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º3
RESUMEN ABSTRACT
(Pp. 11-22)
En este estudio se analiza la incidencia This study analyzes the impact of a medi-
de un programa de meditación sobre los ȱȱȱǰȱ¡¢ȱȱ-
niveles de estrés, ansiedad y depresión pression levels in a group of special edu-
de un grupo de docentes de educación ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ
especial. Para ello se contó con la parti- receiving meditation intervention and a
àȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ control group which did not participa-
recibió dicha intervención en meditación, ǯȱǰȱ¡¢ȱȱȱ ȱ
y un grupo control que no fue sometido a evaluated in both groups by the Teacher
dicha intervención. Los niveles de estrés, ȱ ȱ ǻȬŜǼȱ ǻ ·£ǰȱ ¤ȱ ǭȱ
ansiedad y depresión de ambos grupos Sanz, 2005). Statistical analyses showed
fueron evaluados mediante la Escala de ę¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
·ȱȱǻȬŜǼȱǻ ·£ǰȱ¤ȱ ¡¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¡-
ǭȱ £ǰȱ ŘŖŖśǼǯȱ ȱ ¤ȱ Çȱ tal group than the control group. The
realizados mostraron una reducción sig- ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ęȱ ȱ
ęȱȱȱȱȱ·ǰȱ- usefulness of meditation techniques as
ȱ¢ȱàȱȱȱȱ¡- ěȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
tal en comparación con el grupo control. in the training of future special education
Los resultados hallados en la presente in- teachers to improve their psychological
àǰȱęȱȱȱȱȱ and emotional wellbeing.
técnicas de meditación como estrategias
útiles y efectivas que pueden ser incorpo-
radas en la formación de los futuros do-
centes de educación especial para mejo-
rar su bienestar psicológico y emocional.
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R E D UCCI Ó N D E LO S N I V EL ES D E ES T R ÉS, A N S I EDA D Y DEPRESIÓ N EN DO CENTES DE EDUCACIÓ N ESPECIA L
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R E V I S TA E D U C AC I Ó N I N C LU S I VA V O L. 2, N .º 3
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R E D UCCI Ó N D E LO S N I V EL ES D E ES T R ÉS, A N S I EDA D Y DEPRESIÓ N EN DO CENTES DE EDUCACIÓ N ESPECIA L
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R E V I S TA E D U C AC I Ó N I N C LU S I VA V O L. 2, N .º 3
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R E D UCCI Ó N D E LO S N I V EL ES D E ES T R ÉS, A N S I EDA D Y DEPRESIÓ N EN DO CENTES DE EDUCACIÓ N ESPECIA L
ȱ £ȱ ę£ȱ ȱ àȱ - y Compromiso (Hayes, Stroshal y Wilson,
test, se procedió a la aplicación del pro- ŗşşşDzȱȱ¢ȱǰȱŘŖŖŘǼǰȱȱȱę-
grama de intervención a los sujetos del lidad de esta terapia es la aceptación de los
ȱ¡ǯȱȱàȱ pensamientos, emociones y sensaciones
consistió en el aprendizaje y práctica de y el distanciamiento de su contenido, al
ȱàȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŖŝǰȱŘŖŖşǼǰȱ tiempo que se fomenta la atención al mo-
que es una técnica de meditación en la mento presente.
que no se pretende tratar de controlar
los pensamientos, sensaciones o senti- ȱ £ȱ ę£ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ -
ǰȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ àȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ
por otros, sino todo lo contrario, dejarlos procedió nuevamente a evaluar los nive-
libres, aceptando cualquier pensamien- les de estrés, ansiedad y depresión de los
to, imagen o sensación que pueda apare- docentes de los dos grupos participantes
cer o surgir de forma espontánea. Dicha en la investigación, para lo cual se les pi-
técnica de meditación consiste en la re- dió que cumplimentasen nuevamente la
petición mental de un sonido o mantra, Escala ED-6, con el objetivo de obtener la
mientras la atención se dirige a la zona puntuación postest para las variables es-
del abdomen para ser conscientes del trés, ansiedad y depresión.
proceso de respiración que está teniendo
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱę- Todos los sujetos participantes en el es-
car ni el ritmo ni la intensidad de dicho ȱȱȱȱȱę£àȱ
proceso respiratorio. Al dirigir la aten- de éste del objetivo de la investigación, y
ción hacia la respiración, se intenta man- se les solicitó su consentimiento por escri-
tener centrada la mente en el momento to para poder hacer uso de los datos ob-
presente en un proceso de conciencia tenidos manteniendo y garantizando la
ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ęȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱ£ȱ
pensamientos y emociones que tienen ę£ȱȱàǰȱȱàȱȱ
lugar en cada momento, pero sin tratar impartir el curso de meditación a los pro-
ȱęǰȱȱȱǯȱ fesores del grupo control, tal y como se
les había informado.
Esta técnica de meditación se practica
durante 40 minutos una vez al día, o bien
durante 25 minutos dos veces al día, prefe-
3. Resultados
rentemente sentado en una posición cómo- ȱ£ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ
da con la espalda recta y los ojos cerrados. ęȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
Para el aprendizaje de la técnica son nece- ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ
sarias 10 sesiones de una hora y media de como en el grupo control, se utilizó la
àȱ ¡ȱ ȱ àǰȱ prueba t de Student para muestras rela-
siendo la periodicidad de las sesiones de cionadas. Asimismo, se realizó un análi-
una sesión semanal, por lo que el progra- ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱ£ȱȱȱ·ȱȱ¡- control a partir de las diferencias antes y
de a lo largo de 10 semanas. El aprendizaje después de la intervención en ambos gru-
de la técnica de meditación es completado pos, utilizando para ello la prueba t de
con la presentación y discusión durante Student para muestras independientes.
las sesiones de diversas metáforas y ejerci- Todos los análisis fueron realizados con
cios utilizados en la Terapia de Aceptación el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 15.0.
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R E V I S TA E D U C AC I Ó N I N C LU S I VA V O L. 2, N .º 3
La tabla 1 muestra las medias y desvia- Para valorar la magnitud del cambio
ciones típicas pretest y postest correspon- ȱ£ȱę£ȱȱàǰȱȱ-
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱ pleó la d de Cohen (1988), que se obtie-
para las variables estrés, ansiedad y depre- ne mediante la aplicación de la fórmula
sión (ver tabla 1 en página siguiente).
M1 – M2 ǰȱȱŗȱȱȱȱȱȱ
d= ––––––
ȱ £ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ - Sponderada
ȱÇȱęȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ Řȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
medidas pretest y postest entre ambos las puntuaciones postest, todo ello divi-
grupos, se utilizó la prueba t de Student dido entre la desviación típica pondera-
para muestras independientes (véase ta- da que viene dada mediante la fórmula
ȱŘǼǯȱȱȱŘȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ S12 + S22
ȱ ȱ Çȱ ę- Sponderada= ––––––– . Valores superiores
2
cativas entre ambos grupos en las medi-
das pretest en ninguna de las variables. a 0.8 indican cambios muy importantes,
ȱǰȱȱ¡Çȱȱȱȱ entre 0.5 y 0.8 importantes, por debajo
grupos en las variables analizadas antes de 05 medios y menores de 0.2 bajos. En
de la intervención. Sin embargo, se obser- la Tabla 4 se observa cómo las puntua-
ȱ ȱ Çȱ ę- ciones de la d de Cohen en el grupo con-
cativas entre ambos grupos en las medi- ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ
das postest en la variable estrés docente muy bajos, con valores que oscilan en-
(t=3.03; p<.05), no apareciendo diferencias tre .003 y .052, mientras que en el grupo
ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ - ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ -
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱ portantes en la variable estrés docente
variables ansiedad (t=.705; p>.05) y depre- (d=.76), y cambios de nivel medio en las
sión (t=.510; p>.05) (ver tabla 2 en página variables ansiedad (d=.44), y depresión
siguiente). (d=.37).
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R E D UCCI Ó N D E LO S N I V EL ES D E ES T R ÉS, A N S I EDA D Y DEPRESIÓ N EN DO CENTES DE EDUCACIÓ N ESPECIA L
PRETEST POSTEST
Control Experimental Control Experimental
M DT M DT M DT M DT
Estrés 179.88 30.57 184.13 36.31 179.75 30.18 159.93 26.63
Ansiedad 43.25 16.04 45.60 19.26 42.06 16.13 38.27 13.62
Depresión 17.44 6.53 19.27 10.99 17.12 5.52 16.08 5.38
Tabla 1. Medias y desviaciones típicas pretest y postest correspondientes a los grupos control y experimental
para las variables estrés, ansiedad y depresión.
PRETEST POSTEST
Variable t p t p
Estrés .661 .514 3.03 .048*
Ansiedad .685 .499 .705 .456
Depresión 1.49 .145 .510 .614
Nota: *p<.05
Tabla 2. Prueba t de Student para muestras independientes de las diferencias pretest y postest
entre el grupo control y experimental, para las variables estrés, ansiedad y depresión.
CONTROL EXPERIMENTAL
Variable t p t p
Estrés docente .077 .940 3.48 .004*
Ansiedad 1.80 .105 3.07 .008**
Depresión .740 .471 3.11 .008**
Nota: *p<.005; **p<.01
Tabla 4. d de Cohen y porcentaje de cambio del grupo control y experimental para las variables
estrés, ansiedad y depresión.
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R E V I S TA E D U C AC I Ó N I N C LU S I VA V O L. 2, N .º 3
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R E D UCCI Ó N D E LO S N I V EL ES D E ES T R ÉS, A N S I EDA D Y DEPRESIÓ N EN DO CENTES DE EDUCACIÓ N ESPECIA L
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R E V I S TA E D U C AC I Ó N I N C LU S I VA V O L. 2, N .º 3
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R E D UCCI Ó N D E LO S N I V EL ES D E ES T R ÉS, A N S I EDA D Y DEPRESIÓ N EN DO CENTES DE EDUCACIÓ N ESPECIA L
DIRECCIÓN DE CONTACTO
Clemente Franco Justo
Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación
Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación
Universidad de Almería. Carretera de Sacramento s/n.
La Cañada de San Urbano. Almería 04120. España. cfranco@ual.es
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R E V I S TA E D U C AC I Ó N I N C LU S I VA V O L. 2, N .º 3
ABSTRACT
(Pp. 23-33)
This study analyzes the impact of a me- ¢ȱ ȱ ę¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱ¡¢ȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ¡¢ȱȱ-
depression levels in a group of special ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¡ȱ control group. The results found in this
group receiving meditation interven- ¢ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ -
tion and a control group which did not ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ
ǯȱǰȱ¡¢ȱȱ- that may be integrated in the training
sion were evaluated in both groups by of future special education teachers to
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȬŜǼȱ ǻ ·- improve their psychological and emo-
£ǰȱ ¤ȱ ǭȱ £ǰȱ ŘŖŖśǼǯȱ ȱ tional wellbeing.
KEYWORDS
ǰȱ¡¢ǰȱǰȱǰȱǰȱǰȱȱǯ
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REDUCING STRESS, ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN A GROUP OF SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS USING A MINDFULNESS PROGRAM
Chakravorty (1989) did a study in which Paula (2005) suggests several factors in-
he found that 77% of long-term teacher herent in work in special education that
absences were due to mental pathologies could trigger job stress:
related to stress. These results agree with
those found by Sevilla and Villanueva 1. Special education is not valued by
(2000), who found an annual increase in the public in today’s society
sick leave due to psychiatric illness not
found in other professions and that re- 2. The fact that it is a care-giving pro-
sulted in diminished performance and fession makes it more vulnerable to
increased absenteeism. ȱ¡ǯȱ
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R E V I S TA E D U C AC I Ó N I N C LU S I VA V O L. 2, N .º 3
Unfortunately, the curricular training of ently of his thoughts and emotions, and
special education teachers does not include not automatically accept as true what he
any psychological preparation, or any self- thinks and feels. At the same time, mind-
knowledge tools, so they usually lack the fulness ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵǰȱ
resources and skills necessary to be able ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
to face the requirements and demands without judging, that develops one in-
posed by their daily labor (Anadón, 2005; stant at a time, minute by minute, through
ǰȱŘŖŖśǼǯȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱĴǰȱȱȱ
and Herruzo (2004) suggest that greater unprejudiced at the present time (Kabat-
self-awareness and stronger self-control ǰȱŗşşŖǼǯȱȱȱǰȱÇȬȱ
ȱȬĜ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ÇȱȱȱȱǻŘŖŖŝǼǰȱȱȱ
teachers from stress. full awareness is a mental state that ena-
bles a person to focus on the reality of the
ȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱęȱȱ present time, openly and without judging
has been demonstrating that meditation or allowing oneself to be carried away by
causes changes in the brain associated with his thoughts and emotions, observing the
more positive emotions. Studies have dem- content of his mind impartially from afar.
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱĞȱ-
tal lobe which is where positive emotions During meditation you are in a state
are stored and managed, at the same time characterized by the projection of a sin-
that functioning is reduced on the right side. gle set of signals at a time, and the reper-
It has also been found that persons who use cussion on the organism’s physiological
ȱĞȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ- structure is manifested in a clear tendency
ative emotions and tension more quickly, toward normalizing reactions, and more
at the same time that emotions such as an- ¡ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ -
ȱ ȱ ¡¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ£¢Ȭ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡¢ȱ ǰȱ
Lewis, Lutz, Schaefer, Levinson, and David- slowing down heartbeat and metabolism,
son, 2007; Davidson et al., 2003). ȱȱĴȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
concentrate (LeShan, 2005).
Kabat-Zinn (1990) boosted the use of
mindfulness meditation as a procedure for Çȱ
ȱ ǻŘŖŖŝǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
treatment of psychophysiological and psycho- are two types of meditation, concentration
somatic disorders by developing the Mindful- meditation, which consists of concentrating
ness-Based Stress Reduction ǻǼ program on a concrete stimulus, and another very
directed at treatment of general stress ěȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ -
in behavioral medicine. This program is ness meditation, which is limited to becom-
mainly an educational program based on a ing aware of the stimuli that reach you.
ȱ¡ȱ¢ǯȱ
In concentration meditation, the idea is
Mindfulness techniques teach how to to leave the mind only the stimulus be-
observe and accept thoughts, feelings and ing concentrated on, that is, empty. The
emotions present without doing anything purpose of awareness meditation is not
to try and modify, change or alter them. to eliminate thoughts, but welcome any
This way, the subject becomes aware of his thought, feeling, sensation or emotion that
own private events and the automatisms comes up, as an occasion to train in feel-
they involve, so that he can act independ- ing without intervening. The important
25
REDUCING STRESS, ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN A GROUP OF SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS USING A MINDFULNESS PROGRAM
thing at this stage is not to do anything. Therefore, the hypothesis of this re-
Thoughts are not followed up, so they lead search is that special education teachers
away from the present. Emotions are not who participate in a meditation training
followed up because they are not acted up- ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱę-
on. Feelings are not followed up because it ȱȱȱ¡¢ǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ stress levels compared to a group of spe-
how unpleasant they may be. In this sense, cial education teachers who do not par-
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ - ticipate in this meditation training.
activating thoughts (defusion), because it
completely relativizes them, so they do not
lead to action and are observed as process-
2. Methodology
es that are occurring, without considering
the reality of their content. 2.1. Participants
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ A total of 36 special education teachers
(2004) believe that there is an erroneous (10 men and 26 women) at public schools
tendency to confuse meditation with con- ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ -
centration, when in fact they are completely ería (Spain) participated in this study.
ěȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ - Their ages varied from 29 to 52 (M=34.74;
tion a person concentrates, creating a dual- SD=11.43). Eighteen participants were as-
ity of awareness, a separation and demar- ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱǻśȱȱ
cation in which a mental process that seeks and 13 women), and the remaining 18 to
ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱ the control group (5 men and 13 women).
On the contrary, meditation is not an act of Subjects were assigned to one group or an-
will, not a mental activity, but conscious ȱȱǰȱȱȱ¡ȱ-
¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ able so that there were the same number of
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ men and women in both groups.
where nothing is compared and no conclu-
sions of any kind are pursued.
2.2. Design
In recent years, meditation techniques ȱ ¢£ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ -
have been successfully employed in treat- tion program (independent variable) on
ing a diversity of disorders, such as de- ǰȱ ¡¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǻǰȱ ǰȱ ǭȱ ǰȱ special education teachers (dependent
ŘŖŖŘǼǰȱ ¡¢ȱ ǻǰȱ ǰȱ ǭȱ ǰȱ Ǽǰȱ ȱ Ȭ¡ȱ ȱ
ŘŖŖŗDzȱ ǰȱ
ǰȱ ǭȱ Ĵǰȱ comparison design was used with pre-
ŘŖŖŞDzȱ ¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ǭȱ ǰȱ ŗşŞşDzȱ ȬĴȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¡-
Westlund, 1993), psychological discom- perimental group and a control group.
ȱǻÇȬǰȱ Çȱȱȱǰȱ
ǭȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖśDzȱ ÇȬȱ ǭȱ Çȱ
de la Banda, 2007), stress reduction (Sol-
2.3. Instruments
berg, Ingjer, Holen, Sundgot-Borgen, ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȬŜǼȱ ǻ -
ǰȱ ǭȱ
ǰ 2000), insomnia ·£ǰȱ ¤ǰȱ ǭȱ £ǰȱ ŘŖŖśǼȱ ȱ ȱ
ǻǰȱǰȱǭȱǰȱŗşşřDzȱȱ ȱ ȱ ŝŝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ -
et al., 1993), and to generally improve the ǰȱ ¡¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ
subject’s wellbeing (Ferguson, 1981). non-adaptive beliefs, demotivation and
26
R E V I S TA E D U C AC I Ó N I N C LU S I VA V O L. 2, N .º 3
coping poorly, was used to evaluate spe- Ğȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȂȱǰȱ¡¢ȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ
depression levels. An overall stress score group were given the intervention pro-
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ gram, which consisted of learning and
variables above. A score of 126 to 147 would practicing Meditación Fluir (Franco, 2007,
indicate very low teacher stress, from 148 to 2009), a meditation technique that does
164 low, from 165 to 189 normal, from 190 ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ -
to 212 moderate, and scores over 213 show tions or feelings, or change them or replace
high teacher stress. Each item is a statement them with others, but entirely the oppo-
that the teacher must show his agreement site, leaves them alone, and accepts any
with on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1=com- thought, image or feeling that may appear
pletely disagree to 5=completely agree). or come up spontaneously. The technique
consists of mentally repeating a sound or
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ǰȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱ-
of all of the factors is 0.74 to 0.89, with a domen and being aware of breathing, but
total scale reliability of 0.93, the scale has not trying to alter or modify its rhythm or
acceptable psychometric properties. ¢ǯȱ¢ȱȱĴȱȱ-
ing, the mind concentrates on the present
ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ
2.4. Procedure perceives feelings, thoughts and emotions
that take place all the time, but does not try
ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ to modify, change or alter them.
ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
a course entitled “Prevention and Treat- The meditation technique is practiced
ȱ ȱ Ȅǯȱ ¢Ȭ¡ȱ ȱ - for 40 minutes once a day or for 25 min-
rolled in the course and were assigned at utes twice a day, preferably in a comfort-
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡- ȱ Ĵȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ - and eyes closed. Ten hour-and-a-half
able so that there were the same number weekly sessions are necessary to learn
of men and women in both groups, since the technique. Learning the meditation
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ¢ȱ technique is completed with presentation
teacher stress than men (Santiago, Otero, and discussion during the sessions of a
ȱǭȱȱŘŖŖŞǼǯ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ
in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Then we proceeded to the pretest evalu- ǻ
¢ǰȱǰȱǭȱǰȱŗşşşDzȱȱ
ation of all of the participants in the study, ǭȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŘǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱ therapy is acceptance of thoughts, emo-
ȱȱȱǻȬŜǼȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ¡¢ǰȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱĴ-
tion on the present moment.
Subjects in the control group were told
that for reasons of space, the group had to When the intervention program in
be split in two, and that the course would be ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱ ȱĞǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¡¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱĞǰȱ ȱȱȱ- in the two groups of participants in the
ȱȱĞȱȱ¢ȱ ȱǯ study were reevaluated, for which they
27
REDUCING STRESS, ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN A GROUP OF SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS USING A MINDFULNESS PROGRAM
S12 + S22
The Student’s t for independent sam- Sponderada= –––––––
ples was used to analyze the two groups 2
ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ęȱ ě-
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ - ȱŖǯŞȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱěȱ£ǰȱ
ments (see table 2). Table 2 shows there from 0.5 to 0.8 large, below 0.5 medium
ȱȱ¢ȱęȱěȱ and less than 0.2 small. In Table 4, the Co-
between the groups in pretest measure- hen’s d in the control group shows very
ments or in the variables. That is, there small changes, with values varying from
ȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǯŖŖřȱ ȱ ǯŖśŘǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ
the variables analyzed before interven- ȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱ
ǰȱ ¢ȱ ęȱ stress variable (dƽǯŝŜǼǰȱȱȱȱěȱ
ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ¡¢ȱǻd=.44), and depression (d=.37).
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R E V I S TA E D U C AC I Ó N I N C LU S I VA V O L. 2, N .º 3
PRETEST POSTTEST
Control Experimental Control Experimental
M DT M DT M DT M DT
Stress 179.88 30.57 184.13 36.31 179.75 30.18 159.93 26.63
Anxiety 43.25 16.04 45.60 19.26 42.06 16.13 38.27 13.62
Depression 17.44 6.53 19.27 10.99 17.12 5.52 16.08 5.38
ȱŗǯȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǰȱ¡¢ȱȱȱǯ
PRETEST POSTTEST
Variable t p t p
Stress .661 .514 3.03 .048*
Anxiety .685 .499 .705 .456
Depression 1.49 .145 .510 .614
Note: *p<.05
CONTROL EXPERIMENTAL
Variable t p t p
Teacher stress .077 .940 3.48 .004*
Anxiety 1.80 .105 3.07 .008**
Depression .740 .471 3.11 .008**
Note: *p<.005; **p<.01
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REDUCING STRESS, ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN A GROUP OF SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS USING A MINDFULNESS PROGRAM
30
R E V I S TA E D U C AC I Ó N I N C LU S I VA V O L. 2, N .º 3
31
REDUCING STRESS, ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN A GROUP OF SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS USING A MINDFULNESS PROGRAM
32
R E V I S TA E D U C AC I Ó N I N C LU S I VA V O L. 2, N .º 3
Author information
Clemente Franco Justo
Collaborating Professor in the University of Almería (Spain). Department of Develop-
mental and Educational Psychology.
Israel Mañas Mañas
Research Fellow in the University of Almería (Spain). Department of Personality,
Evaluation and Psychological Treatment.
Eduardo Justo Martínez
Head of the University of Almería (Spain). Department of Developmental and Edu-
cational Psychology.
CONTACT ADDRESS
Clemente Franco Justo
Department of Developmental & Educational Psychology.
Humanities Building A.
University of Almería.
Carretera de Sacramento s/n
La Cañada de San Urbano. Almería 04120. Spain. cfranco@ual.es
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