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1
CONSTANTES FISICAS
Cantidad fı́sica Sı́mbolo mks cgs
Carga elemental e 1.6022 × 10−19C 4.8032 × 10−10Sc
Constante Gravitacional G 6.6726 × 10−11m3 /s2.kg 6.6726 × 10−8cm3 /s2 .g
Constante de Boltzman k 1.3807 × 10−23J/0k 1.3807 × 10−16E/0k
Constante de F araday F 9.6484 × 104C/mol 2.8925 × 1014Sc/mol
Const. de P ermeabilidad µ0 1.2566 × 10−6H/m
Const. de P ermitividad 0 8.8542 × 10−12F/m
Constante de P lanck h 6.6260 × 10−34J/s 6.6260 × 10−27E.s
Constante de Rydberg R 1.0974 × 107 /m 1.0974 × 105cm
Constante de σ 5.6703 × 10−8 J/m2.s.0k4 5.6703 × 10−5
Stefan − Bolttzmann E/cm2.s.0 k4
Constante molar de los R 8.3144J/mol0k 8.3144 × 107E/mol0 k
gases
Energı́a asociada con 1
Rydberg 13.606eV
Energı́a asociada con 1eV 1.6022 × 10−12E
Energı́a asociada con 10K 8.6173 × 10−5eV
Energı́a asociada con 1cm−1 1.9865 × 10−16E
F recuencia asociada con
1eV v0 2.4180 × 1014Hz
Longitud de onda asociada
con 1eV λ0 1.2399 × 10−6m 1.2399 × 10−4cm
Longitud de onda del electrón h
2.4263 × 10−12m 2.4263 × 10−10cm
me c
Longitud Compton del electrón ? 3.8616 × 10−13m 3.8616 × 10−11cm
M agnetón N uclear µN 5.058 × 10−27J/T
M agnetón Bohr µB 9.2741 × 10−24J/T
M asa del muón mµ 1.8836 × 10−28kg 1.8836 × 10−25g
M asa del neutrón mn 1.6750 × 10−27kg 1.6750 × 10−24gr
M asa del protón mp 1.6726 × 10−27 1.6726 × 10−24gr
M asa del electrón me 9.1093 × 10−31kg 9.1093 × 10−28g
M omento magnético del
electrón µe 9.2848 × 10−24J/T
M omento magnético del
protón µp 1.4106 × 10−26J/T
N úmero de Avogadro NA 6.0220 × 1023/mol 6.0220 × 1023/mol
N úmero de Loschmidt No 2.6868 × 1025m−3 2.6868 × 1019cm−3
N úmero de onda asociado
con 1eV ko 8.0665 × 105m−1 8.0665 × 103cm−1
P rimera constante de
radiación c1 3.7418 × 10−5
E − cm2 /s
2
Radio Clásico del
electrón re −27
2.8179 × 10 m −25
2.8179 × 10 cm
Radio de Bohr ao 5.2918 × 10−11m 5.2918 × 10−9cm.
Rapidez de la luz en el
vacı́o c 2.9979 × 108m/s 2.9979 × 1010cm/s
Relación entre la carga
y la masa del electrón 1.7588 × 1011C/kg 5.2728 × 1017Sc/g
Relación entre la
masa protón /electrón 1.8362 × 103 1.8362 × 103
Sección transversal
atómica 8.7974 × 10−21m2 8.7974 × 10−17cm2
Sección transversal
T homson 6.6524 × 10−29m2 6.6524 × 10−25cm2
Segunda constante de
radiación 1.4368 × 10−2m −o k 1.4368 × cm −o k
T emperatura asociada
con 1eV 1.1605 × 104.o k 1.1605 × 104.o k
V olumen molar de un
gas ideal a T P N 2.2414 × 10−2m3 /mol 2.2414 × 104cm3 /mol
3
NOMENCLATURA
C = Coulombio
Sc = Statcoulombio
kg = Kilogramo
g = Gramo
m = M etro
cm = Centı́metro
J = Joule
E = Ergio
T = T esla
eV = Electrón V oltio
H = Henrio
F = F aradio
.o k = Grado Kelvin
s = Segundo
& = h̄ = h/2π = 1.0546 × 10−27E.s
? = h/me c
?? = h̄/me c
TPN = T emperatura y presión normales = 00C y 1 atm.
4
FACTORES DE CONVERSION
Masa
Longitud
1m = 39.4plg. = 3.28pies
1mi = 1.61km = 5280pies
1plg = 2.54cm
1mµ = 10−9m = 10Ao
Electricidad
1C = 3.00 × 109Statcoul.
1A = 3.00 × 109Statamp.
W b/m2 = 1T = 104gauss
Fuerza y Presión
1N = 105dinas = 0.225libras
1N/m2 = 10dinas/cm2 = 1.45 × 10−4lb/plg2
= 9.87 × 10−6atm = 7.50 × 10−4cm − Hg.
Energı́a y Potencia
1Cal = 4.19J
1J = 107erg = 0.239Cal = 0.738pie − lbs = 2.78 × 10−7KW − h
1eV = 1.60 × 10−19J = 1.60 × 10−12erg
1hp = 746W = 550pie − lbs/s
5
LETRAS GRIEGAS
α Alfa ν Nu
β Beta ξ Xi
γ Gamma o Omicron
δ Delta π Pi
Epsilon ρ Rho
ζ Zeta σ Sigma
η Eta τ T au
θ T heta υ U psilon
ι Iota φ Fi
κ Kappa χ Ji
λ Lambda ψ P si
µ Mu ω Omega
AREAS y VOLUMENES
ESFERA
Area = 4πr2
V olumen = 43 πr3
CONO √
Area lateral = πr r2 + h2
V olumen = π3 r2h
CILINDRO
Area lateral = 2πrh
V olumen = πr2 h
1 Identidades trigonométricas.
Sen2 θ + Cos2θ = 1
Sec2 θ − T an2θ = 1
Csc2θ − Cot2θ = 1
Sen2θ = 2SenθCosθ
6
Sen (α ± β) = SenαCosβ ± CosαSenβ
T anα±T anβ
T an (α ± β) = 1∓T anαT anβ
2 Series.
X
n
n(n + 1)
i=
1
2
n
X n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
i2 =
i
6
Serie Geométrica
X
n
a(rn − 1)
ari =
0
r−1
x2 x3
ln (1 + x) = x − 2 + 3 − ...
7
θ3 θ5
Senθ = θ − 3! + 5! − ...
θ2 θ4
Cosθ = 1 − 2! + 4! − ...
d(vu) dv
dx
= u dx + v du
dx
d(u/v) v(du/dx)−u(dv/dx)
dx
= v2
dy dy du
dx
= du dx
(Regla de la cadena)
du 1
dx
= dx/du
d(Senu)
dx
= Cosu du
dx
d(Cosu)
dx
= −Senu du
dx
d(T anu) du
dx
= Sec2 u dx
d loga u loga e du
dx
= u dx
dau
dx = au ln a du
dx
dSenhu
dx = Coshu du
dx
dCoshu
dx = Senhu du
dx
dT anhu
dx = Sech2 u du
dx
dSenh−1 u
dx = ± √u12 +1 du
dx
dCosh−1 u
dx = ± √u12 −1 du
dx
dT anh−1 u 1 du
dx = ± √1−u 2 dx
8
5 Fórmulas básicas de integración.
R R
udu = uv − vdu
R 1
R
f(ax)dx = a f(u)du
R R R F (u)dx
F f(x)dx = F (u) dx
du
du = f 0 (x)
R n+1
un du = un+1 ; n 6= −1
= ln u n = −1
R
eu du = eu
R au
au du = ln a
R
senudu = − cos u
R
cos udu = senu
R
tan udu = − ln(cos u)
R
senhu du = cosh u
R
cosh u du = senhu
R
tanh u du = ln(cosh u)
R du 1 u
u2 +a2 = a tan−1 a
R
√ du = sen−1 ua
a2 −u2
R dx 1 x−a
x2 −a2 = 2a ln | x+a |
R √
√ dx = ln x + x2 + a2 = senh−1 x
x2 +a2 2
R √
√ xdx = x2 + a2
x2 +a2
R 2
√
x x2 +a2 a2
√
√x dx = − ln x + x2 + a2
x2 +a2 2 2
9
R dx
= √x
(x2 +a2 )3/2 a2 x2 +a2
R 3 (x2 +a2 )
3/2 √
x2 +a2
√x dx = − a2
x2 +a2 3
R xdx
(x2 +a2 )3/2
= − √x21+a2
R x2 dx
√
(x2 +a2 )3/2
= − √x2x+a2 + ln x + x2 + a2
R x3 dx
√ 2
= x2 + a2 + √ a
(x2 +a2 )3/2 x2 +a2
R dx a+(x2 +a2 )
1/2
R 1/2 x
1/2 a2 −1 x
a2 − x2 = 2 a2 − x2 + 2 sen a
R dx a+(a2 −x2 )
1/2
R n (a+bx)(n+1)
(a + bx) dx = (n+1)b n 6= −1
Z
n 1 n+2 a (n+1)
x (a + bx) dx = (a + bx) − 2 (a + bx)
b2 (n + 2) b (n + 1)
n 6= −1 n 6= −2
R h i
n 1 (a+bx)n+3 (a+bx)n+2 (a+bx)n+1
x2 (a + bx) dx = b3 n+3 − 2a n+2 + a2 n+1
R n xm+1 (a+bx)n an
R n−1
xm (a + bx) dx = m+n+1 + m+n+1 xm (a + bx) dx
R m n
h x (a + bx) dx = i
1 m+1 n+1 R m n+1
a(n+1)
−x (a + bx) + (m + n + 2) x (a + bx) dx
10
R dx 1
(a+bx) = b log (a + bx)
R dx 1
(a+bx)2
= − b(a+bx)
R dx 1
(a+bx)3
= − 2b(a+bx) 2
R xdx 1
(a+bx)
= b2
[a + bx − a log (a + bx)]
R h i
xdx 1 a
(a+bx)2
= b2
log (a + bx) + a+bx
R h i
xdx 1 1 a
(a+bx)3
= b2 − a+bx + 2(a+bx)2
R h i
xdx 1 −1 a
(a+bx)n = b2 (n−2)(a+bx)n−2
+ (n−1)(a+bx)n−1
n 6= 1, 2
R h i
x2 dx 1 1 2
a+bx = b3 2 (a + bx) − 2a (a + bx) + a2 log (a + bx)
R h i
x2 dx 1 a2
(a+bx)2
= b3 a + bx − 2a log (a + bx) − a+bx
R h i
x2 dx 1 2a a2
(a+bx)3
= b3 log (a + bx) + a+bx − 2(a+bx)2
R h i
x2 dx 1 −1 2a a2
(a+bx)n = b3 (n−3)(a+bx)n−3
+ (n−2)(a+bx)n−2
− (n−1)(a+bx)n−1
n 6=
1, 2, 3
R dx
x(a+bx) = − a1 log a+bx
x
R dx 1 1
x(a+bx)2
= a(a+bx)
− a2
log a+bx
x
R dx 1 b
x2 (a+bx)
= − ax + a2
log a+bx
x
R dx
x2 (a+bx)2
= − a2a+2bx
x(a+bx)
+ 2b
a3
log a+bx
x
R dx 1 x 1 −1 √ x
c2 +x2 = c tan−1 c ó c sen c2 +x2
R
dx
c2 −x2 = 1
2c log c+x
c−x ó 1
c tanh−1 x
c
11
R
dx
x2 −c2 = 1
2c log x−c
x+c ó − 1c coth−1 x
c
0 0
5.0.3 Formas que contienen a + bx y a + b x
R 0 0
dx 1 a +b x
0 0
(a+bx)(a +b x)
= 0 0
ab −a b
log a+bx
R h 0 0 0
i
xdx 1 a a
(a+bx)(a0 +b0 x)
= 00
ab −a b b log (a + bx) − b
0 log a + b x
R 0 0 0
dx 1 1 b
(a+bx) (a0 +b0 x)
2 = ab −a0 b
0 a+bx + ab −a0 b
0 log aa+bx
+b x
R xdx −a a
0 0 0
R x2 dx
(a+bx)2 (a0 +b0 x)
=
" 0 2 #
2 a
0 0
0
a ab −a b
0
a 1
0 0
b2 ( ab −a b)(a+bx)
+ 2 0 log a + b x + b2 log (a + bx)
(ab0 −a0 b) b
R dx
(a+bx)n (a0 +b0 x)
m =
1 −1
R dx
(m−1)(ab0 −a0 b) 0 0 m−1 − (m + n − 2) b 0 0 m−1
(a+bx)n−1 (a +b x) (a+bx)n (a +b x)
R 0 0 0 0
a+bx bx ab −a b
a0 +b0 x
dx = b0
+ 2 log a + b x
( b0 )
√ √ √ 0 0 √
5.0.4 Formas que contienen a + bx = u y a + b x = v con k =
0 0
ab − a b
R√ k+2bv √ k2
R
uvdx = 0 uv − 0 √dx
4bb 8bb uv
R 0√
√ 0 0√
dx
√
v u
= √1 log b0 √u−√kb0 ó √2 tan−1 √b u
kb0 b u+ kb −kb0 −kb0
√ q
R √ 0
√dx
uv
= √2 0
log bb0 u + b v ó √2 0 tanh−1 b u
bv =
bb q bb
0
2
√ 0 tan −1 −b u
bv
ó
−bb
0 0 0
√−1 0
sen−1 2bb x + a b + ab
|k|
−bb
R xdx
√
uv
0
ab +a b
0 R dx
√
uv
= bb
0 − 2bb
0
uv
12
R √
dx
√
v uv
= − 2k√uv
R √
vdx 1√ k
R
= √dx
b uv −
√
u 2b uv
R √ √ R
1 vm
√ dx
vm udx = (2m+3)b0
2vm+1 u + k u
R √ R
dx 1 u 3 dx√
v m
√
u
= − (m−1)k v m−1
+ m− 2
b v m−1 u
R dx
√
= √1 tan−1 x ab
a+bx2 ab a
R √ √
dx
a+bx2
= √1
2 −ab
log a+x √−ab ó
a−x −ab
√1
−ab
tanh−1 x −ab
a
R xdx 1 a
a+bx2
= 2b
log x2 + b
R x2 dx x a
R dx
a+bx2 = b − b a+bx2
R dx x 1
R dx
(a+bx2 )2
= 2a(a+bx2 ) + 2a a+bx2
R dx 1 x 2m−1
R dx
(a+bx2 )m+1
= 2ma (a+bx2 )m + 2ma (a+bx2 )m
R xdx 1
R dz
(a+bx2 )m+1
= 2 (a+bz)m+1
z = x2
R x2 dx −x 1
R dx
(a+bx2 )m+1
= 2mb(a+bx2 )m + 2mb (a+bx2 )m
R dx 1 x 2
R dx 1 b
R dx
x2 (a+bx2 ) = − ax − a a+bx2
R dx 1 1
R dx
x(a+bx2 )m+1
= 2am(a+bx2 )m + a x(a+bx2 )m m 6= 0
R dx 1
R dx b
R dx
x2 (a+bx2 )m+1
= a x2 (a+bx2 )m − a (a+bx2 )m+1
R h √ i
dx k 1 (k+x)2
a+bx3
= 3a 2
log k2 − kx + x2
+ 3 tan−1 2x−k
√
k 3
bk3 = a
R h 2 √ i
xdx 1 1 − kx + k 2
a+bx3
= 3bk 2
log k (k+x)2
+ 3 tan−1 2x √
− k
k 3
bk3 = a
13
R dx 1 x n
R dx 1
R dx b
R xn dx
(a+bxn )m+1
= a (a+bxn )m
− a (a+bxn )m+1
R xm dx 1
R dx b
R dx
(a+bxn )p+1
= a xm (a+bxn )p − a xm−n (a+bxn )p+1
5.0.6 Formas que contienen a + bx + cx2 X = a + bx + cx2 y
q = 4ac − b2
R n o n o n √ o
2cx+b− −q
dx
X = √2
q tan−1 2cx+b
√
q = √−2
−q
tanh−1 2cx+b
√
−q
= √1
−q
log √
2cx+b+ −q
R dx 2cx+b 2c
R dx
X2
= qX
+ q X
R R
dx 2cx+b 1 3c 6c2 dx
X3 = q 2X 2 + qX + q2 X
R dx 2cx+b 2(2n−1)c R dx
X n+1 = nqX n + qn Xn
R xdx 1 b
R dx
X = 2c log X − 2c X
R xdx
R
X2
= − bx+2a
qX
− b
q
dx
X
R xdx b(2n−1) R
X n+1 = − 2a+bx
nqX n − nq
dx
Xn
R x2 dx x b b2 −2ac
R dx
X = c − 2c2 log X + 2c2 X
R x2 dx (b2 −2acx+ab) 2a
R dx
X2 = cqX + q X
R xm dx x m−1
n−m+1 b
R xm−1 dx m−1 a
R xm−2 dx
X n+1
= − (2n−m+1)cX n − 2n−m+1 c X n+1
+ 2n−m+1 c X n+1
R dx 1 2 R
xX = 2a log xX − b
2a
dx
X
14
R R
dx b b2
x2 X
= 2a2
log xX2 − 1
ax
+ 2a2
− c
a
dx
X
R dx 1 b
R dx 1
R dx
xX n
= 2a(n−1)X n−1
− 2a Xn
+ a xX n−1
R dx
R R
xn X n+1 = − (m−1)ax1 m−1 X n − n+m−1 b
m−1 a
dx
xm−1 X n+1 − 2n+m−1 c
m−1 a
dx
xm−2 X n+1
√
5.1 Formas que contienen: a + bx
R√ q
2 3
a + bxdx = 3b (a + bx)
R √ √
2(2a−3bx) (a+bx)3
x a + bxdx = − 15b2
√
R √ 2(8a2 −12abx+15b2x2 ) (a+bx)3
x2 a + bxdx = 105b3
q
R m
√ 2 m 3 R m−1 √
x a + bxdx = b(2m+3) x (a + bx) − ma x a + bxdx
R √
a+bx
√ R
dx = 2 a + bx + a √dx
x x a+bx
R √
a+bx
√
a+bx b
R
√dx
x2 dx =− x + 2 x a+bx
√
R √
a+bx 1 (a+bx)3 (2m−5)b R √
a+bxdx
xm = − (m−1)a xm−1 + 2 xm−1 m 6= 1
R √
2 a+bx
√ dx =
a+bx b
R √
√xdx
a+bx
= − 2(2a−bx)
3b2 a + bx
R 2 2(8a2 −4abx+3b2 x2 ) √
√x dx = a + bx
a+bx 15b3
R xm dx
√
2xm a+bx 2ma
R m−1
x√ dx
√
a+bx
= (2m+1)b − (2m+1)b a+bx
R √ √ q
√dx = √1 log √ a+bx−√ a = −2
√ tanh−1 a+bx
x a+bx a a+bx+ a a a
R √
a+bx
R
√dx =− − b √dx
x2 a+bx ax 2a x a+bx
R √
a+bx (2n−3)b R
√dx = − (n−1)ax n−1 −
dx
√
xn a+bx (2n−2)a xn−1 a+bx
R ±n/2 2(a+bx) 2
2±n
(a + bx) dx = b(2±n)
15
R ±n/2 2
4±n
(a+bx)2 a(a+bx)
2±n
2
x (a + bx) dx = b2 4±n − 2±n
R dx 1
R dx b
R dx
x(a+bx)m/2
= a m−2 − a (a+bx)m/2
x(a+bx) 2
√
5.1.1 Formas que contiene: x2 ± a2
R√ √ √
x2 ± a2 dx = 12 x x2 ± a2 ± a2 log x + x2 ± a2
R √
√ dx = log x + x2 ± a2
x2 ±a2
R
√ dx = 1a cos−1 ax
x x2 −a2
R √
√ dx 1 a+ x2 +a2
x x2 +a2
= − a log x
R √x2 +a2 √ √
2 2
x dx = x + a − a log a+ xx +a
2 2
R √x2 −a2 √
x dx = x2 − a2 − a cos−1 xa
R xdx √
√
x2 ±a2
= x2 ± a2
R √ q 3
x x2 ± a2dx = 13 (x2 ± a2 )
Rq 3
(x2 ± a2 ) dx =
q
2 √ 4 √
1
x (x 2 ± a2 ) 3 ± 3a x x2 ± a2 + 3a log x + x 2 ± a2
4 2 2
R
√ dx 3 = 2 √±x2 2
(x2 ±a2 ) a x ±a
R xdx −1
√ = √x2 ±a2
(x2 ±a2 )3
R q q
3 5
x (x2 ± a2) dx = 15 (x2 ± a2 )
R 2q 3
x (x2 ± a2 ) dx =
q
3 2 √ 4 √
x
4 (x2 ± a2) ∓ a8 x x2 ± a2 − a8 log x + x2 ± a2
R 3q 3 q 3
x (x2 ± a2 ) dx = 15 x2 − 15 2 2
a (x2 + a2 )
R 3q 3 q 5 2 p
x (x2 ± a2) dx = 15 (x2 − a2) + a3 (x2 − a2 )3
R x2 dx √ 2 √
√
x2 ±a2
= x2 x2 ± a2 ∓ a2 log x + x2 ± a2
R x3 dx p √
√
x2 ±a2
= 13 (x2 ± a2 )3 ∓ a2 x2 ± a2
16
R √
2 2
√dx
x2 x2 ±a2
= ∓ xa2±ax
R √
x2 +a2
√
2 2
√dx = − 2a 2 x2 + 2a13 log a+ xx +a
x3 x2 +a2
R √
x2 −a2
√dx = 1 a
x3 x2 −a2 2a2 x2 + 2a3 arccos x
q R
3 2
x (x2 ± a2 ) dx =
q
5 2 p 4 √ 6 √
x
6 (x2 ± a2 ) ∓ a24x (x2 ± a2 )3 − a16x x2 ± a2 ∓ a16 log x + x2 ± a2
R 3q 3 q 7 2 p
x (x2 ± a2) dx = 17 (x2 ± a2) ∓ a5 (x2 ± a2 )5
R x2 ±a2 dx
√ √
2 2 √
x2
= − x x±a + log x + x2 ± a2
R √
x2 +a2
√
x2 +a2 1
√
a+ x2 +a2
x3
dx =− 2x2
− 2a
log x
R √
x2 −a2
√
x2 −a2 1 a
x3 dx =− 2x2 + 2a arccos x
R x2 dx
√
√ = − √x2x±a2 + log x + x2 ± a2
(x2 ±a2 )3
R x3 dx
√ 2
√ = x2 ± a2 ± √ a
(x2 ±a2 )3 x2 ±a2
R √
dx 1 1 a+ (x2 +a2 )
√ = √ − a3
log x
x (x2 +a2 )3 a 2 (x2 +a2 )
R dx 1 1 a
√ = − 2√ − a3
arccos x
x (x2 −a2 )3 a (x2 −a2 )
√
R dx (x2 ±a2 )
2
√ = − a14 x +√ x
x (x2 ±a2 )3 (x2 ±a2 )
R h √ i
dx a+ x2 +a2
3
√ = − 2a2x2 √1x2 +a2 − √3
2a4 x2 +a2
+ 3
2a5 log x
x (x2 +a2 )3
R dx 1
√ = √ − √3 − 3
arccos a
x3 (x2 −a2 )3 2a2 x2 x2 −a2 2a4 x2 −a2 2a5 x
R √ R
f x, x2 + a2 dx = a f (a tan u, a sec u) sec2 udu (x = a tan u)
R √ R
f x, x2 − a2 dx = a f (a sec u, a tan u) sec u tan udu (x = a sec u)
√
5.1.2 Formas Conteniendo a2 − x2
R√ √
a2 − x2dx = 1
2 x a2 − x2 + a2 sin−1 x
a
17
R
√ dx
a2 −x2
= sin−1 x
a
R √
a+ a2 −x2
√ dx = − 1a log
x a2 −x2 x
R √
a2 −x2
√ √
2 2
x = a2 − x2 − a log a+ ax −x
R xdx √
√
2
a −x 2 = − a2 − x2
R √ p
x a2 − x2dx = − 13 (a2 − x2)3
Rp h p √ i
3a2 x 3a4
(a2 − x2)3 = 1
4
x (a2 − x2)3 + 2
a2 − x2 + 2
sin−1 x
a
R dx
√ = √x
(a2 −x2 )3 a2 a2 −x2
R xdx
√ = √ 1
(a2 −x2 )3 a2 −x2
R p p
x (a2 − x2)3 dx = − 15 (a2 − x2 )5
R √ p a2
√
x2 a2 − x2 dx = − x4 (a2 − x2 )3 + 8 x a2 − x2 + a2 sin−1 x
a
R √ 1 2 2 2
p
x3 a2 − x2 dx = 5x − 15 a (a2 − x2)3
R 2p
x (a2 − x2 )3 dx =
p 2 p 4 √
a6
− 16 x (a2 − x2)5 + a24x (a2 − x2)3 + a16x a2 − x2 + 16 arcsin x
a
R p p a2
p
x3 (a2 − x2)3 dx = 17 (a2 − x2)7 − 5
(a2 − x2)5
R 2 √ a2
√x dx
a2 −x2
= − x2 a2 − x2 + 2
sin−1 x
a
R √
a2 −x2
√dx =−
x2 a2 −x2 a2 x
R √
a2 −x2
√
a2 −x2
x2 dx =− x − sin−1 x
a
R √
a2 −x2
√
a2 −x2 1
√
a+ a2 −x2
x3 dx =− 2x2 + 2a log x
R x2 dx
√ = − sin−1 xa
√ x
a2 −x2
(a2 −x2 )3
R 3 p √
√x dx = 13 (a2 − x2)3 − a2 a2 − x2
a2 −x2
R x3 dx
√ 2
√ = a2 − x2 + √ a
(a2 −x2 )3 a2 −x2
18
R √
a2 −x2
√
a+ a2 −x2
√dx =− − 1
log
x3 a2 −x2 2a2 x2 2a3 x
R dx
√
a+ a2 −x2
√ = √1 − 1
log
x (a2 −x2 )3 a2 a2 −x2 a3 x
R h √ i
dx 1 2 2
√ = a4 − a x−x + √ x
a2 −x2
x2 (a2 −x2 )3
R dx
√
a+ a2 −x2
√ = − 2a2x2 √1a2 −x2 + √3
2a4 a2 −x2
− 3
2a5 log x
x3 (a2 −x2 )3
R √ R
f(x, a2 − x2)dx = a f(a sin u, a cos u) cos udu (x = a sin u)
√
5.1.3 Formas que contienen: a + bx + cx2
4c
X = a + bx + cx2 q = 4ac − b2 k= q
R √ √
dx 1 b
√
X
= c log X +x c+ √
2 c
R
dx
√
X
= √1
c
sinh−1 √2cx+b
4ac−b2
c>0
R
dx
√ = √1
−c
sin−1 −2cx−b
√ c<0
X b2 −4ac
R dx 2(2cx+b)
√
X X
= √
q X
R dx 2(2cx+b) 1
√
X2 X
= √
3q X X + 2k
√
R dx 2(2cx+b X ) 2k(n−1) R dx√
Xn
√
X
= (2n−1)qX n
+ 2n−1 X n−1 X
R√ √
(2cx+b) X 1
R dx
Xdx = 4c + 2k
√
X
√
R √ (2cx+b X ) 3
3
R dx
X Xdx = 8c X+ 2k + 8k 2
√
X
R √ √
(2cx+b) X 5X 15
5
R dx
X 2 Xdx = 12c
X2 + 4k
+ 8k 2
+ 16k 3
√
X
R √ √
(2cx+b)X n X 2n+1
R X√n dx
X n Xdx = 4(n+1)c + 2(n+1)k X
R xdx
√
X b
R dx
√
X
= c − 2c
√
X
R xdx
√
X X
= − 2(bx+2a)
√
q X
19
R xdx X
√
b
R dx
√
Xn X
= − (2n−1)cX n − 2c
√
Xn X
R 2
x√ dx x 3b
√ 3b2 −4ac
R dx
X
= 2c − 4c2 X+ 8c2
√
X
R x2√
dx (2b2 −4ac)x+2ab 4ac+(2n−3)b2 R dx√
Xn X
= (2n−1)cqX n−1
√
X
+ (2n−1)cq X n−1 X
R 3
√ R
x√ dx x2 5bx 5b2 2a 3ab 5b3 dx
X
= 3c − 12c2 + 8c3 − 3c2 X+ 4c2 − 16c3
√
X
R √ √
X X b
R√
x Xdx = 3c − 2c Xdx
R √ X2 X
√
b
R √
xX Xdx = 5c − 2c X Xdx
R xX n
√
Xn X
R X√n dx
√ dx = − b
X (2n+1)c 2c X
R √ 5b
X √X 5b2 −4ac
R√
x2 Xdx = x − 6c 4c + 16c2 Xdx
R √ √
dx X+ a
√
x X
= − √1a log x + b
√
2 a
a>0
R
dx
√
x X
= √1
−a
sin−1 bx+2a
√
x b2 −4ac
a<0
R dx
√
√
x X
= − 2 bxX
R dx
√
X b
R dx
x2
√
X
=− ax
− 2a
√
x X
R √
X dx
√ b
R dx
R dx
x
= X+ 2
√
X
+a √
x X
R √
Xdx
√
X b
R dx
R dx
x2 =− x + 2
√
x X
+c √
X
√
5.1.4 Formas que contiene: 2ax − x2
R √ √
2ax − x2dx = 1
2 (x − a) 2ax − x2 + a2 sin−1 x−a
a
R √
x
√ dx
2ax−x2
= cos−1 x−a
a = 2 sin−1 2a
20
R √ √ R
xn−1 (2ax−x2 )3 (2n+1)a
xn 2ax − x2dx = − n+2 + n+2 xn−1
√
2ax − x2 dx n 6= −2
R √ √ R √
2ax−x2 (2ax−x2 )3 n−3 2ax−x2 3
xn = (3−2n)axn + (2n−3)a xn−1 dx n 6= 2
R n
−xn−1
√
2ax−x2 a(2n−1) R n−1
√ x dx = + √x dx n 6= 0
2ax−x2 n n 2ax−x2
R √
2ax−x2
R
√ dx = + n−1 √dx n 6= 1
xn 2ax−x2 a(1−2n)xn (2n−1)a xn−1 2ax−x2 2
R dx
√ = √x−a
(2ax−x2 )3 a2 2ax−x2
R xdx
√ = √ x
(2ax−x2 )3 a 2ax−x2
R √
√ dx = log x + a + 2ax − x2
2ax−x2
R√ √ q
ax2 + cdx = x
2 ax2 + c + √c
2 −a
sin−1 x −a
c a<0
R q
dx −b0 (a+bx)
√ √ = √2 tan−1
a+bx a0 +b0 x −bb0 b(a0 +b0 x)
R q 1+x √
1−x dx = sin−1 x − 1 − x2
R dx √ √
√ = √1 log ±b + cx + c a ± 2bx + cx2
a±2bx+cx2 c
R
√ dx
a±2bx−cx2
= √1
c
sin−1 √cx∓b
b2 +ac
R xdx 1
√ √ √
√ = a ± 2bx + cx2 − √b log ±b + cx + c a ± 2bx + cx2
a±2bx+cx2 c c3
R √
√ xdx
a±2bx−cx2
= − 1c a ± 2bx − cx2 ± √b
c3
sin−1 √cx∓b
b2 +ac
21
5.1.6 Formas que envuelven funciones trigonométricas:
R
sin xdx = − cos x
R
cos xdx = sin x
R
tan xdx = − log (cos x)
R
cot xdx = log sin x
R
sec xdx = log (sec x + tan x)
R
sec xdx = log (csc x − cot x) = log tan x2
R
sin2 xdx = − 12 cos x sin x + 12 x = 12 x − 1
4 sin 2x
R
sin3 xdx = − 13 cos x sin2 x + 2
R n−1 R
sinn xdx = − sin n
x cos x
+ n−1
n sinn−2 xdx
R 1
cos2 xdx = 2 sin x cos x + 12 x = 12 x + 1
4 sin 2x
R 1
cos3 xdx = 3 sin x cos2 x + 2
R x
x
sin a dx = −a cos a
R
x x
cos adx = a sin a
R
sin (a + bx) dx = − 1b cos (a + bx)
R 1
cos(a + bx)dx = b
sin (a + bx)
R dx
sin x
= log (csc x − cot x) = log tan x2
R dx
R π x
cos x
= log (sec x + tan x) = log tan 4
+ 2
R dx
cos2 x
= tan x
22
R dx 1 sin x n−2
R dx
cosn x = n−1 cosn−1 x + n−1 cosn−2 x
R dx π x
1±sin x
= ∓ tan 4
∓ 2
R dx
1+cos x
= tan x2
R dx x
1−cos x
= − cot 2
R dx a tan 12 x+b
= √ 2 tan−1 √
a+b sin x a2 −b2 a2 −b2
R √ 1
dx a2 −b2 tan 2x
= √ 2 tan−1
a+b cos x a2 −b2 a+b
R dx
=
√ a+b sin x+c cos x x
2 +c2 −a2 +(a−c) tan
√ 1 b− b
log b+√b2 +c2 −a2 +(a−c) tan x2 a2 < b2 + c2
b2 +c2 −a2 2
2 −1 b+(a−c) tan x
√
a2 −b2 −c2
tan √
a2 −b2 −c2
2
a2 > b2 + c2
R√ √ x
1 − cos xdx = −2 2 cos 2
R√ √
1 + cos xdx = 2 2 sin x2
R sin(m−n)x sin(m+n)x
sin mx sin nxdx = 2(m−n) − 2(m+n) m2 6= n2
R x2
x sin2 xdx = 4 − x sin 2x
4 − cos 2x
8
R
x3 x2
x2 sin2 xdx = 6 − 4 − 1
8 sin 2x − x cos 2x
4
R
x sin3 xdx = x cos 3x
12 − sin 3x
36 − 34 x cos x + 3
4 sin x
R
sin4 xdx = 3x
8 − sin 2x
4 + sin 4x
32
R sin(m−n)x sin(m+n)x
cos mx cos nxdx = 2(m−n) + 2(m+n) m2 6= n2
R x2 x sin 2x cos 2x
x cos2 xdx = 4 + 4 + 8
R
x3 x2 1 x cos 2x
x2 cos2 xdx = 6 + 4 − 8 sin 2x + 4
R x sin 3x cos 3x
x cos3 xdx = 12 + 36 + 34 x sin x + 3
4 cos x
R 3x sin 2x sin 4x
cos4 xdx = 8 + 4 + 32
23
R sin xdx sin x 1
R cos xdx
xm = − (m−1)x m−1 + m−1 xm−1
R 1
tan3 xdx = 2 tan2 x + log cos x
R 1
tan4 xdx = 3
tan3 x − tan x + x
R tann−1 x
R
tan xdx = n−1
− tann−2 xdx n 6= 1
R
cot3 xdx = − 12 cot2 x − log sin x
R
cot4 xdx = − 13 cot3 x + cot x + x
R n−1 R
cotn xdx = − cotn−1 x − cotn−2 xdx
R
sin x cos xdx = 1
2 sin2 x
R
sin mx cos nxdx = − cos(m−n)x
2(m−n) −
cos(m+n)x
2(m+n)
R
sin2 x cos2 xdx = − 18 1
4 sin 4x − x
R m+1
sin x cosm xdx = − cosm+1 x
R sin m+1 x
sinm x cos xdx = m+1
R sinm x
R cosm ( π π
2 −x)d( 2 −x)
cosn x dx =− sin n ( π
2 −x)
R sin x
cos2 x dx = sec x
R sin 2 x π x
cos x dx = − sin x + log tan 4 + 2
R cos x
sin 2 x
dx = − cos ecx
24
R dx
sin x cos x = log tan x
R dx 1
sin x cos2 x
= cos x
+ log tan x2
R dx 1
R dx
sin x cosn x
= (n−1) cosn−1 x
+ sin x cosn−2 x
n 6= 1
R 1
sin 2 x cos x
= − sin1 x + log tan π
4
+ x
2
R dx
sin 2 x cos2 x = −2 cot 2x
R dx 1 1 m+n−2
R dx
sin m x cosn x = − m−1 sin m−1 x cosn−1 x
+ m−1 sin m−2 x cosn x
R dx 1 cos x m−2
R dx
sin m x = − m−1 sin m−1 x
+ m−1 sin m−2 x
R dx
sin 2 x
= − cot x
R
tan2 xdx = tan x − x
R tann−1 x
R
tann xdx = n−1 − tann−2 xdx
R
cot2 xdx = − cot x − x
R n−1 R
cotn xdx = − cotn−1 x − cotn−2 xdx
R
sec2 xdx = tan x
R R dx 1 sin x n−2
R dx
secn xdx = cosn x
= n−1 cosn−1 x
+ n−1 cosn−2 x
R
csc2 xdx = − cot x
R R dx 1 cos x n−2
R dx
csc2 xdx = sin n x
= − n−1 sin n−1 x
+ n−1 sinn−2 x
R
x sin xdx = sin x − x cos x
R
x2 sin xdx = 2x sin x − x2 − 2 cos x
R
x3 sin xdx = 3x2 − 6 sin x − x3 − 6x cos x
R R
xm sin xdx = −xm cos x + m xm−1 cos xdx
25
R
x cos xdx = cos x + x sin x
R
x2 cos xdx = 2x cos x + x2 − 2 sin x
R
x3 cos xdx = 3x2 − 6 cos x + x3 − 6x sin x
R R
xm cos xdx = xm sin x − m xm−1 sin xdx
R sin x x3 x5 x7
x
dx = x− 3·3!
+ 5·5!
− 7·7!
+···
R cos x x2 x4 x6
x
dx = log x − 2·2!
+ 4·4!
− 6·6!
+ ···
R √
sin−1 xdx = x sin−1 x + 1 − x2
R √
cos−1 xdx = x cos−1 x − 1 − x2
R 1
tan−1 xdx = x tan−1 x − 2 log 1 + x2
R 1
cot−1 xdx = x cot−1 x + 2 log 1 + x2
R √
sec−1 xdx = x sec−1 x − log x + x2 − 1
R √
csc−1 xdx = x csc−1 x + log x + x2 − 1
R 2 2 √
sin−1 x dx = x sin−1 − 2x + 2 1 − x2 sin−1 x
R 2 2 √
cos−1 x dx = x cos−1 x − 2x − 2 1 − x2 cos−1 x
R h i
√
x sin−1 xdx = 1
4 (2x2 − 1) sin−1 x + x
R h i
1 √
x cos−1 xdx = 4 (2x2 − 1) cos−1 x + x
R xn+1 sin −1 x
R n+1
xn sin−1 xdx = n+1
− 1
n+1
x
√ dx
1−x2
26
R xn+1 cos−1 x 1
R xn+1
dx
xn cos−1 xdx = n+1
− n+1
√
1−x2
R xn+1 tan−1 x 1
R xn+1
dx
xn tan−1 xdx = n+1
− n+1
√
1−x2
R sin −1 xdx
√
1− 1−x2
sin −1 x
x2 = log x − x
R tan−1 x 1
tan−1 x
x2 dx = log x − 2 log 1 + x2 − x
R dx 1
a+b tan x = a2 +b2 [ax + b log (a cos x + b sin x)]
R dx 1
a+b cot x = a2 +b2 [ax − b log (a sin x + b cos x)]
R
log xdx = x log x − x
R x2 x2
x log x = 2 log x − 4
R x3 x3
x2 log xdx = 3 log x − 9
R xp+1 xp+1
xp log xdx = p+1 log (ax) − (p+1)2
[p 6= −1]
R 2 2
(log x) dx = x (log x) − 2x log x + 2x
R n n R n−1
(log x) dx = x (log x) − n (log x) dx [n 6= −1]
R (log x)n dx 1 n+1
x
= n+1
(log x)
R dx (log x)2 (log x)3
log x
= log (log x) + log x + 2·2!
+ 3·3!
+ ···
R dx
x log x
= log (log x)
R dx 1
x(log x)n = (n−1)(log x)n−1
R xm dx x m+1
m+1
R xm dx
(log x)n = − (n−1)(log x)n−1
+ n−1 (log x)n−1
R h i
log x 1
xm log xdx = xm+1 m+1 − (m+1)2
27
R n xm+1 (log x)n n
R n−1
xm (log x) dx = m+1 − m+1 xm (log x) dx [m, n 6= −1]
R
sin (log x) dx = 12 x sin (log x) − 12 x cos (log x)
R
cos (log x) dx = 12 x sin (log x) + 12 x cos (log x)
R
ex dx = ex
R eax
xeax dx = a2
(ax − 1)
R xm eax m
R
xm eax dx = a
− a
xm−1 eax dx
R eax dx ax a2 x2
x
= log x + 1!
+ 2·2!
+ ···
R eax 1 e ax
a
R eax
xm dx = − m−1 xm−1 + m−1 xm−1 dx
R eax log x 1
R eax
eax log xdx = a − a x dx
R dx ex
1+ex = x − log (1 + ex ) = log 1+ex
R dx x 1
a+bepx = a − ap log (a + bepx )
R dx 1
pa
aemx +be−mx = √
m ab
tan−1 emx b
R ax n
e sin bxdx = R
1
a2 +n2 b2 (a cos bx − nb cos bx) + eax sinn−1 bx + n (n − 1) b2 eax sinn−2 bxdx
R ax
e cosn bxdx = R
1
a2 +n2 b2 (a cos bx + nb cos bx) + eax cosn−1 bx + n (n − 1) b2 eax cosn−2 bxdx
28
5.1.10 Formas con funciones hiperbólicas:
R
sinh xdx = cosh x
R
cosh xdx = sinh x
R
tanh xdx = log cosh x
R
coth xdx = log sinh x
R
sec hxdx = 2 tan−1 (ex )
R x
csc hxdx = log tanh 2
R
x sinh xdx = x cosh x − sinh x
R
x cosh xdx = x sinh x − cosh x
R
sec h tanh xdx = − sec hx
R
csc h coth xdx = −cshx
R
sinh2 xdx = sinh 2x
4 − x
2
R
tanh2 xdx = x − tanh x
R
sec h2xdx = tanh x
R
cosh2 xdx = sinh 2x
4 + x
2
R
ctnh2 xdx = x − ctnhx
R
csc h2xdx = −ctnhx
R sinh(m+n)x sinh(m−n)x
sinh mx sinh nxdx = 2(m+n)
− 2(m−n)
m2 6= n2
R sinh(m+n)x sinh(m−n)x
cosh mx cosh nxdx = 2(m+n)
+ 2(m−n)
m2 6= n2
29
R cosh(m+n)x cosh(m−n)x
sinh mx cosh nxdx = 2(m+n) + 2(m−n) m2 6= n2
R √
arc sinh xa dx = x arcsin h xa − x2 + a2
R √
x2 a2
x arcsin h xa dx = 2 + 4 arcsin h xa − x
4 x2 + a2
R √
arccos h xa dx = x arccos h xa − x2 − a2
R
arctan h ax dx = x arctan h xa + a
2 log a2 − x2
R x2 −a2
x arctan h xa dx = 2 arctan h xa + ax
2
R∞ 1
√ π
Γ (n) = 0 xn−1e−x dx = (n − 1)! Γ 2 = π Γ (n) Γ (1 − n) = sin nπ
R1 n−1
B(m, n) = 0 xm−1 (1 − x) dx
R∞ sin mx π
0 x = 2
R∞ cos mx π m
0 1+x2 dx = 2e
R∞ 1
pπ
0
cos(x2 )dx = 2 2
R∞ sin√xdx
pπ
0 x
= 2
R∞ 2
1·3·5·7···
pπ
0
x2ne−ax dx = 2n+1 an a
Rπ (A−B cos t)dt
π
A2 > B 2
= A
0
A2 −2AB cos t+B 2 0 A2 < B 2
→ → → → Identidades
→ →vectoriales.
→ → → → → →
×
A B • ×
C D = A•C B•D − A•D B•C
→ → → → → → → → →
A × B × C =B A • C − C A • B
30
→ → →
d du A
dγ uA = dγ + u ddγA
→ →
d A•B → → → →
dA dB
dγ = dγ • B + A• dγ
→ →
d A ×B → → → →
dA dB
dγ dγ × B + A× dγ
∇ (u + v) = ∇u + ∇v
∇ × (∇u) = 0
31
H → → R →
c F • dl= s
(∇× F )• n da
H → → ∧ R → → R → →
s F (G • n)da = v
F ( ∇• G) dv + v
(G •∇) F dv
H → → R →
s
n × F da = v
∇× F dv
H R → → →
c
u dl = ( n × ∇ u) da
s
Z Z
→ ∧ → 1 → → →
A • n ds = A × r • dr
2
s c
1
H → → R →
2 c
r ∧d l = S
da
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
ρ • φ=φ • z =z • ρ= 0
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
ρ × φ=z φ × z=ρ z × ρ=φ
∧ ∧
6.1.3 3)Componentes rectangulares de ρ y φ
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
ρ = cos φ x +sen y φ = −senφ x + cos φ y
32
→
6.1.5 5)Componentes del elemento de superficie da .
daρ = ρdφdz daφ = dρdz daz = ρdρdφ
→
1 ∂ 1 ∂ ∂
∇• A= ρ ∂ρ (ρAρ ) + ρ ∂φ (Aφ ) + ∂z (Az )
→ ∧
∧ ∧
1 ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∇× A=ρ ρ ∂φ
(Az ) − ∂z
(Aφ ) +φ ∂z
(Aρ ) − ∂ρ
(Az ) +z
1 ∂ 1 ∂
ρ ∂ρ (ρAφ ) − ρ ∂φ (Aρ )
1 ∂ 1 ∂ 2u ∂2u
∇2 u = ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂u
∂ρ + ρ2 ∂φ2 + ∂z 2
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
r•θ=θ•φ=φ•r=0
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
r×θ=φ θ×φ=r φ×r=θ
∧ ∧ ∧
6.2.3 3)Componentes rectangulares de ρ , θ y φ .
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
r= senθ cos φ x +senθsenφ y + cos θ z
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
θ = cos θ cos φ x + cos θsenφ y −senθ z
33
∧ ∧ ∧
φ= −senφ x + cos φ y
→
6.2.5 5)Componentes del elemento de superficie d a
∧ ∂u ∧ ∧
1 ∂u 1 ∂u
∇u =r ∂r + θ r ∂θ + φ rsenθ ∂φ
→
1 ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂
∇• A= r 2 ∂r
(r2Ar ) + rsenθ ∂θ
(SenθAθ ) + rsenθ ∂φ
(Aφ )
→ ∧ ∧
r ∂ ∂ θ 1 ∂ ∂
∇× A= rsenθ ∂θ (SenθAφ ) − ∂φ (Aθ ) + r senθ ∂φ (Ar ) − ∂r (rAφ ) +
∧
φ ∂ ∂Ar
r ∂r
(rAθ ) − ∂θ
1 ∂ 2 ∂u 1 ∂ ∂u 1 ∂2u
∇2 u = r 2 ∂r (r ∂r ) + r 2 senθ ∂θ (Senθ ∂θ ) + r 2 sen2 θ ∂φ2
→ → → → → → →
∂r ∂r ∂r
A=C1 ∂u1
+ C2 ∂u2
+ C3 ∂u3
(componentes contravariantes)
→
A= c1∇u1 + c2 ∇u2 + c3 ∇u3 (componentes covariantes)
34
6.3.2 2)Elementos de lı́nea y volumen.
→ →
r = r (u1, u2, u3) (vector de posición)
→ → → →
∧ ∧ ∧
∂r ∂r ∂r
dr= ∂u1 du1 + ∂u2 du2 + ∂u3 du3 = h1du1 e1 +h2 du2 e2 +h3 du3 e3 (elemento
de lı́nea.)
→
∂r ∧
hi = ∂ui ei (factores de escala)
→ →
dS 2 =dr • dr= h21du21 + h22du22 + h23 du23 (elementos de área)
→
1 ∂(h2 h3 A1 ) ∂(h3 h1 A2 ) ∂(h1 h2 A3 )
∇• A= h1 h2 h3 ∂u1 + ∂u2 + ∂u3
∧ ∧ ∧
h1 e1 h2 e2 h3 e3
→
1 ∂ ∂ ∂
∇× A= h1 h2 h3 ∂u1 ∂u2 ∂u3
h1A1 h2A2 h3 A3
1 ∂ h2 h3 ∂φ ∂ h1 h3 ∂φ ∂ h1 h2 ∂φ
∇2 φ = h1 h2 h3 ∂u1 h1 ∂u1 + ∂u2 h2 ∂u2 + ∂u3 h3 ∂u3
Definición:
ZZ ∧ →
n• r
Ω= r 3 dS
S
ZZ Propiedades:
∧ →
n• r 0 origen interior a S
r3
dS =
S 4π origen exterior a S
35
7 Funciones elı́pticas.
1. Clase.
Zθ Zx
dφ dξ
F (k, θ) = 1 = p x = Senφ k2 < 1
(1 − k2 sen2 φ) 2 (1 − ξ 2 ) (1 − k2 ξ 2)
0 0
2. Clase.
Zθ p Zx p
1 − k2 ξ 2
E (k, θ) = 2 2
1 − k sen φdφ = p dξ x = senφ k2 < 1
1 − ξ2
0 0
3. Clase.
Zx
dφ
π(k, n, x) = p
(1 + nsen2 φ) 1 − k2sen2 φ
0
π
Si el ángulo es θ = 2 las integrales se llaman completas.
h i
1 2 3 2
K(k) = F (k , π2 ) = π
2 1+ 2 k2 + 2.4 k4 + .....
h i
32 k4
E(k) = E(k , π2 ) = π
2 1− 1 2
22 k − 22 .42 3 − .........
0 √ 0 √
K (k) = F 1 − k2 , π2 ; E (k) = E 1 − k2 , π2
0 0 0
π
KE + EK − KK = 2
F (k, π) = 2K ; E(k, π) = 2E
36
Figure 1:
Z2π 0 0
1 cos φ dφ
4 1 =
(a2 + r 2 − 2arsenθ cos φ0 ) 2
0 " #
1 2 − k2 K (k) − 2E(k)
√
a2 + r2 + 2arsenθ k2
4arsenθ
k2 = a2 +r 2 +2arsenθ
37
Figure 2:
Fórmulas de recurrencia.
0
−Kn = Kn−1 + nv Kn
0
−Kn = Kn+1 − nv Kn
38
− 2n
v Kn = Kn−1 − Kn+1
Z∞ Z∞
K0 (v) = Cos(vSenhφ)dφ = e−vCoshφ dφ
0 0
otra forma:
Z∞
Cosφdφ
K0 (v) = 1
0
[v2 + φ2] 2
Z∞
Cosφdφ
− v1 ∂K
∂v
0
= 3 por la fórmula de recurrencia
0
[v2 + φ2 ] 2
Z∞
K1 Cosφdφ
v
= 3
[v2 + φ2 ] 2
0
9 Relaciones electromagnéticas.
ZZ →
→
0
→ dq1 dq2 ( r −r )
1
F= 4π∈0 →
→ Ley de Coulomb.
| r −r 0 |3
9.1 Campos.
Lı́nea:
→ ∧
λ ρ
E= 2π∈0 ρ
39
Plano infinito:
→ ∧
σ z
E= 2∈0 |z|
z
Cı́rculo de radio a:
→
∧
σ z |z|
E= 2∈0 |z| 1− 1 z
(a2 +z 2 ) 2
Espira:
→ ∧
λaz z
E= 3
2∈0 (a2 +z 2 ) 2
9.2 Potencial.
De una lı́nea:
1
λ z+l1 +[ρ2 +(z+l1 )2 ] 2
φ= 4π∈0 ln 1
z−l2 +[ρ3 +(z−l2 )2 ] 2
Cı́rculo:
h 12 i
σ
φ= 2∈0
a2 + z 2 −|z|
9.3 Matrices.
a b
Sea : m = su ∆ = ad − bc
c d
la inversa es:
1 d −b
m−1 = ∆ −c a
40
9.4 Coeficientes de potencial.
φ1 = p11 Q1 + p12Q2 + − − + p1nQn
φ2 = p21Q1+ p22Q2 + − − + p2nQn
. . . .
. . . .
φn = pn1Q1+ p2nQ2 + − − + pnnQn
pij = pji
La matriz de capacidad C = P −1
9.6 La Energı́a.
Z Z
∈0
U = 1
2 dq φ (r) = E 2 dτ
2
En un condensador:
9.7 La Fuerza.
Fe = − du
dx
En un condensador :
1 2 dc Q2 dc
Fe = 2 (∆φ) dx = 2C 2 dx
41
10 El generador de los polinomios de Legendre.
X
∞
1
1 = Pe (x) y` | x |≤ 1 , | y |≤ 1
(1−2xy+y 2 ) 2
`=0
1
P0 (x) = 1 , P1 (x) = x , P2 (x) = 2 3x2 − 1
11 Multipolos.
11.1 Monopolos:
n
X
Q= qi
i=1
11.2 Dipolos:
n
X
→ →
P = qi ri
1
11.3 Cuadripolos:
X
n
Qjk = qi 3ji ki − ri2 δjk (j, k = x, y, z)
1
1 p•r
→ →
1 1
PP
φ (r) = 4π∈0 r
Q + 4π∈0 r 3
+ 4π∈0 r 5 2
jkQjk
12 Corriente eléctrica.
→ →
J= ρ v
42
12.1 Ley de Ohm:
→ →
J= σ E
V = RI
ρ`
R= A
ρd`
dR = A(`)
→ →∂ρ
∇ • J + ∂t = 0
∈
RC = σ
13 Ley de Ampere.
→
→ 0 0 →
I I Id s ∧ I ds ∧ R
→
µ0
F c0 →c = 4π R3
c c0
43
13.1 Corrientes paralelas:
0∧
ρ
f = − µ02πρ
II
→
→ 0 0
I ds • I ds
∧
dF = − µ4π0 R2 R
→ Z 0 → →
→ µ0 I ds ∧ R
B r = 4π R3
→ ∧
µ0 Ia2 z
B (z) = 3
2(a2 +z 2 ) 2
Solenoide.
B = µ0ni
Solenoide inclinado.
µ0 NI
1√ ( a )
Bz (0) = 2 1+π 2 N 2 tan2 α
Plano.
∧
B = 12 µ0k z
|z|
x
44
15 Fuerza de Lorentz.
→ → → →
F= q E + v ∧ B
I I → →
dsk • dsj
Mkj= µ4π0
Rkj
ck cj
d2
LC = µd2 = c2
L
R = µ0 σd2
ε
RC = σ
n Autoinductancia
de 4un cable coaxial o
1 1 a 1 c 1 2 2 2 2
L = µ0 l 8π + 2π Logb + 2π(c2 −b2 ) c Log b − 4 c − b 3c − b
17 Ecuaciones de Maxwell.
→ → → →
1
∇ • E= ∈0 ρf − ∇ • P
→ → →
∂B
∇ ∧ E= − ∂t
→ →
∇ • B= 0
45
→ →
→ → → → →
∂E ∂P
∇ ∧ B = µ0 Jf + ∇ ∧ M + ∈0 ∂t + ∂t
I →
Z
→
D • da= ρf dτ
s v
I →
Z →
→ ∂B →
E • ds= − • da
∂t
c s
I →
→
B • da= 0
→ ∧
17.1 Condiciones de frontera ∇→n ∆ ası́:
∧ σf ∧ →
n •∆E = ∈0
−n •∆ P
∧ →
n ∧ ∆ E= 0
∧ →
n •∆ B = 0
∧ → → ∧ →
n ∧ ∆ B = µ0 K + n ∧ ∆ M
Z
→ → → → →
S =E ∧ H ; $= Jf • E dτ Efecto Joule.
v
Z → →! I
→ ∂D ∂B → →
− E• +H• dτ = $ + S • da
∂t ∂t
v s
1 2 B2
U = 2 ∈E + 2µ
46
17.4.1 El tensor de esfuerzo de Maxwell
Tij =∈0 EiEj − 12 E 2δij + 1
µ0 Bi Bj − 12 B 2 δij
→ ∧ ∧ ∧
X = Txx x +Txy y +Txz z
h →ası́:→i
∂
fv + ε0 ∂t E∧B = ∇•X
x
→ →
∂A
E = −∇φ − ∂t
→ → →
B =∇ ∧ A
A
2 =0
φ
( → ) ( → ) ( → )
E ∂ 2 E ∂ E
∇2 = → − ∈ µ ∂t 2 → − gµ ∂t → =0
H H H
18 Radiación.
18.1 Potenciales retardados.
47
→
→ Z 0 0 0
1 ρ(r , t )dτ
φ r,t = 4π∈0 →
→
| r − r0 |
Z → →0
→ 0 0
→
µ0 J (r , t )dτ
A r, t = 4π → →
| r − r0 |
→
→ 0
0 | r −r |
t = t− C
→ → →
µ0 d p r
A r,t = 4πr dt t− c
→
Z →
→ 0 0
dp
dt (t) = J (r , t)dv
→ → →
r
E = −c r ∧ B
→ → ••2
C 2 r p Sen2 θ →
S= µ0 B r = 16π 2 ∈0 C 3 r 3
r
•• 2
1 2 p
4π∈0 3 C 3
( `I0 )
p(t) = $
Cos$t
P = 12 Rr I02
` 2
Rr = 789 λ ohms Resistencia de radiación ` << λ
48
18.5 Media onda.
Rr = 73.1 ohms
•• ••
p= q r
•2
1 2 q2 v
P= 4π∈0 3 C 3
49