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LA FORMACIÓN DEL
PROFESORADO EN TIC:
MODELO TPACK
(Conocimiento Tecnológico,
Pedagógico y de Contenido)

Julio Cabero Almenara (dir.)

Julio Barroso Osuna - Adriana María Cadena León –


Carlos Castaño Garrido - Uriel R. Cukieman - Mª del
Carmen Llorente Cejudo - Óscar M. Gallego Pérez -
María Granada Pérez Rastrollo - Tania Jiménez -
Inmaculada Maiz Olazabalaga - Verónica Marín Díaz –
Santiago Mengual Andrés - Ileana Miyar -Juan M.
Muñoz González - Begoña E. Sampedro Requena - José
Luis Serrano Sánchez - Rosabel Roig Vela – Mary Paz
Prendes Espinosa – Angel Puentes Puente- Juana María
Ortega Tudela - Ana María Ortiz Colón.

José Luis Pérez Diez de los Ríos – Rocío Pérez García


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