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Clase 2 29-08-17II Relación Tripartita PDF
Clase 2 29-08-17II Relación Tripartita PDF
PROPIEDADES
PROCESAMIENTO
USOS / COSTO
Relación entre propiedades, estructura y
procesamiento
Estructura de los materiales
Propiedades de los materiales
Procesamiento de los materiales
Estructura de los materiales
Estructura atómica Unión atómica y
Ordenamiento atómico
Puente de hidrógeno
Covalente
ENLACE
(a) Polymer chains have strong covalent ‘backbones’, but bond to each other only with
weak hydrogen bonds unless they become cross-linked.
(b) Cross-links bond the chains tightly together. The strong carbon–carbon bonds are
shown as solid red lines.
Tipo de Enlace Energía de Enlace
(kcal/mol)
Iónico 625-1550
Covalente 520-1250
Metálico 100-850
Van der Waals <40
SEMICONDUCTORES
SEMICONDUCTORES
Resistencia a la corrosión
PROPIEDAD
TÉRMICA
PROPIEDAD
ELÉCTRICA
PROPIEDAD
MECÁNICA
PROPIEDADES DE LOS MATERIALES
Propiedades Propiedades Propiedades
Físicas Tecnológicas Químicas
(importante por el uso) (importante para la (importante para el
fabricación) uso y la fabricación )
Densidad Forjabilidad Resistencia a la
corrosión
Punto de fusión Maquinabilidad Aleabilidad
Conductividad térmica Aptitud para Propiedades
soldar venenosas
Conductividad eléctrica
Elasticidad
Dureza
Resistencia mecánica
Resistencia a la tensión
a) Aluminio b) Magnesio
Rigidez
Resistencia a la fatiga
Resistencia a la compresión
Resistencia al impacto
(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.
The impact test: (a) The Charpy and Izod tests, and (b) dimensions of
typical specimens
Procesamiento de los materiales
METALES
Colada o vaciado
Introducir material líquido en moldes en el
que tiene lugar la solidificación
Four typical casting processes:
(a) and (b) Green sand molding, in
which clay-bonded sand is packed
around a pattern. Sand cores can
produce internal cavities in the
casting. (c) The permanent mold
process, in which ,metal is poured
into an iron or steel mold. (d) Die
casting, in which metal is injected
at high pressure into a steel die. (e)
Investment casting, in which a wax
pattern is surrounded by a
ceramic; after the wax is melted
and drained, metal is poured into
the mold
Engine block produced using the lost foam casting
process. (Courtesy of Paul Arch, Nova Chemicals.)
VACEADO
Vertical continuous casting, used in
producing many steel products. Liquid
metal contained in the tundish partially
solidifies in a mold
Elaboración mecánica
Forjado
El material se calienta hasta una temperatura a la cual se le puede
deformar fácilmente: mediante un martillo de mano o usando
presión.
FORJADO
Anillos / Camisas Forjadas Anillos Rolados (sin costura) Discos Forjados Flechas Forjadas
máx. 70" diam. ext. - 8.2 tons máx. 160" diam. ext. y 30" máx. 70" diam. ext. - 8.2 tons máx. 70" diam. ext. -
altura de cara - 6.8 tons 8.2 tons
Extrusión
Laminación Trefilado
©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under
license.
Estirado Doblado
Maquinado Aptitud para soldar
A schematic diagram of the
fusion zone and solidification
of the weld during fusion
welding: (a) initial prepared
joint, (b) weld at the
maximum temperature, with
joint filled with filler metal,
and (c) weld after
solidification.
Procesamiento de los materiales
CERÁMICOS
Laminado
Flotado
©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Trefilado
Presionado y soplado
©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Compresión
Inyección
This figure shows a schematic of the blow-stretch process used for fabrication of a
standard two-liter PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottle from a preform. The stress
induced crystallization leads to formation of small crystals that help reinforce the
remaining amorphous matrix.
Schematic diagram of an apparatus that is used to form thin polymer
films. (Reprinted with permission from Encyclopædia Britannica,
1997 by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.)
TERMORIGIDOS : (epóxicos, fenólicos, poliamidas, etc)
Typical forming processes for thermosetting polymers: (a) compression
molding and (b) transfer molding.
Moldeo por compresión
Figure 15.29 Typical forming processes for thermoplastic: (a) extrusion, (b) blow
molding, (c) injection molding, (d) thermoforming, (e) calendaring, and (f) spinning.
Schematic diagram of a compression molding apparatus. (From F.W.
Billmeyer, Jr., Textbook of Polymer Science, 3rd edition. Copyright 1984
by John Wiley & Sons, New York. Reprinted by permission of John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
RESISTENCIA
QUÍMICA
Resistencia a la corrosión
Electrolito
Ánodo
Fe Fe++ + 2e-
Flujo dee
electrones
e O2 + 2H2O+4e-
-
4OH
Cátodo
Metal
Resistencia a la corrosión
Electrolito
Ánodo
Fe Fe++ + 2e
Flujo dee
electrones
e 2H+ + 2e H2
Cátodo
Metal
Microstructural features
in metals, showing their
length scale and the
properties which they
determine. Each interval
on the length scale is a
factor of 1000.
Microstructural features in
ceramics and glasses, showing
their length scale and the
properties which they determine.
Each interval on the length scale is
a factor of 1000.
Microstructural features
in polymers and
elastomers, showing
their length scale and the
properties which they
determine. Each interval
on the length scale is a
factor of 1000.
Solidification in metal casting. (a) Nucleation and growth of solid
crystals in the melt. (b) Impingement of growing solid crystals forms
the grains and grainboundaries.
Evolution of molecular architecture in polymer molding.
(a) Alignment of molecules during viscous flow in
shaping. (b) Partial crystallization during cooling.
Grain structure evolution in the solid state by deformation and annealing. (a) Grains pancake,
following the change in shape of the component. (b) The recovery mechanism: dislocations
rearrange as sub-grains (shown on a large scale). (c) The recrystallization mechanism: new
grains form by migration of boundaries from a few sub-grain nuclei, wiping out the
dislocations in the deformed microstructure.
Schematic
trends in
structure and
strength,
hardness,
and ductility
properties of
cold worked
metals that
are annealed
at different
temperatures
for a fixed
time.