpk L$fu_¡ Aphu
Nrs Å¡ s¡_u ^d®_u bpbsdp„ \su lp¡e sp¡.
hs®dp_ kdedp„ c[¼s-^d® A_¡ ^„^p hÃQ¡_u c¡v$f¡Mp kdpàs \su

v¡$MpC flu R>¡. ^„^p¡ sp¡ gp¡L$p¡ ^d® dyS>b _\u L$fu füp `f„sy ^d®_y„ ^„^pL$fZ
Ahíe \C füy„ R>¡. ^dp®QfZ, ^dp®Ýee_, ^dp£`v¡$i L¡$ `R>u ^d®_u kp\¡
Å¡X$pe¡g L$p¡C `Z n¡Ódp„ A¡ bû sfL$ubp¡_p¡ âep¡N \sp¡ Å¡C iL$pe R>¡ L¡$ S>¡
93
A¡L$ Ly$im h¡`pfu `p¡sp_p h¡`pf_u A„v$f L$fsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Al] Ap`Ï„ âdyM
gÿe ^dp£`v¡$i/^d®âQpf R>¡. Ap rhje_¡ Ap`Z¡ Ars N„cufsp\u rhQpfhp¡
Å¡BA¡ L¡$ S>¡\u Ap_¡ L$pfZ¡ \_pfp rh_piL$ `qfZpdp¡\u bQu iL$pe.
h¡`pfu _y„ gÿe lp¡e R>¡ : `p¡sp_p dpg_y„ h^ydp„ h^y h¡QpZ L$fhy„ L¡$
S>¡\u s¡ h^y\u h^y _ap¡ L$dpC iL¡$. `p¡sp_p gÿe_¡ `pf `pX$hp dpV¡$ h¡`pfu •
gp¡L$p¡_u fyrQ, s¡d_y„ Æh_ ^p¡fZ s\p fuscps, AphíeL$sp/A_phíeL$sp,
gp¡L$p¡ L$p¡_pÜpfp âcprhs \pe R>¡ s¡_u k„cph_pAp¡, cprh kde, fpS>_ursL$
`qf[õ\rs, õhkdp_ dpg_u bÅfdp„ [õ\rs hN¡f¡ bpbsp¡_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu_¡
• `p¡sp_p dpg_p¡ âQpf A¡hu fus¡ L$fsp¡ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ S>¡\u s¡_p âQpf_p k„`L®$dp„
Aph_pf ìe[¼s s¡_p¡ dpg MfuÛp rh_p flu S> _ iL¡$. dp¡V¡$ cpN¡ A¡hy„ Å¡hp
dmsy„ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ Aphp âQpfp¡ hpõsrhL$sp\u OZp v|$f lp¡e R>¡. OÏ„ L$fu_¡ s¡dp„
Mp¡V$u gpgQp¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_p dpg_p AhpõsrhL$ NyZp¡_y„ hZ®_ S> lp¡e R>¡.
âQpf_u Aphu sfL$ubp¡\u Ar`qfrQs A_¡ L¡$V$gpL$ sp¡ s¡_p\u ky`qfrQs gp¡L$p¡
`Z Äepf¡ Aphp (Ly$)âQpf_p k„`L®$dp„ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡hy„ rhQpfhp
gpNsp lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ s¡ hõsy_¡ _ Mfuv$hphpmp Ap vy$r_epdp„ dpÓ s¡Ap¡ `p¡s¡ S>
bÃep R>¡ A\hp s¡ hõsy_¡ _ Mfuv$hphpmp_¡ kdpS>dp„ dpÞesp S> _\u dmu
iL$su A\hp s¡ hõsy_¡ _l] Mfuv$u_¡ s¡Ap¡ blz dp¡V$p gpc_¡ Nydphu füp R>¡
A\hp ApV$gp¡ b^p¡ âQpf S>¡_p¡ R>¡ s¡dp„ S>fyf L„$BL$ sp¡ rhi¡jsp li¡ S> hN¡f¡.
A_¡ Ap_p `qfZpd¡ gp¡L$p¡ s¡ rb_Dèp¡Nu/AgpcL$pfu DÐ`pv$_p¡_¡ Mfuv$u
b¡ksp lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ hpõsrhL$sp_y„ op_ \e¡ dp\y„ `Z L|$V$sp lp¡e R>¡.
h¡`pfdp„ sp¡, L¡$V$guL$ lv$ kyû, Ap âL$pf_u v$NpMp¡fu_¡ L$pev$p_u

dpÞesp âpàs \e¡gu lp¡e R>¡. r_^p®qfs lv$\u blpf S>B_¡ h¡`pfdp„ L$fhpdp„
Aphsu v$NpMp¡fu_¡ sp¡ L$pev$p¡ `Z v„$X$`pÓ dp_¡ R>¡. Ap`Zp ip÷p¡dp„ `Z
h¡`pf_¡ kÐe A_¡ AkÐe _y„ rdîZ L$l¡hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. Ap\u, \p¡Xy„$ OÏ„
AkÐe sp¡ h¡`pfdp„ nçe lp¡C `Z iL¡$ R>¡. ^d®âQpf L¡$ ^dp£`v¡$i dp„, `f„sy,
Ap âL$pf_u v$NpMp¡fu_¡ nçe _\u dp_u iL$psu.
cpfsue âpQu_ ^d®`f„`fpdp„ ^d®dpNp£/^d®kçâv$pep¡_¡ AÐeÞs

Apv$f\u Å¡hpdp„ Aphsp lsp. L¡$V$gpL$ A`hpv$p¡_¡ R>p¡X$u_¡, ApS>¡ `Z
Apv$f\u Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap`Zp kdpS>dp„ S>¡V$gp ^d®kçâv$pep¡ ApS>¡
94
âQrgs R>¡ s¡V$gp S> A_¡ L$v$pQ s¡_p\u `Z h^y ^d®kçâv$pep¡ c|sL$pmdp„ `Z
âQrgs lsp S>. Al] Ýep_ Ap`hp ep¡Áe bpbs A¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ærhs A\hp
1 2 3 4
d©sâpe: b^p ^d®kçâv$pep¡dp„ ip÷ue âdpZ- âd¡e- kp^_- am_p¡ s\p
s¡Ap¡_u `pfõ`qfL$ A¡L$hpL$ésp_p¡ ApN°l Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ D`v¡$iL$p¡
s\p A_yepeu _p rhjedp„ ep¡Áesp-Aep¡Áesp_p dp_v„$X$p¡ `Z âpàs \pe R>¡.
Ap_p\u rh`fus dp¡V$p cpN_p Ap^yr_L$ kçâv$pep¡dp„ _ sp¡ ip÷uesp_p¡ L$p¡C
A„i Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡ L¡$ _ âdpZ-âd¡e-kp^_-am hÃQ¡ `pfõ`qfL$
A¡L$hp¼ésp Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$ kçâv$pep¡dp„ sp¡ âdpZ-âd¡e-kp^_ L¡$ am
_p¡ Dëg¡M kfMp¡ `Z Å¡hp dmsp¡ _\u lp¡sp¡. A_¡ D`v¡$iL$-A_yepeu_u
ep¡Áesp-Aep¡Áesp_p dp_v„$X$_u bpbsdp„ sp¡ ce„L$f AfpS>L$sp S> Å¡hp
dmsu lp¡e R>¡.
^d®âQpf_p rhjedp„ Å¡ rhQpf L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ S>¡V$gp âdpZdp„

^d®âQpf ApS>¡ \C füp¡ R>¡ s¡V$gp¡ S> A_¡ L$v$pQ s¡_p\u `Z rhi¡j âdpZdp„
`|h®L$pmdp„ `Z \sp¡ S> lsp¡. ApS>¡, `f„sy, ^fd|m\u saphs s¡_p DØ¡íe s\p
âL$pf-fus dp„ Aphu Nep¡ R>¡. ^d®âQpf_p¡ hpõsrhL$ DØ¡íe lp¡e R>¡ : î¡e(
dy[¼s / c[¼s )_u âp[às_p sfa gp¡L$p¡_u fyrQ_¡ S>Nphhu s\p î¡eâp[àsê$`
am_p S>¡-S>¡ ip÷ue kp^_ s\p âdpZ-âd¡e kçâv$peÜpfp r_^p®qfs
L$fhpdp„ Apìep„ lp¡e s¡_y„ e\p\® op_ ^d®â¡du S>_sp_¡ L$fphhy„ L¡$ S>¡\u
î¡eâp[àsdp„ fyrQhpmp d_yóep¡ rcÞ_-rcÞ_ kçâv$pep¡¼s âdpZ-
âd¡epqv$_u syg_p L$fu_¡ s\p `p¡sp_u fyrQ i[¼s hN¡f¡_p¡ rhQpf L$fu_¡ L$p¡C A¡L$
kçâv$pe_u `k„v$Nu `p¡sp_p L$ëepZdpV¡$ L$fu iL¡$. ^d®âQpfL$p¡A¡ L¡$hm Ap
A_¡ Ap S> DØ¡íe_¡ gÿedp„ fpMu_¡ âQpfL$pe® L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡. Ap Dv$pÑ DØ¡íe_¡
R>p¡X$u_¡ âQpfL$p¡ Å¡ A_yepreAp¡_u k„¿ep_¡ h^pfhp, Bsf kçâv$pe_p
A_yepreAp¡_¡ `p¡sp_p kçâv$pedp„ M¢Qu gphhp, ìe[¼s`|Å âQpqfs L$fhp,
^_ ei hN¡f¡_u âp[às, Bsf kçâv$pe_u W¡$L$X$u DX$phhp S>¡hp lu_prslu_
DØ¡íe\u âQpfL$pe® L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡d L$fhp\u _ sp¡ s¡d_p kçâv$pe_y„ _ `p¡sp_y„ L¡$
_ sp¡ s¡hp vy$óâQpf_¡ L$pfZ¡ kçâv$pedp„ âh¡i_pfp gp¡L$p¡_y„ `Z ¼ëepZ \C iL¡$
R>¡. hs®dp_ kdedp„ ^d®kçâv$pep¡dp„ `fõ`f Arhíhpk ârsõ`^p® s\p L$gl
_y„ S>¡ hpsphfZ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡ s¡_u `pR>m_y„ A¡L$ L$pfZ Mp¡V$p DØ¡íe\u \sp¡
^d®âQpf `Z R>¡ S>. Ap\u Aphp S>OÞe DØ¡íep¡_¡ R>p¡X$u_¡ A_yepreAp¡_¡
95
s¡d_u ep¡Áesp A_ykpf î¡eâp[às \pe A¡hp iyÙ DØ¡íe\u Å¡ ^d®âQpf_y„ L$pe®
L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ ^prd®L$ S>Nsdp„ âhrs®s kh®rh^ v|$jZp¡_¡ v|$f L$fu iL$pe R>¡.
L$p¡C MpÛ `v$p\®_p hpõsrhL$ õhpv$_¡ Å¡ dpZhp¡ L¡$ ÅZhp¡ lp¡e sp¡
s¡_u A„v$f L$p¡C `Z âL$pf_p gugpk|L$p dkpgp _p¿ep rh_p s¡_p iyÙê$`dp„
s¡_¡ Mphp¡ Å¡BA¡. ^d®_u bpbsdp„ `Z Aphy„ S> lp¡e R>¡. L$p¡C A¡L$
^d®kçâv$pe_p âdpZ-âd¡e-kp^_-amdp„ Ap`Zu fyrQ hpõsrhL$ R>¡ L¡$
_l] s¡ bpbs_y„ op_ Ap`Z_¡ Ðepf¡ S> \C iL¡$ R>¡ L¡$ Äepf¡ b^p ^d®kçâv$pep¡
`p¡s`p¡sp_p rkÙp„sp¡_¡ s¡_p hpõsrhL$ s\p iyÙ ê$`dp„• s¡_p d|mê$`dp„ L$p¡C
`Z âL$pf_p¡ h^pfp¡-OV$pX$p¡ L¡$ ky^pfp¡ L$ep® rh_p s\p Mp¡V$p âgp¡c_p¡ ce L¡$
R>m-L$`V$ _¡ R>p¡X$u v$B_¡ •âõsys L$f¡. ^d®âQpf_p Aphp iyÙ âL$pf_¡ R>p¡X$u_¡
Äepf¡ AÞe L$p¡C vy$ô$ âL$pfp¡Üpfp `p¡sp_p kçâv$pedp„ gp¡L$p_u fyrQ_¡
S>Nphhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ r_[íQsê$`\u kdÆ g¡hy„ Å¡BA¡ L¡$
s¡hp b_phV$u âQpfp¡_p L$pfZ¡ ÅNhphpmu gp¡L$p¡_u fyrQ `Z b_phV$u S>
lp¡hp_u, s¡ fyrQ hpõsrhL$ _\u S> lp¡C iL$su. AhpõsrhL$ fyrQ_p Ap^pf¡
kçâv$pe_u A„v$f ârhô$ \_pf A_yepeu _ sp¡ kçâv$pe_p hpõsrhL$-
ApÝep[ÐdL$ DØ¡íe_¡ `|Z® L$fu iL¡$ R>¡ L¡$ _ `p¡s¡ `Z L$p¡C ApÝep[ÐdL$ gpc_¡
âpàs L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. Ap\u, ApÝep[ÐdL$ / Apr^v¥$rhL$ gÿe_u âp[às_p DØ¡íe_¡
gB_¡ âh©Ñ \e¡gp ^d®kçâv$pe_p ApQpep£ s\p sv$poàs âQpfL$p¡ A¡•
AÞ_n¡Ó, DÛp_, ¾$uX$p„NZ, rQqL$Ðkpge, rhîpdõ\g, rhÛpge, R>pÓphpk,
ìyL$ëepZ, Öìeklpe, c|rdv$p_, rQqL$Ðkp-rirbf, f¼sv$p_, L©$rj,
kd|lgÁ_, dsgpc, Aë`k„¿eL$pr^L$pf, h¡`pf, è®V$_ hNf¡ •cp¥rsL$
bpbsp¡ k„b„û âgp¡c_p¡_¡ s\p qaëd-V$u.hu._p L$gpL$pfp¡, DÛp¡N`rs,
fpS>_¡sp hN¡f¡_¡ `p¡sp_p kçâv$pe_p âQpf_y„ dpÝed _ b_phhp„ Å¡BA¡.
kçâv$pe_p A_yepreAp¡_¡ A\hp S>_kp^pfZ_¡ cp¥rsL$ kyrh^pAp¡

Ap`hu A¡ A¡L$ hps R>¡ Äepf¡ cp¥rsL$kyrh^pAp¡_p D`L$pf l¡W$m ìe[¼s_¡
v$bphu_¡ A\hp s¡hu gpgQ Apù_¡ s¡_¡ `p¡sp_p ^d®kçâv$pedp„ M¢Qu
gphhp_u âh©rÑ L$fhu A¡ buÆ hps R>¡. k_ps_^dp£¼s Arsr\kÐL$pf,
Np¡N°pkpqv$Üpfp âprZeo, AcphN°õs_¡ AÞ_pqv$_y„ v$p_ hN¡f¡ ìe[¼sNs õsf
D`f \_pfp ^dp®QfZ\u `Z Äepf¡ kdpS>_u AphíeL$sp `|Z® _ \su lp¡e
96
s¡hu [õ\rsdp„ DÑd `n sp¡ A¡ NZpe L¡$ S>_spA¡ âipk_(kfL$pf)Üpfp
kdN° kdpS>¡ s¡_p klep¡Nu b_u_¡ `p¡sp_u AphíeL$spAp¡_u `|rs® L$fphhu
Å¡BA¡. L$pfZ L¡$ âÅ_u AphíeL$spAp¡_¡ `|Z® L$fhp_u S>hpbv$pfu Mf¡Mf sp¡
âÅ `pk¡\u L$f hk|g L$f_pf âipk__u S> lp¡e R>¡. ^d®kçâv$pe A\hp
^dp®Qpe®_u _l]. ^dp®Qpe® A\hp sp¡ âipk_ rkhpe_u L$p¡C `Z ìe[¼s
A\hp k„õ\p Äepf¡ âÅrls_p L$pep£ L$fhp gpN¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ kfhpm¡ sp¡ âÅ_¡ S>
_yL$kp_ \sy„ lp¡e R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$ ^dp®Qpe®, kdpS>k¡hu k„õ\p L¡$ L$p¡C AÞe `Z
`p¡sp_p Np„W$_p `¥kp MQ}_¡ S>_rlsp¡_p„ L$pep£ _\u L$fsp lp¡sp. `¥kp sp¡
S>_spA¡ S> Ap`hp `X$sp lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u S>_spA¡ `¥kp b¡ W$¡L$pZ¡ Ap`hp
`X$sp lp¡e R>¡, A¡L$ sp¡ kfL$pf_¡ A_¡ buÅ kdpS>k¡hu k„õ\p_¡. A_¡ s¡_p
bv$gpdp„ L$pd sp¡ L$p¡C A¡L$ S> L$fsy„ lp¡e R>¡, s¡ `Z S>fyfuAps dyS>b_y„ _l].
AsA¡h,
""kpfufus¡ ApQf¡g buÅ_p ^d®_u kfMpdZudp„

kpfufus¡ _ ApQfu kL$psp¡ lp¡e s¡hp¡ õh^d® `Z DÑd
NZpe R>¡. õh^d®dp„ d©Ðey `Z î¡eõL$f lp¡e R>¡.
`f^dp®QfZ, `f„sy, ce„L$f lp¡e R>¡'' (Nusp.3&35).
cNhp__p Ap Apv¡$ip_ykpf v$f¡L¡$ `p¡s`p¡sp_y„ L$pe® L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡,

buÅbuÅ_y„ _l]. cNhp__p Ap D`v¡$i_¡ _ kdÆ_¡ ^dp®Qpep£ Äepf¡
`p¡sp_p dy¿e L$pep£-^dp£`v¡$i hN¡f¡_¡ R>p¡X$u_¡ kdpS>k¡hp fpS>_urs S>¡hp„
Lp$ep£dp„ X|$bu Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_p Myb S> tQspS>_L$ `qfZpdp¡ Aphsp„ lp¡e R>¡.
buÅ gp¡L$p¡ L$f¡ S> R>¡ s¡hy„ rhQpfu_¡ âipk_ âÅrls_p L$pep£\u rhdyM \C
S>sy„ lp¡e R>¡. kdpS>k¡hp hN¡f¡ L$pep£\u âpàs \su L$urs®_p gp¡cdp„ ^dp®Qpe®
õh^d®ê$` ^dp£`v¡$i, ip÷pÝee_, ^dp®_y›$p_ hN¡f¡\u rhdyM \C S>sp lp¡e
R>¡. kdpS> ^dp®Qpep£ `pk¡\u ^d®gpc_¡ W¡$L$pZ¡ cp¥rsL$gpc_u âp[às_u
A`¡np k¡hsp¡ \C Åe R>¡. A¡L$ kçâv$pe_p ^dp®Qpe®Üpfp S>_rls_y„ L$pe® ify
L$fpsp„ buÅ kçâv$pe_p ^dp®Qpe£ `p¡sp_p A_yepreAp¡_¡ Ðep„ gpc g¡sp
AV$L$phhpdpV¡$ •i[¼s BÃR>p A\hp S>ê$fuAps lp¡e L¡$ _ lp¡e sp¡ `Z •s¡
kçâv$pe S>¡hp„ S> L¡$ s¡_p\u `Z h^y QY$uepsp„ L$pep£ L$fhp_u ârsõ`^p®dp„
Dsfhy„ `X$sy„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap b^p_p L$pfZ¡ gp¡L$p¡_u ^d®kçâv$pe_u A„v$f fyrQ-
âh©rÑ `Z ^d®rkÙp„sp¡_p Ap^pf¡ _ \B_¡ D`fp¡¼s cp¥rsL$ kyrh^p-gpc_u
97
Mp¡V$u A`¡npAp¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ \hp gpNsu lp¡e R>¡. Aphu Mp¡V$u A`¡npAp¡_¡ gB_¡
kçâv$pe_u A„v$f âh¡i_pfp gp¡L$p¡ kçâv$pe Nyfy s\p `p¡sp_p `Z
A^:`s__y„S> L$pfZ b_sp lp¡e R>¡.
Ap bû bpbsp¡_p¡ rhQpf L$fsp„ ìe[¼s_u dpN®fyrQ_u rhiyÙsp
AÐeÞs dlÐh_u b_u Åe R>¡. Ap\u ApS>_p kdedp„ ^dp®Qpep£A¡ `p¡sp_u
`pk¡ Aph_pfp v$unpr\®Ap¡_u dpN®fyrQ_u `funp rhi¡jê$`\u L$fhu Å¡BA¡ A¡hy„
S>Zpe R>¡. A_¡ v$unp\} Å¡ kçâv$pe_p ^d®rkÙp„sp¡_¡ `p¡sp_p Æh_dp„
Dspfhp_u fyrQ\u _l] `f„sy L$p¡C cp¥rsL$ gpc_u fyrQ\u kçâv$pedp„ âh¡i
d¡mhhpdpV¡$ Apìep¡ lp¡e sp¡ A¡hp v$unp\}_¡ r_fpi S> L$fhp¡ Å¡BA¡. s¡_¡
kçâv$pedp„ âh¡i _ S> Ap`hp¡ Å¡BA¡. dpN®fyrQ_p kÞv$c®dp„ ApV$gp¡
âpk„rNL$ Mygpkp¡ L$fu_¡ lh¡ fyrQ_p rhi¡j âL$pfp¡_p¡ rhQpf L$fuiy„.
fyrQ_p âL$pf :
1. `fp¡nfyrQ A_¡ 2. A`fp¡nfyrQ Apd fyrQ b¡ âL$pf_u dp_hpdp„
Aphu R>¡. lh¡ Ap`Z¡ fyrQ_p Ap bÞ_¡ âL$pfp¡_p¡ ¾$di: rhQpf L$fuiy„.
1. `fp¡nfyrQ :
cNhp__p ApÞsf L¡$ bpü L$p¡C `Z âL$pf_p A_ych rh_p kÐk„N,
îhZ, L$us®_ hN¡f¡Üpfp cNhp_dp„ DÐ`Þ_ \su fyrQ_¡ "`fp¡nfyrQ' L$l¡hpdp„
Aph¡ R>¡.
c¼sp¡_p QqfÓp¡_y„ Ahgp¡L$_ L$fhp\u ÅZhp dm¡ R>¡ L¡$ fyrQ DÐ`Þ_
\hp `pR>m kÐk„N A¡ kp¥\u âbm r_rdÑ lp¡e R>¡. îuApQpe®QfZ
îuâcyQfZ Apqv$ kçâv$pepQpep£_p kÐk„N\u cNhv¹$c$[¼s_u î¡›$
Ahõ\p_¡ S>¡dZ¡ âpàs L$fu s¡hp 84-252 h¥óZhp¡_u hpsp® Ap_u kpnu R>¡.
ks¹ `yfyj_p k„N_¡ "kÐk„N' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. kÐ`yfyjp¡_p¡ k„N L$fhp\u s¡d_u
iyÙ-`rhÓ ApQpf-r¾$ep_y„ Ahgp¡L$_ L$fhp_p¡, s¡d_p D`v¡$ip¡_¡ kp„cmhp_p¡,
s¡d_u `qfQep®-Apv$f-kÐL$pf\u s¡d_p Apiuhp®v$ âpàs L$fhp_p¡, cNhp__p
_pd-NyZ-gugp-õhê$`_p L$us®_-hZ®__¡ kp„cmhp_p¡, s¡d_u `pk¡
Aph_pfp c¼sp¡_p A_ychp¡ s¡dS> i„L$p kdp^p_p¡ _¡ r_L$V$\u kp„cmhp-
ÅZhp_p¡, `p¡sp_u MpduAp¡_¡ ÅZhp-ky^pfhp hN¡f¡_p¡ Agæe Ahkf
98
âpàs \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u S> îuApQpe®QfZ "`ÊQígp¡L$u'N°Þ\dp„ Apop L$f¡
R>¡ L¡$ kÞs`yfyj k„kpffp¡N\u ùX$us d_yóe_p k„kpffp¡N_¡ dV$pX$u_¡
cNhv¹$c[¼sê$ù Apfp¡Áe Ap`_pfu Ap¥jû kdp_ lp¡e R>¡.
"`Óphgçb_'N°Þ\dp„ `Z Ap`¡ g¿ey„ R>¡ L¡$ rhÜp_ kÐ`yfyjp¡_¡ Ahíe
kp„cmhp Å¡BA¡ L$pfZ L¡$ s¡Ap¡ kÞdpN®_y„ fnZ L$f_pfp lp¡e R>¡.
`yrô$c[¼sdpN}e k˜¼sp¡_p k„Ndp„ flu_¡ Äepf¡ cNhp__p _pd-
NyZ-gugp s¡dS> õhê$`_p îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡
îhZpqv$_p dpÝed\u c¼s_p AÞs:L$fZdp„ âh¡i L$fu_¡ cNhp_¹ ûf¡-ûf¡
c¼s_p ùv$e_¡ iyÙ b_phu v¡$ R>¡. Aphu fus¡ iyÙ ùv$e \e¡gp c¼s_u
cNhp_dp„ fyrQ DÐ`Þ_ \su lp¡e R>¡. `fdcpNhs _pfv$Æ_p `|h®S>Þd_p
h©ÑpÞsdp„ cNhp_dp„ s¡d_u fyrQ DÐ`Þ_ \hp_u âr¾$ep_y„ S>¡ hZ®_ R>¡ s¡dp„
`Z kÐk„N A_¡ cNhp__p îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ_¡ S> cNhv¹$fy$rQ_u
DÐ`rÑ_y„ L$pfZ dp_hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.
`|h®S>Þddp„ _pfv$Æ b°pûZ c¼sp¡_u k¡hp L$f_pfu A¡L$ v$pku_p `yÓ

lsp. _p_u Jdf\u S> c¼sp¡_p¡ k„N âpàs lsp¡. k`®_p L$fX$hp\u dpsp_y„ d©Ðey
\sp„, cNhp_¡ b„^_ L$pàey„ A¡hp¡ rhQpf L$fu_¡, bpmL$ _pfv$Æ Of R>p¡X$u_¡
Qpgu r_L$þep. kÐk„N s¡dS> c¼sp¡_u k¡hp_p âsp`¡ byrÙ sp¡ kp[ÒhL$ lsu
S>. c¼sp¡_p k„N v$fçep_ kp„cm¡g cNhp__p õhê$`hZ®__y„ õdfZ L$fhp
gpÁep. cNhp__p õhê$`_y„ õdfZ L$fhp_u S>¡ fyrQ _pfv$Æ_¡ \C s¡
cNhp__p ApÞsf L¡$ bpü L$p¡C `Z âL$pf_p A_ych rh_p DÐ`Þ_ \C lsu.
Ap\u Aphu fyrQ_¡ rkÙp„sdp„ "`fp¡nfyrQ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
cNhp_¹ S>¡ c¼s_¡ c[¼s_p dpN® D`f Qgphhp dpNsp lp¡e R>¡ s¡_p
ùv$edp„ k|ÿd-buS>fyù c[¼s k©rô$_p Apf„cdp„ S> fp¡ù v¡$sp lp¡e R>¡. Aphu
k|ÿdc[¼s_¡ S> "c[¼shr^®_u'N°Þ\dp„ îuApQpe®QfZ "buS>cph'iåv$\u
Ap¡mMph¡ R>¡. c[¼s_p buS>cph_„y õ\p`_ cNhp_¡ S>¡ Æh_u A„v$f L$ey¯ _
lp¡e s¡ Æh cNhp__p„ îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ L¡$ k¡hp L$fu iL$sp¡ _\u.
2. A`fp¡nfyrQ :
cNhp__u ApÞsf L¡$ bpü A_yc|rs \hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ cNhp_dp„ S>¡
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rhi¡jfyrQ DÐ`Þ_ \su lp¡e R>¡ s¡ fyrQ_¡ "A`fp¡nfyrQ'L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
_pfv$Æ_p QqfÓ_y„ Å¡ rhi¡j Ahgp¡L$_ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ :
c¼sp¡_u k¡hp A_¡ s¡Ap¡Üpfp L$fhpdp„ Aphsp„ cNhp__p NyZNp_

hN¡f¡_p îhZ\u Äepf¡ _pfv$Æ_u A„v$f cNhp_dp„ fyrQ DÐ`Þ_ \C Ðepf¡
s¡Ap¡ rhi¡j DÐkpl\u cNhp__p õhê$`_y„ tQs_ L$fhp gpÁep„. AQp_L$S>
_pfv$Æ_¡ `p¡sp_p ùv$edp„ cNhp__u kpnps¹ A_yc|rs \B. \p¡X$u S> hpfdp„,
`f„sy, cNhp_¹ rsfp¡rls \C Nep„. dlpdykubs¡ âpàs L$f¡gy„ ^_ AQp_L$
Mp¡hpC S>hp\u S>¡hy„ vy$:M \pe s¡hy„ vy$:M _pfv$Æ_¡ \ey„. cNhÐâ¡fZp\u
õhõ\b_u_¡ _pfv$Æ `y_: s¡ õhê$`_¡ `pdhpdpV¡$ cNhp__p _pdpqv$_y„ L$us®_
L$fhp gpÁep„. cNhv$_yc|rs \ep bpv$ DÐ`Þ_ \e¡g _pfv$Æ_u Ap fyrQ_¡
rkÙ$pÞsdp„ "A`fp¡nfyrQ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
`fp¡nfyrQ_p L$pfZ¡ L$fhpdp Aphsp„ cNhp__p„ k¡hp-îhZ-

L$us®_pqv$\u k|ÿdc[¼sê$ù buS>cph ûf¡ ûf¡ h©rÙ `pd¡ R>¡.
""S>¡d-S>¡d c¼svy$:Mp`lpfu cNhp_¹ îuL©$óZ

r_S>c¼s_p d_dp„ âh¡i L$fsp Åe R>¡ s¡d s¡d c¼s_u
r_›$p k¡hp, îhZ, L$us®_ hN¡f¡ kp^_p¡dp„ h^su Åe R>¡''
îuApQpe®QfZ_p Ap L$\_ dyS>b AÞs:ârhô$ cNhp__u õawrs®

c¼s_¡ `p¡sp_p AÞs:L$fZdp„ \hp gpN¡ R>¡. cNhp__p„ îhZ-L$us®_pqv$
kde¡ \_pfp fp¡dpÊQ, Aîy`ps, Agp¥qL$L$ Ap_Þv$, DÐkpl, k¡hp-îhZ-
L$us®_-õdfZ_¡ fp¡L$hp_u BÃR>p _ \hu hN¡f¡ gnZp¡\u `Z cNhp__u
AÞs:õazfZp A_ychu iL$pe R>¡. Apd AÏdpÓ A_ych\u Apip_y„ qv$ìe
qL$fZ v¡$Mpsp„ c¼s_p ùv$edp„ S>¡ (DÐkpl D‰pk sÐ`fsp ê$ù) rhi¡j fyrQ
DÐ`Þ_ \su lp¡e R>¡ s¡_¡ "A`fp¡nfyrQ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
fyrQ_p¡ rhL$pk â¡d-Apk[¼s-ìek_ :

cNhp_Üpfp Æhdp„ õ\p`¡g buS>cph_p rhL$pk_p ¾$d_y„ r_ê$`Z
îuApQpe®QfZ¡ "c[¼shr^®_u'N°Þ\dp„ L$e®y„ R>¡. sv$_ykpf : 1. â¡d 2.
Apk[¼s A_¡ 3. ìek_ / dp_ku A¡ buS>cph_p rhL$pk_u ÓZ Ahõ\pAp¡
100
dp_hpdp„ Aphu R>¡. âcy_p„ k¡hp-îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZpqv$\u âpàs \su
D`fp¡¼s Ahõ\pAp¡_y„ `qfQpeL$ gnZ Ap dyS>b Apù iL$pe.
1. â¡d : âcy\u Bsf b^p rhjep¡dp\u c¼s_u ddsp v|$f \B_¡ L¡$hm âcydp„
S> ddsp \C S>hu c¼s_u s¡ Ahõ\p_¡ "cNhs¹-â¡d' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
buS>cph_¡ L$pfZ¡ DÐ`Þ_ \e¡g cNhv¹$fy$rQ S> â¡d_p ê$`dp„ `qfZdsu
lp¡e R>¡.
2. Apk[¼s : âbm cNhÐâ¡d_¡ L$pfZ¡ âcy\u Bsf v$f¡L$ AcNhv$ue hõsy-
ìe[¼sdp„ AfyrQ \C S>sp„ c¼s_¡ Äepf¡ s¡ (AcNhv$ue hõsy-ìe[¼s)
b^y„ `p¡sp_u c[¼skp^_pdp„ b„^_ê$` S>Zphp gpN¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ c¼s_u s¡
Ahõ\p_¡ "cNhv¹$-Apk[¼s' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. cNhÐâ¡d S> ApNm
hû_¡ cNhv$pk[¼sdp„ `qfZdsp¡ lp¡e R>¡.
3. ìek_ : A¡L$ nZ `Z Äepf¡ c¼s_y„ d_ cNhp_dp„\u v|$f _ lV$sy„ lp¡e
Ðepf¡ c¼s_p cNhÐâ¡d_u s¡hu `qf`¼h Ahõ\p_¡ "cNhv¹$-ìek_'
L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. cNhv$pk[¼s S> hû_¡ cNhv¹$ìe$k_dp„ `qfZdsu
lp¡e R>¡.
dp_ku : "rkÙp„sdy¼sphgu' N°Þ\dp„ îuApQpe®QfZ¡ s_yrhÑÅ k¡hp\u
args \_pfu dp_kuk¡hpê$`p S>¡ Ahõ\p_y„ r_ê$`Z L$e®y„ R>¡ s¡ A_¡ D`fp¡¼s
ìek_phõ\p_¡ A¡L$ S> kdS>hu Å¡BA¡. A¡L$ S> d_p¡hõ\p_y„ r_ê$`Z
AgN-AgN ×rô$\u AgN-AgN _pdp¡\u L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. c[¼s_p¡
rhL$pk â¡d Apk[¼s A_¡ ìek_ Ahõ\p_p ê$`dp„ hZ®hhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
Äepf¡ L¡$ k¡hp_p¡ rhL$pk kp^_ê$`p s_yrhÑÅk¡hp s\p amê$`p dp_ku
Ahõ\p_p ê$`dp„ hZ®hhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
ApQpe®QfZ âhrs®s `yrô$c[¼sdpN® A¡ A¡hp¡ dpN® R>¡ L¡$ S>¡dp„
cNhp__u L©$`p\u S> c¼s_y„ b^y„ \pe R>¡. AhspfL$pgdp„ sp¡ c¼sp¡Üpfp kp^_
L$fphhp_p õ\p_¡ cNhp_¹ `p¡s¡ S> c¼sp¡A¡ L$fhp_p„ kp^_p¡ L$fu g¡sp lp¡e R>¡.
A\p®s¹ DÃQ\u DÃQsf A_¡ DÃQsf\u DÃQsd Ahõ\p D`f `lp¢QhpdpV¡$
c¼s¡ S>¡ âeÐ_p¡ L$fhp_p lp¡e R>¡ s¡ âeÐ_p¡ c¼s `pk¡ L$fpìep rh_p cNhp_¹
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`p¡sp_p kpdÕe®\uS> s¡-s¡ Ahõ\p D`f c¼s_¡ `lp¢QpX$u v¡$sp„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u
kp^_pQfZ AhspfL$pgdp„ Ady¿e b_u S>sy„ lp¡e R>¡. cNhp__u L©$`p_¡
kfMu fus¡ TughpdpV¡$ A_hspfL$pgdp„, `f„sy, c¼sp¡_¡ kp^_pQfZ_u
A`¡np fl¡su lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u `yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ cNhp__u L©$`p\u S> c¼s_y„
b^y„ rkÙ \sy„ lp¡hp R>sp„ îuApQpe®QfZ¡ S>¡ k¡hp-îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ
hN¡f¡ kp^_p¡_y„ r_ê$`Z L$ey¯ R>¡ s¡ r_f\®L$ b_sp„ _\u. L$pfZ L¡$ L©$`p\u S> b^y„
\sy„ lp¡hp R>sp„e c¼s D`f \e¡gu cNhp__u L©$`p_¡ îuApQpe®QfZp¡¼s
kp^_p¡ hX¡$ rMghhp/rhL$kphhp_p¡ Å¡ âeÐ_ L$fhpdp„ _ Aph¡ sp¡ s¡ L©$`p
M¡sfdp„ fp¡`¡gp, `f„sy, `pZu-Mpsf-âL$pi hN¡f¡_y„ `p¡jZ Apàep rh_p_p
S>du_dp„ ^fbpe¡gp buS>_u dpaL$ r_[ó¾$e S> fl¡ R>¡. A_hspfL$pgdp„, Ap\u
cNhp__u L©$`p_¡ c[¼sdpN}e kp^_p¡hX¡$ rhL$kphhp_p¡ âeÐ_ sp¡ c¼s¡
L$fhp_p¡ S> lp¡e R>¡.
S>¡dp„ Ar^L$pf âpàs \ep¡ lp¡e s¡_y„ õhê$` Äep„ kyû ÅZhpdp„ _
Aph¡ Ðep„ kyû âpàs \e¡gp Ar^L$pf_u dlÑp-L$uds_y„ cp_ \C iL$sy„ _\u.
Ap L$pfZ¡ S> Ap âL$fZdp„ buS>cph-fyrQ\u âpf„c L$fu_¡ am kyû_u
`yrô$c[¼s_u epÓp_y„ rhõspf`|h®L$ hZ®_ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.
`yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ S>¡V$gp `Z kp^_p¡_y„ r_ê$`Z L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡ s¡

b^p_y„ kp^_`Ï„ dp_ku/ìek_ Ahõ\p kyû_„y lp¡e R>¡. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ cNhp_¡
`yrô$Æh_u A„v$f c[¼s_p buS>cph_y„ fp¡`Z L$fu_¡ S>¡ L©$`p L$fu R>¡ s¡ L©$`p_p¡
rhL$pk c¼s c[¼sdpN}e D`pep¡Üpfp dp_ku/ìek_ Ahõ\p kyû L$fu iL¡$
R>¡. dp_ku/ìek_ Ahõ\p\u ApNm `yrô$c¼s_¡ âpàs \sp„ khp®Ðdcph
hN¡f¡ amp¡, `f„sy, cNhp__u L©$`p\u S> âpàs \sp„ lp¡e R>¡.
1.îugpg| c Ë$Æ rhfrQs âd¡ e fÐ_pZ® h N° Þ \_p¡ `p„ Q dp¡ -
"`yrô$c[¼sAr^L$pfrhh¡L$'
2.cNhv¹$N$usp
3.îucpNhs
4.îuhëgcpQpe® rhfrQs "sÒhp\®v$u`r_bÞ^'_y„ c[¼sâL$fZ
102
6. khp®Ðdcphrhh¡L$
khp®Ðdcph :
cNhp_dp„ \sp r_fy`pr^L$( r_óL$`V$ A_¡ r_:õhp\® ) DÐL$V$ õ_¡l_¡
"khp®Ðdcph' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. khp®Ðdcph A¡ ìek_ / dp_ku Ahõ\p
`R>u c¼s_¡ âpàs \_pfu õ_¡l-c[¼s_u S> A¡L$ rhriô$ Ahõ\p R>¡.
"khp®Ðdcph'dp„ ÓZ iåv$p¡ R>¡ : kh®, ApÐd A_¡ cph. 1. kh® = (L$) bû
B[ÞÖep¡, AÞs:L$fZ, v¡$l, âpZ, ApÐdp A_¡ Ap b^p_u h©rÑAp¡. (M)
S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ kdN° S>Ns. 2. ApÐdp = cNhp_¹. A_¡ 3. cph = â¡d
õ_¡l frs L¡$ c[¼s. Ap `v$ÃR>¡v$_¡ ×rô$dp„ fpMu_¡ Å¡ A\® L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ :
L. cNhÐk¡hp A_¡ NyZNp_(=L$\p) S>Þe âbm

cNhv$pk[¼s_¡ L$pfZ¡ bû B[ÞÖep¡, AÞs:L$fZ, v¡$l,
âpZ, ApÐdp A_¡ Ap b^p_u h©rÑAp¡Üpfp c¼s_¡
blpf âL$V$ s¡dS> NyZNp_ hMs¡ ùv$edp„ âL$V$
cNhp__p õhê$`p_Þv$_p¡ A_ych \hp gpN¡ R>¡.
M. Ap S> âdpZ¡ DÐL$V$ cNhv$pk[¼s_¡ L$pfZ¡ c¼s

Äepf¡ cNhp_¹ rkhpe buSy>„ b^y„ c|gu Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡
s¡_¡ `p¡sp_p râesd `fdpÐdp rkhpe buSy>„ L„$C v¡$Mpsy„
S> _\u lp¡sy„. kdN° S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ S>Ns L¡$ S>¡ hõsys:
cNhv$pÐdL$ A_¡ cNhv¹$ê$` S> R>¡ s¡_p¡ c¼s_¡ ""Ap
b^y„ îuL©$óZ S> R>¡'' A¡ âL$pf_p¡ A_ych \hp gpN¡ R>¡;
A\p®s¹ S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ S>Nsdp„ rsfp¡rls \e¡gp b°û_p
rQs¹-Ap_Þv$ NyZ^dp£ â¡du c¼s_p kpd¡ âL$V$ \C
Åe R>¡. `qfZpd¡ S>Ns_p S>X$-Æh kdN° `v$p\p£ s¡_¡
k[ÃQv$p_Þv$pÐdL$-b°ûpÐdL$ v¡$Mphp gpN¡ R>¡.
c¼s_u Aphu (L$-M, bÞ_¡) Ahõ\pAp¡_¡ "khp®Ðdcph' L$l¡hpdp„

Aph¡ R>¡. khp®Ðdcph_y„ hZ®_ :
-"k¡hpag'N°Þ\dp„ "Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®' ê$`¡,
103
-"c[¼shr^®_u'N°Þ\dp„ "ìek_p¡Ñf-L©$sp\®sp' ê$`¡,
- "rkÙ$p„sdy¼sphgu'N°Þ\dp„ "dp_ku-k¡hp' ê$`¡ Äepf¡
- "r_fp¡^gnZ'N°Þ\dp„ "amr_fp¡^' ê$`¡ âpàs \pe R>¡.
khp®Ðdcph_p âL$pfp¡ :
îucpNhsdp„ cNhÐk„ep¡N A_¡ cNhrÜep¡N Apd bÞ_¡
Ahõ\pdp„ c¼sp¡_¡ \_pfp khp®Ðdcph_p A_ych_y„ hZ®_ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.
k„ep¡N A¡V$g¡ rdg_, c¡V$p¡, dmhy„ L¡$ kpnpÐL$pf \hp¡ s¡. rhep¡N / rhâep¡N
A¡V$g¡ rhMyV$p L¡$ AgN `X$hy„ s¡.
k„ep¡NL$pgu_ khp®Ðdcph :
cNhp__p¡ k„ep¡Np_ych c¼sp¡_¡ AhspfL$pm A_¡ A_hspfL$pm _p
c¡v$\u b¡ âL$pf¡ \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡.
1. AhspfL$pmdp„ - A\p®s¹ cNhp_¹ Äepf¡ c|sm D`f

Ahspf g¡sp lp¡e R>¡ Ðepf¡ S>¡ c¼sp¡_¡ cNhp__p„ v$i®_
k¡hp hN¡f¡_p¡ Ahkf kp„`X¡$ R>¡ s¡d_¡ cNhp__p k„ep¡N_p¡
A_ych âpàs \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡
2. A_hspfL$pmdp„ - A\p®s¹ S>¡ kde¡ cNhp_¡ Ahspf
gu^p¡ _\u lp¡sp¡ s¡ kde¡; v$p.s. L$rmeyNdp„ AÐepf¡ âcy_u
õhê$`k¡hp L$f_pfp c¼sp¡_¡, S>¡V$gp¡ kde s¡Ap¡ âcyk¡hpdp„
lp¡e R>¡ s¡V$gp¡ kde, âcy_p k„ep¡N_p¡ A_ych \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡.
h¡ÏNus_p„ kybp¡r^_u (îuhëgcpQpe®rhfrQs îucpNhs`yfpZ_u
ìep¿ep) dp„ bû B[ÞÖep¡_p cNhp_dp„ rhr_ep¡N_¡ "khp®Ðdcph' L$l¡hpdp„
Apìep¡ R>¡. sv$_ykpf : hpZu\u cNhp__u kp\¡ k„gp`(hps-rQs),
Ap„Mp¡\u v$i®_, bplzAp¡\u cNhp__y„ AprgP¹$N$_, lp\p¡hX¡$ cNhp__u k¡hp,
ÐhQp\u cNhp__p¡ õì®, L$p_\u cNhp__u h¡Ï_p õhfp¡_y„ îhZ, `NhX¡$
cNhp__p r_L$V$ S>hy„ hN¡f¡. Ap k„ep¡NL$pgu_ khp®Ðdcph_y„ hZ®_ R>¡.
rhâep¡NL$pgu_ khp®Ðdcphp_ych :
cNhp__p rhâep¡N_p¡ A_ych `Z c¼sp¡_¡ AhspfL$pm A_¡
104
A_hspfL$pm _p c¡v$\u b¡ âL$pf¡ \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. sv$_ykpf
1. AhspfL$pmdp„ c¼sp¡ S>¡V$gp¡ kde cNhp__p r_L$V$

_\u lp¡sp s¡V$gp¡ kde s¡d_¡ cNhp__p rhep¡N_p¡ A_ych
\sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡
2. A_hspfL$pmdp„ S>¡ c¼sp¡ S>¡V$gp¡ kde âcyk¡hpdp„ _\u
lp¡sp s¡V$gp - A_hkf_p kdedp„ A\hp sp¡ S>¡d_¡
cNhÐõhê$`k¡hp_p¡ Ahkf S> âpàs \ep¡ _ lp¡e s¡d_¡
cNhp__p rhep¡N_p¡ A_ych \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡.
cNhp__p k„ep¡N kde¡ k¡hp_¡ Äepf¡ rhep¡N kde¡ âcy_p

NyZNp__¡ î¡›$ dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. cNhrÜep¡Ndp„ âcy_p„ NyZNp_ L$f_pf
c¼s_u Apk[¼s Äepf¡ Qfd Ahõ\p `f `lp¢Qu Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_p dpV¡$
cNhp__p rh_p fl¡hy„ Ai¼é b_u S>sy„ lp¡e R>¡. `p¡sp_p rhfl¼g¡i_¡ L$pfZ¡
k„sá c¼s_p D`f L©$`p L$fu_¡ cNhp_¹ s¡_p ùv$edp„ âL$V$ \C Åe R>¡.
rhep¡Nphõ\pdp„ c¼s_p ùv$edp„ cNhp__p âpL$V$é_¡ S> "khp®Ðdcph'
L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. rhep¡N_u Ahõ\pdp„ c¼s_¡ Äepf¡ cNhp__y„
ApÞsfâpL$V$é _\u A_ychpsy„ Ðepf¡ s¡_¡ k„ep¡NL$pg S>¡hp¡ kh£[ÞÖep¡_p
cNrÜr_ep¡N_p¡ gpc âpàs \sp¡ _\u. cNhrÜfldp„ c¼s ¼epf¡L$ A¡hu
DÞdÑ Ahõ\pdp„ `Z `lp¢Qu S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ Äepf¡ s¡_¡ kh®Ó s\p `p¡sp_u
A„v$f `Z ""lz„ L©$óZ Ry>„'' A¡hu cNhp__u A_yc|rs \hp gpN¡ R>¡. cNhp__p
rsfp¡rls \C Nep `R>u cNhp__¡ ip¡û-ip¡û_¡ \pL$u lpfu Ne¡gp„ h°S>c¼sp¡
cNhp__y„ Äepf¡ NyZNp_ L$fhp„ gpÁep„ Ðepf¡ S>¡d â¡du L¡$ â¡rdL$p_¡ `fõ`fdp„
âbm Apk[¼s_¡ L$pfZ¡ A¡L$buÅ_p ApNd__u L¡$ D`[õ\rs _u c°dZp \su
lp¡e R>¡ s¡d h°S>c¼sp¡_¡ "Apk[¼sc°dÞepe'\u kh®Ó s\p A¡L$buÅ_u A„v$f
`Z cNhp__y„ v$i®_ \hp gpÁey„. (gp¥qL$L$ âk„Ndp„ \su Aphu A_yc|rs
c°dê$` lp¡e R>¡. c[¼sdp„ cNhp_¹ rhjeL$ Aphu A_yc|rs, `f„sy, e\p\® S>
lp¡e R>¡, cNhp__p c¼s_p cphp_yê$` õhê$` ^pfZ L$fu iL$hp_p kpdÕe®_¡
L$pfZ¡). Ap_p `qfZpd¡ h°S>cL¹$sp¡ A¡L$buÅ_¡ cNhp_¹ ÅZu_¡ cNhp_¡
L$f¡gu `|s_pdpfZpqv$ A_¡L$ gugpAp¡_y„ A_yL$fZ L$fhp„ gpÁep„. cNhrÜep¡Ndp„
\sp khp®Ðdcph_p¡ Ap `Z A¡L$ âL$pf R>¡.
105
kpQp¡ khp®Ðdcph sp¡ c[¼s\u \pe s¡ S> :
îucpNhsdp„ hZ®hpey„ R>¡ L¡$ DW$sp„-b¡ksp„ kysp„-ÅNsp„ Qpgsp„-
afsp„ v$f¡L$ kde¡ v$f¡L$ Ahõ\pdp„ îuL©$óZ_y„ S> tQs_ L$f_pfp L„$k_¡ kç`|Z®
S>Ns L©$óZde v¡$Mphp gpÁey„. Al] Ap`Z¡ L„$k_¡ `Z khp®Ðdcph_p S>¡hu
A_yc|rs \su Å¡C iL$uA¡ R>uA¡. L„$k_¡ \su A_yc|rs_¡, `f„sy, khp®Ðdcph
L$l¡h„y ep¡Áe _l] NZpe. L$pfZ L¡$ Ap`Z¡ `|h£ Å¡C Nep s¡ âdpZ¡ "cph'_p¡
A\® â¡d \pe R>¡. Ap ×rô$A¡ khp®Ðdcph_u A_yc|rsdp„ cNhp_dp„ â¡d
Ar_hpe®`Z¡ lp¡hp¡ Å¡BA¡. L„$k sp¡ cNhp__p¡ h¡fu lsp¡. s¡_¡ \e¡gu Aphu
A_yc|rs_y„ L$pfZ â¡d _ lp¡C Ü¡j L¡$ ce lsp¡.
dep®v$pdpN}e khp®Ðdcph :
khp®Ðdcph_u A_yc|rs S>¡d `yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ \su lp¡e R>¡ s¡d
dep®v$pdpN®dp„ `Z \suS> lp¡e R>¡. `yrô$c[¼sdpN}e s\p dep®v$pdpN}e
khp®Ðdcph hÃQ¡ saphs A¡V$gp¡ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ dep®v$pdpN}e khp®Ðdcphdp„ L¡$hm
ApÐdp\u A_¡ s¡ `Z b°ûp_Þv$_u A_yc|rs \su lp¡e R>¡; Äepf¡
`yrô$c[¼sdpN}e khp®Ðdcphdp„ bû B[ÞÖep¡ AÞs:L$fZ s\p ApÐdp\u
`Z cS>_p_Þv$_u A_yc|rs \pe R>¡. Ap S> L$pfZ R>¡ L¡$ `yrô$c[¼sdpN}e
khp®Ðdcph dep®v$pdpN}e khp®Ðdcph L$fsp„ î¡›$ NZpe R>¡.
c¼s_p cphp_ykpf khp®Ðdcph :

c¼sp¡ cNhp_dp„ AgN-AgN cphhpmp lpe¡ R>.¡ L$p¡BL$ k¿e, L$p¡BL$
iN„©pf, L$p¡BL$ hpÐkëe sp¡ L$p¡BL$ v$põe. S>¡ c¼sp¡ cNhp_dp„ S>h¡p cph\u Apk¼s
\pe R>¡ sh¡p âL$pf_p khpÐ®dcph_u A_c y r|s s¡ c¼sp_¡¡ \su lpe¡ R>.¡ Ap\u
`ryô$c[¼sdpN}e khpÐ®dcphdp„ rhrh^sp A_¡ kfksp `Z flg¡u R>.¡ Ap\u
rh`fus op_dpN}e khpÐ®dcph rhrh^spfrls A_¡ ipÞsfkpÐdL$ lpe¡ R>.¡
1.îugpg|cË$Æ rhfrQs âd¡efÐ_pZ®hdp„_p¡ R>Ì$p¡ "khp®Ðdcphrhh¡L$'.
2.îuhëgcpQpe® rhfrQs "r_fp¡^gnZd¹' N°Þ\.
3.Np¡. îuíepdd_p¡lfÆ rhfrQs "r_fp¡^gnZd¹' s\p "k¡hpagd¹' N°Þ\p¡_u c|rdL$p.
4.îuh¡v$ìepk rhfrQs îucpNhs`yfpZ_p¡ v$kdp¡ õL$Þ^.
***
106
7. `yrô$dpN}eagrhh¡L$
c¼s_u L$pd_p cNhp_¹ :
`yrô$c¼s_u L$pd_p_p¡ rhje L¡$hm cNhp_S> lp¡e R>¡. cNhp_¹
rkhpe AÞe L$p¡C `Z hõsy_u L$pd_p `yrô$c¼s_p d_dp„ lp¡C iL$su _\u.
Ap\u S> îuApQpe®QfZ¡ "`yrô$âhpldep®v$pc¡v$'N°Þ\_u A„v$f ""cNhp_¡h rl
agd¹'' L$lu_¡ cNhp__¡ S> `yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ amê$` dpÞep R>¡. c¼sp¡_u
d_p¡L$pd_p `|Z® L$fhpdpV¡$ cNhp_¹ c|sm D`f 1. õhê$`\u A_¡ 2. NyZ\u
Apd b¡ âL$pf¡ âL$V$ \sp„ lp¡e R>¡.
1. õhê$`\u âpL$V$é (= bpük„ep¡N) : v$i®_ hpsQus

õì® ¾$uX$p Apqv$ \C iL¡$ s¡hu fus¡ Äepf¡ cNhp_¹ c¼sp¡_p„
hÃQ¡ âL$V$ \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_¡ cNhp__y„ "õhê$`\u âpL$V$é'
\ey„ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
2. NyZ\u âpL$V$é (=ApÞsfk„ep¡N) : NyZNp_pqv$Üpfp
Äepf¡ cNhp_¹ c¼s_p ùv$edp„ âL$V$ \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_¡
cNhp__y„ "NyZ\u âpL$V$é' \ey„ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
Apd bÞ_¡ âL$pf¡ c|sm D`f \sp cNhp__p âpL$V¹$e$_¡ amê$` S>
dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. ApÞsf L¡$ bpü L$p¡C `Z âL$pf¡ Äepf¡ cNhp_¹ c¼sp¡_p
hÃQ¡ âL$V$ \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ c¼s `p¡sp_p v¡$l âpZ AÞs:L$fZ ApÐdp krls
`p¡sp_u bû B[ÞÖep¡hX¡$ cNhp__p õhê$`_p¡ Ap_Þv$p_ych L$fu iL¡$ R>¡.
c¼s_¡ Äepf¡ cNhp__p¡ rhep¡N lp¡e R>¡ Ðepf¡ c¼s_p ùv$edp„ âL$V$ \B_¡
cNhp_¹ s¡_¡ `p¡sp_p k„ep¡N_y„ kyM Ap`¡ R>¡ A_¡ Äepf¡ rhep¡N _\u lp¡sp¡
Ðepf¡ bpü âL$V$ õhê$`¡ k„ep¡NkyM Ap`sp lp¡e R>¡. Apd cNhp__p
rhep¡N(=NyZNp_) kde¡ ApÞsfâpL$V$é A_¡ k„ep¡N(=k¡hp) kde¡
bpüâpL$V$é _y„ Q¾$ Å¡ kss Qpgsy„ fl¡ sp¡ s¡_p\u h^y DÑd am c¼s_pdpV¡$
buSy>„ L$p„C lp¡C iL$sy„ _\u.
rÓrhâm :
Ap c|sm D`f Ap v¡$ldpV¡$ cNhp_¹ S> S>¡d `yrô$c¼sdpV¡$ amê$`
107
lp¡e R>¡ s¡d Ap v¡$l_p Ahkp_ `R>u `fgp¡L$dp„ `Z cNhp_¹ S> `yrô$c¼s_y„
am/gÿe lp¡e R>¡. "k¡hpag'_pd_p N°Þ\dp„ îuApQpe®QfZ¡ c¼s_¡ k¡hpdp„
âpàs \_pfp ÓZ amp¡_y„ r_ê$`Z L$ey¯ R>¡. s¡ A_ykpf :
1. Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®
2. kpeyÄe
3. h¥Ly„$W$pqv$ qv$ìegp¡L$dp„ k¡hp¡èp¡rNv¡$lâp[às
- Ap ÓZ amp¡ NZpìep„ R>¡. lh¡ Ap`Z¡ Ap ÓZ¡ amp¡_p kçbÞ^dp„

¾$di: rhQpf L$fuiy„.
Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe® :
`|h® âL$fZdp„ hZ®h¡g amr_fp¡^ ìek_p¡ÑfL©$sp\®sp s_y_hÒh L¡$
khp®Ðdcph _¡ S> k¡hpamdp„ "Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®' L$l¡hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. Ap am_u
âp[às c¼s_¡ Ap S> gp¡L$dp„ \su lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ Ap_¡ L$p¡C gp¥qL$L$am kdÆ _
b¡k¡ s¡ L$pfZ¡ Ap_¡ "Agp¥qL$L$' L$l¡hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. kpf A¡ S> R>¡ L¡$ Ap gp¡L$dp„
dmsy„ lp¡hp R>sp„ Ap am Agp¥qL$L$ S> lp¡e R>¡. dep®v$pdpN}e dy[¼s_u kp\¡ Å¡
`yrô$c[¼sdpN}e Ap am_u syg_p L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®_u
âp[às_¡ `yrô$c¼s_u ÆhÞdy[¼s L$lu iL$pe. B[ÞÖehp_¹ c¼s_p dpV¡$
Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®\u hû_¡ buSy>„ L$p¡C `Z am lp¡C _\u iL$sy„. S>¡ c¼s_¡, `f„sy,
Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®_u âp[às \su _\u s¡ `yrô$c¼sp¡_¡ cNhÐk¡hp_p agõhê$`
v¡$lphkp_ `R>u h¥Ly„$W$pqv$ cNhëgp¡L$p¡dp„ k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u A\hp sp¡
kpeyÄe_u âp[às \pe R>¡.
kpeyÄe :
`yfyjp¡Ñd îuL©$óZ_p õhê$`dp„ `yrô$c¼s_p rhge_¡ "kpeyÄe'
L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. kpeyÄe_¡ S> `yrô$c¼s_u rhv¡$ldy[¼s kdÆ iL$pe.
Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®_u syg_pdp„ kpeyÄe A¡ Np¥Z am R>¡. `fdpÐdp_u A„v$f rhge
\sp„ `|h£ v¡$l-B[ÞÖepqv$_p¡ `Z rhge `ÊQdlpc|sp¡dp„ \C S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u
S> v¡$l-B[ÞÖepqv$\u frls `yrô$Æh cNhp__p v$i®_-õì®-îhZpqv$_y„ kyM
âpàs L$fu iL$sp¡ _\u. Ap S> L$pfZ R>¡ kpeyÄe_¡ Np¥Z-Ady¿e am dp_hp_y„.
`yfyjp¡Ñd îuL©$óZ_y„ kpeyÄe `pd¡gp `yrô$c¼sp¡_¡ `Z, cNhp_¹ BÃR>¡ sp¡,
108
afu\u `p¡sp_p õhê$`dp„\u âL$V$ L$fu_¡ s¡d_¡ `p¡sp_p h¥Ly„$W$pqv$ qv$ìe-Agp¥qL$L$
^pdp¡dp„ qv$ìev¡$l Apù_¡ `p¡sp_u k¡hp_p¡ kyAhkf `y_: Apù iL¡$ R>¡. Å¡ Apd
_ \pe sp¡ `yrô$c¼s_¡ L¡$hm kpeyÄeê$` am S> âpàs \pe R>¡.
h¥Ly„$W$pqv$dp„ k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u âp[às :

S>¡ `yrô$c¼sp¡_¡ c|sg D`f Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®_u âp[às \C Åe R>¡
s¡Ap¡_¡ v¡$lphkp_ `R>u cNhp__p h¥Ly„$W$ hN¡f¡ qv$ìe gp¡L$p¡dp„ âcyk¡hp L$fu iL$hp
ep¡Áe qv$ìe-_|s_ ifuf_u âp[às \su lp¡e R>¡. Ap dy¿e am R>¡ A_¡ c|sg
D`f âpàs \e¡g Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®ê$` am_y„ S> A¡L$ buSy>„ ê$` R>¡. S>¡Ap¡_¡, `f„sy,
c|sg D`f Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®_u âp[às _\u \su s¡Ap¡_¡ h¥Ly„$W$pqv$dp„ âh¡iê$ù
Np¥Zam_u âp[às \su lp¡e R>¡.
k¡hpagN°Þ\p¡¼s amp¡dp„ L¡$V$guL$ buÆ `Z i¼espAp¡ fl¡gu R>¡.
sv$_ykpf, S>¡ c¼sp¡_¡ c|sg D`f Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®_u âp[às \C _\u lp¡su
s¡Ap¡_¡ -cNhp_¹ Å¡ kpeyÄe _\u Ap`sp sp¡ -Np¥Zamê$` k¡hp¡èp¡Nu
v¡$l_u âp[às \su lp¡e R>¡. Np¥Zamê$` k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u âp[às L$fphu_¡, Å¡
cNhp_¹ BÃR>¡ sp¡, s¡Ap¡_¡ dy¿eamê$` k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l `Z Ap`sp lp¡e R>¡.
_l] sp¡ Np¥Zam S>¡V$gp¡ S> Ar^L$pf s¡Ap¡_p¡ kdS>hp¡ Å¡BA¡. Ap S> âdpZ¡
S>¡ c¼sp¡_¡ cNhp_¹ kpeyÄe Ap`¡ R>¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ `Z `p¡sp_p õhê$`dp„\u âL$V$
L$fu_¡ ku^y„ dy¿eamê$` k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l Apù iL¡$ R>¡. A\hp sp¡ Np¥Zamê$`
k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l Apù_¡ `R>u dy¿eamê$` k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l Ap`¡ R>¡.
"k¡hpag'N°Þ\_p kÞv$c®dp„ rhQpf L$fsp„ _uQ¡ dyS>b âL$pfp¡
×rô$Np¡Qf \pe R>¡ :
1. Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe® • v¡$lphkp_ `R>u dy¿eamê$`
k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u âp[às.
2. Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe® âpàs _ \pe sp¡ v¡$lphkp_ `R>u
kpeyÄe_u âp[às. A_¡ Å¡ cNhp_¹ BÃR>¡ sp¡ Ðepf bpv$
Np¥Zamê$` k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u âp[às A_¡ A„s¡
dy¿eamê$` k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u âp[às.
3. Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe® âpàs _ \pe sp¡ v¡$lphkp_ `R>u
kpeyÄe A_¡ Å¡ cNhp_¹ BÃR>¡ sp¡ Ðepf bpv$ L¡$hm
109
Np¥Zamê$` k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u âp[às.
4. Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe® âpàs _ \pe sp¡ L¡$hm kpeyÄe_u âp[às.
5. Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe® âpàs _ \pe sp¡ Np¥Zamê$`
k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u âp[às A_¡ Ðepf bpv$ dy¿eamê$`
6. Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe® âpàs _ \pe sp¡ L¡$hm Np¥Zamê$`
Ap âdpZ¡ `yrô$c[¼sdpN}e amp¡_p¡ k¡hpag N°Þ\p¡¼s

Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®, kpeyÄe A_¡ h¥Ly„$W$pqv$dp„ k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u âp[às Ap ÓZ
amp¡_p õhê$` s\p s¡ amp¡ L$p¡_¡ dmu iL¡$ R>¡ s¡ bpbsdp„ âpQu_ ìep¿epL$pfp¡dp„
dsc¡v$ füp R>¡. s¡ dsc¡v$p¡_p¡ `Z ApR>p¡ ¿epg d¡mhu g¡hp¡ Å¡BA¡.
1. `yrô$`yrô$Æh_¡ â\d, dep®v$p`yrô$Æh_¡ rÜsue A_¡

âhpl`yrô$Æh_¡ s©sue Apd `yrô$Æh_u L$np âdpZ¡
dm_pfp„ Ap amp¡ R>¡.
2. ÓZ¡ amp¡ A_y¾$d¡ DÑd dÝed A_¡ kp^pfZ amp¡ R>¡.
3. â\d `yrô$c[¼s_y„ am R>¡. Äepf¡ AÞe b¡
dep®v$pc[¼s_p„ amp¡ R>¡.
4. kpeyÄe DÑd am R>¡. Äepf¡ AÞe b¡ DÑdam_u
ep¡ Á esp L¡ $ mhu Ap`_pfp„ - Ar^L$pfrkrÙê$`
AhpÞsfamp¡ R>¡.
5. â\d b¡ `yrô$c[¼s_p„ amp¡ R>¡. Äepf¡ ÓuSy>„
dep®v$pc[¼s_y„ am R>¡.
6. â\d ArsA„sf„Nk¡hp_y„, buSy>„ A„sf„Nk¡hp_y„ Äepf¡
ÓuSy>„ brlf„Nk¡hp_y„ am R>¡.
cNhp__u A_yc|rs_p A_¡L$ âL$pfp¡ lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡. cNhp_¡, `f„sy,

S>¡_¡ S>¡hp¡ cph Apàep¡ lp¡e sv$_ykpf cNhp__u A_yc|rs_p âL$pfp¡dp„ c¼sp¡_¡
amê$`sp S>Zpsu lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u am_u bpbsdp„ D`f S>¡ dsc¡v$p¡ S>ZpC
füp R>¡ s¡_y„ L$pfZ, AÞe L$p„C _l] `f„sy, c¼sp¡_u amfyrQ_u rcÞ_sp S>
kdS>hy„ Å¡BA¡.
110
Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c¼sp¡_¡ `Z k¡hpagp¡¼s am_u âp[às \C iL¡$ R>¡.
cNhp_¹ S>¡ Æh_¡ am_y„ v$p_ L$fhp BÃR>¡ R>¡ s¡_¡ L$ep kp^_Üpfp ¼epf¡ A_¡ L$ey„
am Ap`hy„ s¡ `l¡g¡\u S> _½$u L$fu fpMsp lp¡e R>¡. Ap_¡ A_y¾$d¡ kp^_hfZ,
S>ÞdhfZ A_¡ amhfZ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. AsA¡h Æh cNhp_¹Üpfp
B[ÃR>s kp^_ L$fu_¡ r_^p®qfs am_¡ r_^p®qfs S>Þddp„ âpàs L$fsp¡ lp¡e R>¡.
`yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ 1. NyZNp_`|h®L$ õhN©ldp„ s_yrhÑÅ k¡hp A\hp 2. L¡$hg
NyZNp_ Ap b¡ dy¿e kp^_p¡_y„ r_ê$`Z îuApQpe®QfZ¡ L$ey¯ R>¡.
NyZNp_k„ey¼s k¡hp A\hp L¡$hm NyZNp_ Üpfp âcydp„ A_y¾$d¡ â¡d Apk[¼s
A_¡ ìek_ L¡$mhu_¡ `yrô$c[¼sdpN} k¡hpag N°Þ\p¡¼s am_¡ `p¡sp_u ep¡Áesp
A_ykpf âpàs L$fu iL¡$ R>¡.
`yrô$dpN® A¡ L©$`p_p¡ dpN® R>¡. AsA¡h, Al] kyû `yrô$dpN}e kp^_
A_¡ amp¡ _y„ S>¡ r_ê$`Z L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡ s¡dp„ âcy_u rhi¡j L©$`php_
`yrô$Æhp¡_p¡ S> Ar^L$pf kdS>hp¡ Å¡BA¡. âcyL©$`prhlu_ Æhp¡_p¡ sp¡ Ap
dpN®dp„ âh¡i `Z i¼e _\u lp¡sp¡.
`|hp£¼s amp¡_u A_yc|rs sp¡ `yrô$c[¼sdpN}_¡ cNhp_¹ L$fph¡ Ðepf¡ S>
\C iL$su lp¡e R>¡ `f„sy, am_u A_yc|rs L$fhp ep¡Áe `p¡sp_¡ b_phhpdpV¡$
c¼s¡ cph_u S>¡ Ahõ\p kp^_pQfZÜpfp âpàs L$fhp_u lp¡e R>¡ s¡_¡
kçâv$pedp„ "r_fp¡^' _pd\u Ap¡mMhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. AsA¡h, âpk„rNL$
lp¡hp\u r_fp¡^_p k„b„^dp„ k„rnàs rhQpf L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
r_fp¡^ :
c¼s Äepf¡ S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ S>Ns¹-â`ÊQ_¡ c|gu S>B_¡ cNhp_dp„
`|Z®`Z¡ Apk¼s(sÞde) b_u Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡ c¼s_p¡ cNhp_dp„ "r_fp¡^'
\ep¡ L$l¡hpe R>¡. (r_=rhi¡jê$`\u L¡$ k„`|Z®`Z¡. fp¡^=fp¡L$, fyL$phV$, O¡fp¡,
AV$L$ph ) Vy„$L$dp„ L$l¡hy„ lp¡e sp¡ â`ÊQrhõd©rs`|h®L$ cNhv$pk[¼s A¡V$g¡ r_fp¡^.
ep¡NdpN®dp„ `Z r_fp¡^_y„ r_ê$`Z L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. Ðep„, `f„sy,

L¡$hm rQÑh©rÑAp¡_p r_fp¡^_u S> hps R>¡. L¡$hm rQÑh©rÑ_p r_fp¡^_¡
`yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ `|Z® _\u d_psp¡. `yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ sp¡ v¡$l B[ÞÖe âpZ d_
byrÙ Al„L$pf rQÑ ApÐdp s\p ApÐdue AÞe hõsy A_¡ õhS>_p¡ `Z
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âcyk¡hp-õdfZdp„ Å¡X$pC Åe s¡_¡ r_fp¡^ dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
r_fp¡^ c¼s_p¡ A_¡ cNhp__p¡ `Z :

c¼s S>¡d S>Ns_¡ c|gu_¡ cNhp_dp„ Apk¼s b_u S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡
s¡d cNhp__p `Z c¼sdp„ Apk¼s \sp lp¡hp_p A_¡L$ âk„Np¡
c[¼sip÷p¡dp„ ârkÙ R>¡ S>. cNhp_¡ Nuspdp„ ASy>®__¡ L$üy„ R>¡ :
""S>¡ c¼sp¡ d_¡ â¡d`|h®L$ cS>¡ R>¡ s¡Ap¡ dpfpdp„ R>¡ A_¡
lz„ s¡Ap¡dp„ Ry>„''.(Nusp 9 - 29)
cNhp__p Ap L$\_\u kdÆ iL$pe R>¡ L¡$ c¼s S>¡d cNhp_dp„

r_fyÙ \pe R>¡ s¡d cNhp_¹ `Z c¼sdp„ r_fyÙ \pe R>¡.
r_fp¡^_p L$pfZ-õhê$`-L$pe®-âep¡S>_ :
r_fp¡^_y„ L$pfZ : cNhp__p c¼sp¡dp„ A_¡ c¼sp¡_p cNhp_dp„
sÞde b_u S>hp_u L$\p cpNhs_p v$idõL$Þ^dp„ "r_fp¡^gugp'ê$`¡ hrZ®s
\C R>¡. h°S>dp„ âL$V$ \B_¡ cNhp_¡ h°S>c¼sp¡_u kp\¡ A¡hu-A¡hu qv$ìe
gugpAp¡ L$fu L¡$ S>¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ s¡Ap¡ kysp„ ÅNsp„, Qpgsp„, hpsQus L$fsp„, fds-
Nçds L$fsp„, õ_p_ L$fsp„ L¡$ cp¡S>_ L$fsp„ `Z buSy>„ b^y„ c|gu_¡ L¡$hm
cNhp_dp„ S> s‰u_ fl¡hp„ gpÁep„. s¡Ap¡ S>Ns-â`ÊQ_¡ c|gu S>B_¡
îuL©$óZdp„ A_Þecph\u Apk¼s b_u Nep„. hpÐkëecphhpmp _Þv$-
eip¡v$pÆ, k¿ecphhpmp Np¡`bpmL$p¡, dp^ye®cphhpmp„ Np¡r`L$pAp¡ _u Aphu
S> Nrs \B. cNhp__p rhep¡N kde¡ s¡Ap¡_y„ ifuf sp¡ e„Ó_u dpaL$ `p¡sp_y„
L$pe® L$fsy„ Åe `Z d_ îuL©$óZdp„ S> gpÁey„ fl¡. h°S>_p sp¡ ìy-`nu-h©n-
`h®s s¡dS> _v$u _u `Z Aphu S> [õ\rs \C NB.
Ap S>Nsdp„ cNhp__u S>¡hu gugpAp¡_p L$pfZ¡ c¼s â`ÊQ_¡ c|gu

S>B_¡ cNhp_dp„ A_Þecph\u Apk¼s \C S>sp¡ lp¡e cNhp__u s¡ gugp
c¼s_p cNhp_dp„ r_fyÙ \hp_y„ "L$pfZ' dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. AhspfL$pmdp„ sp¡
cNhp_¹ `p¡sp_p âL$V$ õhê$` A_¡ gugp Üpfp c¼s_¡ `p¡sp_pdp„ Apk¼s b_phu
v¡$sp lp¡e R>¡. A_hspfL$pmdp„, `f„sy, A¡ i¼e _\u lp¡sy„. Apd R>sp„
`yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ sp¡ k¡hp\£ Ofdp„ rbfpS>dp_ cNhÐõhê$`_¡ cNhp__p¡
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kpnps¹ Ahspf S> kdS>hpdp„ Aphsp„ lp¡hp\u A_hspfL$pm lp¡hp R>sp„ `Z
õhN©ldp„ L$fhpdp„ Aphsu cNhÐk¡hp_¡ `yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ cNh‰ugp_u âÐen
A_yc|rs S> dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. `yrô$c[¼sdpN} S>¡ c¼sp¡_¡ õhN©ldp„
cNhÐk¡hp L$fhp_y„ kp¥cpÁe âpàs \pe R>¡ s¡Ap¡_p dpV¡$ S>¡V$gp¡ kde s¡Ap¡
cNhÐkçdyM lp¡e R>¡ s¡V$gp¡ kde âL$V$gugpÐdL$ cNhÐk¡hp s¡d_p
cNhp_dp„ r_fp¡^_y„ L$pfZ b_su lp¡e R>¡ Äepf¡ L¡$ k¡hp_p A_hkfdp„ õhk¡ìe
cNhp__p„ NyZNp_ A¡ s¡d_p cNhp_dp„ r_fp¡^_y„ L$pfZ b_sp„ lp¡e R>¡.
S>¡Ap¡_¡, `f„sy, Aphy„ kp¥cpÁe âpàs \sy„ _\u s¡Ap¡ âcy_p L¡$hm NyZNp_Üpfp
`Z âcydp„ r_fyÙ \C iL¡$ R>¡. Ap hps_y„ r_ê$`Z îuApQpe®QfZ¡
"c[¼shr^®_u'_pd_p N°Þ\dp„ L$ey¯ R>¡. A_hspfL$pmdp„ cNhp_¹ âL$V$ _ lp¡hp
R>sp„ `Z cNhp__p NyZp¡_y„ A¡hy„ dplpÐçe lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ NyZNp_ L$f_pf c¼s
cNhp_dp„ r_fyÙ \C S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. A\p®s¹ cNhp__p NyZp¡_p L$us®_\u `Z
â`ÊQ-S>Ns_y„ rhõdfZ A_¡ cNhv$pk[¼s kygc \C S>sp„ lp¡e R>¡.
r_fp¡^_y„ õhê$` : r_fp¡^_p L$pfZ_¡ kdÆ gu^p `R>u r_fp¡^_p
õhê$`_u bpbsdp„ rhi¡j L„$C L$l¡hp`Ï„ fl¡sy„ _\u. S>Ns-â`ÊQ_¡ `|Z®`Z¡
c|gu S>B_¡ cNhp_dp„ A_Þe cph\u Apk¼s b_u S>hy„ s¡ S> r_fp¡^_y„
õhê$`(Ap¡mM) R>¡.
r_fp¡^_y„ L$pe® : L$pfZ A_¡ õhê$` _¡ kdÆ gu^p bpv$ r_fp¡^_y„ L$pe®
A¡V$g¡ L¡$ s¡_u Akf / ârsr¾$ep_¡ `Z ÅZu g¡hu Å¡BA¡.
r_fp^¡_u Akf cNhv$¹ìe$k_ lpe¡ R>.¡ S>¡ c¼s cNhp_dp„ r_fÙ y \C
Åe R>¡ AV¡$g¡ L$¡ â`ÊQ_¡ rhkfu S>B_¡ cNhv$pk¼s \C Åe R>¡ s_¡¡ cNhp__p
ke„pN¡ A_¡ rhepN¡ _u A_c y r|s suhs°p\u \hp gpN¡ R>.¡ hS°>c¼spd¡pV$¡
îucpNhsdp„ L$l¡hpe„y R>¡ L$¡ Npep_¡¡ QfphhpdpV$¡ h_dp„ `^pfg¡p îuL$©óZ_p„ v$i®_
rh_p hS°>(NpL¡$ym)dp„ flg¡p„ _Þv$-eipv¡$p sd¡S> Np`¡uAp¡ _¡ AL¡$-AL¡$ `m kp-¡
kp¡ eNy S>h¡X$u gpNsu lsu. h_dp\„u Npep¡ Qfphu_¡ cNhp_¹ Äepf¡ `pR>p hS°>dp„
`^pfsp Ðepf¡ sd¡_p„ v$i®_ L$fu_¡ sd¡_¡ `fd Ap_Þv$ \sp.¡ hS°>c¼sp_¡u Ap
Ahõ\p_¡ "c[¼shr^_®u'NÞ°\dp„ "ìek_-Ahõ\p' L$l¡hpC R>.¡ r_fp^¡_„y õhê$`
k`„Þ_ \sp„ S> r_fp^¡_u Akf A\ps®¹ ìek_v$ip v$¡Mphp gpNsu lpe¡ R>.¡ s\¡u
S> cNhp__p ke„pN¡ kde¡ `fdp_Þv$_u A_c | r|s A_¡ AL¡$ nZ `Z
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cNhrÜepN¡_¡ kl_ _ L$fu iL$hy„ A¡ r_fp^¡_„y L$pe® dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>.¡
AhspfL$pmdp„ cNhp_¹ S>¡V$gp¡ kde h°S>(Np¡Ly$m)dp„ fl¡sp s¡V$gp¡

kde _Þv$-eip¡v$p s\p Np¡ùAp¡ _¡ cNhp__p k„ep¡N_¡ L$pfZ¡ `fdp_Þv$_u
A_yc|rs \su lsu. A_¡ cNhp_¹ Äepf¡ h_dp„ Npep¡ QfphhpdpV¡$ `^pfsp
Ðepf¡ s¡d_¡ cNhp__p suh° rhep¡N_u A_yc|rs \hp gpNsu lsu.
A_hspfL$pmdp„ cNhÐk¡hp_p¡ Ahkf A¡ cNhp__p k„ep¡N_u A_yc|rs R>¡
s\p A_hkf A¡ rhep¡N_u A_yc|rs R>¡. Ap\u r_fp¡^_p L$pe®ê$` ìek_v$ip_p¡
A_ych c¼sp¡_¡ AhspfL$pm_u dpaL$ A_hspfL$pmdp„ `Z \sp¡S> lp¡e R>¡.
r_fp¡^_y„ âep¡S>_ : k¡hpagN°Þ\dp„ hZ®h¡g Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe® kpeyÄe

A_¡ h¥Ly„$W$pqv$dp„ k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u e\pep¡Áe âp[às \hu A¡ S> r_fp¡^_y„
âep¡S>_ dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡, A_hspfL$pmdp„. AhspfL$pmdp„ sp¡ cNhp_¹
`p¡sp_u d_p¡lpfu gugpAp¡ s¡ S> qv$ìe õhê$` Üpfp c¼sp¡_¡ khp®Ðdcph âv$p_
L$fsp lp¡e R>¡. S>¡ c¼sp¡_¡ cNhp__p s¡hp k„ep¡N_y„ kyM âpàs \sy„ _\u lp¡sy„
s¡Ap¡_¡ cNhp_¹ kpeyÄedy[¼s A\hp sp¡ Apîecphp`rÑ âv$p_ L$f¡ R>¡.
(k¡hpagdp„ S>¡ am_¡ ""h¥Ly„$W$pqv$dp„ k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u âp[às''_pd Ap`hpdp„
Apìey„ R>¡ s¡_¡ S> îucpNhsdp„ "Apîecphp`rÑ' L$l¡hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.)
â`ÊQrhõd©rs`|h®L$ cNhv$pk[¼sê$` r_fp¡^_p L$pfZ, L$pe®, õhê$`

A_¡ âep¡S>_ _p¡ rhQpf L$ep® `R>u lh¡ kp^_r_fp¡^ A_¡ amr_fp¡^ _u
bpbsdp„ `Z rhQpf L$fu g¡hp¡ Å¡BA¡.
kp^_r_fp¡^ :
r_fp¡^_u kp^_ê$`sp AhspfL$pm A_¡ A_hspfL$pm _p c¡v$\u
rcÞ_ rcÞ_ lp¡e R>¡.
AhspfL$pm : c|sm D`f âL$V$ \B_¡ c¼sp¡_p hÃQ¡ \su cNhÐ¾$uX$p

AhspfL$pmdp„ kp^_r_fp¡^ NZpe R>¡. A\p®s¹ c¼sp¡_p¡ cNhp_dp„ r_fp¡^
\hpdp„ kp^_ê$` NZpe R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ AhspfL$pmdp„ cNhp__p rhep¡N
kde¡ c¼sp¡_y„ cNhp__p NyZNp_dp„ s‰u_ \C S>hy„ s¡ `Z kp^_r_fp¡^
NZpe R>¡. k„n¡`dp„ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ k„ep¡Ndp„ cNhÐ¾$uX$p A_¡ rhep¡Ndp„
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cNhv¹$Ny$ZNp_ A¡ AhspfL$pmdp„ r_fp¡^_u rkrÙ \hp dpV¡$_p
kp^_(kp^_r_fp¡^) NZpe R>¡.
A_hspfL$pm : c¼sp¡_p¡ cNhp_dp„ r_fp¡^ rkÙ \hpdpV¡$
A_hspfL$pmdp„ cNhÐ¾$uX$p_y„ õ\p_ c¼s_p Ofdp„ L$fhpdp Aphsu
îuL©$óZ_u s_yrhÑÅ k¡hp gC g¡ R>¡. A\p®s¹ A_hspfL$pmdp„ s_yrhÑÅ
k¡hp A¡ c¼s_¡ â`ÊQ_u rhõd©rs L$fphu_¡ cNhv$pk[¼s L$fphhp_y„
kp^_(kp^_r_fp¡^) NZpe R>¡. S>¡ c¼sp¡_¡ cNhÐk¡hp L$fhp_y„ kp¥cpÁe
âpàs \sy„ _\u s¡hp rhep¡Nu c¼sp¡dpV¡$ cNhëgugp-õhê$`-NyZ-_pd_y„
îhZ-õdfZ-L$us®_ kp^_r_fp¡^ NZpe R>¡.
amr_fp¡^ :
AhspfL$pm lp¡e L¡$ A_hspfL$pm r_fp¡^_u amphõ\p sp¡ bÞ_¡dp„
kdp_ S> lp¡e R>¡. gugp, NyZNp_, s_yrhÑÅ k¡hp L¡$ îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ
Üpfp c¼s Äepf¡ S>Ns_¡ c|gu S>B_¡ cNhp_dp„ A_Þeê$`\u Apk¼s b_u
Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_¡ r_fp¡^_u agphõ\p L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. c[¼sdpN}e kdõs
kp^_p¡_p¡ kpf r_fp¡^_u rkrÙdp„ fl¡gp¡ R>¡. r_fp¡^_u rkrÙ \sp„ S> c¼s_¡
dp_kuk¡hp, ìek_, khp®Ðdcph, s_y_hÒh, Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®, kpeyÄe,
k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l hN¡f¡_p ê$`dp„ c[¼sdpN}e amp¡_u A_yc|rs \hp gpN¡ R>¡.
c¼sp¡_p cphp_yê$` gugp :
cNhp__p c¼sp¡ spdk fpS>k kp[ÒhL$ r_Ny®Z S>¡hp rhrcÞ_
cphp¡hpmp lp¡e R>¡. v$f¡L$ cphhpmp c¼sp¡ cNhp_dp„ r_fyÙ \C iL¡$ A_¡
s¡Üpfp `yrô$c[¼sdpN}e am_¡ âpàs L$fu iL¡$ s¡dpV¡$ cNhp_¹ c¼sp¡_p cph_p
A_yê$` s¡d_u kp\¡ ¾$uX$p L$f¡ R>¡ A¡ cpNhs_p Ahgp¡L$_\u kdS>dp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
Al] A¡L$ hps Ýep_dp„ fpMhu Å¡BA¡ L¡$ c¼sp¡_y„ kp[ÒhL$pqv$ cphp¡hpmp lp¡h„y
A_¡ c[¼s_y„ kp[ÒhL$pqv$ lp¡hy„ A¡ b¡dp„ OZp¡ saphs lp¡e R>¡.(c[¼s_p
kp[ÒhL$pqv$ âL$pfp¡_y„ hZ®_ "`yrô$âh¡i-2'dp„ `©›$ k„.49-53 D`f L$fhpdp„
Apìey„ R>¡.) `yrô$c¼sp¡Üpfp L$fhpdp„ Aphsu c[¼s sp¡ kh®\p r_Ny®Z A¡V$g¡ L¡$
r_óL$pd-r_óL$`V$ S> lp¡e R>¡. õhe„ c¼sp¡, `f„sy, kp[ÒhL$pqv$ cphp¡hpmp lp¡C
iL¡$ R>¡. cNhp_¹ Äepf¡ c|sm D`f Ahsf¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ `yrô$c¼sp¡_p
kp[ÒhL$pqv$cphp¡_¡ AÞe L$p¡C kp^_pQfZÜpfp bv$ghp_¡ õ\p_¡ `p¡s¡ c¼sp¡_p
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cphp¡_p A_yê$` rhrh^ ¾$uX$pAp¡ L$fsp lp¡e R>¡. `p¡sp_p cphp_yê$` cNhp__u
¾$uX$pAp¡_p A_ych\u rhrcÞ_ cphp¡hpmp c¼sp¡_p¡ r_fp¡^ cNhp_dp„
S>ëv$ u \u \C Åe R>¡ . îuApQpe® Q fZ rhfrQs cpNhs_u
"kybp¡r^_u'ìep¿epdp„ r_ê$r`s rhrcÞ_ cphp¡hpmp c¼sp¡_y„, s¡d_p cphp¡_p
A_yê$` cNhp__u gugpAp¡_y„ s¡dS> s¡ gugpAp¡_p L$pfZ¡ c¼sp¡_p cphp¡dp„
Aphsp `qfhs®__y„ hZ®_ A¡L$ hMs k„n¡`dp„ kdÆ g¡hp\u Ap bpbs rhi¡j
õ`ô$ \C S>i¡.
- cNhp_¡ Äepf¡ hp„kmu hNpX$u Ðepf¡ s¡ kp„cmu_¡ ip÷

s\p gp¡L$ dep®v$p_p Aop__¡ L$pfZ¡ h°S>c¼sp¡ gp¡L$h¡v$_u
bû dep®v$pAp¡_¡ sp¡X$u_¡ cNhp__u `pk¡ h_dp„ v$p¡X$u Apìep„.
- îueip¡v$pÆ dl¡dp_p¡_u ApNsp-õhpNspdp„ s‰u_ b_u
S>B_¡ cNhp__¡ c|gu Nep„. cNhp_¹ c|M_¡ L$pfZ¡ fX$hp
gpÁep R>sp„ fX$hp_p¡ AhpS> îueip¡v$pÆ kp„cmu _ i¼ep„.
- cNhp__p Agp¥qL$L$ õhê$`_p Aop__p L$pfZ¡ h°S>c¼sp¡
cNhp__¡ `p¡sp_p S>¡hp S> kpdpÞe d_yóe kdS>sp„ lsp„.
Aop_, Bóep®, Apmk hN¡f¡ sdp¡NyZ_y„ L$pe® NZpe R>¡. h°S>c¼sp¡_p
`|hp£¼s gnZp¡ s¡d_p spdkcph_¡ âL$V$ L$f¡ R>¡. cNhp_¡ NpXy„$ D\gphu_¡,
dyMdp„ b°ûpÎX$_y„ v$i®_ L$fphu_¡, Akyfp¡_¡ dpfu_¡ s¡dS> Aphu A_¡L$
gugpAp¡Üpfp h°S>c¼sp¡_p spdkcph_¡ v|$f L$ep£.
fpS>k : Q„Qmsp L¡$ ipfuqfL$-dp_rkL$ Aip[Þs A¡ fÅ¡NyZ_y„ L$pe®
NZpe R>¡. cNhp__p d\yfp `^pfu S>hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ h°S>c¼sp¡_p s_-d_
AipÞs b_u Nep„ lsp„. cNhp_¡ DÙhÆ_p dpÝed\u h°S>c¼sp¡_¡ k„v¡$ip¡
dp¡L$ëep¡. cNhp__p k„v¡$i\u h°S>c¼sp¡_¡ A¡ hps_y„ op_ \ey„ L¡$ cNhp_¹ sp¡
b^p_p ApÐdpdp„ AÞsep®du õhê$`¡ rbfpS>¡ S> R>¡. cNhp__p¡ rhep¡N L$p¡B_¡
`Z ¼epf¡ `Z lp¡C iL$sp¡ _\u. h°S>c¼sp¡_p¡ fpS>kcph v|$f \ep¡. s¡d_p¡
DÜ¡N ipÞs \ep¡.
kp[ÒhL$ : fpS>kcph_p v|$f \hp\u h°S>c¼sp¡ kp[ÒhL$ bÞep„.
DÙhÆA¡ D`v¡$i¡g op_ s¡d_u byrÙdp„ [õ\f \C S>hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ S> Äepf¡
116
Ly$fyn¡Ódp„ afu\u s¡Ap¡_p¡ d¡mp` îuL©$óZ_u kp\¡ \ep¡ Ðepf¡ s¡dZ¡ h°S>dp„ `pR>p
`^pfhp_u âp\®_p îuL©$óZ_¡ _ L$fu. s¡dZ¡ sp¡ dpÓ A¡V$gu S> âp\®_p L$fu L¡$
A¡d_y„ d_ ¼epf¡e îuL©$óZ\u v|$f _ Åe.
r_Ny®Z : kÒhNyZ `Z Äepf¡ r_h©Ñ \C Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡ r_Ny®Z
Ahõ\p_u âp[às \pe R>¡. h°S>c¼sp¡_p kÒhNyZ_u r_h©rÑ \sp„ s¡Ap¡ r_Ny®Z
Ahõ\p_¡ âpàs \ep„. s¡Ap¡ cNhÞde b_u Nep„. r_Ny®Zphõ\p_u âp[às
\ep `R>u cNhp__u r_Ðegugpdp„ âp[às \pe R>¡.
_h^pc[¼s :
Ap`Z¡ D`f Å¡ey„ s¡ âdpZ¡ cNhp_¹ `p¡s¡ S> h°S>c¼sp¡_p kp^_
b_u Nep. A\p®s¹ `p¡sp_p spdkpqv$ cphp¡_¡ v|$f L$fhpdpV¡$ S>¡ kp^_p¡-D`pep¡
h°S>c¼sp¡A¡ L$fhp Å¡Bsp lsp s¡ kp^_p¡ s¡d_pÜpfp L$fpìep rh_p S> cNhp_¡
h°S>c¼sp¡_p spdkpqv$cphp¡_¡ v|$f L$fu_¡ s¡d_¡ r_Ny®Zsp âpàs L$fphu Apù.
Ap L$\p, `f„sy, AhspfL$pm_u R>¡. A_hspfL$pm A\p®s¹ hs®dp_dp„ sp¡
cNhv¹$c$¼sp¡A¡ âpàs cNhÐL©$`p_¡ khp£ÃQ amâp[às kyû rhL$kphhpdpV¡$
e\pr_qv®$ô$ kp^_p L$fhp_u lp¡e S> R>¡.
ApQpe® Q fZ¡ r_fy ` pr^L$ (r_óL$pd-r_óL$`V$) c[¼s_¡
`yrô$c[¼sdpN}e kp^_p_p ê$`dp„ õhuL$pfu R>¡. ip÷dp„ hZ®h¡g dplpÐçe_p
op_`|h®L$ cNhp_dp„ \_pfp r_óL$pd ky×Y$ A_¡ khp®r^L$ õ_¡l_¡ "c[¼s'
L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. ip÷hrZ®s cNhp__p dplpÐçe_y„ op_ \hp\u cNhv¹$ê$`,
cNhv¹$Ny$Z, cNhÞ_pd, cNhëgugp s\p cNhëgugpõ\mp¡ âÐe¡ rhi¡j
Apv$f s\p â¡d cph ÅN©s \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. c[¼s_y„ dy¿e `pk„y r_óL$pd ky×Y$
A_Þe khp®r^L$ õ_¡l lp¡e R>¡. d_dp„ õ_¡l âL$V$ \C Nep¡ lp¡e `f„sy Å¡ s¡_u
Arcìe[¼s _ \pe sp¡ s¡hp¡ õ_¡l-cph d_dp„ S> `X$ép¡-`X$ép¡ fy„^pC S>sp¡
lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u S> c¼s_p d_dp„ fl¡gp cNhÐõ_¡l_¡ Arcìe¼s L$fhp_p¡
D`pe ip÷dp„ _h^pc[¼s_pê$`dp„ bsphhpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. sv$_ykpf:
1. îhZ 2. L$us®_ 3. õdfZ
4. `pv$k¡h_ 5. AQ®_ 6. h„v$_
7. v$põe 8. k¿e9. ApÐdr_h¡v$_
_¡ _h^pc[¼s kdS>hu Å¡BA¡. ip÷p¡¼s _h^pc[¼s_p¡ kdph¡i
117
îuApQpe®QfZ¡ `yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ L$\p`n A_¡ k¡hp`ndp„ L$ep£ R>¡. L$\p`n_¡
S> "_pdk¡hp' "_pdfrs' L¡$ "NyZNp_' ê$`¡ `Z Ap¡mMhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
L$\p`ndp„ cNhëgugp-õhê$`-NyZ-_pdp¡_p îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ L$fhp_p¡
D`v¡$i L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. L$\p`ndp„, Ap\u, _h^pc[¼sdp„_u â\d ÓZ
•îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ• c[¼s_p¡ kdph¡i \C Åe R>¡. k¡hp`n_p 1. bpü
A_¡ 2. ApÞsf Apd b¡ âL$pfp¡ lp¡e R>¡. k¡hp_p bpü`ndp„ `pv$k¡h_, AQ®_
A_¡ h„v$_ L$fhp_p¡ D`v¡$i R>¡. Äepf¡ ApÞsf`ndp„ v$põe, k¿e A_¡
ApÐdr_h¡v$__p¡ D`v¡$i R>¡. Apd õhê$`k¡hp_p `ndp„ _h^pc[¼sdp„_u
bpL$u_u R> c[¼s_p¡ kdph¡i \C Åe R>¡. ip÷p¡¼s _h^pc[¼s A_¡
îuApQpe®QfZp¡¼s k¡hp-L$\p[ÐdL$pc[¼s _p D`fp¡¼s kdÞhe_¡ A^p¡r_qv®$ô$
kpfZu_u klpesp\u kfmsp\u kdÆ iL$pi¡.
_h^pc[¼s
L$\p`n/_pdfrs / _pdk¡hp / NyZNp_
k¡hp`n / s_yrhÑÅk¡hp
îhZ L$us®_ õdfZ
bpü ApÞsf
`pv$k¡h_ AQ®_ h„v$_
v$põe k¿e ApÐdr_h¡v$_
kpdpÞe fus¡ Ah¡y„ Åh¡pdp„ Aphs„y lpe¡ R>¡ L$¡ kp^pfZL$np_p gpL¡$p¡
Äepf¡ dÞÓS>`, L$\pîhZ, kh¡p-`Å | , su\e®pÓp, s`íQep® L$¡ L$us_® L$fsp
lpe¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ \pX¡$p kdedp„ S> sA
¡ p_¡y„ d_ cV$L$hp gpNs„y lpe¡ R>.¡ \pL$, sÞÖp-
r_Öp L$¡ L$„V$pmp _p¡ `Z A_c y h \sp¡ lpe¡ R>.¡ A_¡ ¼epfL¡$ sp¡ Ap b^p L$pfZ¡
¾$p¡^pqv$ spdkcphp¡ `Z âL$V$ \C S>sp lpe¡ R>.¡ `ps¡p_p õhcph_¡ A_Ly$|m
dpN® _ A`_phhp,¡ A_r^L$pfQô¡$p, Aop_, dpNv®$i®__p¡ Acph, kN„v$p¡j
S>h¡p A_L¡$ L$pfZp¡ rkhpe Aph„y \hp_„y AL¡$ âdM y L$pfZ d_pe¡pN¡_p¡ Acph
118
`Z lpe¡ S> R>.¡ ifuf\u S>¡ L$pe® gh¡pdp„ Aphs„y lpe¡ s¡ L$ped®p„ Å¡ d__¡ `Z
bryÙ`h|L®$ ÅX¡$hpdp„ _ Aph¡ sp¡ `h|p¼£s ârsr¾$epAp¡ \hu AÐeÞs õhpcprhL$
b_u Åe R>.¡ _pdkh¡p L$¡ õhê$`kh¡p `Z Å¡ L$¡hm r¾$epÐdL$ b_u Åe sp¡ sd¡p„
`Z `h|p¼£s A_L¡$ rhL$©rsAp¡ Aphu S>hp_u i¼espAp¡ flg¡u R>¡ S>. Apd _
\pe s¡ dpV$¡ _pdkh¡p s\p õhê$`kh¡p L$fsp-„L$fsp„ kh¡L$, kì¡eõhê$`, gugp,
kh¡p, kh¡põ\m, kh¡p`¡epN¡u kpdNu° hNf¡_¡p Agpq¥L$L$-gugpÐdL$ õhê$`_„y
rQÞs_=cph_pAp¡ L$fhp_p¡ D`v$¡i `Z îuApQpeQ®fZ¡ kph^p_u `h|L®$
L$epS£> R>.¡
cph_p :
1. õhê$`cph_p
2. gugpcph_p
3. cphcph_p
• Apd cph_p_p ÓZ âL$pfp¡ kçâv$pedp„ D`qv$ô$ \ep R>¡.
õhê$`cph_p : k¡ìe cNhÐõhê$` k„b„û rQÞs_ /

Ýep__¡ "õhê$`cph_p' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
gugpcph_p : k¡hp_u r¾$epAp¡ (âcy_¡ S>Nphhp, õ_p_-

i©„Npf L$fhp, `p¡Y$pX$hp hN¡f¡)dp„ L$fhp_p `yrô$`yfyjp¡Ñd
cNhp_¹ îuL©$óZ_u qv$ìe h°S>gugpAp¡_p rQÞs__¡
"gugpcph_p' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
cphcph_p : h°S>c¼sp¡_p ùv$edp„ âcy âÐe¡ S>¡hp Agp¥qL$L$

cphp¡ lsp s¡hp cphp¡_p rQÞs_ / Ýep__¡
cph(_u)cph_p L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡ âL$pf_p cphp¡
Ap`Zp ùv$edp„ ÅN¡ s¡dpV¡$ h°S>c¼sp¡_p cphp¡_¡
Arcìe¼s L$f_pfp„ c¼sp¡_p„ `v$p¡-L$us®_p¡_¡ Nphp„,
îucpNhspqv$ ip÷p¡dp„ hrZ®s h°S>c¼sp¡_p õhê$`-QqfÓ_y„
AhNpl_ L$fhy„, cNhp_¹ A_¡ h°S>c¼sp¡ _p
r_hpkõ\p_ê$` h°S>c|rddp„ h°S>c¼sp¡_u kp\¡ cNhp_¡
L$f¡gu gugpAp¡_y„ cph_ L$fhy„ s¡_¡ `Z cph(_u)cph_p
119
L$lu iL$pe R>¡. `yrô$c¼sp¡dpV¡$ h°S>c¼sp¡ Apv$i®-Nyfyê$`
NZpe R>¡. h°S>c¼sp¡_p ùv$edp„ îuL©$óZdpV¡$ S>¡hp Agp¥qL$L$
rhrcÞ_ cphp¡ lsp s¡hp cphp¡ Ap`Zp ùv$edp„ ×Y$ \ep
lp¡e L¡$ _l] s¡d R>sp„ s¡ cphp¡_u cph_p `yrô$c¼sp¡Üpfp
rhfrQs `v$p¡_p Np_ hN¡f¡Üpfp Ahíe L$fhu Å¡BA¡.
Ap S> âL$pf¡ k¡hpdp„ Dèp¡Nu QuS>hõsyAp¡_p `Z Agp¥qL$L$-

Apr^v¥$rhL$ õhê$`_y„ A_ykÞ^p_ / rQÞs_ L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡. v$p.s. âcy_p
rbfpS>hp_p õ\p_dp„ _Þv$fpeÆ_p Of_y„, S>gdp„ îuedy_pS>g_y„, `yó` /
`yó`dpgpdp„ h°S>c¼sp¡_y„ •Apd e\p¡¼s e\pfyrQ `yrô$gugp`qfL$f k„b„û•
rQÞs_ L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ âcyk¡hp L$f_pf¡ `Z `p¡sp_u A„v$f v$põe
hN¡f¡ cphp¡ fpMhp Å¡BA¡. Ap rkhpe âcyk¡hpdp„ ârsb„^ L$f_pfp• gp¡L$p¡,
gpgQ-¾$p¡^-gp¡c-Aop_-Arcdp_-Bóep® S>¡hp d_p¡rhL$pfp¡ s¡dS>
AÞepîe, vy$:k„N, Akdr`®scp¡N, rhjepk[¼s hN¡f¡ Apkyfucphp¡• dp„
`Z e\pep¡Áe `|s_p s©Zphs® bL$pkyf AOpkyf L„$k S>¡hp Akyfp¡_u cph_p
`Z rhQpfhu Å¡BA¡. Apd S>¡hu `Z cph_p L$fhp\u ùv$edp„ âcyc[¼s
[õ\f L¡$ âh©Ù \C iL$su lp¡e A\hp sp¡ S>¡hu `Z cph_p L$fhp\u k¡hp_u
gugpÐdL$sp A_ychpsu lp¡e s¡hu `yrô$gugpk„b„û cph_p k¡hp, k¡ìe, k¡hL$
s¡dS> k¡hpP¹$N$ hõsy ìe[¼sdp„ s\p k¡hpârsb„^L$p¡dp„ L$fhu Å¡BA¡. âcyL©$`p
Äepf¡ `Z \i¡ Ðepf¡ h°S>c¼sp¡_p S>¡hp¡ c[¼s-cph `Z ùv$edp„ õ\pr`s
\BS> S>i¡.
kp^_p_yê$` cph_p :
õhN©ldp„ kh®õhkd`®Z`|rh®L$p s_yrhÑÅ k¡hp s\p Å¡ s¡ _ b_¡ sp¡
cNh‰ugp-õhê$`-NyZ-_pdp¡_p L¡$hm îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ = L$\p A¡
dy¿e b¡ kp^_p_p¡ r_v£$i îuApQpe®QfZ¡ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡dpV¡$ L$ep£ R>¡.
bÞ_¡ kp^_p_p kp^L$p¡A¡ Agp¥qL$L$ `yrô$cph_pAp¡`|h®L$ k¡hp s¡dS> L$\pdp„
âh©Ñ \hy„ Å¡BA¡. k¡hpkp^_pdp„ Å¡X$pe¡gp kp^L$p¡A¡ k¡hp-õdfZ kde¡
L$fhp_u cph_pAp¡_y„ rhõspf`|h®L$ r_ê$`Z ApNm L$fhpdp„ Aphi¡. S>¡
`yrô$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡, `f„sy, cNhÐk¡hp _\u L$fu iL$sp s¡dZ¡ cNhp__p
h°S>\u d\yfp `^pfu Nep `R>u h°S>c¼sp¡_¡ \e¡gp rhfl_u cph_p L$fsp„-
L$fsp„ âcy_p îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ L$fhp„ Å¡BA¡. îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZdp„
120
`Z h°S>c¼sp¡_p kpd¡ DÙ$hÆÜpfp hrZ®s cNhp__p QqfÓp¡_p îhZ-
L$us®_-õdfZ_u cph_p L$fhu Å¡BA¡.
âd¡efÐ_pZ®h N°Þ\_p "`yrô$dpN}eamrhh¡L$'dp„ îugpg|cË$ÆA¡

Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡dpV¡$ `yrô$c[¼sdpN}e kp^_p_y„ s¡_u cph_p
krls r_ê$`Z L$ey¯ R>¡. Ap r_ê$`Z îucpNhs_p v$kdp õL$Þ^dp„ hZ®hpe¡g
cNhp__u Ahspfgugp_p Ap^pf¡ s\p s¡ S> ¾$d\u L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡ s¡\u
Al] `Z s¡_p¡ rhQpf s¡ S> ¾$d\u L$fuiy„.
Aprhcp®hp¡Ðkh :
cNhp__p Ahspf_p âep¡S>_p¡, Apd sp¡, ^d®õ\p`_-
Akyfk„lpfpqv$ A_¡L$ bsphhpdp„ Apìep R>¡. cNhp__p Ahspf_y„, `f„sy, Mfy„
âep¡S>_ sp¡ c¼s_p DÙpf_u L$pd_pS> lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u cNhp_¹ Äepf¡ ""lz„ Ap
Æh_p¡ DÙpf L$fui'' A¡ âL$pf_u BÃR>p L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ S>¡d âl¹gpv$Æ_p
DÙpfdpV¡$ \p„cgpdp„\u âL$V$ \ep lsp s¡d c¼sdpV¡$ õhe„ âL$V$ \C S>sp lp¡e
R>¡. îuhkyv¡$h-v¡$hL$uÆ A_¡ îu_Þv$-eip¡v$pÆA¡ cNhp__p S>¡hp `yÓ_u
L$pd_p L$fu lsu. rQ[Þsspr^L$ am âv$p_ L$fhphpmp cNhp_¹ õhe„ s¡d_¡ Ðep„
`yÓ b_u_¡ âL$V$ \C Nep„. fpdphspfdp„ s`õhu F>rj-dyr_Ap¡A¡ cNhp__¡
`rscph\u Å¡ep lsp. îuL©$óZphspfdp„ cNhp_¡ s¡d_¡ h°S>Np¡ù b_phu_¡
s¡d_u d_p¡L$pd_p `|Z® L$fu. Ap L$\p AhspfL$pm_u R>¡. A_hspfL$pmdp„,
`f„sy, Aphy„ cNhÐâpL$V$é v$f¡L$ c¼sdpV¡$ kygc lp¡sy„ _\u. Apd R>sp„
A_hspfL$pmdp„ Å¡ L$p¡C c¼s cNhÐõhê$`_¡ Ofdp„ `^fphu_¡ s¡d_u
â¡d`yh®L$ k¡hp L$f¡ R>¡ sp¡ AhspfL$pm S>¡hy„ S> kyM cNhp_¹ s¡_¡ âv$p_ L$f¡S> R>¡
Ap A_ychrkÙ rkÙp„s R>¡. AsA¡h, b°ûk„b„^v$unp N°lZ L$ep® bpv$ Nyfy
Äepf¡ cNhÐõhê$`_¡ rióe_p Ofdp„ `^fph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ ""cNhp_¹ Mpk dpfpS>
dpV¡$ âL$V$ \ep R>¡'' s¡hp Ap_Þv$_p DdmL$p\u `qfhpf_p ApÐdue c¼sp¡_u
kp\¡ cNhp__p âpL$V$é_p¡ DÐkh DS>hhp¡ Å¡BA¡. îu_Þv$fpeÆ_p Ofdp„
cNhp__y„ âpL$V$é \ey„ Ðepf¡ Np¡Ly$mdp„ S>¡ DÐkh îu_Þv$-eip¡v$p s¡dS>
h°S>hprkAp¡A¡ DS>ìep¡ lsp¡ s¡_u cph_p Ap kde¡ L$fhu Å¡BA¡. Aphu S>
cph_p\u, ârshj®, `p¡sp_p Ofdp„ âcy `^pep® lp¡e s¡ qv$hk¡ s¡dS>
îuL©$óZS>ÞdS>eÞsu_p qv$hk¡ `Z dlp¡Ðkh d_phhp¡ Å¡BA¡. DÐkh_¡
DS>hhp_p¡ âL$pf `p¡s`p¡sp_p Nyfy `pk¡\u kdÆ g¡hp¡ Å¡BA¡.
121
ârsb„ôp_ :
cNhp__p âpL$V$é `R>u \p¡X$p S> qv$hkp¡dp„ îu_Þv$fpeÆ L„$k_¡ L$f
Ap`hpdpV¡$ d\yfp Nep Ðep„ îuhkyv¡$hÆÜpfp s¡d_¡ ÅZhp dþey„ L¡$ Np¡Ly$mdp„
A_¡L$ D`Öhp¡ \C füp R>¡. îu_Þv$fpeÆ sfs S> Np¡Ly$m `pR>p hþep. Ap sfa
h°S>dp„ "`|s_p'_pd_u A¡L$ fpnku L„$k_u Apop\u _hp S>Þd¡gp bpmL$p¡_¡
dpfu _pMhp dpV¡$ Aphu lsu.
îuhkyv¡$hÆ_u `pk¡\u îu_Þv$fpeÆ_¡ S>¡d `p¡sp_p `yÓ
îuL©$óZD`f Aph_pfu rh`rÑ_y„ op_ dþey„ øsy„ s¡d Ap^yr_L$
`yrô$c[¼sdprN®A¡ AÞepîe, Akdr`®scnZ, vy$:k„N, vy$fpQpf, Akv$pgp`
L¡$ AkrÜQpf; s¡dS> L$pd-¾$p¡^-gp¡c-dp¡l-dv$-dpÐõe® S>¡hp c[¼sdpN®_p
ârsb„^L$p¡_y„ op_ kv¹$Ny$fy L¡$ îuApQpe®QfZp¡_p N°Þ\p¡ v¹$h$pfp d¡mhhy„ Å¡BA¡.
cNhp__y„ ifZ :
îuhkyv¡$hÆ_p hQ_p¡\u i„qL$s îu_Þv$fpeÆ Äepf¡ AÐeÞs
rQÞspsyf bÞep Ðepf¡ s¡d_¡ buÅ¡ L$p¡C D`pe _ k|S>sp„, ""cNhp_¹ S>
c¼sp¡_p fnL$ R>¡, cNhp_¹ S> c¼s_y„ Apîeõ\p_ R>¡'' •Aphp rhQpfÜpfp
s¡dZ¡ cNhp__y„ ifZ õhuL$pe®y„.
Ap D`f\u kdÆ iL$pe R>¡ L¡$ Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®A¡ `Z Nyfy
`pk¡\u c[¼sdpN®_p D`fp¡¼s ârsb„^L$p¡_y„ op_ d¡mhu_¡ âcy_y„ S> ifZ
`L$X$hy„ Å¡BA¡; L$pfZ L¡$ c[¼sdpN®_p ârsb„^L$p¡_y„ r_hpfZ cNhp_Üpfp S>
\pe R>¡.
ArhÛp_pi :
D`r_jv¹$dp„ L$pd-¾$p¡^-gp¡cpqv$ s¡dS> rhjepk[¼s-AÞepîepqv$
Apkyfucphp¡_¡ v¥$Ðe-fpnk L$l¡hpdp„ Apìep R>¡. A\p®s¹ âL$V$ ê$`¡ v¡$Mpsp„ `|s_p,
bL$pkyf, AOpkyf hN¡f¡ v¥$Ðep¡_y„ A¡L$ õhê$` c¼sp¡_u A„v$f fl¡gp D`fp¡¼s
Apkyfu cphp¡ `Z lp¡e R>¡ S>. âL$V$ v¡$Mpsp v¥$Ðep¡_p¡ cNhp_¹ v¹$h$pfp _pi \sp„
c¼sp¡_p A„v$f(d_dp„) fl¡gp Apkyfucphp¡_p¡ `Z _pi \C Åe R>¡. Ap\u S>
îuL©$óZ S>¡d-S>¡d `|s_p s©Zphs® hN¡f¡ Akyfp¡_p¡ _pi L$fsp Nep s¡d-s¡d
h°S>c¼sp¡_p d_dp„ fl¡gp Apkyfucphp¡_p¡ `Z _pi \sp¡ Nep¡.
122
îuhkvy$¡hÆA¡ S>¡ kde¡ îu_Þv$fpeÆ_¡ NpL¡$ym S>hpdpV$¡ Qs¡ìep s¡ S>
kde¡ `s|_p _pd_u AL¡$ rhL$fpm fpnku L$„k_u Apop\u kvy„ $f ÷u_„y ê$`
b_phu_¡ NpL¡$ymdp„ âhi¡u NC lsu. hS°>c¼sp_¡u Av„$f flg¡ ArhÛp-Aop__„y
ÆhsÅ y„ Ns„y õhê$` `s|_p lsu. `s|_p_¡ ÅB¡_¡ îueipv¡$pÆ sd¡S> Np`¡pgp¡
s_¡p D`f Ah¡p sp¡ dpr¡ls \C Nep„ L$¡ AÅZu ìe[¼s_¡ `ps¡p_„y bpmL$ _
v$¡MpX$h„y ÅB¡A¡ sh¡p `ps¡p_p dpsc © ph_¡ îueipv¡$pÆ sd¡S> îuL$©óZ_„y fnZ
L$fhpdpV$¡ sd¡_¡ r_e¼ys L$fhpdp„ Apìep R>¡ sh¡p `ps¡p_p õhê$`_¡ Np`¡pgp¡ cg|u
Nep.„ `s|_p_p ApL$jZ ® \u dpr¡ls \B_¡ s_¡¡ îuL$©óZ_u `pk¡ sA ¡ pA
¡ ¡ S>hp
v$uû. Äepf¡ cNhp_¡ `s|_p_p¡ h^ L$ep£ Ðepf¡ `s|_p_p _pi_u kp\pk ¡ p\
hS°>c¼sp_¡u ArhÛp-Aop__p¡ `Z _pi \C Nep.¡ sA ¡ p_¡¡ `ps¡`ps¡p_p
õhê$`_u `_y: õdr©s \C NB. sA ¡ p_¡p âpZ-v$¡l-B[ÞÖe-AÞs:L$fZ kb „ ^„u
AÝepk-cd°p¡ `Z v$|f \C Nep. lh¡ `R>u îuL$©óZ_u fnpdp„ kph^p_ flh¡p_p¡
sd¡Z¡ kL„$ë` L$ep.£
cNhp__u `|s_pdpfZ gugp\u A¡ rkÙ \pe R>¡ L¡$ cNhp_¡ S>¡d

`|s_p_p¡ _pi L$fu_¡ h°S>c¼sp¡_u ArhÛp_¡ v|$f L$fu v$uû lsu s¡d
A_hspfL$pmdp„ `Z cNhp_¹ s¡d_p k¡hp-õdfZdp„ `fpeZ lp¡e s¡hp
Ap^yr_L$ c¼sp¡_u ArhÛp_¡ v|$f L$fi¡. AsA¡h, `yrô$dprN®A¡ s¡hu ìe[¼sdp„
`|sp_p_u cph_p L$fhu Å¡BA¡ L¡$ S>¡_p L$pfZ¡ `p¡sp_p k¡ìeõhê$`_p kyMdp„ L¡$
s¡d_p k¡hp-õdfZdp„ rhÂ_ \s„y lp¡e.
N©lpk[¼s_p¡ _pi :
s¡ qv$hk cNhp__p r_ó¾$dZ (â\dhpf bpmL$_¡ Of\u blpf gC
S>hp_p)k„õL$pf_p¡ lsp¡. dl¡dp_p¡_u AhfS>hf Qpgy lsu. îueip¡v$pÆ
cNhp__¡ A¡L$ NpX$p_u _uQ¡ R>p„eX$pdp„ `p¡Y$pX$u_¡ dl¡dp_p¡_p õhpNsdp„ ìeõs
b_u Nep„ lsp„. cNhp_dp„\u s¡d_y„ Ýep_ lV$u Ney„ lsy„. c¼s `p¡sp_¡ rhkfu_¡
k„kpfdp„ Apk¼s b_u Åe s¡ cNhp__¡ L¡$d fyQ¡ ! îueip¡v$pÆ_¡ `p¡sp_pdp„
`y_: Apk¼s L$fhpdpV¡$ cNhp_¹ c|M_p blp_¡ fX$hp gpÁep. îueip¡v$pÆ sp¡
N©lL$pe®dp„ A¡V$gp„ `fp¡hpe¡gp lsp„ L¡$ s¡Ap¡ cNhp__y„ fyv$_ kp„cmu S> _ i¼ep„.
cNhp_¹ sp¡ c¼s_u N©l-k„kpfdp„_u Apk[¼s_¡ R>p¡X$ph¡ S> R>¡. cNhp_¡
Av¹$cy$s gugp L$fu. cNhp_¡ `p¡sp_p bÞ_¡ QfZp¡_¡ D`f L$ep¯. NpXy„$ D\gu Ney„.
NpX$pdp„ fpM¡gp„ vy$^-v$l]-d^-Ou hN¡f¡\u cf¡gp„ hpkZp¡ syV$u-awV$u Nep„. gp¥qL$L$
123
`v$p\p£_p¡ _pi \hp\u îueip¡v$pÆ_y„ Ýep_ cNhp_¹ sfa Ney„. Apd cNhp_¡
N©l-k„kpf Apk[¼s_p¡ _pi L$fu_¡ c¼sp¡_p¡ r_fp¡^ `p¡sp_pdp„ L$ep£.
cNhp_¡ iL$V$cÊS>_gugp L$fu_¡ k„kpfpk¼s îueip¡v$pÆ_¡

`p¡sp_pdp„ `y_: Apk¼s b_pìep„ s¡_p\u A¡ rkÙ \pe R>¡ L¡$ cNhp_\u rhdyM
b_¡gp Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c¼sp¡_¡ `Z cNhv$pk[¼sdp„ ApX¡$ Aph_pfp
ârsb„^p¡_p¡ _pi L$fu_¡ cNhp_¹ `y_: `p¡sp_pdp„ Apk¼s L$fi¡ S>. AsA¡h,
cNhp_\u rhdyM b_ph_pfp„ gp¥qL$L$ L$pep£dp„ s¡dS> V$u.hu.S>¡hp gp¥qL$L$
`v$p\p£dp„ iL$V$pkyf_u cph_p L$fhu Å¡BA¡.
fpS>kcph_u r_h©rÑ :
`|s_p_p¡ h^ \sp„ S> L„$k_¡ A¡ rhíhpk \C Nep¡ L¡$ s¡_¡ dpfhphpmp¡
Np¡Ly$mdp„ S> R>¡. Ap\u s¡Z¡ s©Zphs® _pd_p A¡L$ Arsbrg›$ v¥$Ðe_¡ cNhp__¡
D`pX$u gphhpdpV¡$ Np¡Ly$m dp¡L$ëep¡. cNhp_¹ s¡ kde¡ b¡ hj®_p lsp.
îueip¡v$pÆ cNhp__¡ `p¡sp_p Mp¡mpdp„ b¡kpX$u_¡ fdpX$u füp lsp„. s©Zphs®_p
ApNd__y„ op_ \sp„ S> îueip¡v$pÆ_¡ v|$f dp¡L$ghp_p l¡sy\u cNhp_¡ `p¡sp_y„
hS>_ A¡L$pA¡L$ A_¡L$NÏ„ h^pfu gu^y„. `yÓ_p cpf\u ùX$us \B_¡ îueip¡v$pÆ
cNhp__¡ S>du_D`f `^fphu_¡ cNhp__y„ Ýep_ ^fsp„-^fsp„ N©lL$pe® L$fhp
gpÁep„. îueip¡v$pÆ_p Qpëep S>hp bpv$ s©Zphs® h„V$p¡rmep¡ b_u_¡ Apìep¡.
Qp¡d¡f ^|m DX$sp„ h°S>c¼sp¡_¡ v¡$Mpsy„ b„^ \C Ney„. Ap sL$_p¡ gpc gB_¡
s©Zphs® cNhp__¡ DW$phu_¡ gC Nep¡. cNhp__p¡ cpf kl_ _ L$fu iL$hp_¡
L$fZ¡ \p¡X$p S> kdedp„ s©Zphs® S>du_D`f `V$L$pep¡ A_¡ d©Ðey `pçep¡.
s©Zphs® fÅ¡NyZ_y„ d|s®ê$` lsp¡. s¡_p L$pfZ¡ A\p®s¹ fS>-^|m DX$hp_¡

L$pfZ¡ h°S>c¼sp¡_¡ cNhp__p„ v$i®_ _ \C i¼ep„. s©Zphs®_p h^\u A¡ k|rQs
\pe R>¡ L¡$ cNhp_¹ A_¡ c¼s_u hÃQ¡ ârsb„^ gph_pf s©Zphs®_¡ S>¡d
cNhp_¡ dpfu lV$pìep¡ s¡d Ap^yr_L$ c¼sp¡ s¡dS> cNhp__u hÃQ¡ ârsb„^
gph_pf fÅ¡NyZ_p¡ `Z cNhp__u L©$`p\u _pi \C S>i¡.
dplpÐçebp¡^ :
A¡L$ qv$hk îueip¡v$pÆ îuL©$óZ_¡ vy$^ r`hX$phu füp„ lsp„ Ðepf¡ cNhp_¡
bNpky„ Mp^y„. îueip¡v$pÆ_¡ cNhp__p dyMdp„ ApL$pi, õhN®, `©Õhu, spfp,
124
k|e®, QÞÖdp, Ar‚, kdyÖ, `h®s, _v$u, h_ A\p®s¹ S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ kdN° S>Ns
v¡$Mpey„. cNhp_dp„ ky×Y$ khp®r^L$ õ_¡l \C Nep `R>u Å¡ dplpÐçe_y„ op_ \pe
sp¡ s¡ õ_¡ldp„ Mg¡g DÐ`Þ_ L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. Äep„ kyû, `f„sy, s¡hp¡ õ_¡l cNhp_dp„
\ep¡ _\u Ðep„ kyû sp¡ cNhp__p dplpÐçe_y„ op_ c[¼sdp„ klpeL$ S> b_sy„
lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u S> cNhp_¡ Ap gugp `p¡sp_p dplpÐçe_y„ op_ îueip¡v$pÆ_¡ \pe
s¡ l¡sy\u L$fu lsu. Ap S> âdpZ¡ Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡_¡ `Z `p¡sp_p
k¡ìeõhê$`_p dplpÐçe_y„ op_ L$fphhpdpV¡$ cNhp_¹ õhà_pqv$Üpfp `p¡sp_p
Agp¥qL$L$ õhê$`_p¡ A_ych L$fphsp lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u Äepf¡ `Z s¡ âL$pf_p¡
A_ych \pe Ðepf¡ âcy_u Ap gugp_u cph_p L$fhu Å¡BA¡.
_pdõdfZ :
OZp¡ kde hurs Nep R>sp„ cNhp__p¡ _pdL$fZ k„õL$pf \ep¡ _\u
s¡hy„ ÅZu_¡ îuhkyv¡$hÆA¡ îuNNp®Qpe®_¡ _pdL$fZ k„õL$pfdpV¡$ Np¡Ly$m dp¡L$ëep.
îu_Þv$fpS>Ly$dpf_p¡ _pdL$fZ k„õL$pf sp¡ dlp¡Ðkh `|h®L$ \hp¡ Å¡BA¡.
îuNNp®Qpe£, `fÞsy, L$p¡C Å¡B-ÅZu L¡$ kp„cmu iL¡$ _l] s¡d A¡L$pÞsdp„
cNhp__p¡ _pdL$fZ k„õL$pf L$ep£. Ap kp\¡ s¡dZ¡ cNhp__p NyZ-QqfÓ_y„
`Z hZ®_ îu_Þv$fpeÆ kdn L$ey¯.
Ap `f\u A¡ k|rQs \pe R>¡ L¡$ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®A¡ cNhv$ue `pk¡\u
cNhp__p _pd-NyZ-QqfÓ_y„ op_ âpàs L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡. îuNNp®Qpe®Üpfp
_pdL$fZ k„õL$pf A¡L$pÞsdp„ L$fhp\u A¡ k|rQs \pe R>¡ L¡$ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®A¡
vy$:k„N_p¡ ÐepN L$fu_¡ s\p Aep¡Áe ìe[¼s kp„cmu _ iL¡$ s¡ fus¡ cNhÐîhZpqv$
L$fhp„ Å¡BA¡. _pdõdfZ L$fhp_p rhjedp„ îuApQpe®QfZ Apop L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$
cNhp__p S>¡ _pd_p¡ DÃQpf L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ s¡ kde¡ s¡ _pdÜpfp r_ê$r`s
cNhp__p„ NyZ gugpApqv$_y„ `Z õdfZ L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡. v$p.s.
"Np¡h^®_^f'_pd_p¡ DÃQpf/õdfZ L$fsp„ kde¡ cNhp_¡ Np¡h^®_ `h®s_¡
DQL$u_¡ BÞÖ_u S>gh©rô$\u h©S>_¡ bQpìey„ lsy„ s¡ gugp_y„ s\p sÐL$pgu_
cNhp__p õhê$`_y„ `Z õdfZ \pe s¡ âL$pf¡ _pdp¡ÃQpf/_pdõdfZ L$fhy„
Å¡BA¡.
Nyàs fus¡ Apkyfcphp¡_p¡ _pi :
Akyfp¡ `pspmdp„ r_hpk L$fsp lp¡e R>¡. rhfpV$ õhê$`dp„ cNhp__p
125
Np¡W$Zdp„ `pspmgp¡L$ lp¡hp_y„ hZ®hhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. cNhp_¹ Äepf¡ Np¡W$Z
V¡$L$hu_¡ Qpghp gpÁep Ðepf¡ Ap`¡ Nyàs fus¡ Akyfp¡_p¡ _pi L$ep£.
Ap S> âL$pf¡ âcyk¡hp-õdfZdp„ `fpeZ Ap^yr_L$ cNhv¹$c$¼sp¡_p
Apkyfucphp¡_p¡ _pi `Z cNhp_¹ A¡hu Nyàs furs\u L$fu v¡$ R>¡ L¡$ Myv$ c¼sp¡_¡
`Z s¡_y„ op_ \C iL$sy„ _\u.
cNhp_dp„ v$p¡jv$i®_ _l] :
îuL©$óZ h°S>c¼sp¡_p Ofp¡dp„ dpMZ-vy$^-v$l]_u Qp¡fu L$fsp„ Äepf¡
`L$X$pC S>sp Ðepf¡ Np¡ùAp¡ îuL©$óZ_¡ gB_¡ îueip¡v$pÆ `pk¡ s¡d_u aqfepv$
L$fsu. Np¡ùAp¡_u aqfepv$ kpQu lp¡hp R>sp„ îuL©$óZdp„ Arsõ_¡l_¡ L$pfZ¡
îueip¡v$pÆ_p d_dp„ îuL©$óZ_¡ W$`L$p¡ Ap`hp_p¡ rhQpf `Z Aphsp¡ _l].
îueip¡v$pÆ_¡ îuL©$óZ_p Agp¥qL$L$ õhê$`_y„ op_ _ lsy„; õ_¡lhi S>

s¡Ap¡ Aphp¡ `n`ps L$fsp„ lsp„. Ap S> âL$pf¡ L¡$V$gpL$ cNhv$uep¡_¡ cNhp__p
ip÷ue dplpÐçe_y„ op_ _ lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡Ap¡ cNhp_dp„ L$p¡C `Z âL$pf_p v$p¡j
v¡$Msp _\u lp¡sp. c[¼s_p¡ õhcph S> A¡hp¡ lp¡e R>¡.
cNhp_dp„ gp¥qL$L$ r¾$ep-^d® _\u lp¡sp :
A¡L$ qv$hk h_dp„ ¾$uX$p L$fsp„ Np¡`-bpmL$p¡A¡ Å¡ey„ L¡$ îuL©$óZ dpV$u
MpC füp R>¡. s¡d_p d_dp„ A¡hp¡ rhQpf Apìep¡ L¡$ Ap_u aqfepv$ Å¡
îueip¡v$pÆ_¡ L$fhpdp„ _l] Aph¡ sp¡ îuL©$óZ hpf„hpf dpV$u Mpi¡ S>¡\u s¡d_y„
`¡V$ bNX$i¡. îuL©$óZ_p Aphp rls_p rhQpf\u îubgfpdÆ A_¡ Np¡`bpmL$p¡
îuL©$óZ_¡ gB_¡ îueip¡v$pÆ_u `pk¡ Nep A_¡ aqfepv$ L$fu. îuL©$óZ sp¡
cNhp_¹ R>¡. gp¥qL$L$ d_yóep¡ S>¡d õhpv$ dpZhp L¡$ c|M k„sp¡jhp dpV¡$
Mpspùsp lp¡e R>¡ s¡d cNhp_¹ _\u L$fsp. `p¡sp_y„ Aphy„ dplpÐçe
bsphhpdpV¡$ cNhp_¡ dpsp_¡ L$üy„ :
""(sd¡ rhQpfp¡ R>p¡ s¡hp l¡sy\u)d¢ dpV$u _\u
Mpû(Ap\u Mphp R>sp„ _\u Mpû). Å¡ Mpû S> R>¡ s¡hy„
sd¡ dp_sp„ lp¡ sp¡ dpfy„ dyM s`pku gp¡''.
îueip¡v$pÆA¡ cNhp__p dyMdp„ Å¡ey„ sp¡ s¡dp„ kdN° S>X$ÆhpÐdL$
126
S>Ns v¡$Mphp gpÁey„. Ap gugp_p v$i®_ L$fsp„S> îuL©$óZ¡ dpV$u Mpû R>¡ s¡ hps
îueip¡v$pÆ cyguS> Nep„. s¡d_¡ `p¡sp_p `yÓ_p Agp¥qL$L$ õhê$`_y„ op_ \ey„.
Ap `f\u A¡ k|rQs \pe R>¡ L¡$ cNhp_dp„ gp¥qL$L$ r¾$ep L¡$ gp¥qL$L$
d_yóep¡dp„ lp¡e R>¡ s¡hp Mphy„-ùhy„-kyhy„ S>¡hp Odp£ lp¡sp _\u. A\p®s¹ ifuf_u
AphíeL$sp lp¡hp\u cNhp_¹ L$p¡C r¾$ep _\u L$fsp, cNhp_¹ bû r¾$epAp¡
c¼s_p cph_¡ Å¡B_¡ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap\u cNhp__¡ S>¡ L„$C `Z kdr`®s L$fhpdp„
Aph¡ s¡ `|Z® c[¼scph\u L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡. c[¼scph rh_p S>¡ hõsy_y„ kd`®Z
L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ s¡_p¡ õhuL$pf cNhp_¹ L$fsp _\u.
c[¼s_u h©rÙ `Z cNhp_Üpfp S> :

îueip¡v$pÆA¡ Äepf¡ cNhp__p dyMdp„ kdN° S>Ns_¡ Å¡ey„ Ðepf¡
â\d sp¡ s¡Ap¡ rhõdedp„ `X$u Nep„. `pR>m\u, `f„sy, Äepf¡ s¡d_¡ cNhp__p
hpõsrhL$ õhê$`-dplpÐçe_y„ op_ \ey„ Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡ cNhp__u õsyrs L$fhp
gpÁep„. îuL©$óZdp„ s¡d_p¡ `yÓcph dV$u Nep¡. cNhp_¡ ÅÎey„ L¡$ dplpÐçe
op__p L$pfZ¡ îueip¡v$pÆdp„ cNhp_¹ âÐe¡ dpsp_¡ A¡L$ `yÓdp„ lp¡e s¡hy„
hpÐkëe flu _l] Åe. s¡Ap¡ c[¼s_p¡ Ap_Þv$ _l] gC iL¡$. L$pfZ L¡$
op_S>Þe b°ûp_Þv$ fyn lp¡e R>¡ Äepf¡ s¡_u syg_pdp„ cS>_p_Þv$ î¡›$ kfk
lp¡e R>¡. cNhp_¡ c¼s_p kyMdpV¡$ îueip¡v$pÆ_¡ \e¡g dplpÐçe_p op__¡
`pRy>„ gC gu^y„. dplpÐçeop__p rsfp¡rls \sp„ S> îueip¡v$pÆ_¡ îuL©$óZdp„
`y_: `|h®hs¹ âNpY$ `yÓõ_¡l DÐ`Þ_ \ep¡. `|h® OV$_p_¡ c|gu S>B_¡ s¡dZ¡
îuL©$óZ_¡ `p¡sp_p Mp¡mpdp„ gC gu^p.
cNhp__u Ap gugp\u k|rQs \pe R>¡ L¡$ Äepf¡ L$p¡C c¼s_¡ `p¡sp_p
k¡ìeõhê$`_u bpbsdp„ gp¥qL$L$-cphp¡ ÅN©s \C Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡ cpNhspqv$
ip÷p¡Üpfp cNhp_¹ `p¡sp_p dplpÐçe / Agp¥qL$L$õhê$` _y„ op_ c¼s_¡
L$fphsp lp¡e R>¡. A_¡ dplpÐçe_y„ op_ h^pf¡ `X$sy„ \C S>hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ Å¡ L$p¡C
c¼s_¡ s¡ dplpÐçeop_, îueip¡v$pÆ_u dpaL$, c[¼s / õ_¡l cphdp„
ârsb„^L$ \hp gpN¡ R>¡ •A\p®s¹ cNhp_¹ sp¡ âpZudpÓ_y„ `¡V$ cf_pfp R>¡ s¡d_¡
iy„ cp¡N ^fu iL$pe ? cNhp_¹ sp¡ gÿdu`rs R>¡ s¡d_¡ iy„ A`®Z L$fu iL$pe ?
Aphu lu_sp_u cph_p ÅN©s \C Åe R>¡ A_¡ s¡ âcyk¡hp-c[¼s L$fu _\u
iL$sp¡• Ðepf¡ cNhp_¹ s¡_¡ cS>_p_Þv$_p¡ A_ych L$fphhpdpV¡$ L$p¡C
127
õ_¡luc¼s_p¡ k„Npqv$ L$fphu_¡ `y_: s¡dp„ õ_¡lcph_¡ [õ\f L$fu v¡$sp lp¡e R>¡.
dplpÐçeop_\u îueipv¡$pÆ_p¡ õ_l¡cph v$|f \C Nep¡ s\¡u
dplpÐçeop_ r_f`yepN¡u lpe¡ R>¡ Aph„y _ rhQpfh„y ÅB¡A.¡ õ_l¡pÐ¡`rÑ `R>u
dplpÐçeop_ ârsb^„L$ b_u iL$¡ R>;¡ Apfc „ dp„ sp¡ D`L$pfL$ S> lpe¡ R>.¡ Ap\u
c[¼s_u ìep¿ep : ""dplpÐçeop_ `h|L®$ k×yY$ A_¡ kl\zu h^y õ_l¡'' dp„
"`h|L®$'iåv$ dplpÐçeop__u âpfc
„ dp„ D`L$pfL$sp kr|Qs L$fhpdpV$¡ S> dLy$pep¡ R>.¡
Apfc „ dp„ Å¡ cNhp__p dplpÐçe_„y op_ lpe¡ sp¡ kh¡pApqv$dp„ \sp A`fp^
s\p A_r^L$pfQô¡$p\u bQu iL$pe R>.¡ õ_l¡ DÐ`Þ_ \C Nep `R>u sp¡ cNhp_¹
Ås¡ S> c¼sdp\„u `ps¡p_p dplpÐçeop__¡ `pR>y„ e\pepÁ¡e fus¡ MQ¢u gs¡p lpe¡
R>.¡
cNhp__u Aphu Agp¥qL$L$ gugpAp¡_¡ kp„cmu_¡ `furns¡
îuiyL$v¡$hÆ_¡ âí_ L$ep£ lsp¡ : ""îu_Þv$-eip¡v$pÆA¡ A¡hp sp¡ L$ep L$dp£ L$ep¯
lsp„ L¡$ S>¡_p L$pfZ¡ cNhp_¡ s¡d_¡ Aphy„ v¡$hvy$g®c kyM Apàey„ ?'' `furns
s\p îuiyL$v¡$hÆ_p âí_p¡Ñfdp„\u A¡ S> kpf r_L$m¡ R>¡ L¡$ îu_Þv$-eip¡v$pÆ_¡
S>¡ c[¼s âpàs \C s¡dp„ dlp`yfyjp¡_u L©$`p S> L$pfZê$` lsu. Ap `f\u A¡
args \pe R>¡ L¡$ Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡ `Z Å¡ îuhëgcpQpe®QfZ
îuNp¡ù_p\âcyQfZ s\p îurhÌ$g_p\âcyQfZ _u L©$`p_¡, s¡d_p Q]^¡gp
fõs¡ Qpgu_¡, âpàs L$f¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡ `Z h°S>c¼sp¡_p kdp_ c[¼s_¡ âpàs L$fu
iL¡$ R>¡.
NyZNp_krls k¡hp :
dpsp îueip¡v$pÆ Äepf¡ N©lL$pe® L$fsp„ Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡ cNhp__u
gugpAp¡_¡ epv$ L$fsp„-L$fsp„ s¡_¡ Npsp fl¡sp„. Ap `f\u A¡ Ýhr_s \pe R>¡ L¡$
`yrô$c[¼sdprN®A¡ k¡hp L$fsp„-L$fsp„ âcy_p„ NyZp¡_y„ Np_ L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡.
kçâv$pe_p k¡hpâL$pfdp„ Aô$kMp hN¡f¡ c¼sp¡_p„ L$us®_p¡_p¡ kdph¡i Ap S>
l¡sy\u L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. âpQu_ ApQpep£Üpfp k¡hp_p d„Ngp, õ_p_, i©„Npf,
`g_p hN¡f¡ kde A_ykpf L$us®_p¡_¡ ìeh[õ\s L$fhpdp„ Apìep„ R>¡. F>sy, h÷,
i©„Npf DÐkh s¡dS> k¡hpkde A_ykpf L$us®__p Np_\u S>¡-s¡ kde¡ L$fhpdp
Aphsu âcyk¡hp_u h°S>cph_p õazqfs \pe R>¡. k¡hpÜpfp ifuf\u cNhp__p¡
k„N \pe R>¡; NyZNp_Üpfp cNhp__p¡ dp_kk„N \pe R>¡. eopqv$ L$dp£dp„ S>¡d
128
dÞÓp¡ lp¡e R>¡ s¡d `yrô$c[¼sdpN}e k¡hpdp„ dÞÓp¡_p õ\p_¡ L$us®_p¡ lp¡e R>¡.
bÞ_¡_p l¡sy kdp_ S> lp¡e R>¡ : S>¡ r¾$ep L$fhpdp„ Aphu flu lp¡e s¡_p flõe-
l¡sy-A\®_¡ kdÅhhp¡.
cNhv¹$^$dp®_yfp¡û kd`®Z :
dpÓ âcykyM_p rhQpf\u S>¡ kd`®Z L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ s¡_¡
"cNhÙdp®_yfp¡û' kd`®Z L$ey¯ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. "rkÙpÞsflõe'N°Þ\dp„
îuApQpe®QfZ¡ kdÅìey„ R>¡ L¡$ âcy_¡ L$p¡C hõsy_y„ kd`®Z L$fsu kde¡ s¡
hõsy_u bpbsdp„ âcy rkhpe buÅ¡ L$p¡C `Z rhQpf d_dp„ _ fpMhp¡ Å¡BA¡.
A\p®s¹, ""`rs_¡ ApS>¡ L$pf¡gp_y„ ipL$ Mphy„ R>¡ s¡\u îuW$pL$p¡fÆ_¡ cp¡N ê®y„ R>¡''
L¡$ ""d_p¡f\u_¡ âkpv$ dp¡L$gphhp_p¡ R>¡ s¡\u AX$^p¡qL$gp¡ kpdN°u h^y cp¡N
^fhp_u R>¡'' •Aphp gp¥qL$L$ Dèp¡N_p rhQpf`|h®L$ Äepf¡ âcy_¡ L$p¡C hõsy-
kpdN°u_y„ kd`®Z L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡hu cphvy$ô$ hõsy_p¡ õhuL$pf âcy
_\u L$fsp. îuL©$óZ_¡ Äepf¡ gpNsy„ L¡$ L$p¡C Np¡ù L¡$ dpsp_p d_dp„ v$l]-vy$^-
dpMZ hN¡f¡ kpdN°u s¥epf L$fsp„ kde¡ `p¡sp_p(îuL©$óZ_p Dèp¡N) rkhpe
buÅ L$p¡C Dèp¡N_p¡ rhQpf lsp¡ sp¡ îuL©$óZ s¡ v$l] vy$^ dpMZ_¡ Y$p¡mu v¡$sp
A\hp sp¡ Áhpgbpg-hp„v$fpAp¡_¡ hl¢Qu v¡$sp. Ap gugp\u cNhp_¡ A¡ k|rQs
L$e®y„ R>¡ L¡$ âcy_¡ kd`®Z L$fhp_u hõsy_¡ s¥epf L$fhp\u gB_¡ Äep„ kyû s¡
âc|èp¡Ndp„ Aphu _ Åe Ðep„ kyû s¡_u bpbsdp„ L$p¡C `Z Ås_p¡
gp¥qL$L$p¡èp¡N_p¡ rhQpf d_dp„ _ Aph¡ s¡_u kph^p_u fpMhu Å¡BA¡. k¡hp
L$f_pfdp„ cNh˜ph ×Y$ lp¡e sp¡ s¡_p d_dp„ gp¥qL$L$cphp¡ L$v$pQ _ Aph¡. `f„sy
A¡ klS> k„ch R>¡ L¡$ AÞe `qfhpfS>_p¡ L¡$ Ofdp„ Aphsp-S>sp gp¡L$p¡ Å¡ s¡hp
cNh˜phhpmp _ lp¡e sp¡ s¡Ap¡_p d_dp„ âcy_¡ kd`®Z L$fhp_u hõsy_u
bpbsdp„ gp¥qL$L$cphp¡ Aphu iL¡$. Ap `qf[õ\rs\u bQhpdpV¡$ e\p k„ch
A¡L$pÞsdp„ cNhÐk¡hp L$fhu Å¡BA¡. `yrô$dpN}e k¡hp âZprgdp„ âcy_¡
kd`®hp_u cp¡N-kpdN°u_p D`_pdp¡ fpMhpdp„ Apìep R>¡. s¡ _pdp¡_p
ìehlpf\u A`qfrQs ìe[¼s A¡ _\u ÅZu iL$su L¡$ ip_u bpbsdp„ QQp® \C
flu R>¡. Ap\u, s¡ D`_pdp¡_p ìehlpf_p¡ ApN°l fpMhp¡ Å¡BA¡. k¡hp,
k¡ìeõhê$` s¡dS> cp¡NkpdN°u _p v$i®_ buSy>„ L$p¡C _ L$fu g¡ s¡_u kph^p_u
fpMhu Å¡BA¡. Of_p„ AZkdSy> bpmL$p¡_¡ ìeh[õ\s kdS> Ap`hu Å¡BA¡
A\hp s¡d_¡ cp¡NkpdN°u\u v|$f fpMhp„ Å¡BA¡ A\hp `l¡g¡\u S> dlpâkpv$
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Apù_¡ k„syô$ L$fu v¡$hp Å¡BA¡. `qfhpf_p dp¡V$p gp¡L$p¡_u bpbsdp„ `Z Aphp
S> L$p¡C D`pep¡ ip¡û g¡hp Å¡BA¡. Ai¼e `qf[õ\rsdp„ `p¡sp_pdp„
AkpdÕe®_u cph_p L$fsp„-L$fsp„ âcy_y„ ifZ `L$X$hy„ Å¡BA¡.
cNhp_¹ c[¼s\u hi \pe R>¡ :

A¡L$ qv$hk îueip¡v$pÆ Äepf¡ îuL©$óZ_¡ vy$^ r`hX$phu füp„ lsp„ Ðepf¡
Qygp D`f dyL¡$gp vy$^dp„ Dcfp¡ Apìep¡ A_¡ s¡ Y$p¡mphp gpÁey„. Ap Å¡B_¡
îuL©$óZ_¡ vy$^ r`hX$phhp_y„ R>p¡X$u_¡ îueip¡v$pÆ vy$^_¡ DspfhpdpV¡$ v$p¡X$ép„.
dpsp_p Ap ìehlpf\u ¾$p¡^¡ cfpB_¡ îuL©$óZ¡ v$l]-R>pk_p dpV$gp„ sp¡X$u-ap¡X$u
_p¿ep„. îueip¡v$pÆ `pR>p„ aep¯ sp¡ Qpf¡ bpSy> v$l]-R>pk Y$p¡mpe¡gp„ R>¡ `f„sy
îuL©$óZ ¼ep„e v¡$Mpsp _\u. s¡Ap¡ kdÆ Nep„ L¡$ Ap L$pd L$p¡_y„ lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡.
îuL©$óZ_¡ ip¡^sp„ îueip¡v$pÆA¡ Å¡ey„ L¡$ s¡d_p¡ `yÓ A¡L$ Mp„X$rZep D`f QY$u_¡
iuL$pdp„\u dpMZ gB_¡ hp„v$fpAp¡_¡ MhX$phu füp¡ R>¡. dpspA¡ îuL©$óZ_¡
`L$X$ép A_¡ X$fphu ^dL$phu_¡ Mp„X$rZep kp\¡ bp„^hp gpÁep„. cNhp_¡ A˜ws
gugp L$fu. dpsp S>¡ `Z v$p¡fX$p\u îuL©$óZ_¡ bp„^hp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$f¡ s¡ v$p¡fXy„$ b¡
Ap„Nmu S>¡V$gy„ _p_y„ `X¡$. `R>u sp¡ dpspA¡ Ofdp„ S>¡V$gp„ v$p¡fX$p„ lsp„ s¡ b^p„
A¡L$W$p„ L$ep¯. Np„W$p¡ dpfu_¡ Å¡X$ép„. s¡d R>sp„ v$p¡fX$p„ b¡ Ap„Nmu _p_p„ S> füp„. lh¡
dpsp \p¼ep„, `fk¡hp\u g\`\ \C Nep„. dpsp_u Ap [õ\rs Å¡B_¡ cNhp_¹
b„^pC Nep. S>¡_p hidp„ kdN° S>Ns A_¡ b°ûp-rihpqv$ v¡$hp¡ R>¡ s¡ îuL©$óZ
`p¡s¡ c¼sp¡_p hidp„ R>¡ s¡ v¡$MpX$éy„. Ap gugp\u cNhp_¡ A¡ k|rQs L$ey¯ R>¡ L¡$
s¡Ap¡_¡ L$udsu `v$p\p£, s`íQep®, D`hpk, dÞÓ, S>` L¡$ su\®\u _l], `f„sy,
c[¼s\u S> hidp„ L$fu iL$pe R>¡. ip`\u h©n b_¡gp Ly$b¡f_p `yÓp¡ : _gL|$bf
A_¡ drZN°uh _u dy[¼s `Z cNhp_¡ c¼s _pfv$Æ_p L$l¡hp\u L$fu lsu. hmu,
Np¡rÀp¡Üpfp L$pgphpgp„ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp„ cNhp_¹ _©Ðe `Z L$fsp. Ap b^p\u
A¡ õ`ô$ \pe R>¡ L¡$ cNhp_¹ c¼sp¡_p hidp„ lp¡e R>¡. c¼sp¡_u L©$`p\u
c[¼sdpN}e kh® `yfyjp\p£ rkÙ \pe R>¡.
h°S>gugp_yê$` cp¡N-kpS>-kÄÅ :
""fdsNds_p„ A_¡L$ kp^_p¡_¡ gB_¡ îuL©$óZ-bgfpd h°S>_u `pk¡
Np¡`bpgL$p¡_u kp\¡ `p¡sp_p Npe-hpR>fX$p„_¡ Qfphsp lsp'' cpNhs_p Ap
hQ_\u âsus \pe R>¡ L¡$ cNhp_¹ QL$fX$u, cdfX$p¡, v$X$p¡, N¡X$u, QL$gu, `p¡`V$
S>¡hp„ fdsNds_p„ kp^_p¡\u ¾$uX$p L$fsp. ApS> âdpZ¡ ¼epf¡L$ ""cNhp_¹
130
h©Þv$ph__u _v$u, `h®s, OpV$u, Ly$ÊS> hN¡f¡ õ\p_p¡dp„ M¡gsp'' s¡hy„ `Z
cpNhsdp„ hZ®hhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.
k¡ìe_¡ S>¡d kyM \pe s¡d L$fhy„ s¡ S> k¡hL$_p¡ ^d® lp¡e R>¡. AsA¡h,
k¡hp L$f_pf¡ âcy_u kpd¡ QL$fX$u,cdfX$p¡Apqv$ fdL$X$p„ kpS>hp„ Å¡BA¡ s¡dS>
_v$u-`h®s-Ly$ÊÅ¡_u r`R>hpC hN¡f¡Üpfp kÅhV$ L$fu_¡ s¡dp„ h©Þv$ph__p _v$u-
`h®s-Ly$ÊÅ¡_u cph_p L$fhu Å¡BA¡. cNhp_¹ Np¡`, Npep¡_u hÃQ¡ dp¡V$p \ep
lsp. s¡\u V$p¡ù, `pN, a¢V$p, dp¡f`]R>, NyÊÅdpgp Apqv$ i©„Npf ^pfZ L$fsp
lsp. cNhp__u Apfp¡Nhp_u hõsyAp¡dp„ `Z dpMZ-rdîu, v$l], R>pk, vy$^,
vy$^_u hp_NuAp¡, am, A\pZp„ hN¡f¡ N°prdZ MpÛ-`v$p\p£_p¡ kdph¡i fl¡sp¡.
Ap\u AÞe h÷ i©„Npf s¡dS> cp¡N kpdN°u_u kp\p¡kp\ D`fp¡¼s h°S>_p h÷
i©„Npf s\p cp¡N kpdN°u âcy_¡ ApN°l`|h®L$ kd`®hp„ Å¡BA¡. Ap`Zp Of¡
dl¡dp_ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡d_¡ Ndsu kyrh^p Apù_¡ s\p cphsu hõsy
MhX$phu_¡ s¡d_u AphcNs L$fsp lp¡BA¡ R>uA¡. s¡d `yrô$c[¼sdprN®_p Ofdp„,
îuApQpe®QfZ_u L©$`p\u, rbfpS>sp îu_Þv$-eip¡v$pÆ_p `yÓ h°År^`
L©$óZ_u k¡hp `Z `yrô$c[¼sdprN®A¡ s¡d_¡ Ndsp„ h°S>k„b„û h÷, i©„Npf,
fdL$X$p„, cp¡N, kpdN°u, kpS>-kÄÅ _p kd`®Z`|h®L$ L$fhu Å¡BA¡. Ap
rhje_y„ rhi¡j op_ `p¡sp_p Nyfy `pk¡\u d¡mhhy„ Å¡BA¡.
k¡hpP¹$N$kpdN°u_p v$p¡jp¡_y„ r_hpfZ :

D`fp¡¼s gugpAp¡_p r_ê$`Z `íQpÑ îucpNhsdp„ cNhp_Üpfp
hÐkpkyf s\p bL$pkyf _p h^_y„ r_ê$`Z L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. cNhp_¹ S>¡
hpR>fX$p„Ap¡_¡ Qfphsp lsp s¡dp„ fl¡gp v$p¡jp¡_y„ d|s®õhê$` hÐkpkyf lsp¡.
hÐkpkyf_p¡ h^ L$fu_¡ cNhp_¡ `p¡sp_u gugpkpdN°uê$` hpR>fX$pAp¡_p v$p¡jp¡ v|$f
L$ep®. s¡ S> âL$pf¡, bL$pkyf cNhp__u kp\¡ h_dp„ hpR>fX$p„ Qfph_pfp
Np¡`kMpAp¡_p v$p¡jp¡_y„ d|s®õhê$` lsp¡. s¡_u Qp„Q_p D`f-_uQ¡_p b¡ cpNp¡
gp¡c A_¡ AkÐe _p âsuL$ lsp. cNhp_¡ bL$pkyf_u Qp„Q_p bÞ_¡ cpNp¡_¡
rhfyÙ qv$ipdp„ M¢Qu_¡ s¡_¡ b¡ cpNdp„ Qufu _p¿ep¡. Ap Üpfp cNhp_¡
Np¡`kMpAp¡_p v$p¡jp¡_y„ r_hpfZ L$e®y„. Ap gugpAp¡\u A¡ rkÙ \pe R>¡ L¡$
cNhp_¹ c¼sp¡Üpfp kdr`®s hõsy_p v$p¡jp¡_¡ v|$f L$fu_¡ `rhÓ b_phu v¡$ R>¡.
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NyZNp_ :
îuL©$óZ¡ bL$pkyf_p¡ h^ L$ep®_p kdpQpf Np¡`bpmL$p¡A¡ Äepf¡
îu_Þv$fpeÆ hN¡f¡ h°S>hprkAp¡_¡ Apàep Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ îuNNp®Qpe®ÆÜpfp
L$l¡hpe¡gu hps epv$ Aphu NB. îuNNp®Qpe®ÆA¡ L$üy„ lsy„ L¡$ Ap bpgL$
_pfpeZ kdp_ NyZp¡hpmp¡ \i¡ A_¡ Ap_pÜpfp S> sd¡ bû bp^pAp¡_¡ `pf
L$fip¡. îu_Þv$fpeÆ `p¡sp_p bpmL$_u âi„kp L$fhp gpÁep. Apd
îu_Þv$fpeÆ hN¡f¡ h°S>hprkAp¡ îuL©$óZ_p A_¡L$ A˜zs `fp¾$dp¡_y„ hZ®_
kv$pe L$fsp fl¡sp„. cNhp__p NyZhZ®_dp„ s¡d_¡ A¡V$gy„ kyM dmsy„ L¡$ s¡Ap¡
k„kpf_u kdõs h¡v$_p_¡ c|gu S>sp. s¡d_¡ `p¡sp_p v¡$l s\p S>Ns_y„ `Z
cp_ fl¡sy„ _l]. cNhp_¡ A˜zs gugpAp¡Üpfp s¡d_¡ S>Ns cygphu v$B_¡
`p¡sp_pdp„ Apk¼s b_pìep lsp. Ap S> s¡d_p¡ cNhp_dp„ r_fp¡^ lsp¡.
cpNhs_p Ap L$\_\u A¡ k|rQs \pe R>¡ L¡$ Ap^yr_L$
`yrô$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡A¡ `Z cNhëgugp-õhê$`-NyZ-_pdp¡_y„ îhZ-L$us®_-
õdfZ â¡d`|h®L$ L$fsp fl¡hy„ Å¡BA¡. îu_Þv$pqv$ h°S>c¼sp¡_¡ S>¡d cNhp_dp„
â¡d rkÙ \ep¡ s¡d Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c[¼sdpN}e kp^L$_¡ `Z `|hp£¼s kp^_p¡
L$fhp\u cNhp_dp„ â¡d rkÙ \i¡ S>.
v¡$lpÝepk_u r_h©rÑ :
ApÐdp Q¥sÞeõhê$` R>¡, v¡$l S>X$ R>¡. v¡$l_¡ ApÐdp kdS>hp¡ A\hp
v¡$l_¡ cNhp__p¡ _ kdÆ_¡ `p¡sp_p¡ kdS>hp¡ s¡_¡ "v¡$lpÝepk' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡
R>¡. AÝepk=c°d. "AOpkyf'_pd_p¡ v¥$Ðe v¡$lpÝepk_y„ d|s®õhê$` lsp¡.
AS>Nf b_u_¡ îuL©$óZ_y„ Ar_ô$ L$fhp_p rhQpf\u h_dp„ Aph¡gp AOpkyf_p¡
îuL©$óZ¡-s¡_p ifufdp„ âh¡i L$fu_¡, `p¡sp_p ifuf_¡ `h®s kdp_ rhipg
b_phu_¡-h^ L$ep£. AOpkyf_p h^\u Np¡`bpmL$p¡_p¡ v¡$lpÝepk r_h©Ñ \ep¡.
Ap S> âdpZ¡ cNhÐk¡hpdp„ S>¡Ap¡ sÐ`f R>¡ s¡hp Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$dpN}e
kp^L$p¡_p v¡$lpÝepk_¡ `Z cNhp_¹ v|$f L$f¡ R>¡.
B[ÞÖepÝepk_u r_h©rÑ :
B[ÞÖep¡ S>X$ lp¡e R>¡. S>X$ B[ÞÖep¡_¡ ApÐdp kdS>hu A\hp B[ÞÖep¡_¡
cNhÐk¡hpdpV¡$ _ kdÆ_¡ gp¥qL$L$ rhjep¡_p D`cp¡N_y„ kp^_ kdS>hy„ s¡_¡
"B[ÞÖe-AÝepk' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. L$prge_pN cNhp_\u brldy®M \e¡gu
B[ÞÖep¡_y„ d|s®õhê$` lsp¡. cNhp_¡ `p¡sp_p c[¼sê$ù QfZp¡\u L$prge_pN_p
132
dp\p D`f âlpf L$fu_¡ s¡_u v$f¡L$ a¡Z_y„ v$d_ L$ey¯. L$prge_pN_u ifZpNrs\u
h°S>hprkAp¡_p¡ B[ÞÖepÝepk v|$f \ep¡. cNhp__u Ap gugp\u õ`ô$ \pe R>¡ L¡$
Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c[¼sdpN}e kp^L$p¡A¡ `Z gp¥qL$L$ rhjep¡(ê$`-fk-NÞ^-
õì®-iåv$)dp„ Apk¼s b_¡gu `p¡sp_u B[ÞÖep¡_¡ âcyk¡hpdp„ Å¡X$u_¡ iyÙ
b_phhu Å¡BA¡. Apd L$fhp\u cNhp_¡ v$php[Á__y„ `p_ L$fu_¡ ifZ¡ Aph¡gp
h°S>hprkAp¡_p B[ÞÖep¡_p v$p¡jp¡_¡ S>¡d v|$f L$ep® lsp s¡d Ap^yr_L$
`yrô$c[¼sdpN}e kp^L$p¡_u B[ÞÖep¡_p Apkyfucphp¡_¡ `Z Qp¡½$k v|$f L$fi¡.
AÞs:L$fZpÝepk_u r_h©rÑ :
rQÑ Al„L$pf byrÙ A_¡ d_ _p kd|l_¡ "AÞs:L$fZ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡
R>¡. AÞs:L$fZ S>X$ lp¡e R>¡. S>X$ AÞs:L$fZ_¡ ApÐdp kdS>hy„ A\hp
AÞs:L$fZ_¡ âcyk„b„û op_, k„L$ë`, õdfZ hN¡f¡dp„ _ gNphu_¡ gp¥qL$L$
bpbsp¡dp„ Å¡X$h„y s¡_¡ "AÞs:L$fZpÝepk' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Np¡hprmep_p¡ h¡i
^pfZ L$fu_¡ Aph¡ g p¡ "âgçb'_pd_p¡ Aky f Np¡ ` bpmL$p¡ _ p
AÞs:L$fZpÝepk_y„ d|s®õhê$` lsp¡. îubgv¡$hÆÜpfp s¡_p¡ h^ L$fphu_¡
cNhp_¡ Np¡`bpmL$p¡_p AÞs:L$fZ k„b„û AÝepk_¡ v|$f L$ep£ lsp¡. Ap S>
âdpZ¡, S>¡ Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡ âcyk¡hp-õdfZdp„ sÐ`f lp¡e R>¡
s¡d_p `Z AÞs:L$fZ_p AÝepk_¡ cNhp_¹ v|$f L$f¡ R>¡
`p¡sp_p õhê$`_y„ op_ :
cNhp_¹ Np¡`bpmL$p¡_u kp\¡ h_dp„ Npep¡ Qfphu füp lsp Ðepf¡ afu
A¡L$ hpf h_dp„ ApN gpNu. Npep¡ Np¡`bpmL$p¡ ApN_u hÃQ¡ k`X$pC Nep„. sp`
A_¡ sfk \u ìepLy$m b_¡gp„ b^p„ A„s¡ cNhp__p ifZdp„ Apìep„. cNhp_¡
b^p_u Ap„Mp¡ duQphu A_¡ ce„L$f v$php[Á__¡ ù Nep. v$php[Á_ A¡
Np¡`bpmL$p¡_p `p¡sp_p rhjeL$ Aop__y„ d|s®ê$` lsp¡. v$php[Á__y„ `p_ L$fu_¡
cNhp_¡ Np¡`bpmL$p¡_y„ õhrhjeL$ Aop_ v|$f L$ey¯. s¡ S> âL$pf¡ âcy_p ifZdp„
fl¡_pfp Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c[¼sdpN}e kp^L$_p `Z ApÐdv$p¡j•`p¡sp_p õhê$`_p
Aop__¡- cNhp_¹ v|$f L$f¡ R>¡.
rhep¡Ndp„ NyZNp_ :
cNhp_¹ Äepf¡ `Z h_dp„ Np¡QpfZ L$fhpdpV¡$ `^pfsp Ðepf¡ s¡d_p„
v$i®_ _ \hp\u ìepLy$m b_¡gp„ îu_Þv$eip¡v$p s¡dS> AÞe Np¡`Np¡rÀp¡
cNhp__u rhrh^ gugpAp¡_¡ epv$ L$fu-L$fu_¡ cNhp__p NyZ Npsp„ fl¡sp„.
133
Apd, cNhp__p kÞdyMdp„ S>¡hy„ s¡d_y„ d_ cNhp_dp„ `fp¡hpe¡gy„ fl¡sy„ s¡hy„ S>
cNhp__p rhep¡Ndp„ `Z õhê$`-NyZ-_pd-gugp_p„ îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ
Üpfp s¡d_y„ d_ cNhp_dp„ `fp¡hpe¡gy„ fl¡sy„.
Ap D`f\u õ`ô$ \pe R>¡ L¡$ Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡A¡ âcyk¡hp
L$fsp„-L$fsp„ s\p âcyk¡hp_p A_hkf(k¡hp _ L$fsp lp¡e s¡ kde)dp„ `Z
âcy_p„ NyZNp_ L$fsp fl¡hy„ Å¡BA¡. A\p®s¹, k¡hp A_¡ õdfZ _y„ Aphs®_
Q¾$_u dpaL$ A_hfs Qpgsy„ fl¡hy„ Å¡BA¡.
AÞepîeÐepN :
h°S>hprkAp¡ ârshj® BÞÖeo L$fsp lsp. v$¡hp¡_p `Z v¡$h `p¡s¡
kpnps¹ h°S>dp„ rbfpS>sp lp¡hp R>sp„ h°S>hprkAp¡ AÞe v¡$h_p¡ Apîe L$f¡ s¡
kl_ _ \sp„ cNhp_¡ BÞÖepN _ L$fhp_u kgpl s¡d_¡ Apù. s¡ hj£
h°S>hprkAp¡A¡ BÞÖeo _ L$fu_¡ Np¡h^®_eo L$ep£. Ap Å¡B_¡ cNhp__p
õhê$`_¡ _ ÅZ_pfp¡ BÞÖ ¾$p¡^¡ cfpep¡. s¡Z¡ kdN° h°S> D`f ^p¡^dpf hfkpv$
hfkphu_¡ h°S>_¡ S>mb„bpL$pf b_phu v$u^y„. Aphp kde¡ cNhp_¹ AÞepîe
R>p¡X$_pfp h°S>hprkAp¡_u dv$v¡$ Apìep. cNhp_¡ Np¡h^®_ `h®s_¡ D`pX$u gu^p¡.
ìy `rnAp¡ krls kdõs h°S>hprkAp¡ `h®s_u _uQ¡ kyfrns b_u Nep„.
BÞÖ_y„ Arcdp_ Ap¡Nmu Ney„. s¡ `Z cNhp__u ndp dpNsp¡ ifZ¡ Apìep¡.
Ap gugpÜpfp cNhp_¡ kr|Qs L$ey¯ R>¡ L$¡ Ap^ry_L$ `ryô$c[¼sdpN}e
kp^L$p¡A¡ `Z AÞe v$¡hu-v$¡hsp_p¡ Apîe _ L$fhp¡ ÅB¡A.¡ `ryô$c[¼sdprNA ® ¡
dpÓ îuL$©óZ_p¡ S> A_Þe Apîe fpMhp¡ ÅB¡A.¡ AÞev$¡h_p¡ Apîe R>pX¡$u_¡
îuL$©óZ_p¡ Apîe L$fhp S>sp„ (AÞe v$¡h ¾$p¡^¡ cfpi¡ L$¡ Ar_ô$ L$fi¡ Ah¡p)¡ Å¡
ce gpNsp¡ lpe¡ sp¡ s¡ `Z d_dp\„u L$pY$u _pMhp¡ ÅB¡A.¡ â\d sp¡ `ps¡p_p¡
Apîe R>pX¡$u_¡ îuL$©óZ_p¡ Apîe L$fhp\u L$p¡C `Z v$¡h ¾$p¡r^s \sp S> _\u A_¡
Å¡ \pe sp¡ BÞÖ_p L$p¡`\u cNhp_¡ S>d¡ hS°>hprkAp_¡u fnp L$fu lsu sd¡
c¼s_u `Z fnp L$fi¡ S> Ah¡p¡ ×Y$ rhíhpk cNhp_¹ D`f fpMhp¡ ÅB¡A.¡
Ap_p¡ kpf A¡ S> R>¡ L$¡ `ryô$c[¼sdprNA ® ¡ AÞev$¡h_p¡ Apîe R>pX¡$u_¡
A_Þecph\u îuL$©óZ_p¡ S> Apîe L$fhp¡ ÅB¡A.¡
cNhv$pop_y„ `pg_ :
h°S>_u Ly$dpqfL$pAp¡ _Þv$_Þv$_ îuL©$óZ_¡ `p¡sp_p Agp¥qL$L$ `rs_p
ê$`dp„ Å¡su lsu. l¡dÞs F>sy_p â\d dpNkf dpkdp„ s¡dZ¡ cNhp__¡ `rs
134
sfuL¡$ âpàs L$fhp_p k„L$ë`\u h°s L$ey¯. h°s_p r_ed dyS>b s¡Ap¡ âps:L$pg
edy_pÆdp„ õ_p_ L$fsu. cNhp_¹ s¡d_u d_p¡L$pd_p ÅZu Nep. A¡L$ qv$hk,
Äepf¡ Ly$dpqfL$pAp¡ õ_p_ L$fhpdpV¡$ edy_pÆdp„ Dsfu, Ðepf¡ îuL©$óZ `Z rdÓp¡
kp\¡ Ðep„ `lp¢Qu Nep. A_¡ qL$_pfp D`f fpM¡gp„ Ly$dpqfL$pAp¡_p„ h÷p¡_¡ gB_¡
h©n D`f QY$u Nep A_¡ Ly$dpqfL$pAp¡_u díL$fu L$fhp gpÁep. cNhp_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡
h©n_u `pk¡ Aphu_¡ h÷p¡ gC S>hp_y„ L$üy„. cNhp_¹ s¡Ap¡_u gÄÅ R>p¡X$phhp
dpNsp lsp. S>¡ QfpQfdp„ rbfpS>¡ R>¡, S>¡_p\u rcÞ_ S>Nsdp„ L„$C `Z _\u
s¡_p\u iu gÄÅ ! \p¡X$u Ap_pL$p_u `R>u Ly$dpqfL$pAp¡ cNhp__p ifZ¡ NB.
s¡dZ¡ L$üy„ : ""Ad¡ Ap`_u v$pku R>uA¡. Ap` S>¡ Apop L$fip¡ s¡ Ad¡ L$fuiy„''.
cNhp_¹ s¡d_u ApopL$pqfsp\u âkÞ_ \ep A_¡ s¡d_u d_p¡L$pd_p `|Z® L$fu_¡
s¡d_¡ kam b_pìep„.
cNhp__u Ap gugp\u A¡ bp¡^ \pe R>¡ L¡$ cNhp__u Apop_y„
Anfi: `pg_ L$fhy„ A¡ c¼s_p¡ ^d® R>¡. ^dp£_y„ ApQfZ L$fhp k„b„û
cNhv$pop_p¡ bp¡^ h¡v$-Nusp-õd©rs-cpNhspqv$ ip÷p¡Üpfp \C iL¡$ R>¡.
h¥óZh_y„ S> AÞ_ g¡h„y :
A¡L$ qv$hk¡ cNhp_¹ Np¡`bpmL$p¡ kp\¡ h_dp„ Np¡QpfZdpV¡$ `^pep®
lsp. b`p¡f \sp„ Np¡`kMpAp¡_¡ cyM gpNu. h__u `pk¡ S> Apîddp„ L¡$V$gpL$
b°pûZp¡ eo L$fu füp lsp. b°pûZp¡ sp¡ rhr^rh^p_dp„ r_›$phpmp lsp.
s¡d_u `[Ð_Ap¡, `f„sy, cNhv$ue lsu. b°pûZp¡ `pk¡\u AÞ_ _ dmsp„
cNhp_¡ Np¡`kMpAp¡_¡ b°pûZ`[Ð_Ap¡_u `pk¡\u AÞ_ gphhpdpV¡$ dp¡L$ëep.
b°pûZ`[Ð_Ap¡ sp¡ fpÆ_u f¡X$ \C NB. s¡Ap¡ Ås¡ S> A_¡L$ âL$pf_u
hp_NuAp¡ \pmdp„ kÅhu_¡, _v$u S>¡d A_¡L$ bp^pAp¡_¡ `pf L$fu_¡ kdyÖ sfa
hl¡su lp¡e R>¡ s¡d `rs-cpB-`yÓpqv$_p fp¡L$hp R>sp„ cNhp__¡ cp¡S>_
L$fphhpdpV¡$ Qpgu r_L$mu.
cNhp_Üpfp eo`[Ð_Ap¡ `pk¡\u AÞ_ dNphhp\u A¡ bp¡^ dm¡ R>¡
L¡$ Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡A¡ õhdpN}e h¥óZhp¡_y„ AÞ_ S> N°lZ L$fh„y
Å¡BA¡. îuApQpe®QfZ `Z iyÙ AÞ_\u v¡$l_y„ `p¡jZ L$fhp_u Apop L$f¡ R>¡.
D`k„lpf—:
cNhp__u D`fp¡¼s gugpAp¡_y„ â¡d`|h®L$ îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ
L$fhp\u Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡_u `Z h°S>c¼sp¡_u dpaL$ cNhp_dp„
Apk[¼s \pe R>¡. cNh˜[¼s_u h©rÙdp„ Aph_pfp ârsb„^L$p¡_p¡ _pi \e¡,
135
cNhp__u rhi¡j L©$`p âpàs \e¡, buS>cph_u ×Y$spê$` ìek_ Ahõ\p_u
âp[às \pe R>¡. sÐ`íQpÑ ìek_cphdp„ Ap¥f h©rÙ \sp„ c¼s_p spdk-
fpS>k-kp[ÒhL$, âpL©$s cphp¡_p¡ _pi \B_¡ r_Ny®Z Ahõ\p A\p®s¹
b°ûcph_u âp[às \pe R>¡. sv$_Þsf khp®Ðdcph_u Ahõ\p âpàs \sp„
kp^L$_¡ îuL©$óZ_p Aprhc|®s/âL$V$ õhê$`_u ApÞsf/bpü A_yc|rs
r_fÞsf \hp gpN¡ R>¡. s¡_pÜpfp L$fhpdp„ Aphsu cNhÐk¡hp `Z Apr^v¥$rhL$u
L¡$ Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®ê$`p b_u S>su lp¡hp\u s¡dp„ b°ûp_Þv$\u `Z DÐL©$ô$ A¡hp
cS>_p_Þv$_p¡ A_ych s¡_¡ \hp gpN¡ R>¡. Ðepfbpv$ Äepf¡ `yrô$c[¼sdpN}e
kp^L$_p õ\|m-k|ÿdifufp¡ Ry>V$u Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡ h¥Ly„$W$pqv$ qv$ìe cNhÙpddp„
cNhÐk¡hpep¡Áe v¡$l âpàs L$fu_¡ s¡_p¡ cNhp__u r_Ðegugpdp„ âh¡i \pe R>¡.
""kçâv$pe_p vy$cp®Áehi hs®dp_ L$pmdp„ Ar^L$p„i ApQpe®h„iÅ¡_u
cNhÐk¡hp õh^d®_p õ\p_¡ L$p„ sp¡ ApÆrhL$p_y„ L$p„ dpN®âQpf_y„ kp^_
dpÓ b_u NB R>¡. `qfZpd¡ ^d®r_f`¡n L$pev$pAp¡_u ¾|$f-Örô$_p L$pfZ¡
dp¡V¡$ cpN¡ A_¡L$ ApQpe®h„iÅ¡_p„ Of ApS>¡ kph®S>r_L$-
Apfp^_põ\mp¡_p Þepk-V²$õV$dp„ rhL©$s \B Nep„ R>¡. hpëgcrkÙp„s_p¡
Ap_p\u h^y r_›y$f h^ k„ch _\u. ApS>¡ `p¡s¡ ApQpe®h„iÅ¡_pdpV¡$
`p¡sp_p k¡ìeõhê$`p¡_u riiy-bpg-Ly$dpf-qL$ip¡f ê$`p¡_u cph_p,
k¡hp_u h°S>gugpdeu cph_p s\p `p¡sp_pdp„ v$põe-k¿e-hpÐkëe-
dp^ye®cphp¡_u ùv$edp„ cph_pAp¡ L$fsp„ L$fsp„ âcyk¡hp L$fhu i¼e _\u
flu NB. ìephkpreL$ bpü ApX$çbfp¡_p L$pfZ¡, cphrhlu_
L$d®QpqfAp¡_u klpesp gu^p rh_p, cNhÐk¡hp_p bNX¡$gp
bMX$S>Þsfdp„ õhe„ ApQpe®h„iS> lpqv®$L$ fyrQ\u sÐ`f _\u \B iL$sp.
ApÆrhL$p\® ìep`pf sfuL¡$ A\hp rhhi b_u_¡ kph®S>r_L$
V²$õV$d[Þv$fp¡dp„ _p¡L$fu_p ê$`dp„ Mygp v$i®_dp„ Apfsu L$fsp„-L$fsp„ d_
DQpV$ b_u Åe R>¡. Ap\u S>, õhê$`-gugp-cph cph_p`n_u
c[¼skp^_pdp„ ApS>¡ Op¡f D`¡np s¡_¡ õd©rsi¡j b_phu v¡$hp_u kudp
kyû `lp¢Qu NB R>¡.'' (Np¡.îuíepdd_p¡lfÆ rhfrQs AÏcpóe
s©suepÝepe_u âõsph_p "kp^_dudp„kp' `©›$ : 49-50).
rhi¡j hp„Q_dpV¡$—:
1.îugpg|cË$Æ rhfrQs âd¡efÐ_pZ®h N°Þ\_p¡ "`yrô$dpN}eagrhh¡L$'
2.îudv¹$c$pNhs`yfpZ_p¡ 10dp¡ õL$Þ^.
3.Np¡.îuíepdd_p¡lfÆ rhfrQs AÏcpóe s©suepÝepe_u âõsph_p "kp^_dudp„kp'.
4.îuhëgcpQpe® rhfrQs "r_fp¡^gnZd¹'N°Þ\s\p s¡_u Np¡.îuíepdd_p¡lfÆ
rhfrQs c|rdL$p.
136

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âd¡efÐ_k„N°l

âL$piL$—: îuhëgcpQpe® V²$õV$, dp„X$hu-L$ÃR>

kç`pv$L$—: Np¡õhpdu ifv¹$ (—dp„X$hu-L$ÃR>—)

â\d k„õL$fZ : 1999, ârs : 4,000

N°Þ\âL$pi_ klpe—: ê$.—50

Ap ÓZ¡e N°Þ\p¡D`f ìep¿epÐdL$ kprlÐe `Z `fhs}kpçâv$preL$

Apd hpëgcds_p„ Ap âr¾$epN°Þ\p¡ `¥L$u L$p¡CL$ A¡L$ N°Þ\_y„ ìeh[õ\s

(L$) Ap âr¾$epN°Þ\p¡\u iê$Aps L$ep® `R>u, ¾$di:, buÅ, ÓuÅ A_¡

(M) s¡dS> hpëgc ^d®kp^_p L¡$ L$s®ìer_^p®fZ _p kpQp õhê$`_¡

hpZuõhpsÞÔe g¡rM_uõhpsÞÔe A_¡ ìe[¼sNs fyrQdyS>b

Aphu b¡S>hpbv$pf d_p¡h©rÑ_¡ L$pfZ¡ dpN®_u k¡hp_p W¡$L$pZ¡ Ap qv$ìe

hpëgcds_p AÝee_dpV¡$ Ap âr¾$epN°Þ\p¡\u âpfçc L$ep® rh_p

Aphu L$`fu `qf[õ\rsdp„, îudlpâcy-îuâcyQfZpqv$ `|hp®Qpep£_p„

Np¡õhpdu îuifv¹$bphpA¡, s¡\u, "`yrô$âh¡riL$p' "`yrô$âh¡i' A_¡

`yrô$dpN®_p„ ÓZ¡e Apepdp¡ • sÒhv$i®_ L$s®ìer_^p®fZ A_¡

buÅ L$p¡C_u bpbsdp„ L$p„C `Z gMhp-bp¡ghpdpV¡$ lz„ dpfu Ås_¡

s¡\u îu`yrô$âcy îudlpâcy A_¡ îuâcyQfZp¡ _u L©$`p\u Np¡õhpdu

âÐe¡L$ `y[óV$c[¼sdpN}D`f `Z Ap ÓZ F>Zp¡ `y[óV$c[¼sdpN®_u

""cNhÃR>põÓp¡_y„ AÝee_ L$fu_¡ d_—-—hpZu—-—v¡$l\u cNhÐk¡hp

âpQu_L$pmdp„ ApQpe®h„iÅ¡ õhe„ ipõÓ s\p õhdpN}e N°Þ\p¡_p¡

Ap`Z¡ `y[óV$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡ ApS>¡ `ep®às Aop_—-—AÞe\pop_dp„

`funpL$pe®¾$d_p Apf„c\u S> Adpfu lpqv®$L$ Arcgpjp lsu L¡$ Ap

Ap L$pe® kfm _\u, Ai¼e `Z _\u. AphíeL$sp R>¡ sp¡ dpÓ

d|m N°Þ\p¡_y„ AÝee_ kfmsp\u A_¡ kç`|Z®sp\u L$fu iL$pe s¡dpV¡$

r`sp `p¡sp_p kÞsp_p¡_p crhóe_u kyfnpdpV¡$ S>¡d `p¡sp_u cp¥rsL$

AÞs¡, kçâv$pe_p AÞsf„N A¡hp A_¡L$ L$pep£dp„ Arsie ìeõs lp¡hp

hkÞs`ÊQdu 1999 `funpk„QpgL$ d„X$m hsu

3. d|gê$` rhh¡L$ 60-76

4. `y[óV$ rhh¡L$ 77-90

5. `y[óV$c[¼s Ar^L$pf rhh¡L$ 91-102

6. khp®Ðdcph rhh¡L$ 103-106

7. `y[óV$dpN}eag rhh¡L$ 107-136

S>Ns¹ b°û_y„ L$pe® R>¡ :

b°û S>Ns¹-L$pfZ `Z R>¡ :

s¡ ArcÞ_r_rdÑp¡`pv$p_ L$pfZ R>¡ :

kh® â\d "^d®'_p¡ A\® L¡$V$gpL$ Dv$plfZp¡_u klpesp\u kdÆA¡.

Apf„chpv A_¡ k„Opshpv$ bÞ_¡ hpv$p¡ Ahehp¡\u Ahehu (=L$pe®)

`qfZpd b¡ âL$pf_p lp¡e R>¡ :

îuhëgcpQpe®_p ds¡ S>Ns¹ A¡ b°û_y„ ArhL©$s `qfZpd R>¡.

îuhëgcpQpe®_p ds¡, `fÞsy, S>Ns¹ dpreL$ L¡$ rdÕep _\u. b°û

ÅNrsL$ hõsyAp¡_p¡ Acph kçch¡ L¡$ _l] ?

D`fp¡¼s âí__p DÑf_¡ kdS>hpdpV¡$ Acph_y„ õhê$` A_¡ s¡_p

1. AÐeÞspcph : õ\m_¡ A_ygnu_¡ Äepf¡ L$p¡C hõsy_p A[õsÐh_p¡ r_j¡^

âpNcph A_¡ âÝh„kpcph L$prgL$ Acph R>¡. âpNcph = DÐ`rÑ

4. AÞep¡Þepcph : A¡L$ hõsy_p buÆ hõsydp„ fl¡sp `fõ`f_p L¡$

Acph_¡ kdÅhhp dpV¡$ Ap`¡gp D`fp¡¼s ×óV$pÞsp¡ S>Ns¹dp„ fl¡gp

Acph _l] `Z rsfp¡cph :

Al] "Acph' A_¡ "rsfp¡cph' hÃQ_p¡ saphs kdS>hp¡ S>ê$fu R>¡.

Qsyrh®^ Acph_y„ r_fpL$fZ :

âpNcph-âÝh„kpcph_y„ r_fpL$fZ : DÒ`rÑ `|h£ hõsy_p¡ Acph

AkÐL$pe®hpv$-DÐ`rÑ : DÐ`rÑ `l¡gp„ L$pe® Aks¹ lp¡e R>¡. Ap dpÞesp_¡

kÐL$pe®hpv$-Aprhcp®h : DÐ`rÑ `|h£ L$pe® Aks¹ lp¡e R>¡ A¡

DÐ`rÑhpqv$Ap¡_y„ dp_hy„ lsy„ L¡$ S>¡ hõsy_y„ kv$Þsf A[õsÐh _ lp¡e

b°û k[ÃQv$p_Þv$ (=ks¹+rQs¹+Ap_Þv$ ) R>¡. k©rô$_y„ kS>®_

D`fp¡¼s bÞ_¡ âí_p¡_p DÑf kdS>hpdpV¡$ b°û_u i[¼s ìepdp¡rlL$p

AÞe\pâsursl¡syc|sp : dpep_y„ buSy>„ L$pe® R>¡ : Aop_u b_¡gp

dpreL$ rhjep¡_u DÐ`rÑ_¡ L$pfZ¡ Æhp¡_u byrÙ A¡hu c°rds b_u

S>Ns¹ A_¡ k„kpf :

S>Ns¹ A¡ b°û_p Q¥sÞe A_¡ Ap_„v$ NyZ^d®_p rsfp¡^p_`|h®L$ ks¹

S>Ns¹dp„_p Æhp¡ dpep_p âcphdp„ Aphu_¡ `p¡sp_u Al„sp A_¡

S>Ns¹ A¡ `fdpÐdp_y„ ¾$uX$p„NZ R>¡. s¡ vy$:Mê$` _\u. S>Ns¹_p

Ap i„L$p_y„ kdp^p_ kdyÖ A_¡ sf„N _p ×ô$pÞs\u kdÆ iL$pe R>¡:

S>Ns¹ A_¡ Æh bÞ_¡_p¡ Aprhcp®h b°ûdp„\u S> \pe R>¡. R>sp„