DETECTOR DE PROXIMIDAD POR INFRARROJO con dos 555

Es quizás uno de los circuitos de mayor aplicación en el automatismo electrónico. Lo

encontramos en los dispensadores de agua automáticos, los secadores de mano automáticos y con
algunas variantes lo encontramos en las puertas automáticas de los grandes almacenes.

Principio de funcionamiento

Generamos una ráfaga de pulsos de alta intensidad con el LM555 (Cto 1) a baja frecuencia y los
transmitimos por el led de chorro infrarrojo (IR). Luego los recibimos en un fototransistor colocado
de tal manera que solo los reciba cuando un objeto refleje los pulsos.

Luego procesamos esa señal para poder utilizarla en el encendido-apagado de nuestros aparatos.

Para ello colocamos un fototransistor de tal manera que cuando haya una superficie que refleje los
pulsos, bien sea una mano, un objeto cualquiera, a una distancia de unos 10 cm, este los pueda recibir y
enviar a un amplificador de corriente, en este caso un par de transistores en configuración darlington.

Cuando esta débil señal alcanza una intensidad

suficiente, debido a que se acercó un objeto, entonces
logra disparar un temporizador de unos 10 segundos
construido con un LM555.(Cto 2)

Luego colocamos una interfase a transistor para

alimentar un relé de 12 V 5 PINES, el cual nos servirá
para controlar el aparato que queramos.

Hojas de datos

LM555
1N 4148
2N 3904Lista de materiales
Circuito Impreso
2 circuitos integrados LM 555
2 bases de 8 pines
1 relé 12 V 5 pines
1 foto transistor de uso general
1 diodo infrarrojo de uso general
1 control de 1 Mega
3 transistores 2N3904
2 condensadores. de 10 uF/50 V
1 diodo 1N4148
1 led verde de 5 mm
1 R 68 H
1 Resistencia 1K5
2 Resistencia 10K

El circuito anterior pude ser realizado utilizando un foto detector

Se sustituye el relé por un diodo led y una resistencia de 220 Ω

Y el foto transistor y los dos transistores darlinton por un foto detector

1 Ve
2 GND
3 Vout

123
En el mercado existen otras alternativas tanto de la misma compañía como otros fabricantes.Sharp
también proporciona otros receptores de infrarrojos como por ejemplo los IS1U621, similares a los aquí
utilizados pero con mas rango de recepción (8 metros frente a los 5 de los IS1U60). De otros fabricantes
se destacan los PNA4602 o PNA4612 de Panasonic, los LTM-97DS-38 de LiteOn o los SFH5110 de
Siemens. En esta comparativa puede encontrarse información adicional sobre las prestaciones de unos y
otros.
Aunque los pines diferente entre los distintos fabricantes y deberá consultarse en el dataste
correspondiente antes de realizar cualquier conexión, en todos los casos nos vamos a encontrar tres
patas: una que conectaremos a Vcc, otra que lo haremos a GND y una tercera, Vout, por la que
obtendremos diferentes niveles si se recibe o no la señal infrarroja (en el caso de los Sharp, un nivel alto
si no se recibe la señal infrarroja modulada o un nivel bajo si se esta recibiendo). Tal y como se
muestra en la figura 2, con el IS1U60 visto de frente, las patas de izquierda a derecha corresponden con
Vout, GND y Vcc.

con esto se puede realizar la barrera infrarroja utilizando un control remoto

TSOP1738 es un mini-receptor para ser usados en sistemas con control remoto infrarojo. El mismo soporta casi la
totalidad de los codigos de trasnmision. La señal de salida puede ser aplicada directamente a un pin de entrada de un
microcontrolador.

Características principales

 Foto-detector y pre-amplificador en un único encapsulado

 Compatibilidad TTL y CMOS

 Salida en activo bajo

 Bajo consumo eléctrico

  Alta inmunidad a la luz visible

 Soporte para trasmisión continua de datos en velocidades de hasta 2400 bps

Características técnicas

 Tensión de alimentación –0.3...6.0 V

 Consumo de corriente 5 mA

 Tensión de salida –0.3...6.0 V

 Corriente de salida 5 mA

 Temperatura de trabajo –25...+85 °C

 Consumo de potencia 50 mW

Frecuencia de la señal portadora (infrarrojo)

 TSOP1730 30 kHz
 TSOP1733 33 kHz

 TSOP1736 36 kHz

 TSOP1737 36.7 kHz

 TSOP1738 38 kHz

 TSOP1740 40 kHz

 TSOP1756 56 kHz
Diagrama en
bloques interno del
sensor

Foto y distribución
de las patillas del
sensor
(clic para ampliar)
 Basic Visible and Infrared Light Detectors
This page features basic, visible light photo-detector circuits that can be used to detect trains or other light
blocking objects.
The sensors used for these circuits are silicon phototransistors or Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) photocells. Both of
these sensors allow less current to flow when they are dark. (Phototransistors change their 'conductance' while
photocells change their resistance depending on the intensity of the light falling on them.)
The phototransistor or photocell would normally be placed between the rails in the circuits on this page.
The Photo-detectors on this page use LM339 (Quad) or LM393 (Dual) voltage comparator, integrated circuits
to detect the change in voltage across the sensor. For information on Voltage Comparators please see the
Voltage Comparator Information page at this site.
All of the circuits on this page are configured to have the LED's turn on when the sensor element is dark
(covered by a train.) The LED's can also be made to turn off when a train is detected. This will be explained in
the NOTES sections of this page.
The supply voltage for the circuits is specified as regulated 12 volts DC but this can be changed if needed. In
some cases the values of some resistors may have to be adjusted to compensate.

- Section 1 -

Visible Light Photo-Detector Circuits

Basic Phototransistor Detector

In this circuit, when the light falling on the phototransistor (Q1) is blocked, its conductance will decrease and
the voltage across Q1 will rise. When the voltage rises above 1/2 of the supply voltage the output of the
comparator will turn ON and the LED will be lit.
 Basic Phototransistor Detector
The only critical part of this circuit is the value of resistor R1 which in most cases can be 470K ohms but may
have to be increase if the room is dark or decreased if the room is well lit.
Increasing the value of R1 will cause the sensitivity of the sensor to decrease. This may be necessary when
the light falling on the cell is not very strong or shadows can affect the phototransistor.
There are a number of phototransistors sizes and case styles. The smaller cases will be easier to hide but
connecting wires may be more difficult.

Basic CdS Photocell Detector

In this circuit, when the light falling on the photocell (PC 1) is blocked, its resistance will increase and the
voltage across PC 1 will rise. When the voltage rises above 1/2 of the supply voltage the output of the
comparator will turn ON and the LED will be lit.
 Basic Photocell Detector
Due to wide variations in CdS photocells it is usually best to install the cell and then measure its resistance
under normal lighting conditions. A resistor with a value that is approximately 3 to 5 times the measured
resistance of the cell is then selected for R1. For example; If the cell resistance is measured at 400 ohms then a
1200 to 2200 ohms resistor would be used.
Increasing the value of R1 will cause the sensitivity of the sensor to decrease. This may be necessary when
the light falling on the cell is not very strong or shadows can affect the photocell.
This circuit can be adapted for use in dark areas by placing a small light above the photocell.

- Section 2 -

Infrared Light Photo-Detector Circuit

Basic Phototransistor Detector
In this circuit the light falling on the phototransistor will be from an Infrared Light Emitting Diode (IrLED)
but otherwise it is the same as the phototransistor circuit shown above.
When the light falling on the phototransistor (Q1) is blocked, its conductance will decrease and the voltage
across Q1 will rise. When the voltage rises above 1/2 of the supply voltage the output of the comparator will
turn ON and the LED will be lit.
 Basic Infrared Detector
For information on calculating the value of current limiting resistors for the IrLED please see the Current
Limiting Resistor Calculator page at this site.
Follow this link for more information on this type of detector see: Across The Track Infrared Detectors.

Is The IR LED Working?

Infrared light is not visible to the naked eye, however, a digital camera can be used to view the IR light if it
does not have an IR blocking filter on the lens.
The image may not be very bright but close-up or in a darkened area the light should be visible on the
camera's display screen.

- Section 3 -

A Practical Quad Photo-Detector Circuit

The next circuit is for a practical 4 photo-detector circuit using an LM339 Quad comparator IC. Although
phototransistors are shown, photocells could also be used with the corresponding change in values for resistors
R1 through R4.
This circuit can also be used for infrared detector circuits as shown above.
 Quad Photocell Detector

The values for resistors R7 through R10 can also be changed depending on the required LED current. For
information on calculating the value of current limiting resistors please see the Current Limiting Resistor
Calculator page at this site.

A printed circuit board with 8 comparator type photo-detectors can be seen at this link. 8 Photo-Detector
Circuit Board

This High Impedance Test Voltmeter circuit can also be used for testing phototransistors installations.
 Phototransistor Detector Relay Driver

By adding a PNP transistor to the basic detector circuit larger currents can be controlled. In this example a
small relay is operated by the detector.

Relay Driver

Using Multiple Phototransistors

More than one phototransitor can be connected to a single voltage comparator. This would allow transistors to
be placed along a section of track to indicate when a train is anywhere in that section.

As long as the train is long enough to cover two sensors the circuit will continuously detect the train.
 Multiple Sensors

Circuit 2 on the schematic is simpler but the phototransistors must have better lighting than Circuit 1 to get
good results.

LM339 Data sheet - National Semiconductor (.pdf)

LM393 Data sheet - National Semiconductor (.pdf)

Pinout Diagram For Various Devices.

Please Read Before Using These Circuit Ideas

The explanations for the circuits on these pages cannot hope to cover every situation on every layout.
For this reason be prepared to do some experimenting to get the results you want. This is especially true
of circuits such as the "Across Track Infrared Detection" circuits and any other circuit that relies on
other than direct electronic inputs, such as switches.
If you use any of these circuit ideas, ask your parts supplier for a copy of the manufacturers data sheets
for any components that you have not used before. These sheets contain a wealth of data and circuit
design information that no electronic or print article could approach and will save time and perhaps
damage to the components themselves. These data sheets can often be found on the web site of the device
manufacturers.
Although the circuits are functional the pages are not meant to be full descriptions of each circuit but
rather as guides for adapting them for use by others. If you have any questions or comments please send
them to the email address on the Circuit Index page.
http://home.cogeco.ca/~rpaisley4/PhotoDetectors.html
http://home.cogeco.ca/~rpaisley4/ATDetIR.html
 Photodiode Light
Detector

This light detector is a current-

to-voltage converter. The FET
input op-amp prevents the
loading of the photodiode and
the voltage at the output is
proportional to the current in the
photodiode. So long as the
photodiode response to the light
is linear, the output voltage is
proportional to the light falling
on the photodiode.

Photodiodes
A photodiode consists of an
active p-n junction which is
operated in reverse bias. When
light falls on the junction, a
reverse current flows which is
proportional to the illuminance.
The linear response to light
makes it an element in useful
photodetectors for some
applications. It is also used as the
active element in light-activated
switches.

Photodiode
The mechanism of the photodiode
is like that of a (miniaturized) solar
cell. Their response time is fast, on
the order of nanoseconds. As light
detectors, they are reverse biased -
the reverse current is linearly
proportional to the illuminance
striking the diode. They are not as
sensitive as a phototransistor, but
their linearity can make them useful
in simple light meters.
 Photodiode
Characteristics

The reverse current

through a photodiode
varies linearly with
illuminance once you
are significantly
above the dark
current region.

Current to Voltage
Amplifier
A circuit for converting small
current signals (>0.01
microamps) to a more easily
measured proportional voltage.

By the current rule:

so the output voltage is given by

the expression above.