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Libro Geotecnia Del Ingeniero PDF
Libro Geotecnia Del Ingeniero PDF
'-- ---.:CAMBEFORT
-
Primera edición española, traducida de la tercera edición francesa por
JUAN JOSE SANZ LLANO
Dr. Ingeniero de Minas
Impreso en España
Printed. ;" Spa;"
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INDICE DE MATERIAS
I!wlogo , XIII
RECONOCIMIENTO DE SUELOS
Reconocimiento geofísico, 3
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Vi íNOICE OE MATERIAS
Bibliografía. 94
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IN DICE DE MATERIAS VU
Introducción . • • 253
Deslizamiento de Vajont 253
Deslizamiento segun la mecánica de suelos 256
Macizo homogéneo coherente 256
Caso general . 264
Vaciado rál!ido 266
Q<-!slízamjentos reuJes 267
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VIII ixorca DE MATERIAS
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iNDJCE DE MATERIAS IX
Conclusiones • • 390
Bibliografía • • 392
Introducción . 393
1. Evolución de los lechos móviles. • 396
Desplazamiento de los granos . • 396
Rugosidades. Dunas. Antidunas . 399
Pérdidas de carga • 404
Caudal sólido . 407
Alturas de agua . 409
H. Derrubios a causa de las pilas • • 411
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CITAS
KARLVON TERZAGHI
I Congreso de Mecánica de Suelos
Harvard . 1963
(Annales ITBTP- 1937)
HENRVLOSSIER
La crisis de confianza
en la Mecánica de Suelos
(Génle Civil - 15 julio de 1958)
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PROLOGO
Actualmente la cimentación de una obra, aunque no sea Im-
portante. no se realiza sin estudiar seriamente el subsuelo. La me-
cánica de suelos ha evolucionado lo suficiente para que todo
ingeniero sepa que debe obtener unas muestras del terreno yen-
viarlas al laboratorio. Pero esto sólo no basta para definir bien
el problema. Numerosos ensayos pueden ser hechos «in situ»:
110 todos son indispensables. pero conviene conocer su existencia
y el interés que pueden presentar, a fin de utilizarlos con pleno
conocimiento de causa. Tal es el objeto del primer capítulo de
esta obra.
En cuanto a las cimentaciones especiales. casi siempre excep-
cionales, son siempre muy variadas: pilotes moldeados «in situ»,
inyecciones, víbroflotación, electroósrnosis, cocción. etc.: por su
rara frecuencia, los tratados de mecánica de suelos no hablan de
ellos más que someramente. Por esto nos ha parecido interesante
reunir todos estos procedimientos. precisando tanto como sea
posible su campo de aplicación.
Los pilotes moldeados «in situ», con un principio de ejecu-
ción muy simple, son. en la práctica, difíciles de realizar correcta-
mente. Son normales los fallos, si el constructor no domina per-
fectamente su oficio. Ofrecemos al lector toda una serie de fo-
tografías para ilustrarlo.
Los fracasos más espectaculares son excepcionales, gracias a
la estabilidad de las construcciones. Esto explica la mala calidad
de algunas figuras, que son reproducción de antiguos documen-
tos.
Por razones que el mismo lector comprenderá. nos ha parecido
preferible no citar el origen de estas fotografías, de las cuales
algunas han sido tomadas en Francia. Por otra parte. hay pocas
que corresponden a obras recientes. Lo esencial es saber qué pue-
de ocurrir sí no se tiene cuidado, a fin de organizar, en consecuen-
cia, el control de la ejecución.
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PROLOGO A LA EDICION ESPAiilOLA
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Reconocimiento de suelos
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2 CEffi'ECNIA DEL INGENIERO
FORMAS DE RECONOCIMIENTO
660 "60
SI
6~0 620
600 600
CA.lllA UÁSJCA
580 ~ao
'60 ....... -_. 560
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4 GEO"'''CNI A DEI" JNG EN I eno
Sismico
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6 GEOTECNIA DEL tNGTiNTERO
11
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RECONOCL\UENTO (JE SUELOS 7
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o lac leo
longitud do AS
30G
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.oo.
Fig. 6. - Determinación (te una capa calcárea que reposa sobre esquistos
(POLDINl).
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8 GEOTECNI¡\ DEL INGENIERO
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RECONOCIMIENTO DE SUELOS 9
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RECONOClMIENTO DE SUEtOS 11
CIeno :uc:¡lIoso
...-
400_
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RECONOCL~UENTO DE SUELOS 13
Roca
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i4 GEOTECNIJ\ um. INGeNIERO
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RECONOCIMIENTO DE SUEl.OS 15
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18 GEOTECNIA DEI. lNGENIEHO
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20 GEOTECNIA DEI. INGENIERO
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.•-I ..
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~(,.,\' Corto o
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Fig, 18.- Corte de la parle inferior Fig. 19. - Aparato de sondeo de pa-
de la corona cortante del aparato redes delgadas con rodamiento a
de sondeo. bolas.
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RECONOCIMIENTO DE SUELOS 21
VASTAOOS
DEL
VÁSTAGOS PISTON
DEL
SACA·
TESTIGOS
VARILLA DE
RUPTURA
DE VACIO
PISTON
CAVIDAD
RELLL[NAOA
POR EL DES·
LlZAMIENTO
DEL TEARENO
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22 GEOTECN lA DEL lNGEN IERO
l·
r
•
Fig. 21. - Base técnica del. aparato Fig. 22. - Aparato Kjellman. Dispo-
de toma de muestras Kjcllman, sición de los huecos para los Ilejes.
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RECONOCIMIENTO DE SUELOS 23
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RECONOCIMiENTO DE SUELOS 25
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,_
?
kg/elllJ
"r------+------~------~~
I.S re.1II
Fíg. 27.- Variaciones de la seccron de un diámetro de una galería en
función de las cargas ejercidas.
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RECONOCIMlIlNTO DE SUELOS 27
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'", ••• ,,,... 't< •• " •• "
P,of\lnd¡dad de la CM,!tlolaeJ6.'l'
I DI Cln C'lIl
Fig_ 29. - Determinación tic las tensiones existen- Fig. 30. - Deter-
tes en una roca por muestreo mediante una roseta minación de las
tic extensómetros. tensiones en una
roca mediante ga·
tos planos.
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28 GEOTECNIA DEL INGENIERO
"
".
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Agua do In l$
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_______________
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Fig. 32.- Utilización del método de huecos de una arena saturada. (Doc.
Solétanche).
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RECONOCIMIENTO DE SUELOS 29
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B,¡rrtl :irll(:t".ld¡J
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-<-""-de \'ásta~s
(1) Una rnedicíén indirecta del grado de humedad, expuesta por I30Ii
youcos, consiste en determinar la resistencia eléctrica de una placa de
escayola o de nilón embutid" en el terreno.
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30 GEOTECNIA DEL INGENIERO
Características mecánicas
Aire
Vá5tugO do apriete
Célula ptincipill
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32 GEOTECNIA DEL INGENIERO
Ar<:iU3
(jllji"'tO~
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34 CEOTECNIJ\ DEl. lNCENHlRO
Permeabilidad y heterogeneidad
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RECONOCIMIENTO DE SUULOS 35
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36 GEOTECNIA DEI. iNGENIERO
Q = e k 1I
Siendo Q el caudal, k la permeabilidad solicitada y e un coeficien-
te que depende de la forma de la cavidad.
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IU,CONOCIMIENTO I)E SUELOS 37
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IlECONOCIMIENTO
1)(; SUELOS 39
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I!ECONOCIM lENTO I)I! SUELOS 41
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BIBLlOGRAFIA
CAMBEFOHT (B.) - Mesure de Ia por os ité des roche s par des métho-
des électriques - Revue de l'lnstitut Fr aneaí s du
Pétrole - Vol X n' lO. Oetobre 1955.
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BI BLIOGRAFIA 43
l.OL' DON (A. G. ) • The computut íon oí permeability from simple $oi I
Tests [Géctechnl que , Vol. 111. n: 4. 1953).
ROTBE (E. etJ. P.) Pr-ospcc tion géophys ique. Gauthier- Villal's -
Vol. 2. 1950. 2. l!l!;2.
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MACIZOS DE AI_UVrÓN V CAPAS ACUtVEl~S 47
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48 CE(YrECN1A DEL lNGEN lERO
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MACIZOS DE ,\LUV1ÓN y CAPAS AcufFERAS 49
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50 GEOTECNIA DEL lNGEN.lERO
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I MACIZOS PI! ALUViÓN Y CAPAS AcUíFERAS 51
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influencia de las estaciones.
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MACIZOS DE ALUViÓN V CAPAS ,\CUíFERAS ss
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MACIZOS DE ALUVIÓN \' C,\PAS AcuífERAS 57
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58 GEOTECNIA OEL LNGENIERO
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MACIZOS DE ALUVIÓN y CAPAS ACUíFERAS S9
Tiempo 81'1hora.
20 1\
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30
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e 60
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90
100
110
Fig. 1-11.- Asiento de un loess inicialmente cargado con 2 kg/cm', cuando
se moja. (Según Abétcff).
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MACIZOS DE ALUVIÓN v CAPAS ACU(I'ERAS 67
Cohesión capilar
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72 GEOTECNL¡\ DEL INGENLERO
Corrientes de agua
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76 G80TECNL\ DEL lNGENtERO
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l') • '(-\=:'=:r;::=;==:_-=-=-=--_J
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80 GEOTECNIA J)EL INGENIERO
.10-~
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84 GEOl'ECNIA DEl. INGENIERO
las presiones. En este caso particular. los niveles del pozo podían
variar en 10 cm, valor nada despreciable.
FLUJO ASCENDENTE
FLUJO J
vetee. en cm!s DESCENDENTEl FLUJO ASCENDENTE
o
-
J
o .- .. f • o vetee. 10 en cm" 20
Nivel
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140- Circulación de Fig. 141. - Circulación más compleja que
agua en un piezómetro. El en el caso preceden le. Hay tres entradas
agua entra por abajo y sale y tres salidas de agua.
por In parle superior.
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88 GEOTECNIA DEI. INGENIERO
_
______
en eecc
lf=E=.c=.v=.c='óftn __ Rlo =~----_
~~~~~~~('-----n==~~Q
e.x~vaclón
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92 CEOTECNIA DEL INCl!NIERO
----..... í. Q • ct~
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fig. 148. - Evolución de los des- Fig. 11·49.- Pilote inyectado ex-
censos en función del tiempo traído. Obsérvense Ias fisuras
(1, < t-: < t,). radiales artificiales.
CONCLUSIONES
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CAP1TULO 11
Cimentaciones profundas
PILOTES. MUROS. CAJONES
INTRODUCCION
Pilotes hincados
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CI,11ENTACIONES PROFIiNI)J\S 101
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Fig. JI-l.- Marullo para hincadura. Fig. 11,2.- Base técnica de ejecu-
ción de un pilote Simplex, Punta
perdida.
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CIMENTACIONES PROFUNDAS JOS
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CIMENTACIONES PROFUNOAS 121
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CL\lENTACtONES PROFU!\'llAS 125
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CJMENTACIONl,S PROFUNDAS .129
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CIMENTACIONES PROFUNDAS 133
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CIMENT,\CION"ES PROfUNDAS 137
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ClMENTAClONES PROFUNDAS 145
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CIMENTACIONES PllOFUNDAS 149
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CIMENTACIONES PROFUNDAS 153
Fuerzas horizontales
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CiMENTACIONES PROFUNDAS L57
FALLOS. RIESGOS
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CIMI3NT¡\CIO¡';ES PROFUNDAS 169
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, y, 111
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174 CEOTECNTt\ DEL INCENIERO
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J78 CEOTl:CNJA DEL INGENIEllO
Perforaciones
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@Fin de la perfo",clón'1
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l:O<YECCIÓN DE TERRENOS 185
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INYECCIÓN DE TERRENOS 191
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INYECCiÓN DE TERRENOS 195
Fig. 111·20.- Fisuración art ificial (le una roca blanda. (Doc. Solétanche.)
15
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204 GEOTECNIA DEL lNGENlEllO
de
Disminución
del volumen Arenas finas
cornpacídad
de huecos por Asiento Tarquines
compactación Arcillas
Modificación de propiedades
tisicoqutmícas. Electroósmosis Asiento y Tarquines
ret raccíón Arcillas
Cocción
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CARACTElÚSTICAS FÍSICAS DI! LOS SUELOS 205
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206 GEOTECNI;\ DEL INGENIERO
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CARACTERISTICAS FlsICAS DE I_OS SUELOS 207
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lONCITUD oi CUl\¡.\ EN C,\of
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254 GEOTECNlJ\ DEL iNGENiERO
FiS. V·I. - Vista aérea del embalse de Vajont después del deslizamiento
de octubre de 1963. A la derecha el valle del Píave, las panes blancas
han sido alteradas por las aguas. L. Müller (Foto Enel.)
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256 GEOTECNI,\ DEI. INGENIERO
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Fig. V·3. - Corte esquemático del deslizamiento de noviembre de 1960.
Obsérvese la distribución de las velocidades. (L. Müller.)
quc hay otro factor a considerar. puesto que las últimas medi-
das de velocidad realizadas en septiembre de 1963 dan valores
comparables a los de octubre de 1960 que no produjeron ninguna
catástrofe en los puntos considerados. Cabe pensar que este otro
factor es la amplitud de los desplazamientos, que alcanzaban
hasta 4 In antes de la rotura (fig. V-4).
El corrimiento de Vajont nos muestra que la heterogeneidad
del macizo puede condicionar
, la forma de la superficie de rotura,
y también que si las medidas de las velocidades del movimien-
to son indispensables, éstas no permiten un control absoluto.
Veamos lo que nos enseña la teoría.
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1960 1961 1962 1963
4
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CORRIMIENTO DE TIERRAS 259
_- _--
Memento en felación a O
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t9
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.262 GEOTECNIA DEI. INGENIERO
e
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y
H
2 3,57 3,97 4,21 4,5 4,75
e/y
lo que da, para una misma pendiente media, una altura límite JI
mucho mayo.' que la señalada anteriormente,
Cuando el medio plástico reposa sobre un substrato más re-
sistente, diversas consideraciones llevaron a este autor al «perfil
en gota» clásico observado en casi todos los corrimientos (figu-
ra V-lO). No se trata evidentemente más que de una aproxima-
ción, ya que en la realidad el substrato no es más que una parte
mal definida del macizo no perturbado por el corrimiento. Pero
así se comprende por qué muchos deslizamientos cesan por sí
solos, El perfil límite del talud es reemplazado por un perfil es,
table, que continuará siéndolo tanto tiempo como las aguas de
lluvia o subterráneas tarden en ablandar las arcillas, ya muy fi-
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CORRJAIlENTO DE TIERRAS 263
EC-7,5f
Fig. V·g. - Perfil de talud en equilibrio limite en cada punto. (J. Mandel.)
Zona
fis-ur~de II
T
-tc h
3
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266 GEOTECNIA DEL INGENIERO
Vaciado rápido
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CORlUMIENTO DE TIERRAS 267
2
;-y R' sen i
3
Fig. V-13.- Hipótesis para el estudio del vaciado rápido.
DESLIZAMIENTOS REALES
Copyflghlcd m"lcrial
268 CEOTECN1,\ DEL INGENLERO
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- ... _..: ". ... 11 "
------_ ..;;...!-
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Fig. V·15.- Superposición de círculos que dan la apariencia de un des-
lizamiento plano.
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CORR ~\llF.NTO 1)f. TiERRAS 27L
lO
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272 GEOTEeNJA DEI. INCENIERO
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CORRIMIENTO DE T!.ERR;\S 275
CIlindro de arcilla
DESECACiÓN
I
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En los 2 casos el eje
so dosplaza hacia abajo
HUMECTACiÓN
.\
20
ANCLAJES HORIZONTALES
160
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340 (;EOTECNIA DEL INGENIERO
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