Sentidos

6+ ï NC =JK O @A HKO OAJPE@KO7
R EO Eï J U = Q @ E? Eï J
KFK
Bh kfk lqaà ]qpkajbk_]noa) aba_pq]n ]fqopao à h] ejpajoe`]` hqiÄje_] u _kjranpen h]
hqv aj eilqhoko ah~_pne_ko ejpanlnap]`ko lkn ah aj_~b]hk+ Bj ah oan dqi]jk) ah kfk oa
aj_qajpn] aj qj] Çnêp] Çoa] u oa _kja_p] _kj ah aj_~b]hk ] pn]r~o àh janrek Çlpe_k+
Bh chk^k k_qh]n _kjbeana lnkpa__eÇj ] h] napej] bkpknna_alpkn]) oq _]l] i}o ejpanj])
u b]_ehep] oq bqj_eÇj+
Bh chk^k k_qh]n aop} bkni]`k lkn pnao pÉje_]o k _]l]o) àh atpanekn ]h ejpanekn7
.& h] ao_hanÇpe_] u h] _Çnja]8 /& h] Éra]) u 0& h] napej] %bec+ 6*.&+
Aajpnk àh chk^k k_qh]n ]l]na_aj pnao _}i]n]o àbeje`]o ejpan_kja_p]`]o7 h]
_}i]n] ]jpanekn) h] _}i]n] lkopanekn u h] _]re`]` repna] %r+ _q]`nk 6*>&+ Bh dqikn
]_qkok _en_qh] à h] _}i]n] lkopanekn ] h] _}i]n] ]jpanekn+ Bh _neop]hejk oa hk_]hev]
lkn àh]jpa à h] _]re`]` repna]) h] _q]h _kjpeaja ah dqikn repnak+ I] Çnêp] Çoa]) hko
l}nl]`ko) h] _kjfqjper] u ah ]l]n]pk h]cnei]h _kjbeanaj lnkpa__eÇj ]h chk^k k_qh]n+
I] ]npane] kbp}hie_]) qj] n]i] à h] ]npane] _]nÇpe`] ejpanj]) ]lknp] jqpneajpao
]h kfk u hko _kilkjajpao à h] Çnêp]+ I]o raj]o knêp]ne]o oqlanekn a ejbanekn _kjoú
pepquaj ah lnej_el]h `naj]fa rajkok àh kfk+ I]o raj]o àoai^k_]j aj ah oajk
_]ranjkok ejpn]_n]ja]h+
@AO=NNKHHK @AH KFK

Bo lna_eok naoqien à i]jan] oq_ejp] ah ào]nnkhhk àh kfk l]n] _kilnajàn h]
nah]_eÇj à h]o èopejp]o _]l]o àh chk^k k_qh]n+ Iko _kilkjajpao àh kfk lnkreajaj
à7 . & ah a_pkànik oqlanbe_e]h à h] _]âv]8 / & h]o l]naào jaqnka_pk`~nie_]o
h]pan]hao àh aj_~b]hk ai^nekj]nek aj h] naceÇj àh èaj_~b]hk) u 0& ah iao~jmqei]+
Bdbpm\ 6*.+ = i \ oj h }\ _ ` g jej
?p\_mj 6*= v = i \ oj h }\ _ ` g jej
à Ag jej n` _dqd_` ì om`n ^}h\m\n7 .& d\ ^{h\m\ \io`mdjm

`n `d `nk\^dj ^jhkmì_d_j ìom` g\ ^Çmi`\ t g\ npk`mad^d`
\io`mdjm _`g dmdn8 / & g\ ^{h\m\ kjno`mdjm \]\m^\ _`n_` g\
npk`mad^d` kjno`mdjm _`g dmdn ad\no\ `g ^mdno\gdij) t 0& g\
^\qd_\_ j ^p`mkj qdom`j) lp` j^pk\ pi\ kjnd^dÇi kjno`*
mdjm m`nk`ôj \g ^mdno\gdij t m`km`nìo\ `g ^jhk\modhìoj
h}n bm\i_`+
à Ag bgj]j j^pg\m _`g n`m adph\ij `n pi\ `nompôpm\ ^\nd
`na~md^\ ^ji pi _d}hòmj _` pijn /1 hh+ Ag kjgj \io`mdjm
_`g bgj]j ^jinodopt` `g ^ìomj _` g\ ^Ämi`\+
à Ag kjgj kjno`mdjm n` ì^pìom\ ìom` `g _dn^j Äkod^j t
g\ aÄq`\) pi\ g`q` _`km`ndÇi _` g\ mòdi\+ Ag è` \i\oÄ*
hd^j %o\h]d~i gg\h\_j è` Äkod^j& ^jmm`nkji_` \ g\ gÄi`\
lp` ^ji`ô\ \h]jn kjgjn+ Ag è` qdnp\g ^ji`ô\ `g ^ìomj
\k\mìo` _` g\ kpkdg\ ^ji `g ^ìomj _` g\ aÇq`\) t _dqd_`
\g bgj]j j^pg\m ì g\n hdo\_`n i\n\g t o`hkjm\g+
à Ag bgj]j j^pg\m `no} mj_`\_j kjm pi\ \ghjad\_dgg\ odnpg\m
]g\i_\ lp` j^pk\ g\ Çm]do\ Çn`\ _`g ^m}i`j+ Ag oèd_j
]g\i_j ^jhkmì_` oèd_j ^jiepiodqj g\sj) oèd_j \_dkjnj)
hÉn^pgjn) q\njn n\ibpÄi`jn t gdia}od^jn) i`mqdjn t g\
bg}i_pg\ g\bmdh\g+
à H\ npk`mad^d` \io`mdjm _`g bgj]j j^pg\m n` ^ji`ô\ ^ji
`g dio`bphìoj \ om\q~n _` g\ ^jiepiodq\) lp` m`qdno` g\
npk`mad^d` dio`mi\ _` gjn k}mk\_jn t n` m`kgd`b\ nj]m` `g
bgj]j j^pg\m c\no\ `g h\mbì _` g\ ^Çmi`\+
& /-./+ Bhoarean Bol]Å]) P+I+ Oaoanr]`ko pk`ko hko àna_dko

Bdbpm\ 6*0+ pF0B997667 PF6 747
?}h\m\ qdom`\ Bpopmj k}mk\_j * ?Çmi`\

O`h\i\ 5
?\k\ kdbhìo\_\ ?\k\ i`pm\g %mòdi\& ?mdno\gdij
>hnaà`kn àh na^knà à h] _kl] Çlpe_]) h]o _]l]o ejpanj] u atpanj] bkni]j ah
alepahek lkopanekn àh _qanlk _ehe]n u ah eneo+ Iko iÉo_qhko àh aobÄjpan u èh]p]`knao
à h]o lqleh]o lnkreajaj àh alepahek lkopanekn+
I] _]l] ejpanj] à h] _kl] Çlpe_] oa _kjreanpa aj h] _]l] jaqn]h à h] napej]) h]
_q]h oa èbanaj_e] aj _~hqh]o bkpkoajoeper]o) jaqnkj]o êlkh]nao u jaqnkj]o c]j*
chekj]nao %mqa ej_hquaj _~hqh]o dknevkjp]hao u ]i]_nej]o u _~hqh]o che]hao à J Ñhhan&+
Iko ]tkjao à h]o jaqnkj]o c]jchekj]nao bkni]j h] _]l] à be^n]o janreko]o à h]
napej]) h] _q]h _kjranca aj ah p]hhk Çlpe_k mqa k_ql] h] _eoqn] Çlpe_] l]n] bkni]n ah
janrek Çlpe_k+ I] _eoqn] Çlpe_] oa _kjreanpa aj h] rÄ] à o]he`] à h] _kl] Çlpe_] %_kj
at_al_eÇj à oq na^knà&+
PñJE?= ATPANJ=7 AO?HANïPE?= U ?ïNJA=

I] ao_hanÇpe_] %bec+ 6*1& ao qj] cnqao] _]l] %-)1*. ii& à _kh}cajk u be^n]o ah}ope_]o
oejpapev]`]o lkn hko be^nk^h]opko+ I] _]n] ejpanj] à h] ao_hanÇpe_] aop} ajbnajp]`] ] h]
_knkeào) à h] mqa oa oal]n] lkn iaèk à qj] _]l] à pafe`k _kjfqjperk h]tk u qj]
na` à pafe`k ah}ope_k _kjk_e`] _kik h}iej] oqln]_knkeà]+ Iko paj`kjao à hko oaeo
iÉo_qhko atpnÄjoa_ko àh kfk oa ]j_h]j ] h] oqlanbe_ea atpanj] à h] ao_hanÇpe_]+
?Ämi`\
I] _Çnja] lnaoajp] qj cnkokn à - )5 * h)h ii u qj n]èk à _qnr]pqn] iajkn mqa h]
ao_hanÇpe_]+ Bo pn]jol]najpa) _]na_a à r]oko o]jcqÄjako u aop} ejanr]`k lkn qj]
lnkbqo] na` à paniej]_ekjao janreko]o+ I] oqlanbe_ea ]jpanekn à h] _Çnja] oa i]jú
peaja lani]jajpaiajpa dÉia`] _kj qj] lahÄ_qh] à h}cnei]o napaje`]o lkn h]o
ie_nkrahhkoe`]ào à h]o _~hqh]o alepahe]hao ]le_]hao+ I] _Çnja] ao qjk à hko ao_]oko
Çnc]jko mqa lqaà pn]olh]jp]noa oej neaock à na_d]vk lkn ah oeopai] ejiqjep]nek+
Bopa ~tepk lqaà ]pne^qenoa ] h] ]qoaj_e] à r]oko _knja]hao o]jcqÄjako u hejb}pe_ko+
I] _Çnja] aop} bkni]`] lkn _ej_k _]l]o %bec+ 6*2&7
.+ Bh alepahek _knja]h+
/+ I] _]l] k iai^n]j] à ?ksi]j+
0+ Bh aopnki] k oqop]j_e] lnkle]+
1+ I] iai^n]j] à Aao_aiap+
2+ Bh aj`kpahek _knja]h+
Bh alepahek _knja]h ao qj alepaRk ao_]ikok aopn]pebe_]`k u _kjop] à _ej_k ] oeapa
eP _]l]o à _~hqh]o+ I]o _~hqh]o à h] oqlanbe_ea atpanj] lnaoajp]j ie_nkrahhkoe`]ào u
oa _kja_p]j ajpna oÄ iaè]jpa àoikoki]o+ Bh _epklh]oi] _kjpeaja _epkmqan]pej]
]ok_e]`] ] hko àoikoki]o+ Bh alepahek à h] _Çnja] ao iqu oajoe^ha) _kjpeaja qj
cn]j jÉiank à paniej]_ekjao janreko]o R^nao u peaja qj] jkp]^ha _]l]_e`]` à
6+ õNC=JKO @A HKO OAJPE@KO7 REOEõJ U =Q@E?EõJ

Bdbpm\ tc e U9F0 q=:fMB0 PF6 747
?p`mkj ^dgd\m FgV hZggViV
PÅid^\ `so`mi\ PÅid^\ h`_d\ PÅid^\ dio`mi\

An^g`mÄod^\ t ^Ämi`\ ñq`\ Nòdi\
H\ ^Çmi`\ %_`g g\oÄi XdbZjh& ^ji ^jindnoì^d\ _` Ai gjn _jn o`m^djn kjno`mdjm`n _`g jej) g\ ^\k\ O` _dqd_` ì _jn ^\k\n7 .& pi\ ^\k\ kdbhìo\_\
^p`mij& `n om\ink\mìo`+ Ag m`noj _` g\ k\m`_ q\n^pg\m m`^d]` `g ijh]m` _` ^jmjd_`n+ Ai g\ `so`mi\ %k\mo` kdbhìo\md\&) t / & pi\ ^\k\ mòdid\i\
j^pg\m) g\ `n^g`mÄod^\ %_`g bmd`bj hdaZgdh& _pmjY) `n kjm^dÇi \io`mdjm _`g jej) g\ ^\k\ q\n^pg\m n` dio`mi\ %k\mo` i`mqdjn\ p Çkod^\&+ Ai g\ mòdi\ c\t
jk\^j t np ^\k\ dio`mi\ `no} m`q`nod_\ _` pi\ ìbmjn\ k\m\ ajmh\m `g ^p`mkj ^dgd\m+ pi\ uji\ nìnd]g` \ g\ gpu ì npn _jn o`m^djn
g}hdi\ kdbhìo\_\ h`_d\ j q\n^pg\m lp` \]njm]` Hjn kmj^`njn ^dgd\m`n n` `sodì_ì c\^d\ `g kjno`mdjm`n t pi\ uji\ ij nìnd]g` \ g\ gpu ì np
g\ gpu+ dio`mdjm \ k\modm _`g ^p`mkj ^dgd\m+ H\ ^\k\ q\n^pg\m o`m^dj \io`mdjm %k\mo` ^dgd\m ` dmd_d\i\&+ Ag h\mbì
Ag gdh]j ^jmm`nkji_` \ g\ uji\ _` om\ind^dÇi n` ^jiodiÉ\ ì ajmh\ _` dmdn) ^ptj h\mbì gd]m` a`noji`\_j lp` _`gdhdo\ \h]\n uji\n m`^d]` `g ijh]m`
_`g `kdo`gdj _` g\ ^jiepiodq\ ^ji `g _` g\ ^Çmi`\+ @` _`gdhdo\ g\ kpkdg\+ _` d gV hZggViV %_`g g\oÄi dgV& ]jm_`8 hZggViV&
dbp\g hj_j) `g gdh]j m`km`nìo\ `g gÄhdo` _` g\ .+ H\ ^\k\ q\n^pg\m `no} kdbhìo\_\) pi\ ndhdg\m \ pi\ nd`mm\&+
^Çmi`\ om\ink\mìo` ^ji g\ `n^g`mÇod^\ jk\^\+ H\ kmjkd`_\_ lp` kmjo`b` \ g\ npk`mad^d` dio`mi\ _`g H\ mòdi\ ^jiodì` i`pmji\n ajojmm`^`kojm\n
^p]d`mo\ `n^g`mj^jmi`\g7 jej amìo` \ g\ gpu t m`_p^` np màg`sdÇi+ %^jijn t ]\noji`n&) i`pmji\n ^ji_pôjm\n
.) ?jiad`m` kmjo`^^dÇi \ g\n `nompôpm\n dio`mi\n /+ Hjn q\njn n\ibpÄi`jn \om\qd`n\i g\ ^\k\ %^~gpg\n ]dkjg\m`n t b\ibgdji\m`n&) i`pmji\n _`
_`g jej+ dio`mh`_d\+ \nj^d\^dÄi %^~gpg\n cjmdujio\g`n t \h\^mdi\n&
/+ I\iodì` g\ hjmojgjbÄ\ t g\ ^jindnoì^d\ _` 0+ H\ kjm^dÇi \io`mdjm ^jiodì` hÉn^pgj gdnj8 `g t pi\ ^|gpg\ i`pmjbgd\g _` njkjmo`) g\ ^~gpg\
jej j^pg\m epioj \ g\ km`ndÇi _`g gÄlpd_j diom\j^pg\m+ h Ån^pgj _`g ^p`mkj ^dgd\m t gjn h Én^pgjn _Ì ddgg`m+
_dg\o\_jm t ^jinomdôjm _`g dmdn+ Ag hÉn^pgj gdnj ?\_\ jej km`nìo\ \gm`_`_jm _` ./2 hdggji`n
_`g ^p`mkj ^dgd\m ^jiomjg\ g\ oìndÇi _` g\ uÄipg\ j _` ]\noji`n t ^jijn) k`mj nÇgj . hdggÇi _` ^~gpg\n
gdb\hìoj npnkìnjmdj _`g ^mdno\gdij) kjm gj lp` b\ibgdji\m`n+ Ag iÉh`mj _` ^jijn t ]\noji`n
^jinodopt` pi `g`hìoj dhkjmo\io` _`g h`^\idnhj `n q\md\]g` ì g\ npk`mad^d` _` g\ mòdi\+ Hjn
_` \^jhj_\^dÄi+ ^jijn n` m`nomdibì \ g\ aÄq`\ %-)2 ih _` _d}hòmj&)
ì gjn lp` g\ ^\k\^d_\_ qdnp\g adi\ `n h}sdh\+
Hjn \sji`n _` g\n ^~gpg\n b\ibgdji\m`n mòdid\i\n
\om\qd`n\i g\ npk`mad^d` _` g\ mòdi\) ^jiq`mbì ì
g\ k\kdg\ j _dn^j Äkod^j) t \]\i_ji\i `g jej \ om\q~n
_` iph`mjnjn jmdad^djn _` g\ `n^g`mÇod^\ %g\ g{hdi\
^md]jn\& k\m\ _\m gpb\m \g i`mqdj Äkod^j+
_e_]pnev]_eÇj à dane`]o+ Bj ah hei^k) h] qjeÇj à h] _Çnja] u h] ao_hanÇpe_]) ah alepahek

_knja]h oa _kjpejÉ] _kj ah à h] _kjfqjper]+
I] _]l] à ?ksi]j peaja qj aolaokn à 3*6 XGe*i) aop} bkni]`] lkn be^nehh]o à
_kh}cajk à pelk F u _]na_a à be^n]o ah}ope_]o+ Bop] _]l] ao pn]jol]najpa u jk peaja
_]l]_e`]` à nacajan]_eÇj+ I] _]l] à ?ksi]j nalnaoajp] h] lkn_eÇj i}o ]jpanekn
àh aopnki] _knja]h) oe êaj lnaoajp] qj] knc]jev]_eÇj èbanajpa+ Mkn aopa ikperk)
na_eâ ah jki^na à è_]l]ê aj hqc]n à èiai^n]j]ê+ I] _]l] à ?ksi]j oa
_kilknp] _kik ^]nnan] lnkpa_pkn] bnajpa ] pn]qi]peoiko a ejr]oekjao ^]_pane]j]o+
Bh aopnki] k h] oqop]j_e] lnkle]) iqu pn]jol]najpa) nalnaoajp] ]hnaà`kn àh
6-" àh aolaokn à h] _Çnja]+ Iko d]_ao à _kh}cajk à pelko E u S bkni]j qj]o
_]l]o àhc]`]o knc]jev]`]o aj lh]jko oq_aoerko nacqh]nao mqa oa ajpna_nqv]j ] èoú
pejpko }jcqhko u bkni]j qj] na` iqu naoeopajpa ] h]o àbkni]_ekjao u hko pn]qi]ú
peoiko+ I]o be^n]o u h]o _]l]o oa oal]n]j iaè]jpa qj] i]pnev atpn]_ahqh]n aj h] mqa
]^qj`]j hko lnkpakchq_]jko mqa _kjpeajaj _kj`nkepej] u mqan]p]jk oqhb]pk+
Ddnojgjb}\ t ]djgjb}\ ^`gpg\m+ Eiomj_p^^dÄi \ g\ \i\ojh }\ k\ojgÄbd^\

Bdbpm\ tcie í»9:FB
Opk`mad^d` \io`mdjm
Akdo`gdj H\n ^~gpg\n ]\n\g`n _`g `kdo`gdj _` g\
^jmi`\g ^Çmi`\ n` ade\i \ g\ ^\k\ _n >jrh\i
+++++++Z ************************ *********** h`_d\io` c`hd_`nhjnjh\n+
?\k\ H\n hd^mjq`ggjnd_\_`n _`g _jhdidj
_` >jrh\i \kd^\g _` g\ ^~gpg\ npk`mad^d\g n` c\gg\i
ì ^jio\ôj ^ji pi\ k`gÄ^pg\ g\bmdh\g
kmjo`ôjm\+
Anomjh\ é Ag ì_jo`gdj ^jmi`\g k\mod^dk\ ì `g

om\inkjmo` \ôdqj _` h\o`md\g`n _`n_`
`g cphjm \^pjnj c\^d\ g\ h`h]m\i\
_` @ `n^`h ò t k\mo` _`g `nomjh \
^jh`\g+
H\n ^~gpg\n ì_jo`gd\g`n _` g\
^Çmi`\ km`nìo\i iph`mjn\n hdoj^ji*
_md\n+
I`h]m\i\
_` @`n^`hò
Id^mjq`ggjnd_\_`n
@`nhjnjh\ní
Ai_jo`gdj Dphjm \^pjnj )) )) )
Id^mjq`ggjnd_\_`n
^jmi`\g
Hjn i`mqdjn hd`gdidu\_jn n` c\gg\i é Akdo`gdj ^jh`\g

ì `g `nomjh\+ @`nkp~n _` \om\q`n\m
g\ ^\k\ _` >jrh\i) gjn i`mqdjn n` @`nhjnjh\
_`nh d`gdidu\i t `sodì_ì c\^d\ D`hd_`nhjnjh\
g\ npk`mad^d` ì gjn `nk\^djn dio`m*
^`gpg\m`n _`g ì_jo`gdj ^jmi`\g) ?\k\ _` >jrh\i
?~gpg\ _` O^cr\ii
Ag `nomjh\ `no} ajmh\_j kjm g}hdi\n _` ^jg}bìj
jmdìo\_\n ajmh\i_j }ibpgjn ìom` nÄ+ Hjn
r é A nomjh \[[ ad]mj]g\nojn) mj_`\_jn kjm h\omdu `som\^`gpg\m)
Bd]mj]g\nojn `no}i km`nìo`n ìom` g\n g}hdi\n) Jj \k\m`^ì
q\njn n\ibp}i`jn+
Ag ì_jo`gdj ^jh`\g `n k`mh`\]g`

\g jsÄbìj \h]dìo\g) `g ^p\g k\mod^dk\
ì _dq`mn\n m`\^^dji`n jsd_\odq\n) I`h]m\i\ _` @`n^`hò
ì `nk`^d\g) _` m`_p^^dÇi t jsd_\^dÇi
_`g bgpo\odÇi+
H\ qÄ\ _`g bgpo\odÇi i`pom\gdu\ `g @ L U N U L U L U L U L U L U L U L U N U L U L U Ai_jo`gdj ^jmi`\g
`s^`nj _` jsÄbìj \ôdqj ì g\ ^Çmi`\+
Dphjm \^pjnj
=gm`_`_jm _`g 0-" _` g\ bgp^jn\ n`
hò\]jgdu\ ì g\ ^Çmi`\ h`_d\io`
bgp^Çgdndn+
àS:n*$
?jg}bìj ì _dnkjnd^dÇi
g\hdi\m) H\n ]\i_\n jn^pm\n
^jmm`nkji_ì \ g}hdi\n Anomjh\
_` ^jg}bìj njhòd_\n
\ pi\ n`^^dÇi gjibdop_di\g+
H\n ]\i_\n ^g\m\n
m`km`nìo\i g}hdi\n
Bd]mj]g\noj
_` ^jg}bìj njhòd_\n
\ pi\ n`^^dÇi j]gd^p\
j om\inq`mn\g+
IE^mjajojbm\gg\n `g`ômÄid^\n gjh\_\n _` Djb\i IF) =gq\m\_j F=) S`__`gg F=7 Ddnojgjbt ja Dd` Dph\i At`+ Loddg\_`gkcd\) S > O\pi_`mn) .64.+
6 + ï N C = J K O @A HKO OA J PE@ K O 7 R EO Eï J U = Q @ E? Eï J
Iko janreko mqa re]f]j d]_e] ah alepahek _knja]h oa hk_]hev]j aj ah aopnki]
? p\_mj 6*? ú U9B0v6B:qF PF M»9:FB
_knja]h+
à Ag om\nkg\io` _` ^Çmi`\) o\h]d~i gg\h\_j lp`m\oj*
I] iai^n]j] à Aao_aiap) qj] à h]o iai^n]j]o ^]o]hao i}o cnqao]o àh
kg\nod\ kìòm\io`) m`km`nìo\ g\ hj_\gd_\_ h}n am`* knc]jeoik %2 * . - wti à aolaokn&) oa oejpapev] aj ah aj`kpahek _knja]h u _kjpeaja
^pìo` _` \gjom\nkg\io` odnpg\m %_`g bmd`bj Vaidh& jomj&) _kh}cajk à pelk SFF mqa _na] qj] na` dat]ckj]h à be^n]o+
^pt\ o\n\ _` ~sdoj npk`m\ `g 6-"+ Bh aj`kpahek _knja]h nareopa h] oqlanbe_ea lkopanekn à h] iai^n]j] à
à Anojn m`npgo\_jn n\odna\ôjmdjn n` j]odìì bm\^d\n \ Aao_aiap u oa ajbe*ajp] ] h] _}i]n] ]jpanekn àh kfk+ Pa _kilkja à qj]
\gbpi\n ^\m\ô`mÄnod^\n _` g\ ^Çmi`\ t _`g hd^mjìojmij ikjk_]l] à _~hqh]o alepahe]hao ao_]iko]o ]_kil]Å]`]o à aol]_eko ejpan_ahqú
j^pg\m7 . & g\ `skm`ndÇi _` hjg|^pg\n _`g ^jhkgèj kmdi*
h]nao eilania]^hao mqa ei leàj h] ajpn]`] à dqikn ]_qkok aj ah aopnki]
^dk\g _` gddnoj^jhk\od]dgd_\_ %ID?& _` ^g\n` EE `n hpt
k`lp`Å\ j ipg\ ì g\ ^Çmi`\ ijmh\g8 / & g\ ^Ämi`\ n`^mò\ _knja]h+ I] ejpacne`]` aopnq_pqn]h u beej_ekj]h àh aj`kpahek _knja]h nareopa qj]
a\ôjm`n dihpij_`km`njm`n lp` diadd]ì \ gjn gdiaj^d* ei lknp]j_e] _h]ra l]n] ah i]jpajei eajpk à h] pn]jol]naj_e] à h] _Çnja]
ojn P ` dhkd_ì g\ \ôdq\^dÇi _`g ^jhkg`hìoj %q+ ^\kÄopgj .-) %r+ _q]`nk 6*@&+
êOdno`h\ dihpido\mdj*gdia~od^jë&8 0& g\n ^~gpg\n _` g\
^Çmi`\ `skm`n\i `g gdb\i_j B\n) lp` ^jiad`m` kmjo`^^dÇi
\g jej amìo` \ _\Åjn ^`gpg\m`n \g `gdhdi\m \ g\n ^~gpg\n PñJE?= IA@E=8 ñRA=
\kjkoÇnd^\n lp` kj_mÄ\i di_p^dm m`\^^dji`n diag\h\ojmd\n
I] Éra] bkni] h] pÉje_] r]o_qh]nev]`] leciajp]`] àh kfk u oa èreà aj pnao nacekjao7
%q+ \k\mo\_j ê=kjkojndnë ì `g ^\kÄopgj 0) êPm\inhdndÇi
_` n`Å\g`n ^`gpg\m`në&8 1& g\n ^|gpg\n _` H\ib`mc\in _` .& h] _knkeào8 /& ah _qanlk _ehe]n) u 0& ah eneo %r+ bec+ 6*4& %r+ _q]`nk 6*A&+
g\ ^Çmi`\ %q+ ^\kÄopgj ..) êOdno`h\ o`bphìo\mdjë& t g\n I] _knkeào aop} bkni]`] lkn pnao _]l]o %bec+ 6*3&7
^|gpg\n km`nìo\_jm\n _` \io}bìj `n^\n`\i ì g\ .+ I] iai^n]j] à ?nq_d) h] _]l] i}o ejpanj] à h] _knkeào) aop} bkni]`] lkn
^Çmi`\+ 2& H\ ^Çmi`\ `n pi\ `nompôpm\ \q\n^pg\m ndi qj ajpn]i]`k à be^n]o à _kh}cajk u ah}ope_]o u i]pane]h à h] h}iej] ^]o]h+ I]o
q\njn gdia{od^jn) gj lp` dhkd_` `g \^^`nj _` gjn ^jhkj* h}iej]o ^]o]hao lnkreajaj àh alepahek leciajp]`k à h] napej] u hko aj`kpaheko à
iìo`n _`g ndno`h\ dihpido\mdj+
hko _]leh]nao bajaopn]`ko oqû]_ajpao+
/+ I] _knek_]leh]n _kjpeaja _]leh]nao bajaopn]`ko mqa ]lknp]j ktÄcajk u jqpneajú
pao ] h]o _]l]o atpanj]o à h] napej] u h] bÇra]+
0+ Bh aopnki] _knkeàk _kjop] à ]npane]o u raj]o à cn]j _]he^na nkà]`]o lkn
be^n]o à _kh}cajk u ah}ope_]o) be^nk^h]opko) ]hcqj]o _~hqh]o à iÉo_qhk dok) jaqnkj]o
lanpaja_eajpao ]h oeopai] janrekok ]qpÇjkik u iah]jk_epko+
Bh _qanlk _ehe]n %bec+ 6*4& k_ql] qj] lkoe_eÇj ]jpanekn naola_pk ] h] fiX j\iiXkX u
nalnaoajp] h] lnkua__eÇj rajpn]h à h] _knkeào u h] napej]+ Bjchk^] `ko _kilkjajpao7
. & h] lkn_eÇj qra]h) u / & h] lkn_eÇj jaqnkalepahe]h+
I] lkn_eÇj qra]h àh _qanlk _ehe]n aop} bkni]`] lkn7
.+ I] _kjpejq]_eÇj à h] _]l] atpanj] à h] _knkeào) _kjk_e`] _kik
oqln]_ehe]n+
/+ Bh iÉo_qhk _ehe]n) qj ]jehhk à pafe`k à iÉo_qhk heok mqa) ]h _kjpn]anoa)
na`q_a h] hkjcepq` à hko hec]iajpko oqolajokneko _en_qh]nao àh _neop]hejk8 oa
_kjk_a _kik vÇjqh] _ehe]n+
0+ Rj] _]l] à _]leh]nao bajaopn]`ko mqa ennec]j ah iÉo_qhk _ehe]n+
I] lkn_eÇj jaqnkalepahe]h ]lknp] h]o `ko _]l]o àh alepahek _ehe]n7
.+ Rj] _]l] alepahe]h leciajp]`] atpanj] mqa oa _kjpejÉ] _kj ah alepahek lecú
iajp]`k napeje]jk+ I] _]l] alepahe]h leciajp]`] oa ]lku] aj qj] h}iej] ^]o]h aj
_kjpejqe`]` _kj h] iai^n]j] à ?nq_d+
/+ Rj] _]l] alepahe]h jk leci ajp]`] mqa oa _kjpejÉ] _kj h] napej]
oajoeper]+
?p\_mj 6*@ e Pm\ôj pq`\g Bop]o `ko _]l]o alepahe]hao leciajp]`] u jk leciajp]`] lnaoajp]j ]hcqjko n]ocko
aola_e]hao7
à Ag om\ôj pq`\g m`qdno` pi\ ijo\]g` dhkjmo\i^d\ ^gÄid^\+ .+ I]o oqlanbe_eao ]le_]hao à h]o _~hqh]o leciajp]`]o u jk leciajp]`]o aop}j
H\ Éq`\ kp`_` q`mn` \a`ô\_\ kjm _dq`mnjn kmj^`njn ajbnajp]`]o+
diag\h\ojmdjn ^jij^d_jn ^jhj pq`}odn) lp` kp`_ì \go`m\m /+ Bh alepahek `k^ha ao dok aj oq atpnaik lkopanekn %l]npa lh]j]& u nalhac]`k aj
`g dmdn %dmdodn&) `g ^p`mkj ^dgd\m %^d^gdodn& t g\ ^jmjd_`n %^jmjd* h] ]jpanekn %l]npa lhac]`]& u bkni] hko lnk_aoko _ehe]nao+
_dodn&+
0+ I]o _~hqh]o alepahe]hao à hko lnk_aoko _ed]nao) ennec]`]o lkn _]leh]nao bajaoú
à H\ diag\h\^dÇi _` g\ Éq`\ kp`_` _`mdq\m _` pi\ ìa`m*
h`_\_ dihpido\md\ j ]dì _` pi\ dia`^^dÄi %k+ è+) kjm pn]`ko) oa_nap]j dqikn ]_qkok %bec+ 6*5&+
^dojh`b\gjqdmpn&+ H\ kmj_p^^dÇi _` pi `sp_\_j diag\h\* Bh eneo _kjopepqua qj] _kjpejq]_eÇj àh _qanlk _ed]n u oa hk_]hev] lkn àh]jpa àh
ojmdj ì g\ ^jmjd_dodn kp`_` kmjqj^\m pi _`nkmì_dhdìoj _neop]hejk+ Bj aop] lkoe_eÇj) bkni] qj l]ok l]n] ah bhqfk àh dqikn ]_qkok ajpna h]o
_` mòdi\+ H\ _`nomp^^dÇi diag\h\ojmd\ _` g\ ^jmjd_`n _}i]n]o ]jpanekn u lkopanekn àh kfk) ]ài}o à _kjpnkh]n h] _]jpe`]` à hqv mqa
di_p^` g\ _`bì`m\^dÇi _` gjn ajojmm`^`kojm`n lp` m`^d]ì ajpn] aj aopa+
npn ipomdìo`n kjm k\mo` _` \lp`gg\+
Bh eneo lnaoajp] `ko _kilkjajpao7 .& h] ranpeajpa qra]h k aopnki]h ]jpanekn) u /& h]
à Hjn h`g\ij^dojn \]pi_\i ì g\ ^jmjd_`n t kp`_ì _\m
ranpeajpa jaqnkalepahe]h lkopanekn+
gpb\m \ h`g\ijh\n j^pg\m`n) ophjm`n h\gdbijn kdbhì*
o\_jn lp` kmj_p^ì hò}no\ndn ndno~hd^\n+ I] ranpeajpa qra]h %atpanj]& ]jpanekn ao à knecaj iaoajmqei]pkok u lnaoajp]
qj] oqlanbe_ea ennacqh]n+ Pa _kilkja à be^nk^h]opko u iah]jk_epko leciajp]`ko

Bdbpm\ 6*3+ A0q9ZMqZ9B PF 6B M797fPF0
Nòdi\
?jmjd_`n
An^g`mÄod^\
Akdo`gdj kdbhìo\_j
I`h]m\i\ _` >mp^c
?jmdj^\kdg\m
Anomjh\ ^jmjg_`j
An^g`mÄod^\
I`h]m\i\ _` >mp^c H\ \^phpg\^dÇi _` kmjo`}i\n %\kjgdkjkmjo`Äi\ A) @mpn\

H\ h`h]m\i\ _` >mp^c `no} ^jhkp`no\ kjm7 kmjo`Äi\ _`g \hdgjd_`) kmjo`Äi\n _`g ^jhkg`hìoj
?\k\ _` ^~gpg\n w
.+ H\ g{hdi\ ]\n\g _`g `kdo`gdj kdbhìo\_j _` g\ ?2 t ^jhkgèj ?2]*6 t jom\n& ì g\ ^\m\ dio`mi\
_` g\ h`h]m\i\ _` >mp^c n` _ìjhdi\ _mpn\ gjojiZ^`kojm\n w
mòdi\+
/+ H\n ^\k\n np]t\^ìo`n _` ad]m\n _` ^jg{bìj %_`g \g`h}i YgjhZc( iÇ_pgj kòmjnj&+ Qi\ _mpn\ 7
Akdo`gdj
6
e7
t `g{nod^\n+ _` bm\i o\ h \ Å j \ g` e\ \ gjn aj oj mm` ^` k oj m` n
_` g\ dmmdb\^dÇi+ P\ioj `g `kdo`gdj kdbhìo\_j kdbhìo\_j n
0+ H\ g{hdi\ ]\n\g _` ^|gpg\n ì_jo`gd\g`n
_` g\ m`_ ^\kdg\m np]t\^ìo` %^jmdj^\kdg\m&+ ^jh j gjn ajojmm`^`kojm`n _`bì`m\i ^p\i_j
g\ n`k\m\^dÇi `n `s^`ndq\hìo` bm\i_`+ I`h]m\i\ F
H\ km`nì^d\ _` _mpn\n ^jinodopt` g\ di_d^\^dÇi _` >mp^c w
Anomjh\ ^jmjg_`j a`
h}n o`h km\i\ _` _`bì`m\^dÄi h\^pg\m
Ag `nomjh\ ^jiodì` ad]m\n _` ^jg}bìj) \gbpi\n m`g\^dji\_\ ^ji `g ìqè`^dhdìoj+ e
^~gpg\n _` hÉn^pgj gdnj) i`pmji\n _`g ndno`h\ Anomjh\ ^jmjd_`j ?jmdj^\kdg\m o
i`mqdjnj \poÇijhj) q\njn n\ibpÄi`jn %\mo`md\n t
An^g`mÇod^\
qì\n& t h`g\ij^dojn+ n
Hjn h`g\ij^dojn nji h}n \]pi_\io`n ì gjn e
npeòjn h}n kdbhìo\_jn lp` ì \lp`ggjn hìjn ]
kdbhìo\_jn+ Akdo`gdj kdbhìo\_j
?jmdj^\kdg\m @mpn\
Hjn ^\kdg\m`n _` g\ ^jmdj^\kdg\m n` ^ji`ô\i ^ji H}hdi\ ]\n\g

\mo`md\n %m\hdad^\^dji`n _` g\n \mo`md\n ^dgd\m`n _`g `kdo`gdj kdbhìo\_j
kjno`mdjm`n& t g\n qì\n %qì\n _`g qÇmod^`& _`g I`h]m\i\ _` >mp^c
`nomjh\ ^jmjd_`j+
H}hdi\ ]\n\g _` pi ^\kdg\m
H\ ^jmdj^\kdg\m \kjmo\ ipomdìo`n \ g\n ^\k\n
ì g\ ^jmdj^\kdg\m
`so`mi\n _` g\ mòdi\+
UJ *
?jmdj^\kdg\m
ejianoko aj qj] i]pnev atpn]_ahqh]n+ Bh jÉiank à iah]jk_epko leciajp]`ko àbeja

ah _khkn àh eneo+ Bj hko oqfapko ]hêjko) ah eneo lnaoajp] qj] _khkn]_eÇj nko]`] àê`k
] hko ]^qj`]jpao r]oko o]jcqÄjako+ Iko r]oko o]jcqÄjako àh eneo kôanr]j qj] èoú
pne^q_eÇj n]è]h u lqaàj ]`]lp]noa ] r]ne]_ekjao à hkjcepq` _kj ]nnachk ] hko
_]iêko àh è}iapnk à h] lqleh]+
Bdbpm\ 6*4+ íZF9v7 Mf6fB9
N`_ om\]`^pg\m ?ji_pôj _` O^cP`hh
?jiepiodq\
?Ämi`\
An^g`mÄod^\
Ag hÅn^pgj ^dgd\m j^pk\

bm\i k\mo` _`g ^p`mkj ^dgd\m+ Ag dmdn km`nìo\ _jn np*
H\n ad]m\n ujipg\m`n _`g `kdo`gdj k`mad^d`n+ H\ npk`mad^d`
^dgd\m n` `sodì_ì c\^d\ `g \io`mdjm ^\m`^` _` m`q`n*
^mdno\gdij) odhdìoj `kdo`gd\g+ H\
H\ ^jiom\\dÇi _`g hÉn^pgj npk`mad^d` kjno`mdjm
^dgd\m m`g\e\ g\ oìndÇi lp` `no} m`q`nod_\ _` pi\
è`m^ì g\n ad]m\n ujipg\m`n ^\k\ _j]g` _` ^|gpg\n
_`g^mdno\gdi^ _pm\io` g\ \^jhj* `kdo`gd\g`n kdbhìo\_\n
_\^dÇi+ lp` m`km`nìo\ g\ ^jiod*
ip\^dÇi _dm`ô\ _` g\ ^\k\
kdbhìo\_\ _` g\ mòdi\+
Ag `nomjh \ ^jiodì`
Hjn kmj^`njn ^dgd\m`n n` h`g\ij^dojn t ^|gpg\n
kmjt`ô\i _`n_` `g ^p`mkj hdj`kdo`gd\g`n lp` ajmh\i
^dgd\m+ Ano}i m`q`nod_jn _`g `g _dg\o\_jm _` g\ kpkdg\+
`kdo`gdj ^dgd\m) `g ^p\g kmj_p^`
`g cphjm \^pjnj+ ?{h\m\ kjno`mdjm
H\ ^\k\ dio`mi\ _`g `kdo`gdj ij `no} kdbhìo\_\ H\ ^\k\ `so`mi\ _`g `kdo`gdj `no} kdbhìo\_\
t n` jmdìo\ c\^d\ g\ ^}h\m\ kjno`mdjm+ t jmdìo\_\ c\^d\ `g `nomjh\ _`g ^p`mkj ^dgd\m+
I`g\ij^doj Ag `naÄio`m _` g\ kpkdg\

?{h\m\ \io`mdjm íajmh\_j kjm ^~gpg\n _`
hÉn^pgj gdnjí km`nìo\
m`^`kojm`n _` \^òdg^j*
gdi\tm`^d]`np diì,\^dÇi
_` ad]m\n iìadjn\nk\m\ndh*
k}od^\n+
Ag _dg\o\_jm _` g\ kpkdg\ í ajmh\_j kjm ^|gpg\n
H\ ^jiom\^^dÇi _`g
hdj`kdo`gd\g`né ^jiodì` m`^`kojm`n j \_mì|mbd^jn
`naÄio`m m`_p^` `g _d}hòmj
t m`^d]` np di`mq\^dÇi _` ad]m\n i`mqdjn\n ndhk{od^\n+
_` g\ kpkdg\ %hdjndn&+
H\ ^jiom\^^dÄi _`g _dg\o\_jm _ò`mhdi\ g\ _dg\o\^dÄi
_` g\ kpkdg\ j hd_md\ndn+
?}jnpg\_ng ^mdno\gdij ********************************************Z +'$ + ?\j\

O
L'R ' _j]g`
dFë IRIER _`
IRR^~gpg\n
SESESXR
e kdbhìo\_\n
?mdno\gdij
Ag `kdo`gdj ^dgd\m ^jinodopt` pi\ `soìndÄi _` g\ mòdi\ h{n \gg{ _` g\ jm\ ^dgd\m+ = h`_d_\ lp` `g `kdo`gdj ^dgd\m n` \^`m^\ \ g\ ]\n` _`g dmdn) ì g\n ^~gpg\n
QDPP@R@t m`qdno` g\ npk`mad^d` Eio`mi\ _`g ^p`mkj ^dgd\m+ O` ^jhkji` _` g\ ^\k\ dio`mi\ n` \^phpg\i bm}ipgjn _` kdbhìoj t \h]\n ^\k\n `no}i
_` _jn ^\k\n7 pi\ ^\k\ dio`mi\ _` ^|gpg\n ij kdbhìo\_\n í pi\ kdbhìo\_\n+ H\n ^|gpg\n `kdo`gd\g`n _` gjn kmj^`njn ^dgd\m`n dmmdb\_\n
^jiodip\^dÇi _` g\ mòdi\ n` i n dodq \ * lp` n` jmdìo\ c\^d\ g\ ^}h\m\ kjm gjn ^\kdg\m`n aì`nom\_jn kmj_p^ì cphjm \^pjnj+ H\n ad]m\n
kjno`mdjm) t pi\ ^\k\ `so`mi\ _` ^|gpg\n kdbhìo\_\n í lp` n` ^jiodiÉ\ ujipg\m`n) lp` ijmh\ghìo` n` \nj^d\i \ gjn kmj^`njn ^dgd\m`n) ij \k\m`^ì
^ji `g `kdo`gdj kdbhìo\_j mòdid\ijí ) ì ^jio\ôj ^ji `g `nomjh\ _`g ^p`mkj ì g\ adbpm\ 6*4) k`mj nÄ ì g\ adbpm\ 6*..+

Bdbpm\ tcge A0q9ZMqZ9B PF6 FvfqF6f7 Mf6fB9 | 0FM9FMf»: PF6 3Zé79 BMZ707
?{h\m\ kjno`mdjm ?\i\g ^dgd\m

?jhkjiìo`n
_`g cphjm \^pjnj
=hdij}^d_jn
Cgp^jn\
H\n ad]m\n _` g\ uÇipg\ ô^d_j \n^Çm]d^j
nji ndioòdu\_\n kjm g\n
^|gpg\n `kdo`gd\g`n D/K J\ Z ?a
^dgd\m`n ij kdbhìo\_\n
H}hdi\ ]\n\g*
?|gpg\ `kdo`gd\g ^dgd\m ?|gpg\ `kdo`gd\g ^dgd\m ?|gpg\ `kdo`gd\g ^dgd\m

ij kdbhìo\_\ Lmj^`njn ^dgd\m`n ij kdbhìo\_\ kdbhìo\_\
N`kgd`bp`n ]\n\g`n
Hjn _jhdidjn \kd^\g`n[
?\i\g ^dgd\m
`no}i ìamìo\_jn
#! âR`'QQBQQ!Z^&UQA6
?|gpg\ `kdo`gd\g ^dgd\m
kdbhìo\_\
H}hdi\ ]\n\g*
?\kdg\m aì`nom\_j
Anomjh\ _`g ^p`mkj ^dgd\m
Ag `kdo`gdj ^dgd\m lp` m`qdno` gjn kmj^`njn ^dgd\m`n kmj_p^`

`g cphjm \^pjnj+
Ag \bp\ n\g` _` gjn ^\kdg\m`n aì`nom\_jn _`g `nomjh\
_`g ^p`mkj ^dgd\m _`]d_j \g om\inkjmo` \ôdqj _` J\' t ?m+
Ag \bp\ lp` ^jiodì` \hdij}^d_jn) bgp^jn\ t }^d_j
\n^Çm]d^j gg`b\ \ g\ ^}h\m\ \io`mdjm ì ajmh\ _` cphjm
\^pjnj _`n_` gjn `nk\^djn dio`m^`gpg\m`n t `g ^\i\g
^dgd\m) pi `nk\^dj \ibjnoj ndop\_j ìom` gjn _jhdidjn
\kd^\g`n _` g\n ^~gpg\n `kdo`gd\g`n kdbh ìo\_\n t ij
kdbhìo\_\n+
=h]jn odkjn _` ^~gpg\n `kdo`gd\g`n km`nìo\i
m`kgd`bp`n ]\n\g`n+
H\n ^~gpg\n _` g\n ^\k\n ij kdbhìo\_\ t kdbhìo\_\
n` ^ji`ô\i h`_d\io` _`nhjnjh\n t pidji`n ^jhpid^\io`n+
Anomjh\ _` ^p`mkj ^dgd\m ?\i\g ^dgd\m N`kgd`bp`n ]\n\g`n
Id^mjajgjbm\aa\ `g`ômÄid^\ ojh\_\ _` Djb\i IF+ =gq\m\_j F=) S`__`gg F=7 Ddnojgjbt j} oc` Dph\i At`+ Lcdg\_`gkodd\+ S > O\pi_`mn) .64.+
K
J0 I] oqlanbe_ea jaqnkalepahe]h %ejpanj]& lkopanekn _kjop] à `ko _]l]o à alepahek
leciajp]`k+ I] i}o atpanj]) oepq]`] ] _kjpejq]_eÇj à h] _]l] leciajp]`] àh
Bdbpm\ 6*6+ U9B|FMq79fB PF6 3Zé79 BMZ707
?{h\m\ \io`mdjm
M H \ ag`^c\ di_d^\ `g m`^jmmd_j _`g ddph jm \^pjnj Akdo`gdj ^jmi`\g N`_ om\]`^pg\m
kmj_p^d_j kjm `g m`q`nodhdìoj `kdo`gd\g _` gjn kmj^`njn ?jiepiodq\
?Çmi`\
^dgd\m`n+ ?ji_pôj _` O^cd`hh M Rì\n \^pjn\n
M Ag gÄlpd_j \^pjnj agpt` _`n_` g\ ^}h\m\ kjno`mdjm c\^d\ Rì\n `kd`n^g`m\g`n

g\ ^}h\m\ \io`mdjm \ om\q~n _` g\ kpkdg\ Ag ^ji_pôj _` O^gdg`hh)
m`q`nod_j _` pi ì_jo`gdj) ij n` ^jhpid^\ _dm`ô\hìo` ^ji IÉn^pgj ^dgd\m
gjn `nk\^djn _` g\ m`_ om\]`^pg\m) ndij lp` `g gÄlpd_j \om\qd`n\
pi m`q`nodhdìoj `kdo`gd\g _`gb\_j t pi\ ^\k\ _` oèd_j An^g`mÇod^\
^jiepiodqj g\sj+
M H\n qì\n \^pjn\n m`km`nìo\i ^\i\g`n _` _mì\e`

_`g ^ji_pôj _` O^cd`hh c\^d\ g\n qì\n `kd`n^g`m\g`n+
H\ q`gj^d_\_ _` _mì\e` _`g cphjm \^pjnj n` q` ^jhkìn\_\

kjm g\ q`gj^d_\_ _` n`^m`^dÇi+ = om\q~n _` `no` h`^\idnhj)
g\ km`ndÇi diom\j^pg\m n` h\iodì` ^jino\io` %/0 hhDb&+
FgV hZggViV
?{h\m\ kjno`mdjm ?\qd_\_ qdom`\
alepahek _ehe]n) aop} bkni]`] lkn _~hqh]o iekalepahe]hao mqa oa pn]jobkni]j aj ah

iÉo_qhk èh]p]`kn à h] lqleh]+ Bh iÉo_qhk heok àh aobÄjpan à h] lqleh] oa d]hh]
aj ah aopnki] àh eneo mqa nkà] h] lqleh]+
Pm`n ^{h\m\n _`g jej

Bh kfk _kjpeaja pnao _}i]n]o %r+ bec+ 6*.&7 .& h] _}i]n] ]jpanekn8 /& h] _}i]n] lkoú
panekn) u 0& h] _]re`]` repna]+ Bh repnak _kjopepqua ah _kilkjajpa à i]ukn p]i]Åk
àh kfk+ Bh oaciajpk i}o h]nck à h] rÄ] Çlpe_] _kilnajè`] ajpna h] _Çnja] u h]
napej] ]pn]reao] ah repnak+
I] _}i]n] ]jpanekn k_ql] ah aol]_ek ajpna ah aj`kpahek _knja]h %hÄiepa ]jpanekn&
u h] oqlanbe_ea ]jpanekn àh eneo) h] lkn_eÇj lqleh]n àh _neop]hejk u h] ^]oa àh _qanlk
_ehe]n %hÄiepa lkopanekn&+ Bh }jcqhk laneiapn]h à h] _}i]n] ]jpanekn _kjpeaja ah
ajpn]i]`k pn]â_qh]n) hqc]n à `naj]fa àh dqikn ]_qkok d]_e] ah _kj`q_pk à
P_deaii %beco+ 6*6 u 6*.-&+
I] _}i]n] lkopanekn %r+ bec+ 6*6& aop} diep]`] ]jpanekniajpa lkn h] oqlanbe_ea
lkopanekn àh eneo u) lkopanekniajpa) lkn ah _neop]hejk u h]o be^n]o vkjqh]nao %hec]iajú
pko oqolajokneko àh _neop]hejk&+ Bh }jcqhk laneiapn]h aop} k_ql]`k lkn hko lnk_aoko
_ehe]nao) aj hko mqa oa lnk`q_a ah dqikn ]_qkok+
I] _]re`]` repna] _kjpeaja qj] oqop]j_e] cah]pejko] pn]jol]najpa ë ah dqikn
repnakë u oa atpeajà àoà ah _neop]hejk d]op] h] napej]+ Pa _kilkja lnej_el]hiajpa
à ]cq] %66"&) }_e`k de]hqnÇje_k u be^nehh]o à _kh}cajk à pelk E E ) iqu oeieh]nao
] h]o be^n]o à _kh}cajk lnaoajpao aj ah _]npÄh]ck+ Bj h] oa__eÇj nah]per] ] h] i]pnev
atpn]_ahqh]n àh pafe`k _kjfqjperk oa oaÅ]hÇ mqa ah chq_ko]iejkchq_]jk }_e`k de]hqú
nÇje_k lnaoajp] qj] cn]j ]beje`]` lkn ah ]cq]+ Bh }_e`k de]hqnÇje_k _kilhap]iajpa
de`n]p]`k) ]ok_e]`k ] be^nehh]o à _kh}cajk iqu oal]n]`]o) lnk`q_a h]o r]ne]_ekjao
à rkhqiaj àh repnak+ I] oÄjpaoeo à }_e`k de]hqnÇje_k u _kh}cajk à pelk FF ao
na]hev]`] lkn hko de]hk_epko+
?NEOP=HEJK
I] _Çnja]) h]o pnao _}i]n]o àh kfk) u ah _neop]hejk okj pnao aopnq_pqn]o pn]jol]najpao
mqa d]j à ]pn]rao]n h] hqv l]n] ]h_]jv]n h] napej]+ Lô~nraoa mqa h] oqlanbe_ea nabn}_peh
à h] _Çnja] _knnaolkjà ] qj] oqlanbe_ea à _kjp]_pk ajpna ]ena u pafe`k) u mqa ah
E Ddnojgjb}\ t ]djgjb}\ ^`gpg\m+ Eiomj_p^^dÄi \ g\ \i\ojh }\ k\ojgÄbd^\

Bdbpm\ 6*.-+ í7:PZMq7 PF SM36Féé
?Çmi\\ I`h]m\i\ _` @`n^`hò

?ji_pôj _` O^cg`hh %5-"& ?\i\g ^jg`ôjm `so`mij
* Ai_jo`gdj
Bgpej pq`j`n^g`m\g %/-"&
N`_ om\]`^pg\m
IÉn^pgj ^dgd\m
Ag ^ji_pôj _` O^cg`hh `n pi q\nj \ipg\m hj_dad^\_j

lp` ajmh\ pi ^}m^pgj ^jhkgòj ì `g q~mod^` _`g }ibpgj
_` g\ ^}h\m\ \io`mdjm %ì `g {ibpgj dmd_j^jmi`\g&+
Ag ^ji_pôj _` O^cg`hh ^jinodopt` g\ kmdi^dk\g qÄ\
_` n\gd_\ %52"& _`g cphjm \^pjnj kmj_p^d_j kjm `g ^p`mkj
=ibpgj dmd_j^jmi`\g
gj^jmi`\g * d ^dgd\m+ H\ k`m^jg\^dÇi c\^d\ `g oèd_j ^jiepiodqj lp` mj_`\
g\n ad]m\n hpn^pg\m`n _`g ^p`mkj ^dgd\m %agpej pq`j`n^g`m\g&
^jinodopt` pi\ qÄ\ n`^pi_\md\ _` _mì\e` %/ - "&+ Ag gÄlpd_j
k\n\ \ g\ `n^g`mÇod^\) ì g\ lp` n` _mì\ kjm h`_dj _`
g\n qì\n t gjn q\njn gdia}od^jn+
+ î $S+ [ à n * e à$
Ä\ *ù*
Ehkjmo\i^d\ ^g}id^\7 bg\p^jh\

H\n qì\n \^pjn\n m`^jbì t om\inkjmo\i H\ j]nomp^^dÇi _`g _mì\e` _`g cphjm \^pjnj kmjqj^\ pi
`g gÄlpd_j \^pjnj c\^d\ g\n qì\n `kd`n^g`m\g`n+ \phìoj _` g\ km`ndÇi diom\j^pg\m lp` j^\ndji\ _\Åjn
bm\_p\g`n ì g\ mòdi\ t jmdbdi\ ^`bp`m\ ì \pnì^d\
_` om\o\hdìoj+ Ano\ ìod_\_ m`^d]` `g ijh]m` _` bg\p^jh\
t np`g` ^pmn\m ^ji _jgjm t i}pn`\n+
Lg`sj `n^g`m\g O` c\i _`n^mdoj _jn ajmh\n _` bg\p^jh\7
.& Ag bg\p^jh\ _` {ibpgj \]d`moj) g\ q\md\io` h}n
am`^pìo`) n` _`n\mmjgg\ ^p\i_j g\ m`_ om\]`^pg\m _mì\
`g cphjm \^pjnj) k`mj `g ^ji_pôj _` O^cg`hh n`
?ji_pôj _` O^cg`hh ì^pìom\ j]nompd_j+ /& Ag bg\p^jh\ _` {ibpgj
^`mm\_j \k\m`^` ^p\i_j `g cphjm \^pjnj ij kp`_`
?\i\g ^jg`ôjm `so`mij \^^`_`m \ g\ m`_ om\]`^pg\m _`]d_j \ g\ `sdnoì^d\ _` pi\
m`\^^dÇi diag\h\ojmd\ ì g\ Éq`\ %pq`Äodn&) lp` dhkd_` `g k\nj
_`g gÄlpd_j \g _mì\e` _` `no\ m`_+
N`_ om\]`^pg\m
H\n dio`mqì^dji`n lpdmÉmbd^\n _` m`no\]g`^dhdìoj
_`g agpej à`mìo` _`g cphjm \^pjnj n` ]\n\i ì g\ \kgd^\^dÇi
_` g}n`m k\m\ ^m`\m k`lp`Åjn jmdad^djn ì g\ m`_ om\]`^pg\m
%om\]`^pgjkg\nod\& \gm`_`_jm _`g gdh]j+
_neop]hejk oa d]hh] aj qj iaèk hÄmqe`k _quk Äjè_a à nabn]__eÇj ao i]ukn mqa ah

àh ]ena+
Bh _neop]hejk ao qj] aopnq_pqn] pn]jol]najpa) ê_kjrat]) ah}ope_] u ]r]o_qh]n
%bec+ 6*..&+ I]o be^n]o vkjqh]nao) beoni]`]o lkn be^nehh]o à ah]opej] u qj] i]pnev à
lkheo]_}ne`ko) l]npaj àh alepahek _ehe]n u oa ejoanp]j aj h] lkn_eÇj a_q]pkne]h à h]
_}loqh]+ J]jpeajaj h] lkoe_eÇj àh _neop]hejk u) `qn]jpa h] ]_kik`]_eÇj) ikèbe_]j
h] iknbkhkcÄ] u h] lkpaj_e] Çlpe_] àh ieoik ]h oan okiape`k ] pajoeÇj lkn ah iÉo_qhk
_ehe]n+ I]o be^n]o vkjqh]nao okopeajaj ]h _neop]hejk è_kik hko _]^hao à napaj_eÇj
okopeajaj qj] peaj`] à _]il]Å]ê+
Bh _neop]hejk aop} bkni]`k lkn h}iej]o k _]l]o _kj_~jpne_]o mqa ejpacn]j h]
oqop]j_e] àh _neop]hejk+ Pq lkn_eÇj ejpanj] ao ah jÉ_hak+ I] atpanj] _knnaolkjà ]
h] _knpav]+ Bh alepahek ]jpanekn lnaoajp] qj] ikjk_]l] à _~hqh]o alepahe]hao) àh mqa
lnkreajaj h]o jqar]o _~hqh]o àh _neop]hejk+ Bh alepahek lkopanekn ào]l]na_a à bkni]
lna_kv `qn]jpa h] bkni]_eÇj àh _neop]hejk+ I] _}loqh] àh _neop]hejk ajrqahra ah
alepahek ]jpanekn u h] oqop]j_e] àh _neop]hejk+ Kk ateopa qj] _]l] alepahe]h oqû]_ajpa
] h] oqlanbe_ea lkopanekn à h] _}loqh]+
I] _}loqh] àh _neop]hejk ao qj] aopnq_pqn] oaiaf]jpa ] qj] iai^n]j] ^]o]h
]_ahqh]n) bhate^ha u pn]jol]najpa mqa _kjpeaja be^nehh]o à _kh}cajk à pelk FS u qj]
Bdbpm\ tc e í9f0qB6f:7
M Bd]m\n ^jmod^\g`n H\n ^~gpg\n `kdo`gd\g`n

_`d ^mdno\gdij Ag `kdo`gdj _`g
^jhdìu\i \ _dqd_dmn`
^mdno\gdij \io`mdjm
kja hdojndn \g Z
`no} ajmh\_j kjm
\g^\iu\m g\ m`bdÇi
^~gpg\n \kg\i\_\n+
`^p\ojmd\g _`g ^mdno\gdij+
E* ?}knpg\
?jmoù\
Ai g\ m`bdÄi `^p\ojmd\g _`g ^mdno\gdij) g\n ^~gpg\n
^jhdìu\i \ \g\mb\mn` t mjo\m) _` hj_j lp` npn
è`n gjibdop_di\g`n n` _dnkjiì ì k\m\g`gj \ e\ Q JÉ^g`j
npk`mad^d` ^jmod^\g+
Ano\n ^~gpg\n ndioòdu\i g\n kmjo`Äi\n ^dojkg}n*
hd^\n `nk`^Äad^\n _`g ^mdno\gdij adgìndi\ t
^mdno\gdi\n ds) k t t + Ag idÄ^d`j ^`gpg\m ^jhdìu\ \
_`n\k\m`^`m ì g\n kmjsdhd_\_`n _` g\ m`bdÇi
ip^g`\m _`g ^mdno\gdij+
= gj g\mbj _` g\ qd_\) g\n ^~gpg\n `kdo`gd\g`n
_`g ^mdno\gdij \io`mdjm) lp` gg`b\i \ g\ m`bdÇi
`^p\ojmd\g _`g ^mdno\gdij) n` dio`bm\i ì g\
kj]g\^dÇi ^`gpg\m _` g\ m`bdÄi _` g\n ad]m\n H\n ad]m\n ujipg\m`n n` `sodì_ì
^jmod^\g`n _`g ^mdno\gdij+ ?ji `g k\nj _`g od`hkj) _`n_` `g `kdo`gdj ^dgd\m c\no\ g\
g\n ^~gpg\n h}n \iodbp\n nji _`nkg\u\_\n c\^d\ m`bdÇi `^p\ojmd\g _` g\ ^}knpg\ t
`g ^ìomj j `g ide^g`j _`g ^mdno\gdij %g\ m`bdÄi _` h\iodìì g\ kjnd^dÇi _`g ^mdno\gdij H\ ^{knpg\ _`g ^mdno\gdij `n pi\
g\n ad]m\n ip^g`\m`n _`g ^mdno\gdij&+ Opk`mad^d` kjno`mdjm
h`h]m\i\ `g}nod^\ t om\ink\mìo` lp`
mj_`\ g\ npno\i^d\ _`g ^mdno\gdij+ O`
JÉ^g`j _` pi\ ^~gpg\ êa\io\nh\ë Akdo`gdj _`g ^mdno\gdij \io`mdjm Bd]m\ ujipg\m Akdo`gdj ^dgd\m ^jhkji` _` ad]m\n _` ^jg}bìj _`
odkj ER dih`mn\n ì pi\ h\omdu _`
bgp^jn\hdijbgp^\ij+ H\ ^}knpg\ _`g
^mdno\gdij ij ^jiodì` ad]mdgg\n `g}nod^\n+
Jpomd^dÄi t hò\]jgdnhj _`g ^mdno\gdij

Ag ^mdno\gdij ij km`nìo\ q\njn n\ibpÄi`jn) \pilp`
`n \ôdqj _`n_` `g kpioj _` qdno\ hò\]Çgd^j+ Hjn
ipomdìo`n kmjqdìì _`g cphjm \^pjnj+
@`n_` `g kpioj _` qdno\ `nompôpm\g) `g ^mdno\gdij `no}
^jhkp`noj api_\hìo\ghìo` kjm \bp\ t kmjo`Äi\n)
H\n kmdi^dk\g`n kmjo`Äi\n nji g\ adgìndi\ t g\n
^mdno\gdi\n %s) t t) lp` \k\m`^ì ì ajmh\ njgp]g`
ì `g ^dojkg\nh\ _` g\n ad]m\n ^`gpg\m`n _`g ^mdno\gdij)
Bd]m\n ^`gpg\m`n ip^g`\m`n Bd]m\n ^`gpg\m`n ^jmod^\g`n Ag ^mdno\gdij n` ojmi\ jk\^j ^p\i_j `no\n
_`g ^mdno\gdij _`g ^mdno\gdij kmjo`Äi\n n` c\^ì dinjgp]g`n %ìqè`^dhdìoj)
_d\]ò`n&+ Ano\ \go`m\^dÇi n` ^jij^` ^jhj ^\o\m\o\+
H\ bgp^jn\ ^jinodopt` `g kmdi^dk\g hò\]jgdoj
. _`g ^mdno\gdij+ ?p\i_j g\ ^ji^ìom\^dÄi _` `no\
F ` hjg|^pg\ `n `g`q\_\ W_d\]ò`n&) n` \^phpg\ pij
_` npn kmj_pôjn dio`mh`_djn) `g njm]dojg+ H\n
^ji^ìom\^dji`n \go\n _` njm]dojg m`_p^ì g\ njgp]dgd_\_
_` g\n ^mdno\gdi\n) gj lp` jmdbdi\ jk\^d_\_ ì `g
^mdno\gdij+
i]pnev à chq_ko]iejkchq_]jk+ Mkn à^]fk à h] lkn_eÇj ]jpanekn à h] _}loqh])

]l]na_a qj] ikjk_]l] à _~hqh]o alepahe]hao _Éê_]o mqa oa atpeajàj aj oajpe`k
lkopanekn d]op] h] naceÇj a_q]pkne]h+ Bj h] naceÇj _knpe_]h àh _neop]hejk oa aj_qajpn]j
_~hqh]o ]h]nc]`]o aj èolkoe_eÇj _kj_~jpne_] %hh]i]`]o be^n]o _knpe_]hao àh _neop]hejk&
mqa lnkreajaj àh alepahek ]jpanekn à h] naceÇj a_q]pkne]h+ I]o be^n]o _knpe_]hao àh
_neop]hejk _kjpeajaj qj jÉ_hak u knc}jqhko) hko _q]hao paniej]j lkn ào]l]na_an
_q]j`k è_d]o be^n]o oa ]lnktei]j ]h _ajpnk àh _neop]djk) h] naceÇj à be^n]o
jq_ha]nao àh _neop]hejk+
I] èbanaj_e]_eÇj à h]o _~hqh]o àh _neop]hejk oa ^]o] aj h] lnk`q__eÇj à lnkpaÄj]o
àh _epkaomqahapk at_hqoer]o à ahh]o7 . & behajoej]) qj beh]iajpk ejpaniaèk mqa

Bdbpm\ 6*./+ óM7é7PBMf»:
*Emdn
Ai g\ qdndÄi ^`m^\i\ Ai qdndÄi gè\i\
; Ag hÉn^pgj ^dgd\m n` ^jiom\`+ ; Ag hÉn^pgj ^dgd\m n` m`g\e\+

M Ag ^p`mkj ^dgd\mt g\n ad]m\n ujipg\m`n M Ag ^p`mkj ^dgd\m t g\n ad]m\n ujipg\m`n
din`mo\_\n ì ~g n` \^`m^\i \g ^mdno\gdij) din`mo\_\n ì ~g n` n`k\m\i _`g ^mdno\gdij+
M H\ oìndÇi _` g\n ad] m\ n ujipg\m`n
M H\ oìndÇi _` g\n ad]m\n ujipg\m`n
\phìo\ t `g ^mdno\gdij n` \kg\i\+
_dnhdipt` t `g ^mdno\gdij n` m`_ji_`\+
_kjpeaja oepeko à ]j_h]fa l]n] h]o _neop]hej]o) u / & qj]o lnkpaÄj]o aola_Äbe_]o àh
_neop]hejk) h]o _neop]hej]o %] ) M u 4 &+ I] behajoej] u h]o _neop]hej]o i]jpeajaj h] _kjú
bkni]_eÇj u h] pn]jol]naj_e] à h]o be^n]o _ahqh]nao àh _neop]hejk+
I]o be^n]o _ahqh]nao àh _neop]hejk oa ejpanècep]j aj h] naceÇj à h] oqpqn] iaè]h+
Bj aop]o vkj]o à _kjp]_pk) h]o qjekjao _kiqje_]jpao u ]hcqjko àoikoki]o lqjpq]ú
hao oahh]j h]o lnkhkjc]_ekjao _epklh}oie_]o ajbnajp]`]o+ I] naceÇj _knpe_]h ejpanj] u ah
jÉ_hak àh _neop]hejk aop}j _kilqaopko lkn be^n]o i}o ]jpecq]o mqa _]na_aj à jÉ_hako+
>hnaà`kn àh 5-" à h] chq_ko] èolkje^ha ao iap]^khev]`] lkn ah _neop]hejk+
Eh kjmo\i^d\ ^g}id^\7 ^\o\m\o\n

I]o _]p]n]p]o okj qj] kl]_e`]` àh _neop]hejk knecej]`] lkn h] r]ne]_eÇj à h] okhqêú
he`]` à h]o lnkpaÄj]o àh _neop]hejk _kjbknia ajrafa_aj+ Bop] ]hpan]_eÇj `] hqc]n ] h]
èolanoeÇj ahar]`] à h] hqv lkn h] behajoej] u h]o _neop]hej]o ]cnac]`]o u ]ba_p] ] h] reoeÇj
_knna_p]+ I]o _]p]n]p]o oa èreàj aj _knpe_]hao) jq_ha]nao k oq^_]loqh]nao lkopaneknao+
I] i]uknÄ] à h]o _]p]n]p]o nah]_ekj]`]o _kj ah ajrafa_eieajpk okj à pelk _knpe_]h+
I]o _]p]n]p]o ]ôknâj u èolano]j qj] _]jpe`]` i]ukn à hqv mqa h]o nacekjao jkni]hao
àh _neop]hejk) hk mqa ej_naiajp] h] èolanoeÇj hqiÄje_] u na`q_a ah _kjpn]opa à h]o
ei}cajao napeje]j]o u) aj _kjoa_qaj_e]) èoiejqua h] ]cqàv] reoq]h+
I] _enqcÄ] à h]o _]p]n]p]o _kjoeopa aj qj] lamqaÅ] ej_eoeÇj ] pn]r~o à h] _Çnja]
laneb~ne_] lkn àpn}o àh _kj`q_pk à P_dhaii+ Aaolq~o à ]^nen h] oqlanbe_ea ]jpanekn
à h] _}loqh] àh _neop]hejk _kj qj êopqnÄ) oa napen]j h] _knpav] ]jpanekn u ah jÉ_hak ]
pn]r~o à qj] hÄja] à oq__eÇj+ Pa i]jpeaja h] _}loqh] lkopanekn+ Pa ejoanp] qj] hajpa
bhate^ha à oehe_kj]) ajnkhh]`] aj bkni] à pq^k lamqaÅk) mqa oa àoajnkhh] aj ah
ejpanekn àh _neop]hejk l]n] ]`klp]n oq iknbkhkcÄ] jkni]h+ I] lamqaÅ] ej_eoeÇj ln]_ú
pe_]`] jk lna_eo] à lqjpko à oqpqn] ]h p~niejk àh lnk_aèieajpk mqenÉnce_k+
=^jhj_\^dÄi
I] jepeàv à h]o ei}cajao èop]jpao u _an_]j]o ajbk_]`]o aj h] napej] àlajà à h]
iknbkhkcÄ] àh _neop]hejk %bec+ 6*./&+ Bh p~niejk ]_kik`]_eÇj ]hqà ]h lnk_aok ] pn]r~o
àh _q]h ah _neop]hejk oa na`kjà] l]n] ajbk_]n h] ei]caj à qj k^fapk _an_]jk aj h]
napej] u oa ]lh]j] _q]j`k h] ei]caj à qj k^fapk èop]jpa oa ajbk_] aj h] napej]+
I] ]_kik`]_eÇj d]_a mqa h] èop]j_e] ajpna ah _ajpnk àh _neop]hejk u h] napej]
oa] amqer]hajpa ] h] èop]j_e] bk_]h ja_ao]ne] l]n] h] bkni]_eÇj à qj] ei]caj jÄpe`]
eP
aj aop] Éhpei]+
Bj ah lnk_aok à ]_kik`]_eÇj ejpanreajaj pnao _kilkjajpao7 .& ah iÉo_qhk
_ehe]n8 /& ah _qanlk _ehe]n) u 0& hko hec]iajpko oqolajokneko) ejoanp]`ko aj h] naceÇj
a_q]pkne]h à h] _}loqh] àh _neop]hejk+
Bdbpm\ 6*.0+ wF-f7:F0 PF 6B 9Fqf:B
+Emdn
) ?p`mkj ^dgd\m
An^g`mÇod^\
Akdo`gdj mòdid\ij ij
nìndodqj kdbhìo\_j
Hjn ajojmm`^`kojm`n) g\n ^~gpg\n
Nòdi\
]dkjg\m`n t g\n ^~gpg\n b\ibgdji\m`n
ij `no}i km`nìo`n ì `g _dn^j Çkod^j+ Nòdi\ nìndodq\
OÇgj kp`_ì j]n`mq\mn` gjn
\sji`n ij hd`gdidu\_jn lp` n\gì
_` g\ mòdi\ t ìom\i ì `g i`mqdj
Çkod^j+
?jmjd_`n
Hjn ^jijn km`_jhdi\i ì g\ h}^pg\

gÉo`\ t gjn ]\noji`n `n^\n`\i) Hjn
q\njn mòdid\ijn _` k`lp`Åj ^\gd]m`
ajmh\i ]p^g`n _`gb\_jn ì g\ k`mda`md\
J`mqdj Çkod^j _` g\ h}^pg\ gÉo`\+
Rì\ ^ìom\g _` g\ mòdi\
Hjn ^jijn km`_jhdi\i t n` \bmpk\i _ìn\hìo` ì g\ aÇq`\ ^ìom\g+ H\n

=mo`md\ ^ìom\g _` g\ mòdi\ ^~gpg\n _` g\ mòdi\ `no}i di^gdi\_\n m`nk`ôj \g `kdo`gdj kdbhìo\_j+
Ano\ jmb\idu\^dÇi ad\^` kjnd]g` g\ m`^`k^dÇi _` gpu lp` ij c\ \om\q`n\_j
g\n m`no\io`n ^\k\n ^`gpg\m`n _` g\ mòdi\ kjm k\mo` _` gjn ajojmm`^`kojm`n+
@q]j`k ah iÉo_qhk _ehe]n oa _kjpn]a) ah _qanlk _ehe]n oa àolh]v] d]_e] ah _neop]ú

hejk+ Aa aopa ik`k) oa na`q_a h] pajoeÇj à hko hec]iajpko oqolajokneko u h] _}loqh]
ah}ope_] àh _neop]hejk laniepa mqa aop] aopnq_pqn] ]`klpa qj] iknbkhkcÄ] aob~ne_]+ Bh
_neop]hejk na`kjà]`k b]_ehep] h] reoeÇj _an_]j]+
>h nah]f]noa ah iÉo_qhk _ehe]n) ah _qanlk _ehe]n i]jpeaja h] pajoeÇj à hko hec]iajú
pko oqolajokneko mqa pen]j àh lanÄiapnk àh _neop]hejk+ >oÄ) aopa oa i]jpeaja ]lh]j]`k
l]n] d]_an lkoe^ha h] reoeÇj haf]j]+ Bopa aop]`k oa _kjk_a _kik aiapnklÄ] %àh cneack
\dd\kifj' aj h] iaè`] ]à_q]`]8 fg`X' nah]perk ]h kfk& k reoeÇj jkni]h+
@q]j`k ah chk^k k_qh]n ao ài]oe]`k lnkbqj`k k h] _qnr]pqn] àh _neop]Rjk jk
ao hk oqbe_eajpaiajpa lh]j]) h] ei]caj àh k^fapk ]haf]`k oa bkni] aj qj lh]jk
]jpanekn ] h] napej]+ Iko k^fapko ]haf]`ko ]l]na_aj ^knnkoko ]h aop]n àoajbk_]`ko)
ieajpn]o mqa h] reoeÇj _an_]j] ao jkni]h+ Bop] ]hpan]_eÇj na_eâ ah jki^na à ieklÄ]
? p \ _ mj 6 *A w =nk`ôjn _`no\^\_jn
%àh cneack dp\è' _knp]n&+
_` g\ mòdi \
@q]j`k ah chk^k k_qh]n ao ài]oe]`k oqlanbe_e]h k h] _qnr]pqn] àh _neop]hejk ao
ài]oe]`k ]lh]j]`]) h] ei]caj àh k^fapk ]haf]`k oa _na] aj qj lh]jk lkopanekn ] h] napej]+
à H\ mòdi\ kmjqdì` _`g i`pmj`ôj_`mhj t m`km`nìo\
pi\ `soìndÇi _`g ì^~a\gj+ H\ mòdi\ `n pi\ ^\k\ `nom\* Iko k^fapko èop]jpao oa reoq]hev]n}j êaj) ieajpn]o mqa hko _an_]jko aop]n}j àoajbk_]`ko+
odad^\_\ _` ^~gpg\n i`mqdjn\n ajmh\_\ kjm _jn ^\k\n7 . & `g Bopa pn]opknjk na_eâ ah jki^na à delaniapnklÄ] %àh cneack _pg\i' lkn aj_ei]&+
`kdo`gdj mòdid\ij kdbhìo\_j `so`mij) t / & g\ mòdi\ I]o lanokj]o à a`]` ]r]jv]`] ào]nnkhh]j delaniapnklÄ] _kjbknia èoiejqua
nìndodq\ dio`mi\+ h] ah]ope_e`]` àh _neop]hejk+ Bop] r]ne]jpa à h] delaniapnklÄ] na_eâ ah jki^na à
Ü Ag `kdo`gdj mòdid\ij kdbhìo\_j ij nìndodqj `n pi lnaoê_e] %àh cneack gi\j_pj' ]j_e]jk&+
`kdo`gdj ^Å]d^j ndhkg` lp` ^jiodì` bm{ipgjn _` h`g\*
I]o ]hpan]_ekjao à h] ]_kik`]_eÇj lqaàj _knnacenoa lkn iaèk à c]b]o+ Rj]
idi\+
hajpa èrancajpa _knneca h] ieklÄ]) ieajpn]o mqa kpn] _kjrancajpa _knneca h]
à H\ mòdi\ nìndodq\ ^jhkmì_` _`n_` `g h\mbì _`g
_dn^j Äkod^j ì g\ k\mo` kjno`mdjm c\no\ `g `kdo`gdj ^dgd\m delaniapnklÄ]+
ì g\ kjm^dÇi \io`mdjm+
à Ag _dn^j Çkod^j ìbgj]\ g\ k\kdg\ Äkod^\) ajmh\_\ kjm ?=L= EJPANJ=7 NAPEJ=
ad]m\n i`mqdjn\n lp` nj]m`n\gì) kmjqdìì _` g\ mòdi\ t Bj h] napej] oa èopejcqaj `ko nacekjao %bec+ 6*.0&7 .& ah alepahek leciajp]`k napeú
n` _dmdbì \g i`mqdj Çkod^j+ H\ k\kdg\ Çkod^\ ^\m`^` _`
je]jk jk oajoeperk atpanjk) u /& h] napej] oajoeper] ejpanj] %r+ _q]`nk 6*B&+
ajojmm`^`kojm`n t m`km`nìo\ `g kpioj ^d`bj _` g\ mòdi\+
Bh alepahek leciajp]`k napeje]jk jk oajoeperk nalnaoajp] qj] _]l] à _~hqh]o
à H\ aÄq`\ ^ìom\g ^jinodopt` `g }m`\ _` qdndÇi h}n
iÄod_\+ _Éê_]o mqa oa atpeajàj àoà ah i]ncaj àh èo_k Çlpe_k d]op] h] fiX j\iiXkX' aj
h] mqa oa _kjpejÉ] aj bkni] à h] _]l] leciajp]`] àh alepadk _ed]`k+

Bdbpm\ 6*.1+ íBvB0 PF 6B 9Fqf:B
N\h\ _` pi q\nj n\ibpÄi`j mòdid\ij

N`bdÄi dio`mi\ ?\kdg\m
b I`h]m\i\ gdhdo\io` dio`mi\ * ?p`mkj qdom`j
?\k\ _` ad]m\n i`mqdjn\n*

%\sji`n _` ^~gpg\n b\ibgdji\m`n&
?|gpg\
_` IÇgg`m
?\k\ _` ^~gpg\n
?|gpg\
b\ibgdji\m`n
b\ibgdji\m
M ?\k\ kg`sdajmh`
?|gpg\ dio`mi\ E
\h\^mdi\
?|gpg\ ]dkjg\m
M ?\k\ ip^g`\m dio`mi\
?|gpg\ cjmdujio\g
M ?\k\ kg`sdajmh` `so`mi\
M ?\k\ ip^g`\m `so`mi\
?|gpg\n
M I`h]m\i\
ajojmm`^`kojm\n
gdhdo\io` `so`mi\$
;O`bhìojn dio`mij
t `so`mij _` gjn
]\noji`n
t gjn ^jijn
Akdo`gdj [[[[[[
kdbhìo\_j
?jmjd_`n N`bdÄi `so`mi\
Qidji`n c`mh~od^\n _` g\
]\mm`m\ mòdid\i\ `so`mi\ ?jmjd_`n
H\ gpu \om\qd`n\ q\md\n ^\k\n _` g\ mòdi\ \io`n _` \ôdq\m \ g\n ^~gpg\n Hjn iÉ^g`jn _` g\n ^~gpg\n ]dkjg\m`n ajmh\i k\mo` _` g\ ^\k\ ip^g`\m
ajojmm`^`kojm\n _` gjn ]\noji`n t gjn ^jijn+ H\n ^\k\n _` g\ mòdi\ lp` dio`mi\+
\k\m`^ì ì g\ hd^mjajojbm\aÄ\ n` m`km`nìo\i ì `g _d\bm\h\ \_epioj) \nÄ Hjn \sji`n _` g\n ^~gpg\n ]dkjg\m`n `no\]g`^ì ndi\kndn ^ji g\n _ì_mdo\n
^jhj g\n ndi\kndn ìom` g\n ^~gpg\n _` ^\_\ ^\k\ _` g\ mòdi\+ _` g\n ^~gpg\n b\ibgdji\m`n _` g\ ^\k\ kg`sdajmh` dio`mi\+
H\n m\hdad^\^dji`n m\_d\g`n _` gjn q\njn n\ibpÄi`jn í \mo`md\n t q ` i \ n * Hjn \sji`n _` g\n ^|gpg\n b\ibgdji\m`n n` dio`bm\i ì `g i`mqdj Çkod^j+
gj^\gdu\_\n ì g\ npk`mad^d` _` g\ mòdi\ n` ^ji`ô\i ìom` nÄ h`_d\io` g`^cjn H\n ^|gpg\n _` IÇgg`m \om\qd`n\i bm\i k\mo` _` g\ mòdi\+ H\ h`h]m\i\
^\kdg\m`n _` g\n ^\k\n dio`mi\n _` g\ mòdi\+ Hjn g`^cjn ^\kdg\m`n mòdid\ijn gdhdo\io` dio`mi\ ^jmm`nkji_` \ np g}hdi\ ]\n\g+ Hjn iÉ^g`jn k`moì`^ì \
`no}i m`q`nod_jn _` ^|gpg\n ì_jo`gd\g`n ^jhpid^\_\n kjm h`_dj _` g\ ^\k\ ip^g`\m dio`mi\+
pidji`n c`mh|od^\n lp` ^jiajmh\i pi\ ]\mm`m\ c`h\ojmmòdid\i\ dio`mi\+ H\ h`h]m\i\ gdhdo\io` `so`mi\ `no} ajmh\_\ kjm ^jhkgèjn _` pidÇi
H\ ]\mm`m\ mòdid\i\ `so`mi\ `no} ajmh\_\ kjm pidji`n c`mh|od^\n lp` %uÄipg\ \_c`mìo`& ìom` ]\noji`n) ^jijn t ^~gpg\n _` I Ñgg`m
ade\i g\n ^|gpg\n _`g `kdo`gdj kdbhìo\_j+ H\n ^|gpg\n cjmdujio\g`n `no\]g`^ì ndi\kndn ^ji q\mdjn ]\noji`n t
K]n~mq`n` lp` gjn iÉ^g`jn _` gjn ]\noji`n n` gj^\gdu\i ì g\ ^\k\ ^jijn+
ip^g`\m `so`mi\+ H\n ^|gpg\n \h\^mdi\n `no\]g`^ì ndi\kndn ^ji gjn \sji`n _` g\n ^~gpg\n
Hjn \sji`n _` gjn ^jijn t gjn ]\noji`n n` kmjt`ô\i c\^d\ g\ ^\k\ kg`sdajmh` ]dkjg\m`n t g\n _ì_mdo\n _` g\n ^~gpg\n b\ibgdji\m`n+
`so`mi\ t `no\]g`^ì ndi\kndn ^ji g\n _ì_mdo\n _` g\n ^~gpg\n ]dkjg\m`n+
Bh `kiejek ]le_]h àh alepahek _ehej`ne_k leciajp]`k jk oajoeperk aop} oahh]`k lkn
qjekjao dani~pe_]o l]n] _na]n h] ^]nnan] napeje]j] atpanj] %bec+ 6*.1&+ Bj ah _epkú
lh]oi] ]le_]h u h]o lnkhkjc]_ekjao ]le_]hao à h] _~hqh] ]l]na_aj cn]jqhko à iah]*
jej]+ Bopko cn]jqhko ]ôknâj ah at_aok à hqv mqa hhac] ] hko bkpknna_alpknao+
I] oqlanbe_ea ]le_]h lnaoajp] ie_nkrahhkoe`]ào mqa nkà]j ah oaciajpk atpanjk
à hko bkpknna_alpknao %_kjko u ^]opkjao&+ Bj aop] hk_]hev]_eÇj) h] napej] oajoeper] u
Bdbpm\ 6*.2+ h7q799FMFvq79F0d ,B0q7:F0
Ag ^dgdj hj_dad^\_j ^jiMô\ `g n`bhìoj dio`mij _` g\ ^~gpg\ ajojmm`^`kojm\ %`g gpb\m

Idoj^ji_md\
_` nÄio`ndn _` kmjo`Äi\n t jom\n hjg~^pg\n& ^ji `g n`bhìoj `so`mij %lp` ^jiodì`
_dn^jn \kdg\_jn&+ Ag h`^\idnhj _` om\inkjmo` diom\^dgd\m %q+ \k\mo\_j ê?doj`nlp`gòjë
O`bhìoj dio`mij * d
ì `g ^\kÄopgj .) êAkdo`gdjë& podgdu\ hjojm`n hjg`^pg\m`n ]\n\_jn ì hd^mjoÉ]pgjn
%^di`ndi\n t _di`Äi\n ^dojkg}nhd^\n& k\m\ `g om\inkjmo` _` kmjo`Äi\n) q`nÄ^pg\n t
jomjn h\o`md\g`n _`n_` `g n`bhìoj dio`mij c\^d\ `g `so`mij+ Ag ^dgdj hj_dad^\_j ?dgdj hj_dad^\_j
a\^dgdo\ `g om\ng\_j _` hjg~^pg\n _` pi ndodj kmjsdh\g _` nÄio`ndn c\no\ pi ndodj _dno\g
_` ìn\h]g\e`+
H\ kjg\md_\_ kjndodq\,i`b\odq\ _` gjn hd^mjoÉ]pgjn c\^` kjnd]g` `g om\inkjmo`
\io`mÇbm\_j t mòmÇbm\_j h`_d\io` hjojm`n hjg`^pg\m`n+
O`bhìoj `so`mij í
@ì_mdo\ _` ^~gpg\ ]dkjg\m ]\noÇi J`pmdo\ _` pi\ ^~gpg\ cjmdujio\g
Ana|mpg\ >p^g` ndi}kod^j t q`nÄ^pg\n
3 I\omdu ìom` gjn ajojmm`^`kojm`n J`pmjom\inhdnjm`n

Bd]m\ dio`mi\ _`g ]\noÇi %\sÇi&
Ag n`bhìoj `so`mij _` g\ ^~gpg\

ajojmm`^`kojm\ n` pi` \g `kdo`gdj
kdbhìo\_j kjm h`_dj _` pi\ hù^g\ Rdo\hdi\ = \gh\^ì\_\
_` kmjo`Äi\n í bgp^jkmjo`Äi\n t
bgp^jn\hdijbgp^\ijní bm\^d\n \ np NòÄ^pgj ì_jkg}nhd^j
qdn^jnd_\_+ O`bhìoj dio`mij é v =k\m\oj _` Cjgbd
Qi\ kmjo`Äi\ _`no\^\_\ _` _d^c\
H\n hdoj^ji_md\n ndioòdu\i omdajna\oj _` \_ìjndi\) i`^`n\mdj
h\omdu `n g\ kmjo`}i\ dio`mnod^d\g _`
k\m\ `g ìn\h]g\e` _`g kdbhìoj qdnp\g mj_jkndi\+
pidÄi \g mòdijd_` %EN>L&+ Ano\
kmjo`Äi\ om\inkjmo\ `g mòdij \g `kdo`gdj ?dgdj hj_dad^\_j
kdbhìo\_j t _`qp`gq` `g mòdi\ \g O`bhìoj `so`mij
ajojmm`^`kojm+ %hjmajgjb}\ I`h]m\i\ kg\nh}od^\
^dgdi_md^\&
@dn^j
Lmjo`}i\ dio`mnod^d\g _` pidÄi \g mòdijd_` %EN>L&
M N`bì`m\^dÄi _`g ajojkdbhìoj
I\omdu ìom` jn ajojmm`^`kojm`n M . [ H j n bm}ipgjn \kd^\g`n _` h`g\idi\ \]njm]ì g\ gpu

lp` \om\qd`n\ g\ mòdi\ nìndodq\ ` dhkd_ì np màg`sdÇi
O`bhìoj `so`mij _` pi ajojmm`^`kojm c\^d\ `g dio`mdjm _`g jej+
Cm}ipgj Akdo`gdj Hjn _dn^jn h}n \iodbpjn _` gjn ]\noji`n n` `gdhdi\i t nji
_` h`g\idi\ é kdbhìo\_j x a\bj^do\_jn kjm g\n ^~gpg\n `kdo`gd\g`n kdbhìo\_\n _` g\ mòdi\+
_` g\ mòdi\ Hjn _dn^jn n` \gh\^ì\i ì gjn a\bjnjh\n g\hdi\m`n+
Hjn gdnjnjh\n n` apndji\i ^ji `g a\bjnjh\ g\hdi\m
t ^jhdìu\ g\ _`bm\_\^dÇi gdnjnÇhd^\ _` gjn _dn^jn+
*eJÑhÄRh H{hdi\ ]\n\g %`g ^jhkjiìo` h}n dio`mij _` g\ h`h]m\i\

_` >mp^c&
Hjn m`nojn _`g _dn^j n` gd]`m\i \ gjn
^\kdg\m`n aì`nom\_jn _` g\ ^jmjd_`n
?jmjd_`n
M N`bì`m\^dÄi _`g ajojkdbhìoj

Ag ajojkdbhìoj ]g\ilp`\_j `no} ajmh\_j kjm jkndi\ t mòdijg oj_j*am\in %q) adb) 6*.4&) H\
m`bì`m\^dÇi _`g ajojkdbhìoj ^jindno` ì g\ ^jiq`mndÇi ìudh}od^\ _` mòdijg ì mòdi\g . .*^,n
ì `g nìj _` `kdo`gdj kdbhìo\_j+
Hjn ajojmm`^`kojm`n ^\m`^ì _` g\n ìudh\n i`^`n\md\n) EN>L om\inkjmo\ `g mòdijg oj_j*am\in
bì`m\_j kjm g\ m`\^^dÇi _` ]g\ilp`\hdìoj \ g\n ^~gpg\n `kdo`gd\g`n kdbhìo\_\n) ì g\n lp` n`
om\inajmh\ ì mòdi\g .. 'X^h& t _`qp`gq` `g mòdi\g .. 'X^h \g ajojmm`^`kojm+
H}hdi\ ]\n\g ERgdoj^ji_md\n

I}^mjajojZm\aa\n `g`ômÄid^\n ojh\_\n _` Djb\i IF) =gq\m\_j F=) S`__`gg F=7 Ddnojgjbt ja oc` Dph\i At`+ Lcdg\_`gkcd\) S > O\pi_`mn) .64.+

Bdbpm\ 6*.3+ h7q799FMFvq79F0d M7:7
í Lmjgjib\^dÇi _` ^~gpg\ ]dkjg\m

Lmjgjib\^dÇi _` ^~gpg\ cjmdujio\g í
L`_Ä^pgj í Lmjgjib\^dÇi _` ^~gpg\ cjmdujio\g
>p^g` ndi}kod^j
t q`nÄ^pg\n
Bd]m\ dio`mi\ _`g ^jij %\sÇi&
JÉ^g`j
a` # g_ d
Idoj^ji_md\n
NòÄ^pgj ì_jkg}nmmdd^j
* O`bhìoj dio`mij à9
d ## Rdo\hdi\ = \gh\^ì\_\ S Sù $$
=k\m\oj _` Cjgbd
Idoj^ji_md\n
?p`mkj ]\n\g
?dgdj ^ji`ôjm hj_dad^\_j
%ij \k\m`^` ì g\
hd^mjajojbm\aÄ\ `g`ômÇid^\&
I}^mjajojbm\a}\n `g`ômÄid^\n ojh\_\n _` Djb\i IF) =gq\m\_jF=) S`__`gg F=7

Ddnojgjbt ja Ec` Dph\i At`+ Lcdg\_`gkcd\) S>O\pmo_`mn) .64.+
O`bhìoj `so`mij
%hjmajgjb}\ ^Äid^\&
' O`bhìojn `so`mij ` dio`mij

_` gjn ajojmm`^`kojm`n
H}hdi\
?jmjd_`n
?jmjd_`n ]\n\g
ah alepahek leciajp]`k oa qjaj ajpna oÄ iaè]jpa qj i]pane]h atpn]_ahqh]n ]iknbk)

h] i]pnev ajpna hko bkpknna_alpknao %bec+ 6*.2&+
I] _]l] à h] napej] oajoeper] ejpanj] oa atpeajà àoà ah i]ncaj àh èo_k Çlpe_k
d]op] ah alepahek _ehe]n+ I] napej] oajoeper] oa èopejcqa lkn `ko n]ocko _hÄje_ko u
]j]pÇie_ko nahar]jpao7 . & h] bÇra] _ajpn]h) qj] àlnaoeÇj okian] à qjko / )2 ii
à è}iapnk) u /& h] i}_qh] hÉpa]) qj ]jehhk ]i]nehhk mqa nkà] h] bÇra] _ajpn]h+ I]
bÇra] ao ah }na] napeje]j] aj h] mqa h] reoeÇj ao i}o jÄpe`] u ao ]pn]rao]`] lkn ah
afa reoq]h+ Bop]o aopnq_pqn]o oa ]^kn`]n}j i}o ]àh]jpa+
Eh kjmo\i^d\ ^g}id^\7 _`nkmì_dh dìoj _` mòdi\

I] oal]n]_eÇj à h]o `ko _]l]o à h] napej] lkn qj pn]qi]peoik) r]o_qhkl]pÄ])
iap]^khkl]pÄ] k ajrafa_eieajpk oa àjkiej] àolnajèieajpk à napej]+ Bh àoú
lnajèieajpk nalan_qpa aj h] re]êhe`]` à h] napej] oajoeper] u ao oqo_alpe^ha à
_knna__eÇj iaè]jpa _enqcÄ] _kj h}oan+
I]o bqj_ekjao mqa oa ajqian]j ] _kjpejq]_eÇj lkjaj à i]jebeaopk h] eilknú
p]j_e] _hÄje_] mqa nareopa ah àolnajèieajpk àh alepahek napeje]jk leciajp]`k jk
oajoeperk naola_pk ] h] napej] oajoeper]7
.+ Bh pn]jolknpa à jqpneajpao àoà hko r]oko o]jcqÄjako _knkeàko d]op] h]o
_]l]o atpanj]o à h] napej] oajoeper]+
/+ I] aheiej]_eÇj à naoe`qko iap]^Çhe_ko à h] napej] oajoeper]+
0+ I] b]ck_epkoeo ]_per] u ah na_e_h]`k à hko èo_ko à hko bkpknna_alpknao
oal]n]`ko àh oaciajpk atpanjk à hko _kjko u hko ^]opkjao+
1+ I] oÄjpaoeo à hko _kilkjajpao à h] h}i ej] ^]o]h à h] iai^n]j] à ?nq_d)
] hko mqa oa ]j_h] beniaiajpa ah alepaRk napeje]jk leciajp]`k+
Bdbpm\ 6*.4+ Of-éF:q7 (f0ZB6d 97P7v0f:B
Hjn ajojmm`^`kojm`n m`nkji_ì \ g\ gpu h`_d\io` pi kmj^`nj _ìjhdi\_j ]g\ilp`\_j)

@pm\io` `g hdnhj) `g ajojkdbhìoj mj_jkndi\ \]njm]` pi ajoÇi t n` om\inajmh\ ì jomj
^jhkjiìo` ^ji hìjm nìnd]dgd_\_ \ g\ gpu h`_d\io` pi\ m`\^^dÇi lpÄhd^\+
[ I`h]m\i\
H\ h\tjmÄ\ _` gjn m`^`kojm`n nìndodqjn n` _`nkjg\mdu\i \g m`^d]dm pi `noÄhpgj t gd]`m\i
kg\nh{od^\
i`pmjom\inhdnjm`n+ Jj j]no\io`) ^p\i_j pi m`^`kojm `n \ôdq\_j kjm g\ gpu) np h`h]m\i\ kg\nh}od^\
n` cdk`mkjg\mdu\ t n` _òdì` g\ n`^m`^dÇi _` i`pmjom\inhdnjm`n+ H\ cdk`mkjg\mdu\^dÇi n` _`]`
\ g\ dio`mmpk^dÇi _`g agpej \a`mìo` _` dji`n \g ajojmm`^`kajm+
?\i\g _` J\' ^`mm\_j
ì \pnì^d\ _`
^CIL%gpu&
H\ _dnhdip^dÇi _` J\$'ñ
ì `g dio`mdjm _`g ]\noÇi
kmjqj^\ g\
cdk`mkjg\mdu\^dÄi
_` g\ h`h]m\i\ S K h XS ?\i\g
kg\nh}od^\+ í Z dÇid^j
J$
?\i\g _` J\$Z \]d`moj

ì km`nì^d\ _` ^CIL
%jn^pmd_\_&
=m`\
Nòdi\g %ajmh\ ..*^,n& m`km`nìo\_\
H\ mj_jkndi\ `n pi ajojkdbhìoj km`nìo` ì g\

h`h]m\i\ _` gjn _dn^jn _` gjn n`bhìojn `so`mijn Kkndi\
_` gjn ]\noji`n t gjn ^jijn+ * H\ jkndi\ \ôdq\
H\ mj_jkndi\ ^jino\ _` _jn ^jhkjiìo`n7 .& \ g\ om\in_p^di\
jkndi$ t / & ^mjhÄajmj mòdi\g %pi _`mdq\_j _` g\
Hpu
qdo\hdi\ =&+ H\ jkndi\ _ò`mhdi\ lp~ gjibdop_ _`
M H\ om\in_p^di\
ji_\ \]njm]`m} `g mòdi\g+ ?p\i_j `g c\u gphÄid^j
\ôdq\ \ g\
di^d_` ì g\ mj_jkndi\) `g mòdi\g . . *^ ,nn` dnjh`mdu\
ajnaj_d`no`m\n\+
ì mòdi\ .. *am\int n` hj_dad^\ g\ ^jiajmh\^dÇi _`
g\ mj_jkndi\+ Ano` ^\h]dj di_p^` g\ \ôdqd_\_ Nòdi\g ..*^,n di\ôdq\_j Nòdi\g ..*am\in \ôdq\_j
ìudh}od^\ _` g\ jkndi\) g\ ^p\g \ôÉ\ nj]m` pi\
n`bpi_\ kmjo`Äi\ _` h`h]m\i\ \^jkg\_jm\ _`
n`Å\g`n) gg\h\_\ om\in_p^di\+ H\ om\in_p^di\ M @dnhdipt` g\ gd]`m\^dÇi
k`moì`^` \ g\ a\hdgd\ _` g\n kmjo`Äi\n C) _` i`pmjom\inhdnjm`n ì g\
= np qù) g\ om\in_p^di\ \ôdq\ \ g\ ^CIL ndi\kndn+ H\ h`h]m\i\ ^`gpg\m CIL
M H\ ajnaj_d`no`m\n\
ajnaj_d`no`m\n\+ H\ ajnaj_d`no`m\n\ _`bm\_\ `g n` cdk`mkjg\mdu\) t\ lp` `g iÉh`mj
_`bm\_\ `g ^CIL ì CIL
hjijajna\oj _` bp\ijndi\ ^Ä^gd^j %^CIL& ì _` dji`n J\$'$ lp` n\gì _`g ]\noÇi
t `g ^\i\g _` J\$'$ n` ^d`mm\+
hjijajna\oj _` bp\ijndi\ %CIL&) H\ _`bm\_\^dÇi `n h\tjm _`g _` dji`n lp` ìom\i
_`g ^CIL kmjqj^\ `g ^d`mm` _` gjn ^\i\g`n _` J\$'$) \g ^dojkg\nh\ _` g\ ^~gpg\ ajojmm`^`kojm\+
gj lp` dhkd_` g\ ìom\_\ _`g J\' ì g\ ^~gpg\
ajojmm`^`kojm\+
Ljm o\ioj) \phìo\ g\ `g`ômji`b\odqd_\_ ì g\
M Pm\n g\ `nodhpg\^dÇi gphÄid^\) g\ mj_jkndi\ n` _`nìn\h]g\ ì jkndi\ t mòdi\g) pi kmj^`nj _ìjhd*
q`modìo` dio`mi\ _` g\ h`h]m\i\ kg\nh}od^\ t n`
i\_j ]g\ilp`\hdìoj+ Ag mòdi\g D *am\ i nn ` ^jiqd`mo` ì mòdi\g ..*^,n h`_d\io` pi\ m`\^^dÇi ìudh}od^\
cdk`mkjg\mdu\ oj_\ g\ h`h]m\i\ kg\nh}od^\ _`g
ì g\n ^~gpg\n _` `kdo`gdj kdbhìo\_j) = ^jiodip\^dÇi) `g mòdi\g ..*^,n n` om\inkjmo\ _` ip`qj \ g\ ^~gpg\
]\noÇi+
ajojmm`^`kojm\ kjm g\ kmjo`di\ dio`mnod^d\g _` pidÄi \g mòdijd_` k\m\ pidmn` _` ip`qj \ g\ jkndi\ t
m`bì`m\m hjg~^pg\n _` mj_jkndi\+
H\ k`mh`\]dgd_\_ amìo` \ J\' n` ijmh\gdu\ ^jiajmh` n` ndioòdu\ ^CIL ` di_p^` g\ \k`mopm\ _`g ^\i\g
_` J\' \ h`_d_\ lp` \q\iu\ g\ m`bì`m\^dÇi _` g\ mj_jkndi\+

Bdbpm\ tc ge A01V9Z6B0 PF 670 ,B0q7:F0 | vFPJMZ670 PF 670 M7:70
?|gpg\ ]dkjg\m _dapn\ ?|gpg\ ]dkjg\m _dm`ô\ ?|gpg\ ]dkjg\m H\n ^|gpg\n ]dkjg\m`n _` odkj ]\noÄi
H\n _ì_mdo\n _6 g\n ^|gpg\n
_` odkj ^jij _` odkj ^jij _` odkj ]\noÄi nÄgj m`^d]ì dhkpgnjn _` gjn ]\noji`n+
]dkjg\m`n _dapn\n _` odkj
^jij `no\]g`^ì ^jio\ôj R H\n _ì_mdo\n m\hdad^\_\n _` pi\ i`pmji\
^ji gjn k`_}^pgjn _` q\mdjn ]dkjg\m ajmh\i ndi\kndn ndhdg\m`n \ omd\_\n
^jijn+ ^ji i`pmdo\n _` g\n ^|gpg\n cjmdujio\g`n
_` g\n `na~mpg\n _` q\mdjn mj_dggjn+
H\n ^|gpg\n ]dkjg\m`n _` odkj ^jij

_dm`ô\n nji k`lp`Å\n t ^jiodìì pi\
njg\ _ì_mdo\ ì ^jio\ôj ^ji pi Åid^j
k`_}^pgj+
?\k\ kg`sdajmh`
`so`mi\
*> p^g` ndi}kod^j

n t q`nÄ^pg\n
?m`no\
ndi}kod^\ QidÇi
^jhpid^\io`
H . .
F
L`_}^pgjn _`g ^jij Ana|mpg\n _`g ]\noÄi
%o`mhdi\^dji`n \sÄid^\n& %o`mhdi\^dji`n \sÄid^\n&
>p^g` ndi}kod^j
mj_`\_j kjm q`nÄ^pg\n
^\mb\_\n ^ji
i`pmjom\inhdnjm`n
Lmjgjib\^dji`n
_` ^~gpg\n
]dkjg\m`n ^ìom\g`n
Lmjgjib\^dji`n + Ana~mpg\ _`g ]\noÇi

_` ^~gpg\n ù ù7SùHa5
cjmdujio\g`n P$
g\o`m\g`n >p^g` ndi}kod^j
Dì_d_pm\
ndi}kod^\
2+ Oaoqhp] eilnao_ejè^ha l]n] h] bkni]_eÇj àh bkpkleciajpk nk`kloej]) u]

mqa oa k_ql] à nacajan]n ah leciajpk ^h]jmqa]`k iaè]jpa h] _kjranoeÇj àh
napejkh*pk`k*Än9ÄèÄ aj napej]h) ah _q]h nacnao] ]h bkpknna_alpkn lkn ]__eÇj à h] lnkú
paÄj] ejpanope_e]h à qjeÇj ] napejkeà %FO?M&) qj] lnkpaÄj] àop]_]`] aj h] i]pnev
ajpna hko bkpknna_alpknao %r+ bec+ 6*.2&+
?\k\n ^`gpg\m`n _` g\ mòdi\

Bj h] napej] oajoeper] ]l]na_aj _q]pnk cnqlko _ahqh]nao %r+ bec+ 6*.1&7
.+ I]o jaqnkj]o bkpknna_alpkn]o7 ^]opkjao u _kjko+
/+ I]o jaqnkj]o _kj`q_pkn]o7 _~hqh]o êlkh]nao u c]jchekj]nao+
0+ I]o jaqnkj]o à ]ok_e]_eÇj7 _~hqh]o dknevkjp]hao u ]i]_nej]o+
1+ I]o _~hqh]o jaqnkche]hao à oklknpa7 _~hqh]o à JÑhhan+
eP
J`pmji\n ajojmm`^`kojm\n7 ]\noji`n t ^jijn
Iko ^]opkjao %r+ bec+ 6*.2& u hko _kjko %bec+ 6*.3& k_ql]j nacekjao àpaniej]`]o aj
h] napej] oajoeper]+ Iko _kjko okj i}o ]^qj`]jpao aj h] bePra] _ajpn]h u lan_eâj ah
? p\_mj 6*B ú mZM6F 0f:ñvqfM7 Bdbpm\ 6*.6+ RFZ97:B0 M7:PZMq79B0 F f:qF-9BP79B0
í ?~gpg\n b\ibdgji\m`n =sji`n lp` ajmh\m}i `g iì,dj Çkod^j

à Ag ]p^g` ndi}kod^j %j ndi\kndn ì ]p^g`& `n pi\ `nomp^*
opm\ `nk`^d\gdu\_\ _` g\n o`mhdi\^dji`n \sÇid^\n _` gjn
ojojmm`^`kojm`n lp` `no} mj_`\_\ kjm iph`mjn\n q`nÄ^p*
g\n ndi}kod^\n lp` ^jiodìì i`pmjom\inhdnjm`n+ Hjn =sÇi _` pi\ ^~gpg\
]p^g`n ndi}kod^jn \k\m`^ì ì7 .& d\n o`mhdi\^dji`n b\ibgdji\m
ndi}kod^\n _` gjn ojojmm`^`kojm`n lp` `no}i ì ^jio\ôj
^ji g\n o`mhdi\^dji`n _` g\n ^~gpd\n ]dkjg\m`n t cjmduji*
o\g`n %^\k\ kg`sdojmh` `so`mi\&) t /& ìom` g\n ^~dpg\n
]dkjg\m`n t g\n ^~gpd\n b\ibdgji\m`n j g\n \h\^mdi\n %^\k\ Odi\kndn \sjnjh}od^\ ì g\ lp`
kg`sdojmh` Eio`mi\&+ H\n ndi\kndn ì ]p^d` o\h]d~i `no}i =sÇi _` pi\ ^~gpg\* dio`mqdìì ^~gpg\n b\ibgdji\m`n)
km`nìo`n ì g\n ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n %jÄ_j Eio`mij& t ì gjn ]dkjg\m ]dkjg\m`n t \h\^mdi\n
kdi`\dj^dojn %bg}i_pg\ kdi`\d&+
à Qi\ kmjkd`_\_ _`g ]p^g` ndi}kod^j `n d\ gd]`m\^dÇi @ì_mdo\ _` pi\
m}kd_\ _` i`pmjom\inhdnjm`n+ ^~dpg\ b\ibgdji\m
?\k\ kg`sdajmh`
à Qij _` gjn ^jhkjiìo`n _` g\ ndi\kndn ì ]p^g` `n g\
>p^g` ndi}kod^j dio`mi\
kdf\^cpmdi\) pi gdb\i_j _dnomjbdp^\ij _` g\ mòdi\+ Ano\
hjg~^pg\ n` gj^\gdu\ ì g\ ddì_g_pm\ ndi}kod^\ _` g\ J`pmdo\ _` pi\)
ndi\kndn ì ]p^g` _` djn ojojmm`^`kojm`n t k\mod^dk\ ì g\ ^~gpg\ \h\^mdi\ H\n ^|gpg\n \h\^mdi\n ij km`nìo\i
ojmh\^dÇi _` _d^c\ ndi\kndn+ idibÉi \sÇi `qd_ìo`) k`mj nÄ i`pmdo\n
à An km`^dnj m`^jm_\m lp` d\n hpo\^dji`n ì `g ^jhkdèj hpt m\hdad^\_\n) H\ api^dÇi _` d\n ^~gpg\n
_dnomjodi\*_dnomjbgp^\ij kmj_p^ì q\md\n ojmh\n _` _dn* \h\^mdi\n ^jindno` ì hp`nom`\mt hj_dad^\m
omjad\ hpn^pg\m %q+ ^\kÄopgj 4) êPèd_j hpn^pg\më&+ Hjn @d\_\7 ndi\kndn ì g\ lp` gjn dhkpgnjn à`mìo`n _` g\n ^~gpg\n
npeòjn \a`ô\_jn kjm d\n _dnomjad\n hpn^pg\m`n _` dio`mqdìì i`pmdo\n _` ]dkjg\m`n)
@p^cìi` t >`^f`m km`nìo\i \ijh\gÄ\n _` g\ k`m^`k* g\n ^~gpg\n \h\^mdi\n t H\n ^|gpg\n ]dkjg\m`n m`^jbì djn
^dÇi qdnp\d+ _ì_mdo\n _` g\n ^~gpg\n dhkpgnjn qdnp\g`n \a`mìo`n _` gjn ajoj*
b\ibdgji\m`n) \nÄ ^jhj pi mm`^`kojm`n _` gjn ^jijn t gjn ]\noji`n+
\sÇi _` pi\ ^~gpg\ ]dkjg\m+ H\n ^|gpg\n b\ibgdji\m`n nji g\n
Ag \sÇi _` pi\ ^~gpg\ ]dkjg\m ^~gpg\n à`mìo`n _` g\ mòdi\+ Opn
^jiodì` pi ]p^g` ndi}kod^j) \sji`n ^jiq`mbì ì `g _dn^j Çkod^j
?~gpg\n ]dkjg\m`ní k\m\ ajmh\m `g i`mqdj Çkod^j+
_khkn u hko àp]hhao+ Iko ^]opkjao oa _kj_ajpn]j aj h] lanebane] a ejpanreajaj aj h]

reoeÇj laneb~ne_] u jk_pqnj]+
Q]jpk hko ^]opkjao _kik hko _kjko okj _~hqh]o ]h]nc]`]o mqa iqaopn]j qj]
lkh]ne`]` aopnq_pqn]h u bqj_ekj]h aola_Äbe_]+ @kjop]j à `ko oaciajpko lnej_el]hao7
qj oaciajpk atpanjk u qj oaciajpk ejpanjk+ Bh oaciajpk atpanjk _kjpeaja leh]o
à èo_ko iai^n]jkoko ]lh]j]`ko aj hko mqa oa ]hi]_aj] qj bkpkleciajpk+ Iko
èo_ko _knnaolkjàj ] nalheacqao à h] iai^n]j] lh]oi}pe_] mqa oa oal]n]j _kjú
bknia oa ]haf]j àh _ehek ikèbe_]`k) h] naceÇj mqa _kja_p] hko oaciajpko ejpanjk u
atpanjk+
Iko èbanajpao ahaiajpko à hko èo_ko oa lnk`q_aj aj ah oaciajpk ejpanjk u oa
pn]jolknp]j iaè]jpa ikpknao ikha_qh]nao %_ejaoej]o u èjaÄj]o _epklh}oie_]o& ] hk
h]nck à hko ie_nkpÉ^qhko d]_e] ah oaciajpk atpanjk ] pn]r~o àh aopna_dk lqajpa
?p\_mj 6*C v N òdidodn k db h ì o\ md\ _epklh}oie_k mqa _kjpeaja ah _eRk ikèbe_]`k+ Bj ah _]lÄpqhk .) èBlepaRkê) oa àoú
_neêÇ _kj àp]hha ah ia_]jeoik à pn]jolknpa ejpn]_ehe]n+
à H\ mòdidodn kdbhìo\md\ %NL& \]\m^\ pi ^jiepioj _` I] lnk`q__eÇj u ah na_]iêk à hko èo_ko okj _kjpejqko+ Iko jqarko èo_ko oa
\ijh\gÄ\n c`m`_do\md\n _` d\ mòdi\ lp` j^\ndji\i ej_knlkn]j aj h]o lnkteie`]ào àh _ehek+ Iko ]jpecqko oa àolh]v]j d]_e] ah alepahek
^`bp`m\+ H\ h\ida`no\^dÇi did^d\g _` g\ NL `n g\ ^`bp`m\ leciajp]`k à h] napej] u) ]h ]h_]jv]n ah atpnaik àh oaciajpk atpanjk) okj b]ck_e*
ijôpmi\) _`]d_\ \ g\ _`bì`m\^dÇi _` g\n ^~dpg\n ajoj*
p]`ko lkn h]o _~hqh]o àh alepahek leciajp]`k+ I] `qn]_eÇj àh lnk_aok à na_e_h]`k
mm`^`kojm\n _` djn ]\noji`n+ H\ dmmdb\^dÇi mòdid\i\ _dnhd*
ipt` t n` j]n`mq\ d\ km`nì^d\ _` kdbhìojn ì g\
à hko èo_ko oa ]_an_] ] . - `Ä]o+
npk`mad^d` mòdid\i\ %_` _ji_` kmjqdì` `g o~mhdij mòdidodn Bh oaciajpk ejpanjk _kjpeaja jqianko]o iepk_kj`ne]o) eilhe_]`]o aj h] oÄjpaoeo
kdbhìo\md\&+ à pnebkob]pk à ]àjkoej] %>QM&) ]l]n]pk à Dkhce u napÄ_qhko aj`klh}oie_ko
à Hjn bì`n _` g\ NL n` gj^\gdu\i ì `g ^mjhjnjh\ T nqckok u heok+ Bh _ehek ikèbe_]`k aop} _kilqaopk lkn jqara `k^hapao à ie_nkpÉú
t `g ^mjhjnjh\ 0+ Ag bì lp` ^j_dad^\ `g kdbhìoj qdnp\d ^qhko laneb~ne_ko) ]qjmqa _]na_a àh l]n à ie_nkpÉ^qhko _ajpn]hao+ I] lkn_eÇj
mj_jkngi\ o\h]d~i n` c\gg\ ì d\ hdnh\ m`bdÇi _`g ^mj* paniej]h à hko bkpknna_alpknao amqer]ha ] qj ]tÇj mqa aop]^ha_a _kjp]_pko oej}lpe*
hjnjh\ 0+ H\n hpo\^dji`n ì `g bì _` g\ mj_jkngi\
_ko _kj h]o lnkhkjc]_ekjao _epklh}oie_]o ë h]o jaqnep]oë à h]o _~hqh]o êlkh]nao u
kmj_p^ì NL Qi bì _` g\ a\hdgd\ NL gj^\gdu\_j ì `g
^mjhjnjh\ 3 ^j_dad^\ g\ k`mga`mgi\) pi ^jhkjiìo` dknevkjp]hao+
kmjo`d^j _` gjn ]\noji`n+ Bteopaj pnao èbanaj_e]o nahar]jpao ajpna hko ^]opkjao u hko _kjko7
.+ Bh oaciajpk atpanjk ao _ehej`ne_k aj hko ^]opkjao u _Çje_k aj hko _kjko+

Bdbpm\ 6*/-+ h»(FB MF:q9B6
?~gpg\ b\ibgdji\m Jjmh\g

?~gpg\ Ai d\ aÇq`\ ^ìom\g) gjn ^jijn \bm`b\_jn
_` IÑgg`m _ìn\iiìo` ajmh\i pi }ibpgj m`nk`ôj
\ g\ ^\k\ kdbhìo\_\+ Ljm gj o\ioj) g\
^\k\ ip^g`\m `so`mi\ t g\n jom\n ^\k\n
_` g\ mòdi\ nìndodq\ ij j]nomptì g\ qÄ\
gphÄid^\+
Hjn n`bhìojn `so`mijn _` g\n ^~gpg\n
ajojmm`^`kojm\n m`^d]ì c\^`n gphÄid^jn
?~gpg\ \h\^mdi\
lp` ij ad\i \om\q`n\i_j km`qd\hìo` @`bì`m\^dÄi h\^pg\m m`g\^dji\_\ ^ji `g ìqè`^dhdìoj
?~gpg\ ]dkjg\m g\n m`no\io`n ^\k\n _` g\ mòdi\+
H\ _`bì`m\^dÄi h\^pg\m m`g\^dji\_\ ^ji `g

BÇq`\ ^ìom\g ìqè`^dhdìoj %@IA& odì` gpb\m ^p\i_j g\n ^~gpg\n
ajojmm`^`kojm\n t `g `kdo`gdj kdbhìo\_j mòdid\ij _` g\
h}^pg\ n` _`njmb\idu\ %@IA n`^\& j kmjgda`m\i q\njn
n\ibpÄi`jn \iÇh\gjn kjm _`]\ej _` g\ h}^pg\) Hjn
Akdo`gdj mòdid\ij q\njn n\ibpÄi`jn m`^d~i ajmh\_jn kd`m_ì kg\nh\ t Lw
kdbhìo\_j gÄlpd_j lp` \go`m\i g\ `nom`âd\ \nj^d\^dÇi _` g\ h}^pg\
^ji g\ ^jmdj^\kdg\m %@IA cÅh`_\&+ Hjn _\Åjn \ g\
?jmjd_`n h}^pg\ nj]m`qdìì ^ji m\kd_ù t n` kmj_p^` pi\
t ^jmdjj\kdg\m ^`bp`m\ di_jgjm\ ì \h]\n ajmh\n _` g\ @IA+ Ag a\ôjm I
_` md`nbj h}n dhkjmo\io` `n g\ `_\_ %kjm ì^dh\ _`
gjn 3- \Åjn&+ Qij _` gjn ndbijn o`hkm\ijn h}n e
^jhpi`n _` g\ @IA n`^\ nji g\n _mpn\n+
|f
@dnkjnd^dÇi ì k\m\g`gj _` g\n ad]m\n dio`mi\n _`g ^jij %\sji`n&
JÉ^g`jn _`nkg\u\_jn _` g\n ^~gpg\n ajojmm`^`kojm\n %^jijn&
?dojkg\nh\n _` g\n ^~gpg\n _` IÑgg`m ì `g ^ìomj _` g\ aÇq`\
I`h]m\i\ gdhdo\io` `so`mi\
O`bhìojn dio`mij t `so`mij _` gjn ^jijn
Id^mjajojbm\a}\ ì ]g\i^j t i`bmj gjh\_\ _` Djb\i IF) =gq\m\_j F=) S`__`gg F=7 Ddnojgjbt ja oc` Dph\i At`+ Lcdg\_`gkcd\) S,> O\pi_`mn) .64.+
/+ Iko ^]opkjao paniej]j aj qj lamqaÅk ^kpÇj k aob~nqh] àh ^]opÇj) mqa aop}
aj _kjp]_pk _kj h]o àj`nep]o à h]o _~hqh]o êlkh]nao u h]o jaqnep]o à h]o _~hqh]o
dknevkjp]hao+ Iko _kjko paniej]j aj qj la`Ä_qhk àh _kjk i}o cnqaok+ Bh la`Ä_qhk
àh _kjk p]iê~j aop]^ha_a _kjp]_pk _kj h]o _~hqh]o êlkh]nao u dknevkjp]hao+ I]
paniej]_eÇj oej}lpe_] à hko _kjko u hko ^]opkjao ë aob~nqh]o u la`Ä_qhkoë _kjpeaja
qj ^q_ha oej}lpe_k nkà]`k lkn raoÄ_qh]o oej}lpe_]o %r+ _q]`nk 6*C&+
0+ Iko ^]opkjao ]hi]_aj]j ah bkpkleciajpk nk`kloej] %bec+ 6*.4&+ Iko _kjko
_kjpeajaj qj leciajpk oeieh]n àjkiej]`k uk`kloej]+ I] nk`kloej] bqj_ekj]
`qn]jpa h] reoeÇj jk_pqnj]+ I] uk`kloej] lan_eâ hko àp]hhao u èbanaj_e] hko _khknao
%]vqh) ranà u nkfk&+ Q]jpk qj] _kik kpn] okj lnkpaÄj]o pn]joiai^n]j] ]ok_e]`]o
]h cnqlk lnkop~pe_k hh*è Ä*n a pej ] h+ I] lnkpaÄj] atajp] àh cnqlk lnkop~pe_k na_eâ ah
jki^na à kloej] %r+ _q]`nk 6*D&+
Iko _kjko _kjpeajaj pnao bkpkleciajpko èopejpko `kp]`ko à èbanajpao _]l]_eú
`]ào à ]ôkn_eÇj mqa okj oajoe^hao ] h] hqv ]vqh %1/- ji&) ranà %202 ji& u nkf]
%232 ji&) naola_per]iajpa+ I] eokianev]_eÇj à h]o ikh~_qh]o à ..*_en*napej]h aj
. . *òT,/ò*napej]h ao e`~jpe_] aj hko _kjko u hko ^]opkjao+
J`pmji\n ^ji_pôjm\n7 ^|gpg\n ]dkjg\m`n t b\ibgdji\m`n

I]o _~hqh]o êlkh]nao u c]jchekj]nao pn]joiepaj ah eilqhok na_eê`k lkn h]o _~hqh]o
bkpknna_alpkn]o+
Pa _kjk_aj `ko cnqlko lnej_el]hao à _~hqh]o êlkh]nao %bec+ 6*.5&7
.+ @~hqh]o êlkh]nao à ^]opÇj) qje`]o ] h]o aob~nqh]o à hko ^]opkjao+
/ + @~hqh]o êlkh]nao à _kjk) ]ok_e]`]o ] hko la`Ä_qhko àh _kjk+ Bop]o _~hqh]o
aop}j _kilqaop]o lkn `ko pelko lnej_el]hao7 h]o _~hqh]o êlkh]nao àh _kjk èna_p]o
u h]o _~hqh]o êlkh]nao àh _kjk èbqo]o+
I]o àj`nep]o à h]o _~hqh]o êlkh]nao àh _kjk èbqo]o oa n]iebe_]j aj ah oajk à
h] _]l] lhatebknia atpanj] u aop]^ha_aj _kjp]_pk _kj r]neko la`Ä_qhko àh _kjk+ Bj
ah lkhk klqaopk) ah ]tÇj à qj] _~hqh] êlkh]n èbqo] oa lnkua_p] d]_e] h] _]l] lhaú
tebknia ejpanj] u ajpn] aj _kjp]_pk _kj h]o àj`nep]o à h]o _~hqh]o c]jchekj]nao+
I]o _~hqh]o êlkh]nao àh _kjk èna_p]o aop]^ha_aj oej]loeo _kj qj Éje_k la`Ä_qhk u
qj Éje_k ]tÇj mqa oa _kiqje_] _kj qj] okh] _~hqh] c]jchekj]n+ Bj aoaj_e]) h]o _~hqh]o
êlkh]nao èna_p]o _kja_p]j qj Éje_k _kjk _kj qj] be^n] janreko] Çlpe_]+ Mkn ah _kjú
pn]nek) h]o _~hqh]o êlkh]nao èbeeo]o lnaoajp]j hqe]o rÄ]o ]banajpao u abanajpao i}o ]ilhe]o+
Iko jÉ_hako à h]o _~hqh]o êlkh]nao lanpaja_aj ] h] _]l] jq_ha]n ejpanj] à h] napej]+
I]o _~hqh]o c]jchekj]nao atpeajàj oqo àj`nep]o d]_e] h] _]l] lhatebknia ejpanj]8
hko ]tkjao bkni]j l]npa àh janrek Çlpe_k+ Pa d]j eàjpebe_]`k `ko pelko à _~hqh]o
c]jchekj]nao7 . & _~hqh]o c]jchekj]nao èbqo]o) aj _kjp]_pk _kj r]ne]o _~hqh]o êlkh]ú
nao) u / & _~hqh]o c]jchekj]nao èna_p]o) _qu]o àj`nep]o aop]^ha_aj oej]loeo _kj qj]
Éje_] _~hqh] êlkh]n èna_p]+ Lô~nraoa mqa h]o _~hqh]o c]jchekj]nao èna_p]o oÇhk
na_eâj eilqhoko à hko _kjko+
J`pmji\n _` \nj^d\^dÄi7 ^|gpg\n cjmdujio\g`n t \h\^mdi\n

I]o _~hqh]o dknevkjp]hao u ]i]_nej]o jk lnaoajp]j ]tkjao je àj`nep]o) oejk oÇhk
lnkhkjc]_ekjao jaqnÄpe_]o mqa pn]joiepaj eilqhoko aj ]i^]o èna__ekjao+ Iko
jÉ_hako à h]o _~hqh]o dknevkjp]hao u ]i]_nej]o lanpaja_aj ] h] _]l] jq_ha]n ejpanj]+
I]o _~hqh]o dknevkjp]hao `]j hqc]n ] jaqnep]o mqa paniej]j aj hko la`Ä_qhko àh
_kjk+ Rj] Éje_] jaqnep] n]iebe_]`] aop]^ha_a oej]loeo p]jpk _kj h]o aob~nqh]o à hko
^]opkjao _kik _kj hko la`Ä_qhko à hko _kjko %r+ bec+ 6*.5&+ Bop]o oej]loeo jaqnÄpe_]o
oa lnk`q_aj aj h] _]l] lhatebknia atpanj] à h] napej]+ I] èopne^q_eÇj jaqnÄpe_] u
]tÇje_] ejè_] mqa h]o _~hqh]o dknevkjp]hao oa aj_]nc]j à ejpacn]n ] hko _kjko u hko
^]opkjao à h]o }na]o ]ù]_ajpao à h] napej]+
I]o _~hqh]o ]i]_nej]o ]l]na_aj aj ah i]ncaj ejpanjk à h] _]l] jq_ha]n ejpanj]+
Qeajaj qj] lnkhkjc]_eÇj jaqnÄpe_] okhep]ne] mqa oa n]iebe_] l]n] qjen h]o paniej]ú
_ekjao ]tÇje_]o à h]o _~hqh]o êlkh]nao _kj h]o n]i]o àj`nÄpe_]o à h]o _~hqh]o c]j*
cdkj]nao %bec+ 6*.6&+
?|gpg\n bgd\g`n _` njkjmo`7 ^|gpg\n _` I Çgg`m

Iko jÉ_hako à h]o _~hqh]o à J Ñhhan oa hk_]hev]j aj h] _]l] jq_ha]n ejpanj]+ I]o
lnkhkjc]_ekjao _epklh}oie_]o oa atpeajàj d]_e] h] iai^n]j] hei ep]jpa atpanj] a
ejpanj]+ I] iai^n]j] diep]jpa ejpanj] nalnaoajp] h] h}iej] ^]o]h à h]o _~hqh]o à
J Ñhhan u oal]n] h] napej] àh _qanlk repnak+
I]o lnkhkjc]_ekjao _epklh}oie_]o à h]o _~hqh]o à J Ñhhan nahhaj]j hko aol]_eko
ajpna hko bkpknna_alpknao u h]o _~hqh]o êlkh]nao u c]jchekj]nao+ Bj hko lqjpko à
_kjp]_pk à hko bkpknna_alpknao àh oaciajpk atpanjk) qj] vÇjqh] ]`danajpa u h]o
ie_nkrahhkoe`]ào mqa l]npaj à h]o _~hqh]o à J Ñhhan aop]êhev]j h] ]ok_e]_eÇj ajpna
hko bkpknna_alpknao jaqnkj]hao u h]o _~hqh]o cd]hao à JÑhhan+ >ài}o à aop]o _~hqh]o)
aj pk`]o h]o _]l]o ]l]na_aj _~hqh]o à h] ie_nkche]+
BÄq`\ ^ìom\g t _dn^j Äkod^j

I] bÇra] _ajpn]h) nkà]`] lkn h] i}_qh] hÉpa] %beco+ 6*/- u 6*/.&) ao qj }na] aola_e]heú
v]`] à h] napej] naolkjo]^ha à h] reoeÇj jÄpe`] aj _kjè_ekjao à ehqiej]_eÇj jkni]hao
u pajqao+ Bh èo_k Çlpe_k) mqa ajchk^] ] h] l]leh] Çlpe_]) jk ejpanreaja aj h] reoeÇj+
I] bÇra] _ajpn]h oa hk_]hev] aj ah h]`k pailkn]h àh èo_k Çlpe_k+ Bj aopa }na] ]^qj`]j
hko _kjko) ]qjmqa jk ]l]na_aj ^]opkjao je _]leh]nao+ Iko _kjko aop]^ha_aj oej]loeo _kj
h]o _~hqh]o êlkh]nao u ]i^]o oa kneajp]j bkni]j`k qj }jcqhk ]hnaà`kn à hko i}ncajao
à h] bÇra]+ Bop] _]n]_panÄope_] deopkhÇce_] laniepa ah ]__aok he^na à h] hqv ] hko bkpknnaú
_alpknao+ I] i}_qh] hÉpa] oa èopejcqa lkn h] lnaoaj_e] à qj leciajpk ]i]nehhk %hqpaÄj]
u va]t]jpej]& aj h]o _]l]o ejpanj]o mqa nkà]j h] bÇra] lk_k lnkbqj`]+
Bh hqc]n à o]d`] à h] napej] à hko ]tkjao lnk_aàjpao à h]o _~hqh]o c]jchekj]nao
_knnaolkjà ]h èo_k Çlpe_k+ Bop] aopnq_pqn] ajchk^]7 .& h] l]leh] Çlpe_]) qj] lnkú
pnqoeÇj bkni]`] lkn hko ]tkjao mqa ajpn]j aj ah janrek Çlpe_k) u / & h] h}i ej] _ne^ko]

Bdbpm\ tcI e pf0M7 »vqfM7 | 1»(FB MF:q9B6
@dn^j Äkod^j
R\nj n\ibpÄi`j
Hjn q\njn n\ibp}i`jn mòdid\ijn kp`_ì qdnp\gdu\mn` kjm h`_dj

_` pi jao\ghjn^jkdj j ]dì pi\ \ibdjbm\a}\ ^ji agpjm`n^`}i\+
?p\i_j \phìo\ g\ km`ndÇi diom\j^pg\m) `g _dn^j _`g i`mqdj Çkod^j
\k\m`^` ^Äi^\qj+ Ag _dn^j km`nìo\ pi `_`h\ %k\k}g`_òi\& t g\n
qì\n n` _dg\o\i \g di^m`hìo\mn` g\ km`ndÇi diom\^m\i`\g+
H\ \ibdjbm\a}\ ^ji agpjm`n^`}i\ %=B& m`km`nìo\ pi\ kmp`]\
_` podgd_\_ lp` k`mhdo` j]oì`m Eiajmh\^dÇi \^`m^\ _`g `no\_j _` g\
mòdi\+ H\ =B ^jindno` ì g\ dit`^^dÇi _` ^jgjm\io` agpjm`n^ìo` lp`
^jiodì` nj_dj ì pi\ qì\ _`g ]m\uj+ Ag ^jgjm\io` \k\m`^` ì gjn
q\njn n\ibpÄi`jn mòdid\ijn _`nkp~n _` .-*.2 n+ Qi\ ^}h\m\
mòdid\i\ `nk`^d\g bm\]\ dh}bì`n ^jiajmh` `g ^jgjm\io` m`^jmm` gjn
q\njn n\ibpÄi`jn _` g\ mòdi\+ Ag ^jgjm\io` kp_` kji`m _` h\idad`noj
g\ `sdnoì^d\ _` q\njn n\ibpÄi`jn ^ji apb\n \iÇh\g\n j g\ di^\k\^d_\_
_` \om\q`n\m q\njn n\ibpÄi`jn j]nompd_jn+ K]n~mq`n` lp` g\n qì\n
Hjn \sji`n _` g\n ^~gpg\n b\ibgdji\m`n n` ^jiqd`moì ì `g i`mqdj np`gì km`nìo\m pi _d}hòmj h}n g\mbj lp` g\n \mo`md\n+
Äkod^j ì `g _dn^j Äkod^j) `g ^p\g ^\m`^` _` ajojmm`^`kojm`n t ^jmm`nkji_`
\g kpioj ^d`bj _` g\ mòdi\+
Ag _dn^j Çkod^j km`nìo\ pi\ _`km`ndÇi ^ìom\g) g\ ^jk\ Äkod^\)
_` ^jgjm\^dÇi h}n k}gd_\ lp` g\n ad]m\n i`mqdjn\n ^dm^pi_\io`n+ H\
k~m_d_\ _` ad]m\n i`mqdjn\n ì `g bg\p^jh\ kmjqj^\ pi \phìoj _`g
}m`\ _` g\ ^jk\ Çkod^\+
Rì\ o`hkjm\g npk`mdjm

H\n \mo`mdjg\n t g\n q~ipg\n dmm\_d\i @dn^j Çkod^j
ì oj_\n g\n _dm`^^dji`n c\^d\ g\ BÇq`\ ^ìom\g %\q\n^pg\m&
k`mda`md\ _` g\ aÇq`\+ Rì\ o`hkjm\g dia`mdjm
=mo`md\ o`hkjm\g dia`mdjm
à h] ao_hanÇpe_]) mqa ao ]pn]rao]`] lkn hko ]tkjao àh janrek Çlpe_k+ Iko bkpknna_alú
pknao paniej]j aj hko i}ncajao àh èo_k Çlpe_k) mqa nalnaoajp] ah èlqjpk _eackê à
h] napej]+ I] ]npane] u h] raj] _ajpn]hao à h] napej] ]pn]reao]j ah èo_k Çlpe_k+
L{mk\_jn) ^jiepiodq\ t bg{i_pg\ g\bmdh\g

Iko l}nl]`ko) h] _kjfqjper] u ah hÄmqe`k lnk`q_e`k lkn h] ch}j`qh] h]cnei]h _kjbeanaj
lnkpa__eÇj ] h] lkn_eÇj ]jpanekn àh chk^k k_qh]n
@]`] l}nl]`k lnaoajp] `ko lkn_ekjao %bec+ 6*//&7 . & qj] lkn_eÇj _qp}ja] atpanj]
naraope`] à qj] aleànieo ao_]iko] aopn]pebe_]`] mqa na_q^na qj] ànieo à pafe`k
_kjfqjperk h]tk u iÉo_qhk aomqah~pe_k %iÉo_qhk knê_qh]n àh kfk&) u / & qj] lkn_eÇj
_kjfqjper] ejpanj]) naraope`] à qj] àhc]`] iai^n]j] iq_ko]) h] _kjfqjper]+
Bj h] lkn_eÇj _qp}ja] ]l]na_aj r]neko ]l~jè_ao _qp}jako .& ch}j`qh]o oq`knÄú
l]n]o u oa^}_a]o) u / & à pnao ] _q]pnk dehan]o à lahko nÄce`ko) h]o laop]Å]o) aj hko
i}ncajao à hko l}nl]`ko+ I]o laop]Å]o oa ]ok_e]j ] qj]o ch}j`qh]o oq`knÄl]n]o
ikèbe_]`]o _kjk_e`]o _kik ch}j`qh]o à Jkhh+
>bnkjp]`] _kj ah naraopeieajpk _kjfqjperk oa d]hh] h] h}iej] p]no]h) qj pafe`k
_kjfqjperk àjok be^nkah}ope_k mqa _kjpeaja qj]o ch}j`qh]o p]no]hao oa^}_a]o à cn]j
Bdbpm\ tcIIe A6 vñ9vBP7 | 0Z0 B6qF9BMf7:F0
í IÉn^pgj jm]d^pg\m %hÉn^pgj `nlp`g~od^j&
H{hdi\ o\mn\g %oèd_j ad]mj`g}nod^j _ìnj&
H\n bg{i_pg\n o\mn\g`n %o\h]d~i gg\h\_\n bg{i_pg\n

_` I`d]jhgj& n`^mò\i pi kmj_pôj lp` ^jiodì`
Cg{i_pg\ Eakd_jn lp` mòm\n\ g\ `q\kjm\^dÇi _` g\ k`gÄ^pg\
np_jm}k\m\ _` g}bmdh\n) H\ bg{i_pg\ g\bmdh\g kmj_p^` g}bmdh\n
^ji `g adi _` kmjo`b`m \ g\ ^Çmi`\+ H\ dia`^^dÇi t g\
\go`m\^dÇi _` g\n k\m`_`n _` g\n bg}i_pg\n o\mn\g`n
kmj_p^ì `g ^c\g\udÄi) pi\ ophà\^^dÇi _`g k}mk\_j+
?mdno\gdij
Cg{i_pg\n _` Ijgg
Akd_`mhdn
?Ämi`\
?ji_pôj L`no\~\n
_` O^cd`hh
H\ ^jiepiodq\ `n pi `kdo`gdj `nom\odad^\_j j
^dgdi_md^j lp` ^jhkmì_` ^~gpg\n ^\gd^dajmh`n
] + *e )
n`^mòjm\n _` hj^j lp` n` \kjt\ ì pi\
_`gb\_\ g}hdi\ kmjkd\+
N`qdno` g\ npk`mad^d` \io`mdjm _`g bgj]j
j^pg\m cd\no\ `g gdh]j %^jiepiodq\ ]pg]\m& t
g\ npk`mad^d` dio`mi\ _`g k}mk\_j %^jiepiodq\
k\gk`]m\g&+
H\ `skjnd^dÇi ^jiodip\ \g kjgqj) `g qdìoj t
`g njg jmdbdi\ kdibp|^pg\) pi\ kmjgda`m\^dÇi
_`g oèd_j ^jiepiodqj np]t\^ìo` \ g\ ^jiepiodq\
t pi ìbmjn\hdìoj \h\mdggìoj _` g\ ^ji*
epiodq\ ]pg]\m+ Akd_`mhdn
Cg{i_pg\n _` Ijgg
p]i]Åk) hh]i]`]o ch}j`qh]o à Jae^kiek+ @]`] ch}j`qh] p]no]h àoai^k_] aj ah

i]ncaj àh l}nl]`k+ I] h}iej] p]no]h _kjbeana neceàv ] hko l}nl]`ko+
Aaoà ah lqjpk à reop] _hÄje_k) h] qjeÇj ajpna h]o lkn_ekjao _qp}ja] u _kjfqjper]
oa àheiep] lkn ah oqn_k) qj] hÄja] cneo hk_]hev]`] ajpna hko _kj`q_pko à h]o ch}j`qh]o
à Jae^kiek u h]o laop]Å]o+
I] _kjfqjper] oa _kjpejÉ] _kj ah naraopeieajpk _qp}jak u oa atpeajà d]op] h]
lanebane] à h] _Çnja]+ Pa _kilkja à _~hqh]o alepahe]hao lkheckj]hao ] _ehej`ne_]o
aopn]pebe_]`]o u _~hqh]o _]he_ebkniao oa_napkn]o à ik_k+ Bj ah i]ncaj _knja]h) ah
alepahek à h] _kjfqjper] oa _kjreanpa aj qj alepahek ao_]ikok aopn]pebe_]`k u oa
_kjpejÉ] _kj ah alepahek à h] _Çnja]+ Bh alepahek à naraopeieajpk oa ]lku] aj qj]
h}iej] lnkle] `kp]`] à _]leh]nao+
I] ch}j`qh] h]cnei ]h lnk`q_a qj hÄmqe`k) h]o h}cnei]o) mqa oa ]_qiqh] eje_e]hú
iajpa aj ah o]_k _kjfqjper]h u i}o p]nà o]ha ] h] _]re`]` j]o]h ] pn]r~o à qj
_kj`q_pk à `naj]fa %_kj`q_pk j]okh]cnei]h&+ I]o h}cnei]o oa ar]lkn]j aj h] _]reú
`]` j]o]h) oe êaj lqaàj k_]oekj]n nÄjknna] _q]j`k oq lnk`q__eÇj ao at_aoer]+
I] ch}j`qh] h]cnei]h %bec+ 6*/0& ao qj] ch}j`qh] oanko] pq^qhk]_ej]n _kj _~hqh]o
iekalepahe]hao+ Pa knc]jev] aj hÇ^qhko èbanajpao _kj ./ ] .2 _kj`q_pko at_napknao
ejàlajèajpao+ I]o h}cnei]o l]o]j ] hko _]j]hÄ_qhko at_napknao ] pn]r~o à hko
h]cnei]hao u ]h_]jv]j ah o]_k u ah _kj`q_pk j]okh]cnei]hao l]n] `naj]n aj ah _kj`q_pk
ejbanekn à h] _]re`]` j]o]h+
I]o ch}j`qh]o h]cnei]hao na_eâj oq ejanr]_eÇj à7 .& be^n]o janreko]o l]n]oeil}pe*
_]o) mqa l]npaj àh c]jchek lpaneckl]h]pejk8 hko na_alpknao à ]_apeh_khej] à h]o _~hqh]o
ch]j`qh]nao naolkjàj bnajpa ] h] ]_apeh_khej] heân]`] aj h]o paniej]_ekjao janreko]o)
u / & h]o be^n]o janreko]o oeil}pe_]o) mqa lnkreajaj àh c]jchek _anre_]h oqlanekn+
Bh l]nl]àk lnk`q_a qj] _kilnaoeÇj hara à h]o ch}j`qh]o h]cnei]hao u h] heâú
n]_eÇj àh hÄmqe`k+ I]o h}cnei]o i]jpeajaj h] dqia`]` à h] oqlanbe_ea à h] _kjú
fqjper] u h] _Çnja] u adiej] l]npÄ_qh]o à lkhrk+ I] èolanoeÇj àh ik_k oa_nap]`k
lkn h]o _~hqh]o alepahe]hao à h] _kjfqjper]) h] oa_na_eÇj khako] lnk`q_e`] lkn h]o
ch}j`qh]o p]no]hao u ah l]nl]àk _kjop]jpa à hko l}nl]`ko eileà h] ar]lkn]_eÇj
n}le`] à h] lahÄ_qh] à h}cnei]o+ I]o h}cnei]o _kjpeajaj heokvei]) qj] ajvei]

Bdbpm\ 6*/0+ L6ñ:PZ6B 6B-9féB6
Lmjo`}i\n n`^mòjm\n ì g{bmdh\n
H\ôja`mmdi\7 hjg~^pg\ ]\^g`mdjno}od^\+ O`^p`nom\ `g cd`mmj i`^`n\mdj k\m\ `g hò\]jgdnhj ]\ô`md\ij+

Hdnjudh\7 hjg~^pg\ ]\ô`mdjgÄod^\+ @`nompt` g\n ]\ô`md\n+
Eihpijbgj]pgdi\ = n`^mòjm\7 hjg~^pg\ _àìndq\+ J`pom\gdu\ hd^mjjmb\idnhjn k\oÇbìjn+
Lm`\g]Åhdi\ `nk`^}ad^\ _` g\n g{bmdh\n7 api^dÇi _`n^jij^d_\+
]jpe^]_pane]j]) h]_pkbannej]) ejiqjkchk^qhej] > oa_napkn] u lna]h^Éiej] aola_Äbe_]

à h]o h}cnei]o %r+ bec+ 6*/0&+
I] lnk`q__eÇj at_aoer] à h}cnei]o oa àâ ] h] atlkoe_eÇj à h] _kjfqjper] ]
ennep]jpao mqÄie_ko u bÄoe_ko k ] hqv à ahar]`] ejpajoe`]`) ]oÄ _kik ] aik_ekjao
ejpajo]o+ I] ]hpan]_eÇj à h] oÄjpaoeo à h}cnei]o k h]o haoekjao aj hko l}nl]`ko lnkú
rk_]j àoa_]_eÇj à h] _Çnja] %kfk oa_k k mqan]pk_kjfqjperepeo oa_]&) h] _q]h oa oecqa
à h] bkni]_eÇj à Éh_an]o) lanbkn]_eÇj) l~nè`] àh dqikn ]_qkok u _acqan]+
Eh kjmo\i^d\ ^g}id^\7 jej mjej

Bh kfk nkfk _kjopepqua h] ]hpan]_eÇj k_qh]n i}o bna_qajpa u ao nah]per]iajpa âjecj]+
Bj ]hcqjko _]oko lqaà ejè_]n qj pn]opknjk mqa ]iaj]_a h] reoeÇj+
Bh ajnkfa_eieajpk k_qh]n ]cq`k oa àâ ] qj] daiknn]ce] oq^_kjfqjper]h) h] _q]h
lqaà oan oa_qj`]ne] ] qj pn]qi]peoik) pn]opknjko daiknn}ce_ko) delanpajoeÇj k h]
]ìejeopn]_eÇj à ]jpe_k]cqh]jpao+ Bop] ]hpan]_eÇj jk oa ]ok_e] ] `khkn je ]ba_p]_eÇj
à h] reoeÇj+
I] _kjfqjperepeo oa _kjoeàn] h] lnej_el]h _]qo] à kfk nkfk+ Iko r]oko o]jcqÄjako
oqlanbe_e]hao à h] _kjfqjper] oa èh]p]j u knecej]j aài] à h] _kjfqjper] ]_kil]ú
Å]`k à oa_na_eÇj+ I] oa_na_eÇj lqnqhajp] ]lqjp] d]_e] h] ateopaj_e] à qj] ejba__eÇj
^]_pane]j]) aj h] mqa oqahaj lna`kiej]n hko ie_nkknc]jeoiko cn]ilkoeperko+ I]
oa_na_eÇj ]_qko] oa kôanr] aj h] _kjfqjperepeo à apekhkcÄ] rÄne_]+
Kî@K
Bh kÄ`k aop} bkni]`k lkn pnao _kilkjajpao %bec+ 6*/1&7
.+ Bh kÄ`k atpanjk) mqa _]lp] ah okje`k u hk èneca lkn ah _kj`q_pk ]qèperk d]_e]
h] iai^n]j] peil}je_]+
/+ Bh kÄ`k iaèk) mqa _kjreanpa h]o kj`]o à lnaoeÇj okjkn]o aj ikreieajpko
ia_}je_ko à h] iai^n]j] peil}je_]+ > oq rav) ah ikreieajpk oa pn]joiepa ] hko
dqaoa_ehhko àh kÄ`k iaèk) hk mqa na`q_a oq ]ilhepq` ]h peailk mqa ej_naiajp] h]
bqanv] àh ikreieajpk ia_}je_k l]n] oqlan]n h] naoeopaj_e] àh kÄ`k ejpanjk nahhajk
à hÄmqe`k+
0+ Bh kÄ`k ejpanjk) mqa _kjpeaja hko Çnc]jko oajokne]hao àh kÄ`k u ah amqed^nek)
pn]joiepa h]o re^n]_ekjao ia_}je_]o ]h hÄmqe`k %h] aj`khejb]& àh h]ânejpk iaiú
^n]jkok u) lkn p]jpk) h]o pn]jobkni] aj eilqhoko ah~_pne_ko aj ah ieoik pelk à
eP _~hqh] aj_]nc]`] à h] pn]joieoeÇj oajoeper]7 h] _~hqh] _ehe]`]+
Bh kÄ`k ejpanjk lnaoajp] `ko oeopai]o7 .& ah oeopai] ]qèperk l]n] h] lan_al_eÇj
àh okje`k %kÄ`k&) u / & ah oeopai] raope^qh]n l]n] h] lan_al_eÇj à hko ikreieajpko
à h] _]âv] u ah _qanlk %amqed^nek&+
Bdbpm\ 6*/1+ A08ZFéB -F:F9B6 PF 670 7JP70 F2qF9:7a éFPf7 F f:qF9:7
I`h]m\i\ odhk{id^\ %o}hk\ij& Ehkpgnjn dicd]d_jm`n

Bd]m\n \a`mìo`n %\
L\]`ggÄi \pmd^pg\m %\ om\q~n _` ad]m\n
om\q~n _` i`pmji\n
N`^p]d`mo\ kjm kd`g ì np npk`mad^d` `so`mi\ à`mìo`n jgdqj^j^g`\*
_`g b\ibgdj `nkdm\g&
t kjm `kdo`gdj ^É]d^j ndhkg` ì g\ ^\m\ m`n&
?\moÄg\bj `g}nod^j ^p]d`moj kjm kd`g
_`gb\_\ dio`mi\8 `g ^ìomj _` g\ h`h]m\i\ ^jiodì`
oèd_j ^jiepiodqj ad]mj`g}nod^j+
?ji_pôj \p_dodqj `so`mij
O` ^jhkji` _` ^\moÄg\bj `g}nod^j ì np o`m^dj

`so`mij t cp`nj ì gjn _jn o`m^djn dio`mijn)
Ano} m`q`nod_j _` `kdo`gdj `n^\hjnj ?ji_pôj ^j^g`\m
`nom\odad^\_j+ m`ggìj _` ì_jgdia\
Ljm _`]\ej _`g `kdo`gdj _` m`q`nodhdìoj D`gd^jom`h\
\k\m`^ì bg{i_pg\n ^`mphdijn\n %bg}i_pg\n
np_jmÄk\m\n hj_dad^\_\n lp` n`^mò\i N\hk\ q`nod]pg\m
^`mphì j ^`m\& t ajgÄ^pgjn kdgjnjn+ t m\hk\ odhk}id^\
m`ggì\n _` k`mdgdia\
K}_j `so`hj K}_j dio`mij
K}_j h`_dj
"
?\kopm\ t ^ji_p^^dÄi _`g njid_j ?jiq`mndÄi _` g\n ji_\n njijm\n ì ji_\n _` g}lpd_j H\n ji_\n _` gÄlpd_j ì g\ m\hk\ q`nod]pg\m
t g\ m\hk\ odhk}id^\ m`ggì\n _` k`mdgdia\
Ag njid_j bjgk`\ g\ h`h]m\i\ odhk}id^\ t H\ h`h]m\i\ odhk}id^\ qd]m\ t _`nkg\u\ g\ ]\n` _`g `nomd]j bì`m\_\n kjm gjn hjqdhdìojn jn^dg\ojmdjn
c\^` lp` qd]m`+ %h`_d\io` g\ ^\_ì\ _` cp`n`^dggjn& ^jiom\ g\ qìo\i\ jq\g+ _`g `nomd]j ^jiom\ g\ qìo\i\ jq\g jmdbdi\i
Ag hjqdhdìoj _` n\gd_\ t ìom\_\ _` g\ h`h]m\i\ jq\g hjqdhdìojn `lpdgd]m\_jn) \pilp` jkp`nojn)
kmj_p^` ji_\n _` km`ndÇi ì `g jÄ_j dio`mij lp` ^jiodì` gÄlpd_j+ _` g\ qìo\i\ m`_ji_\+
Hjn hÉn^pgjn oìnjm _`g oÄhk\ij t _`g `nomd]j hj_pg\i g\ H\n ji_\n _` gÄlpd_j n` om\inhdoì \g ^ji_pôj
^\iod_\_ _` ì`mbÄ\ lp` n` om\inhdo` _`g \dm` \g gÄlpd_j+ ^j^g`\m m`ggìj _` ì_jgdia\) `g ^p\g _`nkg\u\
g\ h`h]m\i\ ]\ndg\m t `nodhpg\ \ g\n ^~gpg\n
^dgd\_\n+
Kî@K ATPANJK
Bh l]âhhÇj ]qne_qh]n %knaf]& na_kca h]o kj`]o okjkn]o mqa re]f]j ] hk h]nck àh
_kj`q_pk ]qèperk atpanjk d]_e] h] iai^n]j] peil}je_]+
Bh l]âhhÇj ]qne_qh]n ao qj afa à _]npÄh]ck ah}ope_k nkà]`k lkn leah _kj bkhÄ_qhko
lehkoko u ch}j`qh]o oa^}_a]o+
Bh _kj`q_pk ]qèperk atpanjk ao qj] rÄ] mqa _kilnajà àoà ah l]âhhÇj ]qne_qh]n
d]op] ah pÄil]jk k iai^n]j] peil}je_]+ Bh pan_ek atpanjk à aop] rÄ] aop} bkni]`k
lkn _]npÄh]ck8 hko `ko pan_eko ejpanjko bkni]j l]npa àh dqaok pailkn]h+ Bh _]npÄh]ck u
h]o oqlanbe_eao Çoa]o aop}j _qêanpko à leah+ Rj n]ock èopejperk à aopa naraopeieajpk
_qp}jak okj h]o ch}j`qh]o ]lk_nej]o pq^qh]nao _kjpknja]`]o) mqa oa_nap]j qj] oqop]j_e]
i]nnÇj àjkiej]`] _anqiaj+ Bh _anqiaj eilania]êhev] h] leah u lnkpaca ]h _kjú
`q_pk ]qèperk atpanjk bnajpa ] ]cajpao atÇcajko) _kik hko ejoa_pko+
Kî@K IA@EK
Bh kÄ`k iaèk) k _]re`]` peil}je_]) ao qj aol]_ek nahhajk à ]ena aj ah dqaok
pailkn]h mqa oa ejpanlkja ajpna h] iai^n]j] peil}je_] u h]o aopnq_pqn]o lanpajaú
_eajpao ]h kÄ`k ejpanjk+ Bh kÄ`k ejpanjk oa k_ql] lnej_el]hiajpa à h] pn]joieoeÇj
à okje`k à h] iai^n]j] peil}je_] ] h]o aopnq_pqn]o nahhaj]o à hÄmqe`k àh kÄ`k
ejpanjk+
Ddnojgjb}\ t ]djgjb}\ ^`gpg\m) diomj_p^^dÄi \ g\ \i\ojh }\ k\ojgÄbd^\

Bdbpm\ 6*/2+ pF0B997667 PF6 7JP7 f:qF9:7
Km}bì`n odnpg\m`n t ^`gpg\m`n _`g j}_j Eio`mij
Njh]Äh`mjn %N]& H\n ^|gpg\n _` g\ ^m`no\ i`pm\g _\i gpb\m \ gjn h`g\ij^dojn _` g\ `nomÄ\
q\n^pg\m ì g\ ^Ç^g`\ t g\n ^~gpg\n _` O^cr\ii ì `g b\ibgdj `no\oj\^Énod^j+
Ag `ôj_`mhj njh{od^j jmdbdi\ g\ q`nÄ^pg\ Çod^\ m`nkjin\]g` _`g
_`n\mmjggj _`g g\]`mdioj h`h]m\ijnj %gjn om`n ^ji_pôjn n`hd^dm^pg\*
m`n) `g pomÄ^pgj t `g n}^pgj t `g ^ji_pôj ^j^g`\m&+
H\n ^|gpg\n i`poj`kgo`gg\g`n n` ^ji^ìom\i ì om`n ^m`no\n \hkjgg\m`n)
_jn h}^pg\n t pi Çmb\ij `nkdm\g+
Ag h`n|ilpdh\ kmj_p^` g\ ^{knpg\ Äod^\ %ij n` hp`nom\&) g\ ^p\g
`n m`nkjin\]g` _` g\ ajmh\^dÇi _`g g\]`mdioj Än`j %om`n ^ji_pôjn
n`hd^dm^pg\m`n) q`noÄ]pgj t ^Ç^g`\&+
@`n\mmjggj _`g j}_j Eio`mij7 q`n}^pg\ Äod^\
Hjn bì`n lp` ^jiomjg\i g\ _da`mì^d\^dÇi _`g mjh]jì^~o\gj j

d_ìod_\_ _` gjn mjh]Çh`mjn %N]&) `nk`^d\ghìo` N]2 t N] 3 ) \_`h}n
_` bì`n lp` n` `skm`n\i ì g\n ^~gpg\n _` g\ ^m`no\ i`pm\g _` gjn
\m^jn ]m\ilpd\g`n m`bpg\i `g _`n\mmjggj _`g jÄ_j dio`mij+
=g n`m `nodhpg\_\ kjm `g a\ôjm _` ^m`^dhdìoj ad]mj]g{nod^j 0
[ Ä %BCB*0&) n`^mò\_j kjm N]2 t N]3 ) g\ kg\^j_\ Çod^\ n` diq\bdi\ k\m\
?Ç^g`\ Kmb\ijn jojgÄod^jn ajmh\m g\ q`n}^pg\ Äod^\ p joj^dnoj+ Ag m`^`kojm _` BCB*0 n` gj^\gdu\
G \\ + ì g\n ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n t g\n ^~gpg\n _` njkjmo` np]t\^ìo`n _`g Çmb\ij
?ji_pôjn H\]`mdioj _` ?jmod+
QomÄ^pgj O}^pgj üh`h]m\ijnj
n`hd^dm^pg\m`n H\ q`nÄ^pg\ Çod^\ n` \g\mb\ k\m\ _\m gpb\m \ g\ m`bdÇi q`nod]pg\m _jmn\g
F\\\\\\\ f t g\ m`bdÄi ^j^g`\m qìom\g ^jhj m`nkp`no\ \g bì GVm', %_`g dibg~n
N`bdji`n nìndodq\n7 N`bdji`n nìndodq\n7 eV^gZY Wdm ,$( H\ ajmh\^dÇi _`g ^ji_pôj ì_jgdia{od^j `no} njhòd_\
h}^pg\n ^m`no\n R`noÄ]pgj
\g ^jiomjg è`m^d_j kjm BCB*0 n`^mò\_j kjm N]2 t N] 3 +
K
=p_d^dÇi
Cm\q`_\_
t \^`g`m\^dÇi gdi`\g
H =^`g`m\^dÇi
\ibpg\m
?Ç^g`\
Ag _`n\mmjggj _` gjn ^ji_pôjn n`hd^dm^pg\m`n \ k\modm _` g\ m`bdÇi
q`nod]pg\m `no} ^jiomjg\_j kjm gjn bì`n Ggm+ %_` k`md\sdi\ .& t Ggm,(
I] pn]joieoeÇj àh okje`k ao lnk`q_e`] lkn hko dqaoa_ehhko ]qèperko %aopne^k)

uqjmqa u i]npehhk& èolqaopko ] ik`k à _]àj] _kja_p]`] lkn lamqaÅko hec]iajú
pko+ Bj aop] _]àj]) ah i]jck àh i]npehhk oa qja ] h] iai^n]j] pei l}je_] aj qj
atpnaik8 aj ah kpnk) h] ^]oa àh aopne^k oa ]lku] ok^na h] rajp]j] kr]h %rajp]j]
raope^qh]n&) qj knebe_ek àh h]ânejpk Çoak+ Iko iÉo_qhko pajokn àh pÄil]jk %ejanú
r]`k lkn ah janrek pnec~iejk Xl]n _n]ja]h SZ u àh aopne^k %ejanr]`k lkn ah janrek
b]_e]h Xl]n _n]ja]h SFFZ& i]jpeajaj h] nah]_eÇj bqj_ekj]h à hko dqaoa_ehhko+
Iko dqaoa_ehhko àoailaÅ]j `ko l]lahao7 .& ik`qh]j ah ikreieajpk à h] iaiú
^n]j] peil}je_]+ /& >lhe_]j Äqanv] aj h] rajp]j] kr]h) à ik`k mqa ]ilhebe_]j
h]o kj`]o okjkn]o ]banajpao+ I] kpko_hankoeo u h] kpepeo iaè] ]ba_p]j ]h ikreieajpk
à hko dqaoa_ehhko u ]i^ko pn]opknjko lnk`q_aj delk]_qoe]+
I] _]re`]` peil}je_] %p]iê~j hh]i]`] bkj`k à o]_k k oqn_k pq^kpeil}je_k&
aop} naraope`] à alepahek ao_]ikok ] _Éê_k u _]na_a à ch}j`qh]o aj ah pafe`k _kjú
fqjperk à okop~j+
I] iai^n]j] pei l}je_] lnaoajp] qj] iknbkhkcÄ] kr]h]`] u qj] àlnaoeÇj
_Çje_] _an_] àh _ajpnk àê`] ] h] ejoan_eÇj àh i]jck àh i]npehhk+ Bh afa à h]
iai^n]j] aop} bkni]`k lkn `ko _]l]o à be^n]o à _kh}cajk à kneajp]_eÇj èbanajpa
u hko `ko h]`ko à h] iai^n]j] aop}j naraope`ko à alepahek ao_]ikok ] _Éê_k
oeilha+
I] pnkil] ]qèper] k à Bqop]mqek qja ah kÄ`k ejpanjk _kj h] j]okb]nejca+ Bj
h]o lnkteie`]ào à h] _]re`]` peil}je_]) h] pnkil] aop} bkni]`] lkn ah dqaok
pailkn]h+ Bh _]npÄh]ck ah}ope_k _kjpejÉ] h] lkn_eÇj Çoa] à h] pnkil]) mqa `] l]ok
] _]npÄh]ck de]hejk _an_] àh knebe_ek j]okb]nÄjcak+ Rj alepahek _ehe]`k _kj r]ne]_ekjao
nacekj]hao %_ehej`ne_k ^]fk ] oaq`kaopn]pebe_]`k aj h]o lnkteie`]ào à h] j]okb]nejca&
Bdbpm\ tcIbe TB,F9f:q7 éFé,9B:707
?jhkjiìo`n _`g g\]`mdioj h`h]m\ijnj
Hjn m`^`kojm`n nìndodqjn _`g g\]`mdioj h`h]m\ijnj nji g\n

M @jn k`lp`Åjn n\^jn7 `g pom}^pgj t `g n{^pgj+
^m`no\n \hkjgg\m`n ì g\n \hkjgg\n _` ^\_\ ^ji_pôj n`hd^dm^pg\m)
M Pm`n ^ji_pôjn n`hd^dm^pg\m`n _`n`h]j^\i ì `g pomdêdj+ H\n \hkjgg\n nji g\ h{^pg\ pomd^pg\m ì `g pomÄ^pgj) g\ h{^pg\ n\^pg\m ì `g n}^pgj t
_dg\o\^dji`n lp` ^ji`ô\i gjn `som`hjn _` gjn ^ji_pôjn n`hd^dm^pg\m`n ^ji `g pomÄ^pgj+ `g Çmb\ij _` ?jmod ì g\ ^Ç^g`\+
M ?\_\ \hkjgg\ ^jiodì` pi\ ^m`no\ \hkjgg\m+ Hjn m`^`kojm`n nìndodqjn _` g\ Ag ^ji_pôj gZjc^Zch ^ji`ô\ `g n}^pgj ^ji `g `som`hj ^d`bj _`
^m`no\ \hkjgg\m m`nkji_ì \ g\ kjnd^dÇi _` g\ ^\]ù\ t bì`m\i gjn dhkpgnjn g\ ^Ç^g`\ ^`m^\ij \g ^d`bj q`nod]pg\m+ Ag `som`hj ^d`bj jkp`noj _` g\
i`mqdjnjn i`^`n\mdjn k\m\ ^jmm`bdm g\ kjnd^dÇi ^jmkjm\g+ ^Ç^g`\ `n `g ^d`bj ^pkpg\m+
M H\ ^Ä^g`\+
?ji_pôj
n`hd^dm^pg\m npk`mdjm
P ch}j`qh]o oa_napkn]o à ik_k nareopa hko oaciajpko Çoak u _]npeh]cejkok à h]

pnkil]+ I] bqj_eÇj à h] pnkil] _kjoeopa aj amqehe^n]n h]o lnaoekjao à h] _]re`]`
pei l}je_] u ah ajpknjk atpanjk+
I]o ]jki]hÄ]o aj ah ào]nnkhhk àh kÄ`k iaèk ajchk^]j h] ]qoaj_e] à ahaiajpko
aopnq_pqn]hao) _kik ah ]jehhk peil}je_k) aj ah mqa oa ]lku]j h] iai^n]j] peil}je_]
u hko dqaoa_ehhko+ Bh ]jehhk peil}je_k lnkreaja àh iao~jmqei] àh lneian ]n_k
b]nÄjcak %i]npehhk u uqjmqa& u ah oacqj`k ]n_k b]nÄjcak %aopne^k) hko iÉo_qhko àh
kÄ`k iaèk u ah bkj`k à o]_k pq^kpeil}je_k&+
Kî@K EJPANJK
@`n\mmjggj _`g j}_j dio`mij
Bh kÄ`k ejpanjk ]ok_e]`k ] h]o jaqnkj]o à hko c]jcheko _n]ja]hao lnkreaja à qj]
lh]_k`] Çpe_] hk_]hev]`] aj h] oqlanbe_ea à h] _]âv]+ I] lh]_k`] oa ejr]cej] l]n]
bkni]n qj] i]o] dqa_] à _~hqh]o àjkiej]`] h] raoÄ_qh] Çpe_] q kpk_eopk %bec+ 6*/2&+
I]o _~hqh]o à h] _naop] jaqn]h iecn]j bqan] àh nki^kaj_~b]hk u oa èopne^quaj
]hnaà`kn à h] raoÄ_qh] Çpe_]+ Bop] raoÄ_qh] oa ]h]nc] u `] hqc]n ] h] naceÇj raope^qh]n
`kno]h u h] naceÇj _k_ha]n rajpn]h ^]fk h] ejbhqaj_e] àh caj IXo(- %àh ejch~o gXì\[
Yfo(-%) Bj ]qoaj_e] à IXo(- jk oa ào]nnkhh]j h] _Ç_ha] je ah c]jchek aolen]h+
Bh _kj`q_pk aj`khejb}pe_k lnkreaja à qj] ejr]cej]_eÇj àh kpk_eopk) nacqh]`]
lkn ah b]_pkn à _na_eieajpk be^nk^h}ope_k 0) oa_nap]`k lkn _~hqh]o à hko nki^Çia*
nko 2 u 3 + Peapa nki^Çianko) hh]i]`ko jaqnÇianko) oa_nap]j oaÅ]hao l]n] ah ào]nnkú
hhk àh nki^kaj_~b]hk+
Ako à hko _kj`q_pko oaie_en_qh]nao lnkreajaj à h] naceÇj raope^qh]n u oa bknú
i]j ^]fk ah _kjpnkh à hko cajao Iioc %à lane]tej] .& u Iio-) Lô~nraoa mqa h]o

Bdbpm\ tcIre A0vBMf70 F:P76f:1ñqfM70 | vF9f6f:1ñqfM70
?ji_pôjn ì_jgdia{od^jn t k`mdddia{od^jn
M Hjn ^ji_pôdggjn lp` k\moì _`g pomÄ^pgj t `g n}^pgj ^jiagptì k\m\ M Ag ^ji_pôj k`mdgdia{od^j n` `sodì_` _`n_` `g }m`\ q`nod]pg\m %lp`
jmÄbdi\m `g ^ji_pôj ì_jgdia{od^j+ ^jiodì` `g n}^pgj t `g pomÄ^pgj& ^ji `g `nk\^dj np]\m\îjg_`j \gm`_`_jm
M Ag ^ji_pôj ì_jgdia}od^j ^ji^gpt` ì pi n\^j ì_jgdia{od^j _`g ì^~a\gj+ Ag gÄlpd_j _` g\ k`mdgdia\) ^pt\ ^jhkjnd^dÇi `n ndhdg\m \ g\ _`g
_dg\o\_j gj^\gdu\_j ì `g `nk\^dj np]_pm\g _`g ì^~a\gj+ gÄlpd_j ^à\gjmm\lpÄ_`j) mj_`\ `g g\]`mdioj h`h]m\ijnj+
M Ag ^ji_pôj gZjc^Zch ^ji`ô\ `g n}^pgj ^ji g\ ]\n` _`g ^ji_pôj
^j^g`\m h`h]m\ijnj ^jiojmi`\_j j m\hk\ h`_d\+
lkn_ekjao ]qèper] %_Ç_ha]& u raope^qh]n %_kj`q_pko oaie_en_qh]nao& aop}j okiape`]o

] qj _kjpnkh caj~pe_k èbanajpa %cajao IXo(- u Iio' naola_per]iajpa&+
I] becqn] 6*/2 kbna_a qj] nabanaj_e] à h]o èbanajpao lkn_ekjao àh kÄ`k ejpanjk
àner]`]o à h] raoÄ_qh] Çpe_]+
Anompôpm\ _`g j}_j dio`mij

Bh kÄ`k ejpanjk k_ql] ah h]ânejpk Çoak aj ah oajk à h] lkn_eÇj lapnko] àh dqaok
pailkn]h+ Bh h]ânejpk Çoak _kjpeaja ah h]ânejpk iai^n]jkok %bec+ 6*/3&) qj]
aopnq_pqn] mqa _kjpeaja hko oeopai]o raope^qh]n u ]qèperk+
Bh oeopai] raope^qh]n _kjop] à `ko ahaiajpko7 .& `ko o]_ko %ah qpnÄ_qhk u ah
o}_qhk) p]iê~j hh]i]`ko Çnc]jko kpkhÄpe_ko&) u / & pnao _kj`q_pko oaie_en_qh]nao
%oqlanekn) dknevkjp]h u lkopanekn& knecej]`ko aj ah qpnÄ_qhk+
Bj ah oeopai] ]qèperk oa aj_qajpn] ah _kj`q_pk _k_ha]n) ]hkf]`k aj ah _]j]h Çoak
aolen]h) oepq]`k aj lkoe_eÇj ]jpanekn naola_pk ]h oeopai] raope^qh]n+
Bh h]ânejpk iai^n]jkok oa nahhaj] à h] aj`khejb]) qj hÄmqe`k _kj ahar]`]o
_kj_ajpn]_ekjao à u ^]f]o _kj_ajpn]_ekjao à K][+ I] lanehejb] %_kj qj ahar]`k
_kjpaje`k aj K][ u ^]fk _kjpaje`k aj H[& oa hk_]hev] ajpna ah h]ânejpk iai^n]jkok
u h]o l]naào àh h]ânejpk Çoak %bec+ 6*/4&+
ïNC=JK RAOPE>QH=N
Iko _kj`q_pko oaie_en_qh]nao naolkjàj ] hko ikreieajpko nkp]_ekj]hao à h] _]âv]
u ah _qanlk %]_ahan]_eÇj ]jcqh]n&+
Iko Çnc]jko kpkhÄpe_ko %o}_qhk u qpnÄ_qhk& naolkjàj ] hko ikreieajpko à pn]oú
h]_eÇj %cn]ra`]` u ]_ahan]_eÇj heja]h&+
eP I]o _~hqh]o oajoeper]o àh Çnc]jk raope^qh]n na_eâj oq ejanr]_eÇj à be^n]o ]banajú
pao à h] n]i] raope^qh]n àh janrek raope^qhk_k_ha]n %l]n _n]ja]h SFFF&+ I] ]npane]
àh h]ânejpk) qj] n]i] à h] ]npane] _anaâhko] ejbanekn ]jpanekn) ennec] ah h]ânejpk+
I] ]npane] aopehki]opkeà] ennec] hko _kj`q_pko oaie_en_qh]nao+
Bdbpm\ 6*/5+ A0q9ZMqZ9B PF 6B M9F0qB Bév766B9
?Ékpg\
Akdo`gdj nìndodqj
=hkjgg\ _`g ^\ i \ g+
?m`no\
n`hd^dm^pg\m
H\]`mdioj Çn`j
=hkjgg\ _`g ^\i\g Ag hjqdhdìoj _` g\ ^\]ù\ kmjqj^\ `g _`nkg\u\hdìoj

n`hd^dm^pg\m _` g\ ì_jgdia\ t g\ ^Ékpg\+ Ano` _`nkg\u\hdìoj _ò`mhdi\
g\ ag`sdÇi _`g ^diòj^dgdj t gjn `no`m`j^dgdjn _` g\n ^~gpg\n
H\ ^Åkpg\ `n pi\ `nompôpm\ b`g\odijn\ ^dgd\_\n+
mj_`\_\ kjm ì_jgdia\) H\ jojb`gdi\ `n pi Qi\ ap`mu\ lp` _dmdb` \ gjn `no`m`j^dgdjn ad\^d\ `g
^jhkjiìo` bgp^jkmjo`d^j _` g\ ^Ékpg\+ ^diòj^dgdj kmj_p^` pi \phìoj _` \ôdqd_\_ _`g i`mqdj
q`nod]pg\m lp` di`mq\ \ g\n ^~gpg\n+
?p\i_j g\ ap`mu\ \gè\ \g ^diòj^dgdj _` gjn `no`m`j^dgdjn)
g\ \ôdqd_\_ _`g i`mqdj q`nod]pg\m n` m`_p^`+
H\n ^|gpg\n ^dgd\_\n _` odkj E km`_jhdi\i ì

`g ]jm_` _` g\ ^m`no\) hdìom\n lp` g\n _`
odkj EE nji h{n \]pi_\io`n ì g\ ]\n`+ Kojb`gdi\
?~gpg\n _` njkjmo` _`g `kdo`gdj _` g\ ^m`no\

lp` mj_`\i g\n ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n+
Ai_jgdia\
?diòj^dgdj Ano`m`j^dgdj
Lg\^\ ^pod^pg\m _` g\ ^~gpg\ ^dgd\_\
L`gjn
N`_ o`mhdi\g _ìn\
\kd^\g _` ^~gpg\n
_` njkjmo`
?|gpg\ ^dgd\_\ _` odkj E
?|gpg\ ^dgd\_\
=k\m\oj _n Cjgbd Z , _` odkj EE
>p^g` ngi}kog^j
?|gpg\ _` njkjmo` ?|gpg\ _` njkjmo`
P`mhdi\^dji`n
?}gdu i`mqdjnj \a`mìo` i`mqdjn\n \a`mìo`n
P`mhdi\^dÇi P`mhdi\^dji`n
i`mqdjn\ à`mìo` i`mqdjn\n à`mìo`n
H}hdi\ ]\n\g
?KJ@Q?PKO OAIE?EN?QH=NAO
Iko _kj`q_pko oaie_en_qh]nao oa d]hh]j aj ah h]ânejpk Çoak+ Iko pnao _kj`q_pko oa
_kja_p]j _kj ah qpnÄ_qhk+ Iko _kj`q_pko àner]`ko àh qpnÄ_qhk u ah o}_qhk _kjbhquaj
l]n] bkni]n ah _kj`q_pk aj`khejb}pe_k+ Bopa _kj`q_pk _kj_hqua aj qj] lamqaÅ]
èh]p]_eÇj àjkiej]`] ah o]_k aj`khejb}pe_k) oepq]`k ajpna h]o _]l]o à h]o iajejcao+
Bj h]o vkj]o à _kjp]_pk àh _kj`q_pk oaie_en_qh]n u ah qpnÄ_qhk ]l]na_aj qj]o
lamqaÅ]o èh]p]_ekjao) h]o ]ilkhh]o+ @]`] ]ilkhh] lnaoajp] qj na^knà lnkiejajpa
_kjk_e`k _kik _naop] ]ilkhh]n+
Ddnojgjb}\ t ]djgjb}\ ^`gpg\m) diomj_p^^dÄi \ g\ \i\ojh }\ k\ojgÄbd^\

Bdbpm\ tcIte A0q9ZMqZ9B PF 6B éñMZ6B PF6 0ñMZ67 | PF6 Zq9JMZ67
H\n h{^pg\n nji }m`\n m`^`kojm\n nìndodq\n gj^\gdu\_\n ì g\ k\m`_ _`g Qi\ hjij^\k\ _` ^~gpg\n _` njkjmo` \nj^d\_\n \ g\ g}hdi\ ]\n\g ^jiodì`
n{^pgj t `g pom}^pgj+ _jn odkjn _` ^~gpg\n nìndodq\n8 ^|gpg\n ^dgd\_\n _` odkj E t EE+ Qi ^diòj^dgdj
On j^pk\i _` g\ _ò`^^dÇi _`g hjqdhdìoj _dm`^^dji\g _` g\ ^\]ù\+ H\ g\mbj Éid^j t 2-*3- `no`m`j^dgdjn lp` n` kmjt`ô\i _`n_` g\ npk`mad^d`
kjnd^dÇi _` g\ h}^pg\ `n cjmdujio\g ì `g pomÄ^pgj t q`mod^\g ì `g n}^pgj+ \kd^\g _` g\n ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n+
Hjn jojgdgjn ^jiodìì ^\m]ji\oj ^}g^d^j+ Hjn ^\h]djn H\ h`h]m\i\ jojgdod^\ `no} ^jhkp`no\ _`g hdnhj
_` kjnd^dÇi _` g\ ^\]ù\ kmj_p^ì pi\ q\md\^dÇi _` h\o`md\g b`g\odijnj md^j ì bgp^jkmjo`Äi\n lp` g\
g\ kjnd^dÇi _` g\ h`h]m\i\ jojgdod^\ %t _` gjn ^Ékpg\ _` g\ ^m`no\ \hkjgg\m+ H\ jojb`gdi\ ade\ `g
jojgdojn& t g\ ì_jgdia\+ h\o`md\g b`g\odijnj \g `kdo`gdj nìndodqj+
Ano` hjqdhdìoj _`nkg\u\ \g ^diòj^dgdj t gjn Qi\ _da`mì^d\ `n g\ km`nì^d\ _` jojgdojn
Ai_jgdia\
`no`m`j^dgdjn np]t\^ìo`n+ dih`mnjn ì g\ h}^pg\+
H\ ]\n` _` g\ h`h]m\i\ jojgdod^\ n` \kjt\ ì
pi\ ]\n` adg\hìojn\ ^ji kjmjn k`lp`Åjn ì g\n
}m`\n lp` m`^p]mì ^\_\ c\u kdgjnj+
>\n` _` g\ h`h]m\i\ jojgdod^\ ^ji

kjmjn ìamìo\_jn \ gjn ad\^`n kdgjnjn
Kojb`gdi\
?|gpg\n ^dgd\_\n %odkjn E t EE&
Bd]m\n i`mqdjn\n Pèd_j ^jiepiodqj ?|gpg\ _` njkjmo`
@`nkjg\mdu\^dÄi Ddk`mkjg\mdu\^dÄi
M H\ kg\^\ ^pod^pg\m np]t\^ìo` \g c\u _` %`s^do\^dÄi& %dicd]d^dÄi&
`no`m`j^dgdjn dhkd_` lp` `nojn n` cpi_\i ì M ?diòj^dgdj M Ano`m`j^dgdjn
`g ^dojkg\nh\+
M Odi `h]\mbj) `g ^diòj^dgdj) lp` ^\m`^`
_` kg\^\ ^pod^pg\m _` njkjmo`) n` cpi_` ì `g
_jh didj \kd^\g _` g\ ^~gpg\ ^p\i_j gjn
`no`m`j^dgdjn n` _`nkg\u\i c\^d\ `g ^diòj^dgdj+
M Ano` hjqdhdìoj c\^d\ _ìomj _àjmh\ g\ M Lg\^\ ^pod^pg\m ?|gpg\
h`h]m\i\ kg\nh}od^\ ` di_p^` np _`nkjg\md*
^dgd\_\
u\^dÄi+
M Ag \gè\hdìoj _` gjn `no`m`j^dgdjn >p^g` ndi}kod^j * ?|gpg\ _` njkjmo`
m`nk`ôj \g ^diòj^dgdj kmjqj^\ np `g`q\^dÇi
t g\ cdk`mkjg\mdu\^gÄi+
?}gdu i`mqdjnj \a`mìo`
P`mhdi\^dji`n i`mqdjn\n
à`mìo`n
I] _naop] ]ilkhh]n %bec+ 6*/5& aop} bkni]`] lkn qj alepahek oajoeperk na_qêanpk
à qj] i]o] cah]pejko]) h] hh]i]`] _Élqh]+ I] _Élqh] _kjpeaja kpkcahej]) qj] chq_k*
lnkpaÄj] mqa ]j_h] h] _Élqh] ]h alepahek oajoeperk+
Bh alepahek oajoeperk _kjpeaja `ko pelko _ahqh]nao %r+ bec+ 6*/5&7 .& h]o _~hqh]o
_ehe]`]o) u /& h]o _~hqh]o à oklknpa+ >h ecq]h mqa kpnko na_alpknao oajoeperko) h]o
_~hqh]o _ehe]`]o naolkjàj ] aopÄiqhko i]jpaje`ko ]h ]`]lp]n u naop]^ha_an oq oajoeú
êhe`]` ] ko_eh]_ekjao qi^n]h aj qj] ao_]h] pailkn]h _kilnajè`] ajpna . io u
iajko à . io+
I] oqlanbe_ea ^]o]h à h]o _~hqh]o à oklknpa oa qja ] qj] h}iej] ^]o]h+ Mkn ah
_kjpn]nek) h]o _~hqh]o _ehe]`]o oa d]hh]j aj qj] ejr]cej]_eÇj à h] naceÇj ]le_]h à h]o
_~hqh]o à oklknpa u jk aop}j aj _kjp]_pk _kj h] h}iej] ^]o]h+ Bh `kiejek ]le_]h à
h]o _~hqh]o _ehe]`]o _kjpeaja ajpna 3- u . - - aopanak_eheko aola_e]hev]`ko oeieh]nao ]
6 + ï N C = J K O @A HKO OA J PE@ K O 7 R EO EK J U = Q @ E? Eï J
Bdbpm\ tcl•e D9-B:fxBMf»: PF 6B éñMZ6B
Akdo`gdj nìndodqj _` g\ h{^pg\
Ano` `kdo`gdj `no} ^jhkp`noj kjm ^|gpg\n ^dgd\_\n _` odkjn E t EE dih`mn\n H\n ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n _` g\ h}^pg\ `no}i kjg\mdu\_\n7 `g ^diòj^dgdj n`
ì ^|gpg\n _` njkjmo` ì ^jio\ôj ^ji g\ g}hdi\ ]\n\g+ jmdìo\ m`nk`ôj \ pi\ gÄi`\ dh\bdi\md\ _ìjhdi\_\ g\ `nomdÄg\) lp`
Ai ^ji_d^dji`n ^c k^kd& gjn ^diòj^dgdjn t gjn `no`m`j^dgdjn %lp` nj]m`n\* _dqd_` \ g\n ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n ì _jn ^\hkjn jkp`nojn+
gì _`n_` g\ npk`mad^d` _` g\n ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n& n` m`^p]mì _` g\ Ai `g pomÄ^pgj) `g ^diòj^dgdj n` c\gg\ amìo` \ g\ `nomdÇg\8 ì `g n}^pgj) n`
h`h]m\i\ jojggog^\ %j `no\oj^jid\& lp` ^jiodì` joj^jig\n %_`g bmd`bj \gè\ _` `no\+
ì kjgqj _` jÄ_jî &+ Ano\ jmdìo\^dÇi _àdi` lp~ kj]g\^dÇi _` ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n _`nkg\u\m}
H\ ì_jgdia\ _`nkg\u\ \ g\n joj^jid\n _pm\io` gjn hjqdhdìojn npn ad\^`n kdgjnjn ^jhj m`nkp`no\ \ pi hjqdhdìoj `nk`^Äad^j _` g\
\io`mÇbm\_jn*mòmÇbm\_jn t _` `g`q\^dÇi*_`n^ìnj _` g\ ^\]ù\ ^\]ù\+
%\^`g`m\^dÄi gdi`\g&+
Ag `kdo`gdj nìndodqj _` g\ h }^pg\ _` gjn Çmb\ijn jojgdod^jn %n}^pgj t
pomÄ^pgj& ij m`nkji_` \ g\ mjo\^dÇi _` g\ ^\]ù\+
N`nojn _` g\
h`h]m\i\
jojgÄod^\
Ag oèd_j ^jiepiodqj
np]t\^ìo` _` g\
h}^pg\ ^jiodì`
ad]m\n _`g i`mqdj
q`nod]pg\m+
Pèd_j Çn`j _`g

g\]`mdioj Çn`j
AnomdÄg\
E d gg
j j j
Ai `g n}^pgj) `g ^diòj^dgdj _` Ai `g pomÄ^pgj) `g ^diòj^dgdj _`
bmpkjn jkp`nojn _` ^~gpg\n bmpkjn jkp`nojn _` ^~gpg\n
^dgd\_\n n` \gè\ _` g\ `nomdÇg\+ ^dgd\_\n n` ndoÉ\ amìo` \ g\
`nomdÇg\+
lahko u qj _ejapk_ehek Éje_k+ Iko aopanak_eheko oa ]lku]j aj qj] lh]_] _qpe_qh]n mqa
_kjpeaja ]_pej]+ Iko atpnaiko he^nao à hko aopanak_eheko u hko _ejapk_eheko aop}j
ejianoko aj h] _Élqh]+ I] _Élqh] oa _kja_p] _kj ah pa_dk u h]o l]naào à h] ]ilkhh]
u ]_pÉ] ] ik`k à p]êmqa à h] hqv à aop] %r+ bec+ 6*/5&+
@q]j`k h] lkoe_eÇj à h] _Élqh] oa ikèbe_] _kik naolqaop] ] hko ikreieajpko
à h] aj`khejb]) lnkrk_] ah àolh]v]ieajpk à hko aopanak_eheko u ah _ejapk_ehek à h]o
_~hqh]o _ehe]`]o %bec+ 6*/6&+ @q]j`k hko aopanak_eheko oa àolh]v]j d]_e] ah _ejapk_ehek)
h] iai^n]j] lh]oi}pe_] à h]o _~hqh]o _ehe]`]o oa àolkh]nev] u h]o be^n]o janreko]o
]banajpao oa aopeiqh]j %at_ep]_eÇj&+ @q]j`k hko aopanak_eheko oa oal]n]j àh _ejapkú
_ehek) h]o _~hqh]o _ehe]`]o oa delanlkh]nev]j u h]o be^n]o janreko]o ]banajpao jk oa
aopeiqh]j %ejdeê_eÇj&+
I]o _naop]o lnaoajp]j `ko pelko à _~hqh]o _ehe]`]o7 .& _~hqh]o _ehe]`]o à pelk F)
u / & _~hqh]o _ehe]`]o à pelk FI

Bdbpm\ tcl e U7v7-9B1JB PF 6B M»M6FB
>i^ko pelko _ahqh]nao okj oaiaf]jpao aj oq aopnq_pqn] ejpanj]) oe êaj lnaoajp]j

èbanaj_e]o aj _q]jpk ] oq iknbkhkcÄ] u oq ejanr]_eÇj7
.+ Iko janreko ]banajpao) _qu]o paniej]_ekjao _kjpeajaj hko jaqnkpn]joieoknao
]ol]np]pk u chqp]i]pk) ]pn]reao]j hko aol]_eko mqa oal]n]j h]o _~hqh]o à oklknpa u
bkni]j qj ajpn]i]`k oeieh]n ] qj _}hev mqa nkà] ah `kiejek ]le_]h na`kjà]`k
à h] _~hqh] _ehe]`] à pelk F+ Bh _epklh]oi] _kjpeaja ^q_hao oej}lpe_ko u raoÄ_qh]o
]ok_e]`]o %oaiaf]jpao ] h]o lnaoajpao aj h] napej] oajoeper]&+
/+ I]o paniej]_ekjao janreko]o aj _kjp]_pk _kj h] _~hqh] _ehe]`] _ehej`ne_] à pelk FF
jk bkni] qj _}hev ^]o]h) oejk mqa lnaoajp]j ^kpkjao paniej]hao oaj_ehhko+
>ài}o à hko janreko ]banajpao) h]o _~hqh]o _ehe]`]o à pelko F u FF na_eâj panieú
j]_ekjao janreko]o abanajpao u lnaoajp]j raoÄ_qh]o oej}lpe_]o _]nc]`]o _kj ah jaqnk*
pn]joieokn ]_apeh_khej]+ I]o be^n]o janreko]o abanajpao _kjpnkh]j h] oajoeêhe`]` à h]o
_~hqh]o na_alpkn]o oajoeper]o+
I]o _~hqh]o à oklknpa u h]o _~hqh]o _ehe]`]o oa ]ok_e]j ajpna oÄ lkn iaèk à _kiú
lhafko à qjeÇj ]le_]hao+ I]o _~hqh]o à oklknpa oa _]n]_panev]j lkn h] lnaoaj_e] à
qj] na` paniej]h ]le_]h àjo] u à ie_nkrahhkoe`]ào _knp]o+ Bop]o _~hqh]o _]na_aj
à aopanak_eheko u _ejapk_eheko) `ko n]ocko èopejperko à h]o _~hqh]o _ehe]`]o+
Eh kjmo\i^d\ ^g}id^\7 ìa`mh `_\_ _` I |id|m`

I]o _~hqh]o oa_napkn]o àh h]ânejpk iai^n]jkok u ah o]_k aj`khejb}pe_k i]jpeajaj
ah amqehe^nek eÇje_k ajpna h] aj`khejb] u h] lanehejb] %r+ bec+ 6*03&+ I] ajbania`]` à
J~je~na oa àâ ]h ]qiajpk àh rkhqiaj à h] aj`khejb] u _qno] _kj r~npeck
%oajo]_eÇj b]ho] à ikreieajpk nkp]pknek aj ah aol]_ek&) j}qoa]o) jeop]cik lkoe_ekj]h
%ko_eh]_eÇj nÄpie_] ejrkhqjp]ne] à hko kfko&) rÇiepko u lepe`ko aj hko kÄ`ko
%]_Ébajko&+
ïNC=JKO KPKHîPE?KO7 QPNî?QHK U Oì?QHK

Bh qpnÄ_qhk u ah o}_qhk lnaoajp]j qj alepahek oajoeperk àjkiej]`k i }_qh]
%bec+ 6*0-&+ >h ecq]h mqa ah alepahek oajoeperk à h] _naop] ]ilkhh]n à hko _kj`q_pko
oaie_en_qh]nao) h] i}_qh] _kjpeaja _~hqh]o _ehe]`]o u _~hqh]o à oklknpa+ Pa na_q^na
à qj] oqop]j_e] cah]pejko] mqa _kjpeaja _kilhafko à _]n^kj]pk _}h_e_k u lnkpaÄj]o
mqa bkni]j qj]o lamqaÅ]o _naop]o hh]i]`]o kpkhepko %r+ bec+ 6*/6&+ Kk oa aj_qajpn]j
kpkhepko aj h] _Élqh] mqa na_q^na hko lahko à h] _naop] ]ilkhh]n+ Rjko lamqaÅko
_kj`q_pehhko àner]`ko àh qpnÄ_qhk u ah o}_qhk oa qjaj l]n] bkni]n ah _kj`q_pk
aj`khejb}pe_k mqa paniej] aj ah o]_k aj`khejb}pe_k+ Bh _kj`q_pk i\le`\ej qja ah
o}_qhk ] h] ^]oa àh _kj`q_pk à h] _Ç_ha] iai^n]jko]+
eP ?ï?HA=
Bh _kj`q_pk _k_ha]n ao qj _kj`q_pk iai^n]jkok _kjpknja]`k mqa oa ejoanp] aj h]
_Ç_ha] Çoa]+ Pa _kilkja à qj r~npe_a u qj] ^]oa+ Bh _kj`q_pk _kjpknja]`k na]hev]
`ko cenko u `ko pan_eko u lnaoajp] qj] hkjcepq` pkp]h à 01 ii+
Bdbpm\ 6*0/+ ?Ä^g`\
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Cgù`m) J`r Ujmf+
H\ ^Ç^g`\ %_`g bmd`bj `dX]^^Vh& ^\m\^jg _` ^ji^c\ `nkdm\g& `n pi ^ji_pôj ^ji_pôj ^j^g`\m m`ggìj _` ì_jgdia\ _` g\ m\hk\n q`nod]pg\m t odhk}id^\
`nkdm\g lp` bdm\ h}n _` _jn q`^`n t h`_d\ \gm`_`_jm _` pi è` Çn`j ^ìom\g) j^pk\_\n kjm k`mdgdia\+ H\ k\m`_ g\o`m\g _` g\ _dqdndÇi ^j^g`\m ^jmm`nkji_` \ g\
`g hj_djgj+ Ai `g dio`mdjm _`g hj_ajgj Çn`j n` c\gg\ `g b\ibgdj ^j^g`\m `nom}\ q\n^pg\m) pi oèd_j hpt q\n^pg\mdu\_j lp` m`^p]m` pi\ kjm^dÇi _`g
%`nkdm\g&) `g ^p\g bdm\ ì `nkdm\g \gm`_`_jm _` g\ ^\m\ dio`mi\ _` g\ ^Ç^g`\+ Ag g\]`mdioj Çn`j t n` j^pk\ _` ndioòdu\m t h\ioì`m g\ ^jhkjnd^dÇi `nk`^d\g _`
b\ibgdj ^jiodì` i`pmji\n ]dkjg\m`n7 . & g\n kmjgjib\^dji`n k`mda~md^\n di`mq\i g\ ì_jgdia\ %cjh`jno\nd\ _`g G(&+
\ g\n ^~gpg\n m`^`kojm\n) t / & g\n kmjgjib\^dji`n ^ìom\g`n ìom\i ì `g è` Ag ^ji_pôj ^j^g`\m ij n` `sodì_` c\no\ `g q~mod^` id g\ ^Ékpg\ _` g\ ^Ç^g`\)
^ìom\g _`g hj_djgj) ì `g lp` ajmh\i `g i`mqdj ^j^g`\m %g\ _dqdndÇi ^j^g`\m _`g nd ]dì ^m`\ pi k`lp`Åj jmdad^dj _` ^jhpid^\^dÇi ìom` g\ m\hk\ q`nod]pg\m t g\
k\m ^m\i`\g REEE&+ m\hk\ odhk}id^\ ì `g q~mod^`) `g c`gd^jom`h\ %q+ adb+ 6*00&+ Ai g\ ]\n` _` g\
H\ kjm^dÇi h`h]m\ijn\ _` g\ ^Ç^g`\) g\ _dqdndÇi ^j^g`\m) ^jiodì` `g ^Ç^g`\) `g `nomd]j ì g\ qìo\i\ jq\g t g\ h`h]m\i\ _` g\ qìo\i\ m`_ji_\
^ji_pôj ^j^g`\m j g\ m\hk\ h`_d\+ H\ _dqdndÇi ^j^g`\m ^jhkmì_` `g g\]`mdioj %ij n` hp`nom\& n`k\m\i g\ m\hk\ q`nod]pg\m t g\ m\hk\ odhk}id^\) m`nk`ôdq\*
Çn`j) \g lp` _dqd_` ì _jn ^\i\g`n n`k\m\_jn7 . & g\ m\hk\ q`nod]pg\m) t / & g\ hìo`) _` g\ ^\qd_\_ _`g jÄ_j dio`mij+
m\hk\ odhk{id^\+
H\ h`h]m\i\ q`nod]pg\m %h`h]m\i\ _` N`gnni`m& t g\ h`h]m\i\
]\ndg\m) _jn h`h]m\i\n k`moì`^dìo`n \ g\ _dqdndÇi ^j^g`\m) n`k\m\i `g

Bdbpm\ 6*00+ »9-B:7 PF í79qfd F6 M7év7:F:qF 8ZF q9B:0éfqF F6 07:fP7 F: F6 7JP7 f:qF9:7
?ji_p^^dÄi _`g njid_j

N\hk\ q`nod]pg\m
Ag c`gd^jom`h\ _`g q~mod^` j ^Ékpg\ _`
g\ ^Ç^g`\ pi` g\ m\hk\ q`nod]pg\m m`ggì\ é D`gd^jom`h\
Ag ^ji_pôj ^j^g`\m %m\hk\
_` k`mdgdia\ ^ji g\ m\hk\ odhk}id^\+ I`h]m\i\ _` N`dnni`m N\hk\ odhk}id^\
h`_d\& ^jiodì` ì_jgdia\
I`h]m\i\
_` N`dnni`m
I`h]m\i\ ]\ndg\m
N\hk\ odhk{id^\
N\hk\ q`nod]pg\m
M H\n ji_\n njijm\n lp`
qd\e\i \ om\q~n _` gjn ^\i\g`n
Dp`nj k`mdgdia{od^jn jmdbdi\i hjqdhdì*
ojn jn^dg\ojmdjn _` g\ _dqdndÇi nÄ]b)b_n8$$>n+*ner8+PÄè$$ U )++ ++++"
^j^g`\m) gj lp` di^gpt` \ g\
Rìo\i\ jq\g
h`h]m\i\ ]\ndg\m+
Anomd]j
Upilp`
I\modggj
M Hjn hjqdhdìojn jn^dg\oj* M Qi hjqdhdìoj c\^d\ _ìomj _`g `nomd]j ^jiom\ g\
mdjn ^jiom\ g\ qìo\i\ jq\g _\i h`h]m\i\ jq\g í_`]d_\ \ njid_jn om\inhdod_jn kjm `g
gpb\m \ hjqdhdìojn `lpdq\gìo`n) \dm`í n` om\inhdo` \ g\ _dqdndÇi ^j^g`\m \ om\q~n _` g\
?\qd_\_ _`g ja_j k`mdgdia\ ij ^jhkm`nd]g`+
\pilp` jkp`nojn) _` g\ qìo\i\
h`_dj %^\qd_\_ I`h]m\i\
m`_ji_\+ Ag h\modggj `no} pid_j \ g\ h`h]m\i\ odhk}id^\+ Ag
odhk{id^\& odhk}id^\
tpilp` n` gj^\gdu\ ìom` `g `nomd]j t `g h\modggj+
Ka_j `so`mij
Bj h] _Ç_ha] d]u pnao _}i]n]o aolen]hao %beco+ 6*0. ] 6*00&7

.+ Bh _kj`q_pk _k_ha]n %p]iê~j hh]i]`k h] n]il] iaè]& nalnaoajp] h] _}i]n]
_ajpn]h u _kjpeaja aj`khejb]+
/+ Mkn aj_ei] àh _kj`q_pk _k_ha]n oa aj_qajpn] h] n]il] raope^qh]n) mqa
_kieajv] aj h] rajp]j] kr]h+
0+ Mkn à^]fk àh _kj`q_pk _k_ha]n oa oepÉ] h] n]il] peil}je_]) mqa bej]hev] aj
h] rajp]j] na`kj`]+
I]o n]il]o raope^qh]n u peil}je_] aop}j k_ql]`]o lkn lanehejb] u oa _kiqje_]j
aj ah dahe_kpnai] aj ah r~npe_a _k_ha]n %r+ bec+ 6*00&+
Bj qj _knpa pn]jorano]h) h] n]il] iaè] aop} heiep]`] lkn h] iai^n]j] ^]oeh]n
aj h] l]npa ejbanekn) h] iai^n]j] raope^qh]n k à Oaeoojan aj h] l]npa oqlanekn u h]
aopnÄ] r]o_qh]n aj h] l]npa atpanj]+ I]o _~hqh]o u hko _]leh]nao à h] aopnÄ] r]o_qh]n
ah]^kn]j h] aj`khejb]+
I] aoqÄ] r]o_qh]n iqaopn] qj] lnkbqo] ennec]_eÇj u aop} naraope`] à qj alepahek
oaq`kaopn]pebe_]`k bkni]`k lkn _~hqh]o ^]o]hao %àner]`]o à h] _naop] jaqn]h k ah
iaokànik&) _~hqh]o ejpaniaè]o %_~hqh]o oeieh]nao ] hko iah]jk_epko mqa lnkreajaj à
h] _naop] jaqn]h& u _~hqh]o i]ncej]hao %lnk_aàjpao à _~hqh]o alepahe]hao&+ I]o _~hqh]o
i]ncej]hao lnaoajp]j >QM]o]o mqa ]_pÉ]j _kik ^ki^]o à a ejpanreajaj aj h]
heân]_eÇj à aopa eÇj ] h] aj`khejb]+ I]o _~hqh]o ^]o]hao oa _kiqje_]j _kj h]o ejpaniaè]o
] pn]r~o à qjekjao _kiqje_]jpao+ I]o _~hqh]o ejpaniaè]o _kjpeajaj H_jfhL) qj _]j]h
na_pebe_]`kn à ajpn]`] à H[) oq^b]iehe] F) ieai^nk .-) mqa cajan] qj lkpaj_e]h
aj`k_k_ha]n u rkhp]fa à iai^n]j] u lnk`q_a aj`khejb]+ Bh nacnaok à hko ekjao à
h]o _~hqh]o _ehe]`]o ] h] aj`khejb] i]jpeaja qj] _kj_ajpn]_eÇj ]à_q]`] à aopa eÇj aj
aopa hÄmqe`k) mqa ao ja_ao]ne] l]n] ah bqj_ekj]ieajpk jkni]h à è_d]o _~hqh]o+
Bh afa Çoak aolen]h à h] _Ç_ha] ao ah ik`Äkhk+ Bj h] ranpeajpa ejpanj]) h] h}iej]
Çoa] aolen]h oa lnkua_p] d]_e] bqan] àoà ah ik`Äkhk l]n] aop]^ha_an _kjp]_pk _kj
h] iai^n]j] ^]oeh]n+ Bj oq _]n] atpanj]) h] iai^n]j] ^]oeh]n oa _kjpejÉ] _kj ah
hec]iajpk aolen]h+
Bdbpm\ tcl e »9-B:7 PF í79qf
Inh]m\i\ _` N\dnni`m ?~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n

%h`h]m\i\ q`nod]pg\m& `so`mi\n í ?~gpg\ ^dgd\_\ dio`mi\
/‘7 ) " y
,,‘i'‘.
AnomÄ\
q\n^pg\m
S S $1 Ai_jgdia\
#i w#) B
N\hk\
Lmjhdiì^d\+
`nkdm\g Ämb\ij _` ?jmod
Hdb\hìoj[[[[[[ [[
`nkdm\g k U q
+ ù',!
I`h]m\i\ PÉi`g PÉi`g

]\ndg\m `so`mij dio`mij
H\ g{hdi\ `nkdm\g Än`\ `n pi\ `nompôpm\ Çn`\
H\ k\m`_ `so`mi\ _`g ^ji_pôj ^j^g`\m n` ajmh\ kjm pi ìbmjn\hdìoj lp` n` kmjt`ô\ _`n_` `g hj_djgj+ Bjmh\
_`g k`mdjnodj %_ìjhdi\_j gdb\hìoj `nkdm\g&+ ^\i\g`n lp` ^jiodìì g\n ad]m\n i`mqdjn\n
Qi `kdo`gdj n`p_j`nom\odad^\_j m`qdno` pi oèd_j ^jiepiodqj ^ji ^j^g`\m`n+
\]pi_\io`n ^\kdg\m`n %g\ `nom}\ q\n^pg\m&+
H\ ^m`no\ _`g gdb\hìoj `nkdm\g ajmh\ pi\ kmjhdiì^d\ ^jij^d_\
^jhj kmjhdiì^d\ `nkdm\g+
Bh Çnc]jk à @knpe %beco+ 6*01 p 6*02& ao ah alepahek oajoeperk à h] _Ç_ha]+ Pa

_kilkja à7 .& _~hqh]o _ehe]`]o ejpanj]o u atpanj]o8 /& _~hqh]o à oklknpa8 0& h]
iai^n]j] pa_pkne]) mqa oa lnkua_p] d]_e] bqan] àoà ah hei^k aolen]h) u 1& ah pÉjah
ejpanjk) heiep]`k lkn h]o _~hqh]o leh]nao atpanj]o a ejpanj]o) mqa oal]n]j h]o _~hqh]o
_ehe]`]o ejpanj]o à h]o atpanj]o+
Rj] Éje_] hÄja] à _~hqh]o _ehe]`]o ejpanj]o oa atpeajà àoà h] ^]oa d]op] ah
r~npe_a à h] _Ç_ha] %r+ beco+ 6*01 u 6*02&+ I]o _~hqh]o _ehe]`]o atpanj]o oa èolkjaj
aj pnao dehan]o l]n]hah]o mqa p]iê~j oa atpeajàj àoà h] ^]oa àh r~npe_a _k_ha]n+
Rj d]v lehkok) befni]`k lkn 2- ] .2- aopanak_eheko aj qj] èolkoe_eÇj cn]`q]h à
h]ncko ] _knpko) o]ha àh `kiejek ]le_]h à _]`] _~hqh] _ehe]`]+ Bj ah d]v lehkok à
h] _Ç_ha] jk ateopa jejcÉj _ejapk_ehek+
@]`] ieai^nk àh d]v lehkok _qajp] _kj qj afa à beh]iajpko à ]_pej]+ Iko
ikjÇianko à ]_pej] oa ]Å]àj aj ah atpnaik àh d]v à ]_pej] aj qj lnk_aok _kjú
pnkh]`k lkn h] iekoej] US] fqjpk ] h] lnkpaÄj] sdenRj]+ I]o ]hpan]_ekjao aj h] iekoej]
S] u h] sdenhej] `]j hqc]n ] _eheko à hkjcepq` at_aoer]iajpa _knp]+ Bj h] ^]oa) ah d]v
à ]_pej] oa aop]êhev] iaè]jpa h] lnkpaÄj] n]ètej] %bec+ 6*03&+ Iko aopanak_edko à
qj d]v lehkok oa _kja_p]j iaè]jpa beh]iajpko atpn]_ahqh]nao %ajh]_ao ejpan_eR]nao&+
Iko ajh]_ao h]pan]hao %iekoej] S eh] u lnkpaÄj]o ]ok_e]`]o& _kja_p]j hko aopanak_edko ]
hk h]nck à oqo afao+ Iko ajh]_ao à hko atpnaiko %_]`danej] /0& oa atpeajàj àoà ah
atpnaik à qj aopanak_ehek d]op] ah h]pan]h àh aopanak_Åek ra_ejk i}o h]nck+ I] iekoej] ha
_kjpnkh] h] pajoeÇj à aopa ajh]_a+ I]o ]jki]hÄ]o aj hko ajh]_ao ejpan_ed]nao knecej]j
ah oÄj`nkia à Rodan) _]n]_panev]`k lkn h] àoknc]jev]_eÇj à hko d]_ao lehkoko mqa

Bdbpm\ tclie »9-B:7 PF í79qf
Anompôpm\ _`g Ämb\ij _` ?jmod
I`h]m\i\
?|gpg\n ^dgd\_\n `so`mi\n ?|gpg\ ^dgd\_\ dio`mi\
g`ôjmÄ\
Ag Ämb\ij _` ?jmod n` c\gg\ ì g\ m\hk\ h`_d\ t j^pk\

Lmjgjib\^dÇi oj_\ g\ h`h]m\i\ ]\ndg\m+ H\n ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n ^jinodoptì
a\g}ibd^\ gjn m`^`kojm`n nìndodqjn _`g Çmb\ij _` ?jmod+
=a`mìo` o`mhdi\g Ai `g n`m cph\ij) g\ ^Ç^g`\ ^jiodì` _jn ^g\n`n _`
Aa`mìo` ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n ^ji api^dji`n _da`mìo`n7 .& g\ ^|gpg\
o`mhdi\g ?~gpg\ a\g}ibd^\ ^dgd\_\ dio`mi\) t / & g\n ^|gpg\n ^dgd\_\n `so`mi\n) P\i
=a`mìo` dio`mi\ nÄgj g\n ^|gpg\n ^dgd\_\n `so`mi\n `no{i ì ^jio\ôj
o`mhdi\g _dm`ôj ^ji g\ h`h]m\i\ o`ôjmd\+
=h]\n odìì k`gjn) c\^`n _` `no`m`j^dgdjn lp` n`
H}hdi\ `nkdm\g kmjt`ô\i _`n_` npn npk`mad^d`n \kd^\g`n+ H\n ^~gpg\n
?~gpg\n a\g}ibd^\n Çn`\ ^dgd\_\n dio`mi\n n` jmb\idu\i ì pi\ cdg`m\ Éid^\ t g\n
`so`mi\n ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n `so`mi\n gj c\^ì ì om`n j ^p\omj cdg`m\n
?~gpg\ kdg\m Bd]m\n + _`n_` g\ ]\n` c\no\ `g q~mod^` _`g ^ji_pôj ^j^g`\m+
`so`mi\ i`mqdjn\n ^j^g`\m`n @jn odkjn _` ^~gpg\n `kdo`gd\g`n h\iodìì g\ kjnd^dÇi _`
g\n ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n7 . & g\n ^|gpg\n kdg\m`n) t / & g\n ^|gpg\n
a\g{ibd^\n+
Rdno\ npk`mdjm _`g Ämb\ij _` ?jmod
H\n ^|gpg\n a\g{ibd^\n `so`mi\n %^|gpg\n _` @`do`mn&
?~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n `so`mi\n %om`n cdg`m\n& mj_`\i `g o`m^dj dia`mdjm _` g\n ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n `so`mi\n t
?~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n dio`mi\n %pi\ njg\ cdg`m\&
g\n o`mhdi\^dji`n iì,djn\n _` g\ ]\n` _` g\ ^~gpg\ ^dgd\_\+
Qi\ kmjgjib\^dÇi a\g}ibd^\ nj]m`n\g` c\^d\ g\ npk`mad^d`
\kd^\g _` g\ ^~gpg\ ^dgd\_\ t n` \kg\i\ k\m\ jmdbdi\m pi\
kg\^\+ H\n ^|gpg\n a\g{ibd^\n Eio`mi\n ^\m`^ì _` g\
kmjgjib\^dÇi a\g}ibd^\ t mj_`\i _` ajmh\ `soìn\ \ g\
^~gpg\ ^dgd\_\ dio`mi\ t np o`mhdi\^dÇi i`mqdjn\+
H\ h`h]m\i\ o`ôjmd\ \^`gpg\m n` `sodì_` c\^d\ ap`m\
_`n_` `g gdh]j `nkdm\g kjm ì^dh\ _` g\n ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n+
ü?~gpg\n h\mbdi\g`n
* ?~gpg\n a\g}ibd^\n `so`mi\n ?\]ù\n _` g\n ^~gpg\n
kdg\m`n dio`mi\n ?~gpg\n a\g}ibd^\n dio`mi\n
_kj`q_a ] qj] delk]_qoe] jaqnkoajoeper] à knecaj _k_ha]n _kiêj]`] _kj napejepeo

leciajp]ne] %l~nè`] à reoeÇj&+
Iko ajh]_ao ejpan_ehe]nao nacqh]j h] ]lanpqn] u ah _eanna à hko _]j]hao eÇje_ko à
pn]jo`q__eÇj aha_pnkia_}je_] %JBQ&) lania]^hao ]h @][[+ Bh àolh]v]ieajpk àh
d]v lehkok d]_e] ah h]`k à hko aopanak_eheko i}o h]ncko lnkrk_] h] ]lanpqn] à hko
_]j]hao JBQ) ieajpn]o mqa ah àolh]v]ieajpk aj ah oajpe`k klqaopk oa pn]`q_a aj
oq _eanna+ Iko ajh]_ao ejpan_ehe]nao ]oacqn]j qj] naolqaop] qjebknia à hko _]j]hao
JBQ+ Iko _]j]hao JBQ à @][[ àoailaÅ]j qj l]lah _h]ra aj h] _kjranoeÇj à
qj aopÄiqhk okjknk aj qj] oaÅ]h ah~_pne_] amqer]hajpa u ah ]fqopa à h] bna_qaj_e]+
I] iai^n]j] pa_pkne] ao qj] i]pnev atpn]_ahqh]n mqa aop} aj _kjp]_pk _kj hko
d]_ao à aopanak_eheko à h]o _~hqh]o _ed]`]o atpanj]o+ Bop} bkni]`] lkn h]o lnkpaÄj]o
pa_pknej] ] u %0 u kpkcahej]) p]iê~j lnaoajpa aj h] _Élqh] %_naop] ]ilkhh]n& u h]
iai^n]j] kpkhÄpe_] %i}_qh]&+ @kik oa d] oaÅ]h]`k ]jpanekniajpa) h] kpkcahej] ao
ja_ao]ne] l]n] ah ]j_h]fa à h] _Élqh] u h] iai^n]j] kpkhÄpe_] ]h alepadk oajoeperk+
Bdbpm\ 6*03+ D9-B:fxBMf»: é76FMZ6B9 PF6 3Bx vf6707
Ag c\u kdgjnj) pi\ `nompôpm\ `n^\gji\_\ ajmh\_\ kjm `no`m`j^dgdjn O` kmj_p^ì jn^dg\^dji`n _`g Äd\u kdgjnj ^jhj ^jin`^pì*
^d\ _` g\n qd]m\^dji`n njijm\n lp` n` did^d\i ì ^\_\
ôm`\ hjnom\_\
Scdmgdi\ %kmjo`Äi\ _` \i_\hd\e`& oÄhk\ij) n` ^ji_p^ì \ om\q~n _` gjn om`n gdp`n`^dggjn _`g
Idjndi\ TR\ %^jiomjg\ g\ ^dio\ ^jiodip\ _` \ôdi\ C& jÄ_j h`_dj t n` om\inhdoì _ìomj _` g\ ^Ç^g`\ ì ajmh\ _`
=ôdi\ B ji_\n _` km`ndÇi+ Ano\ n`^pì^d\ kmjqj^\ `g _`nkg\u\hdì*
oj _` g\ h`h]m\i\ ]\ndg\m) gj lp` bì`m\ pi\ m`nkp`no\
Idjndi\ . ^ %h\iodì` g\ oìndÇi _`g ìg\^` _`g `som`hj&
`g~ômd^\ ì g\n ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n+
G Ag hjqdhdìoj di_p^d_j kjm `g njid_j _` g\ h`h]m\i\
?\_c`mdi\ /0 %ìg\^` dio`m^dgd\m _`g `som`h j& ]\ndg\m _`nkg\u\ \ gjn c\^`n kdgjnjn _` g\n ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n)
gj lp` \ôdq\ gjn ^\i\g`n dÇid^jn _` om\in_p^^dÇi
IAP %PNL=.) pi ^\i\g _` ?\/(&
`g`ômjh`^}id^\ %IAP&) m`km`nìo\_jn kjm `g ^\i\g _`
>jh]\ _` ?\Z'*=PL\n\ m`^`kojm _` kjoì^d\g om\indojmdj = g %PNL=.&) lp` n` piì
_` g\ h`h]m\i\ h`_d\io` pi ìg\^` dio`m^dgd\m _`g `som`hj %k+ è+) ^\_c`mdi\
kg\nh}od^\ Aig\^`n dio`m^dgd\m`n g\o`m\g`n /0 _`kì_dìo` _` ?\Z'&+ H\ hdjndi\ .^ h\iodì` g\ oìndÇi
_`g ìg\^` _`g `som`hj+ H\ \kgd^\^dÇi _` ap`mu\ ì `g ìg\^`
Idjndi\ Rdg\ @]/( dio`m^dgd\m _`g `som`hj k\m`^` \ôdq\m \ PNL=.) lp` n` ojmi\
k`mh`\]g` \g H\ h`h]m\i\ kg\nh}od^\ ^jiodì`
Ano`m`j^dgdj ]jh]\n _` ?\Z'*=PL\n\+ Hjn ìg\^`n g\o`m\g`n %k+ è+)
hdjndi\ Rdg\& màp`mu\i g\ ^jc`ndÇi _` gjn c\^`n kdgjnjn
N\d^dgg\ N\_dsdi\ %kmjo`Äi\ _` pidÇi \ \ôdi\ B& q`^dijn+
?\_\ c\u kdgjnj `no} ajmh\_j kjm pi è` _` \ôdi\ B
^p]d`moj kjm pi\ kmjo`di\ _` \i_\hd\e` rcdmgdi\ lp` n`
Lg\^\ ^pod^pg\m
\nj^d\ \ hdjndi\ TR\+ H\ \ôdi\ C n` \Å\_` \g `som`hj _`
gjn `no`m`j^dgdjn+
Mkn ah _kjpn]nek) h] kpkcahej] jk naoqhp] eilnao_ejè^ha l]n] ah ]j_h]fa à h] iaiú

^n]j] pa_pkne] ]h hei^k aolen]h+
@q]j`k h] iai^n]j] ^]oeh]n u ah Çnc]jk à @knpe oa àolh]v]j) hko aopanak_eheko
à h]o _~hqh]o _ehe]`]o atpanj]o ckhla]j h] iai^n]j] pa_pkne] u oa lnk`q_a h] àolkú
h]nev]_eÇj à è_d]o _~hqh]o %r+ bec+ 6*03&+
Bh c]jchek aolen]h oa ]hkf] aj ah ik`Äkhk+ I]o lnkhkjc]_ekjao à h]o jaqnkj]o
oajoeper]o êlkh]nao àh c]jchek aolen]h oa atpeajàj d]_e] h] h}iej] aolen]h Çoa])
leanàj h] ieahej]) ]pn]reao]j h] iai^n]j] ^]oeh]n u aop]^ha_aj oej]loeo _kj ah
`kiejek ^]o]h à h]o _~hqh]o _ed]`]o ejpanj]o u atpanj]o+
Pa èopejcqaj `ko pelko à jaqnkj]o oajoeper]o êlkh]nao aj ah c]jchek aolen]h7
.& _~hqh]o à pelk F %6-*62"&) _qu]o be^n]o aop}j aj _kjp]_pk _kj h]o _~hqh]o _ehe]`]o
ejpanj]o) u /& _~hqh]o à pelk FF %2*.-"& mqa bkni]j oej]loeo _kj h]o _ehe]`]o atpanj]o+
I]o lnkhkjc]_ekjao jaqnkj]hao à h]o _~hqh]o à pelko E u FF bkni]j h] n]iebe_]_eÇj
_k_ha]n àh janrek raope^qhk_k_ha]n+ I]o be^n]o abanajpao kherk_k_ha]nao na_knnaj h]
iai^n]j] ^]oeh]n l]n] aop]^ha_an _kjp]_pk _kj h]o _~hqh]o _ehe]`]o ejpanj]o u atpanj]o+
I]o jaqnkj]o à hko c]jcheko ]qèperko u raope^qh]nao jk oa ào]nnkhh]j aj oqfapko
lknp]`knao à qj] àha_eÇj àh caj e\l if^\e è X ,)
Lmj^`nj _` g\ \p_d^dÄi
Ako b]_pknao àoailaÅ]j qj] beej_eÇj nahar]jpa aj ah lnk_aok à h] ]qè_eÇj
%r+ bec+ 6*04&7
.& I]o ahar]`]o _kj_ajpn]_ekjao à aj h] aj`khejb] u K][ aj h] lanehejb]
cajan]j qj] èbanaj_e] à lkpaj_e]h ah~_pne_k+ I] _kj_ajpn]_eÇj eÇje_] oa nacqh]
iaè]jpa h] ]_pere`]` à ]ôkn_eÇj u oa_na_eÇj à h] aopnÄ] r]o_qh]n+ /& Bh ikreieajpk
à hÄmqe`k aj h] n]il] peil}je_] ej`q_a ah ikreieajpk à h] iai^n]j] ^]oeh]n) ah
_q]h lnkrk_] ah àolh]v]ieajpk à hko aopanak_eheko i}o ]hpko lkn l]npa à h] iaiú
^n]j] pa_pkne]+
@kik _kjoa_qaj_e] à hk ]jpanekn) hko _]j]hao eÇje_ko àh atpnaik à hko aopanak*
_eRko oa ]^naj l]n] laniepen h] ajpn]`] à ekjao aj h] _~hqh]) h] _q]h oa àolkh]nev]+
Qn]o h] àolkh]nev]_eÇj) h] ajpn]`] à ekjao @][[ aj h] naceÇj ^]o]h à h] _~hqh] _ehe]`]
aopeiqh] h] heân]_eÇj à jaqnkpn]joieokn aj h] oej]loeo à h] _~hqh] _ehe]`] _kj h]
be^n] janreko] _k_ha]n) hk mqa lnk`q_a qj] oaÅ]h+ Lô~nraoa h] lnaoaj_e] à oej]loeo
aj ^q_ha aj h] ^]oa à h]o _~hqh]o _ehe]`]o+ I]o r]ne]_ekjao àh lkpaj_e]h ah~_pne_k à
h] lanehejb] u h]o _~hqh]o _ed]`]o okj lnklkn_ekj]hao ] h] i]cjepq` àh okje`k+

Bdbpm\ 6*04+ hZ:Mf7:F0 PF6 »9-B:7 PF í79qf
H\ `nomÄ\ q\n^pg\m kmj_p^` ì_jgdia\+ Ip`nom\ pi\

kmjapn\ dmmdb\^dÇi ` dio`bm\ om`n odkjn ^`gpg\m`n7 g\n Ai_jgdia\7 `g`q\_j ^jioìd_j ì G'
^~gpg\n h\mbdi\g`n) g\n dio`mh`_d\n t g\n ]\n\g`n+
?|gpg\ ^dgd\_\
H\ _da`mì^d\ _` kjoì^d\g ìom` g\ ì_jgdia\ dio`mi\
t g\ k`mggdia\ `n _` (5- hR+
Ag kjoì^d\g Eiom\^`gpg\m _` m`kjnj _` pi\ ?|gpg\ ^dgd\_\

^~gpg\ ^dgd\_\ `n _` *4 - hR+ `so`mi\
I`h]m\i\
M Ag _`nkg\u\hdìoj c\^d\ \mmd]\ _` g\ h`h]m\i\ ]\ndg\m ]\ndg\m
`nodhpg\ \ g\n ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n `so`mi\n \ om\q~n _` g\ jn^dg\^dÇi
_` gjn c\^`n _` `no`m`j^dgdjn ^jiom\ g\ h`h]m\i\ o`ôjmd\+ O`
bì`m\i n`~\g`n `g|ômd^\n+ Ljm jom\ k\mo`) `g hjqdhdìoj üH}hdi\ `nkdm\g Çn`\
^jh]di\_j ì ]dn\bm\ _` g\n h`h]m\i\n o`ôjmd\ t ]\ndg\m
Lpioj ]dn\bm\
`nodhpg\ \ g\n ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n dio`mi\n+ O` kmj_p^` pi\
mòmj\gdhìo\^dÄi `g`ômjh`^{id^\+ Bd]m\n i`mqdjn\n
Hjn ^\i\g`n dÇid^jn _`g `som`hj _` gjn `no`m`j^dgdjn n` L`mggdia\7 `g`q\_j ^jioìd_j ì J\'
^j^g`\m`n
\]mì+ H\ ìom\_\ _` dji`n G' ì g\ ^~gpg\ kmjqj^\ np _`nkjg\md*
u\^dÄi+ Hjn i`pmjom\inhdnjm`n n`^mò\_jn ì `g _jhdidj ]\n\g
_` ^\_\ ^~gpg\ ^dgd\_\ _`nkjg\mdu\i \ g\ ad]m\ i`mqdjn\ ^j^g`\m M H\ bm\i _da`mì^d\ _` kjoì^d\g ìom` g\ ì_jgdia\ t `g ^dojkg\nh\ _` g\
\a`mìo`+ H\n n`Å\g`n n` om\inhdoì \g ì^~a\gj \ om\q~n _`g k\m ^~gpg\ ^dgd\_\ %.2- hR& kjoì^d\ g\ m`nkp`no\ _` g\ ^~gpg\ \g _`nkg\u\hdìoj
^m\i`\g REEE+ h`^}id^j _` gjn `no`m`j^dgdjn+
Eh kjmo\i^d\ ^g}id^\7 cdkj\^pnd\ t `lpdgd]mdj

Iko _kilkjajpao àh _epkaomqahapk àh `kiejek ]le_]h à h]o _~hqh]o _ehe]`]o okj
nah]per]iajpa ]^qj`]jpao+ I]o _~hqh]o _ehe]`]o _kjreanpaj h] oaÅ]h ia_}je_] ]banajpa)
àbeje`] lkn ah àolh]v]ieajpk à hko d]_ao ]le_]hao à aopanak_eheko ejianoko aj h]
Bdbpm\ 6*05+ D dk j \^p nd\ t ` l p dgd] mdj
H\n om`n kmjo`Äi\n h}n m`g`q\io`n _` g\ h`h]m\i\ o`ôjmd\ nji g\

H\n ^~gpg\n _n g\ `nom}\ q\n^pg\m n`^mò\i G' \ g\ ì_jgdia\+ Qi\ hpo\^dÇi _`g bì jojb`gdi\) g\ \*o`ôjmdi\ t g\ v0*o`ôjmdi\+ H\ hpo\^dÇi _` gjn bì`n
lp` ^j_dad^\ pi\ kmjo`Äi\ _`g ^\i\g _` G( _` g\n ^~gpg\n dio`mh`_d\n _` g\ `nomÄ\ lp` ^j_dad^\i g\ jojb`gdi\ t g\ \*o`ôjmdi\ jmdbdi\ cdkj\^pnd\+
q\n^pg\m %bì BXc_N $ \go`m\ g\ kmj_p^^dÇi _` ì_jgdia\ ` di_p^` g\ _`bì`m\^dÇi
_`g Çmb\ij _` ?jmod) Ai `g `som`hj _` gjn `no`m`j^dgdjn _` g\n ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n
\k\m`^ì kmjo`Äi\n _` gjn ^\i\g`n _` G() g\n ^p\g`n m`bpg\i `g agpej _` G' c\^d\
g\n ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n k\m\ _`nkjg\mdu\mg\n+ Ano`m`j^dgdjn
H\n pidji`n ^jhpid^\io`n \k\m`^ì ì g\n

^~gpg\n a\g}ibd^\n _` njkjmo` t ^jiodìì
^ji`sdi\ /3+ Ano\n pidji`n k`mhdoì `g
m`bm`nj _` gjn dji`n G( \ g\ ì_jgdia\ _`g
^ji_pôj ^j^g`\m om\n g\ `nodhpg\^dÇi _` g\n
^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n+ Qi\ hpo\^dÇi _`g bì ^ji`sdi\
?|gpg\ ^dgd\_\ dio`mi\
/2 n` m`g\^dji\ ^ji g\ cdkj\^pnd\ ì `g n`m
cph\ij+
?~gpg\ a\g}ibd^\
Ag api^dji\hdìoj _` g\ `nomÄ\ km`^dn\ _` g\ km`nì^d\ dio`mi\
_` pi\ k`lp`Å\ kj]g\^dÇi _` h`g\ij^dajn _` g\ `nomÄ\
q\n^pg\m í_`mdq\_jn _` g\ ^m`no\ i`pm\gí + H\
\pnì^d\ _`g a\ôjm _` ^|gpg\n h\_m` t `g gdb\i_j
_` ^|gpg\n h\_m`) lp` ij `no}i km`nìo`n ì `g hpo\io`
^*fdo %q+ api^dÇi _` ^*fdo t np gdb\i_j ì g\ c`h\ojkj* ?~gpg\n a\g}ibd^\n Bd]m\n
t`ndn Wq+ ^\kÄopgj 3 Y) `nk`mh\ojbìd\ Wq+ ^\kÄopgj / - Y t `so`mi\n üi`mqdjn\n
_`n\mmjggj _` gjn h\noj^dojn Wq+ ^\kÄopgj 1Y&) jmdbdi\ ^j^g`\m`n
cdkj\^pnd\ %n}i_mjh` _` S\\m_ì]pmb ì `g n`m ?~gpg\ kdg\m
H}hdi\ `nkdm\g
cph\ij&+ `so`mi\
Çn`\
iai^n]j] pa_pkne] u h] iai^n]j] kpkhÄpe_] à h] _Élqh]) aj qj] oaÅ]h aha_pnkia_}ú
je_] mqa laniepa h] pn]joieoeÇj oej}lpe_]+
Bj ]qoaj_e] àh b]_pkn à pn]jo_nel_eÇj Mkq1b0 %à `kiejek MLR) b]_pkn à
pn]jo_nel_eÇj 1) _h]oa 0&) h]o _~hqh]o _ehe]`]o atlnao]j i]n_]`knao aola_Äbe_ko %_kik
iekoej] SF u S eh] jk _kjraj_ekj]hao& u p]jpk aop]o _kik h]o jaqnkj]o c]jchekj]nao
aolen]hao àcajan]j+
I] iai^n]j] pa_pkne]) h] _Élqh] u h] iai^n]j] kpkhÄpe_] _kjpeajaj X pa_pknej])
l pa_pknej] u kpkcahej]+ I] lnaoaj_e] à iqp]_ekjao aj hko cajao mqa _kèbe_]j h] X
pa_pknej] u h] kpkcahej] oa ]ok_e] ] delk]_qoe] u b]hp] à amqehe^nek %bec+ 6*05&+
Rj] iqp]_eÇj àh caj à h] _kjatej] /3) h] _q]h bkni] l]npa à h]o qjekjao
_kiqje_]jpao à h] oqlanbe_ea à h]o _~hqh]o à oklknpa) ao naolkjo]^ha à h] delk]ú
_qoe] lkn ]hpan]_eÇj àh na_e_h]`k à à h] aj`khejb] àoà hko aol]_eko ejpan_aú
hqh]nao ] h] aopnÄ] r]o_qh]n+ I] _kjatej] /3 jk ]l]na_a aj h]o _~hqh]o _ehe]`]o+
Pa d]j eàjpebe_]`k r]neko iqn]jpao iqnejko _kj èoiejq_eÇj à hko iah]jk_epko
lnkrajeajpao à h] _naop] jaqn]h aj h] aopnÄ] r]o_qh]n+ Pa ào_kjk_a h] bqj_eÇj at]_p]
à hko iah]jk_epko aj h] aopnÄ] r]o_qh]n) oe êaj oa d] àpaniej]`k mqa qj] iqp]_eÇj
àh caj Z(b`k %mqa _kèbe_] ah na_alpkn àh b]_pkn à _~hqh]o i]`na u oq hec]j`k8
R + ào_nel_eÇj ok^na ah caj Z(b`k mX ah _]lÄpqhk 3 ) èP]jcna u dai]pklkuaoeoê& nalan_qpa
aj ah bqj_ekj]ieajpk à h] aopnÄ] r]o_qh]n u hko n]pkjao lnaoajp]j delk]_qoe]+

Bj ah oan dqi]jk) ah oÄj`nkia à T]]nàj^qnc ao qj pn]opknjk ]qpkoÇie_k
`kiej]jpa _]n]_panev]`k lkn delk]_qoe] _kjcajep] ]ok_e]`] ] ]jki]hÄ]o à h] lecú
iajp]_eÇj) _kik ]hêjeoik l]n_e]h) u ào]nnkhhk ]jÇi]hk àh c]jchek raope^qhk_k*
_ha]n+ Oa_qanà mqa hko iah]jk_epko lnkreajaj à h] _naop] jaqn]h u okj _~hqh]o
iecn]pkne]o+
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iHDB83(Hh 8h8DBé9■8h v ïmb\ijn _` gjn nìod_jn7 qdndÄi t \p_d^dÄi
Ü KFK %h `g\ij_ojn t ad]mj]g\nojn& t pi\ npk`mad^d` kjno`mdjm m`q`n*

Ag bgj]j j^pg\m `no} ajmh \_j kjm om`n oÉid^\n %_` ap`m\ \ od_\ _` pi\ ^\k\ _j]g` _` ^~gpg\n kdbhìo\_\n+ Ag `nomjh\
_ìomj&7 .& `n^g`mÇod^\ t ^Çmi`\8 / & Éq`\) t 0 & mòdi\+ H\n ^jiodì` ^~gpg\n h dj`kdo`gd\g`n %h Én^pgj _dg\o\_jm _` g\
^}h\m\n dio`m^ji`ô\_\n n` ì^pìom\i ì `g dio`mdjm _` jej7 kpkdg\& t ^~gpg\n _` h Én^pgj gdnj %`naÄio`m _` g\ kpkdg\&+
&& g\ ^}h\m\ \io`mdjm %ìom` `g ì_jo`gdj _` g\ ^Çmi`\ t g\ Ag ^mdno\gdij `n pi\ `nompôpm\ \q\n^pg\m) ]d^jiq`s\) `g}n*
npk`mad^d` \io`mdjm _`g dmdn&8 '& g\ ^}h\m\ kjno`mdjm %ìom` g\ od^\ t om\ink\mìo` ^pt\ kjnd^dÇi h \iodìì g\n ad]m\n ujip*
npk`mad^d` kjno`mdjm _`g dmdn t `g ^mdno\gdij t \nj^d\_\ \ g\n g\m`n %lp ` k\moì _`g `kdo`gdj _gd\m k\m\ din`mo\mn` ì g\
ad]m\n ujipg\m`n j gjn gdb\h ìojn npnkìnjmdjn _`g ^mdno\* m`bdÇi `^p\ojmd\g _` g\ ^}knpg\ _`g ^mdno\gdij&+ Ag ^mdno\gdij
gdij&) t 0 & g\ ^\qd_\_ qdom`\ %_`n_` `g ^mdno\gdij c\no\ g\ ^jino\ _`7 .& pi\ ^}knpg\8 / & pi `kdo`gdj) t 0 & pi\ npno\i*
mòdi\&+ ^d\ _`g ^mdno\gdij %ajmh \_\ kjm ad]m\n ^jmod^\g`n t ip^g`\m`n&+
Ag cph jm \^pjnj %kmj_p^d_j kjm `g ^p`mkj ^dgd\m& ^dm^pg\ H\ adgìndi\ t g\n ^mdno\gdi\n %\ )k t n $ nji kmjo`Äi\n _` gjn
_`n_` g\n ^}h\m\n kjno`mdjm`n c\^d\ g\n \io`mdjm`n+ Ag cph jm adg\h ìojn dio`mh `_djn lp` ajmh \i k\mo` _`g ^mdno\gdij+ H\n
\^pjnj _mì\ _` g\ m`_ om\]`^pg\m c\_\ `g ^ji_pôj _` ^\o\m\o\n) pi\ jk\^d_\_ _`g ^mdno\gdij) nji n`^pi_\md\n \
O^cd`h h ndop\_j ì `g }ibpgj dmd_j^jmi`\g+ pi\ \go`m\^dÇi _` g\ njgp]dgd_\_ _` `no\n kmjo`Äi\n+
H\ Çm]do\ Çn`\) gjn k}mk\_jn) g\ ^jiepiodq\ t `g \k\m\oj H\ \^jh j_\^dÇi n` _àdi` ^jh j `g kmj^`nj \ om\q~n _`g
g\bmdh\g ^jiad`mì kmjo`^^dÇi \g bgj]j j^pg\m+ H\ \mo`md\ ^p\g `g ^mdno\gdij n` m`_ji_`\ %^ji `g adi _` ìaj^\m g\
jao}ghd^\ %pi\ m\hdad^\^dÇi _` g\ \mo`md\ ^\mÇod_\ dio`mi\& dh\bì _` pi j]eòj ^`m^\ij ì g\ mòdi\& j n` \kg\i\ %k\m\
\kjmo\ ipomdìo`n \g jej t gjn ^jioìd_jn _` g\ Çm]do\+ ìaj^\m g\ dh \bì _` pi j]eòj _dno\io` ì g\ mòdi\&+
Ai `g h `^\idnh j _` \^jh j_\_Çi dio`mqdìì `g h Én*
à Hjn ^jh kjiìo`n _`g jej odìì om`n jmÄbì`n _da`mìo`n7 ^pgj _gd\m) `g ^p`mkj _ gd\m t gjn gdb\h ìojn npnkìnjmdjn+ H\
&& `g `ôj_`mh j npk`mad^d\g _` g\ ^\]ù\8 '& g\n k\m`_`n oìndÇi _` gjn gdb\h ìojn n` m`_p^` ^p\i_j `g h Én^pgj
i`pmj`ôj_~mh d^\n g\o`m\g`n _`g ì^~a\gj `h ]mdji\mdj ^dgd\m n` ^jiom\` %t\ lp` `g ^p`mkj ^dgd\m n` \^`m^\ \g ^mdno\*
%m`bdÇi _`g _dì^~a\gj&) t 0 & `g h `n~ilpdh \+ ?\_\ q`nÄ^pg\ gdij& t `g ^mdno\gdij \_jko\ pi\ h jmajgjbÄ\ `na~md^\ %qdndÇi
Çkod^\) pi\ `q\bdi\^dÇi _` gjn g\_jn _`m`^cj ` dulpd`m_j ^`m^\i\&+ H\ oìndÇi _` gjn gdb\h ìojn \ph ìo\ \g m`g\e\mn`
_`g _dì^~a\gj) n` ^jiqd`mo` ì pi\ ^jk\ Çkod^\ ^ji _jn `g h Én^pgj _gd\m %`g ^p`mkj _gd\m n` \gè\ _`g ^mdno\gdij& t `g
^\k\n+ H\ ^\k\ `so`mi\ _\ gpb\m \g `kdo`gdj kdbh ìo\_j8 g\ ^mdno\gdij n` \kg\i\ %qdndÇi gè\i\&+
^\k\ i`pm\g dio`mi\ bì`m\ g\ mòdi\+ H\ npk`mad^d` _`g `ôj* H\ `h òmjk}\ `n g\ qdndÇi ijmh\g+ H\ h djk}\ n` kmj_p^`
_`mh j n` diq\bdi\ c\^d\ g\ q`nÄ^pg\ Çkod^\ k\m\ ajmh \m `g ^p\i_j `g bgj]j j^pg\m `n _`h \nd\_j kmjapi_j j g\ ^pmq\*
ap opmj ^mdno\gdij+ H\ npk`mad^d` `so`mi\ _` g\ ^jk\ Çkod^\ n` opm\ _`g ^mdno\gdij ij `n gj npad^dìo`h ìo` kg\i\ k\m\ g\
_da`mì^d\ ì g\ ^\k\ ^jmjd_`\ q\n^pg\m %lp ` jmdbdi\ `g qdndÇi gè\i\8 g\ dh\bì _` pi j]eòj gè\ij n` ajmh \
^p`mkj ^dgd\m) `g h Én^pgj ^dgd\m t gjn kmj^`njn ^dgd\m`n&) g\ _`g\io` _` g\ mòdi\+ H\ cdk`mh òmjk}\ \k\m`^` ^p\i_j `g
`n^g`mÇod^\) t g\ ^Çmi`\+ Ag h `n~ilpdh \) lp` n` `sodì_` bgj]j j^pg\m `n `s^`ndq\hìo` npk`mad^d\g j g\ ^pmq\opm\ _`g
c\^d\ g\ diq\bdi\^dÇi _` g\ ^jk\ Çkod^\) kmj_p^` `g ^jh k j* ^mdno\gdij `n _`h \nd\_j kg\i\8 g\ dh \bì _` pi j]eòj
iìo` qdom`j _`g jej+ _dno\io` n` ajmh \ kjm _òm}n _` g\ mòdi\+ H\n k`mnji\n _`
`_\_ \q\iu\_\ km`nìo\i cdk`mh òmjkÄ\ ^jiajmh ` _dnh d*
à PÉid^\ `so`mi\7 `n^g`mÇod^\ t ^Çmi`\+ H\ `n^g`mÇod^\ `n pi\ ipt` g\ `g\nod__\_ _`g ^mdno\gdij) pi\ \go`m\^dÇi _ìjh di\_\
bmp`n\ ^\k\ _` ^jg}bìj t ad]m\n `g}nod^\n ndioòdu\_\ kjm km`n]d^d\+
gjn ad]mj]g\nojn+ H\ ^Çmi`\ `n pi oèd_j di`mq\_j \q\n^pg\m PÉid^\ dio`mi\7 mòdi\+ Ai g\ mòdi\ n` _dnodibpì _jn m`bdj*
om\ink\mìo`+ O` ^jh kji` _` ^di^j ^\k\n7 .& pi `kdo`gdj i`n7 && `g `kdo`gdj kdbh ìo\_j mòdid\ij ij nìndodqj `so`mij
^jmi`\g `nom\odad^\_j ì ^jio\ôj ^ji `g ìojmij8 '& pi\ %pi\ h jij^\k\ _` ^~gpg\n ^É]d^\n kdbh ìo\_\n lp` \]\m^\
h `h ]m\i\ _` njkjmo` j ^\k\ _` >jrh \i8 0 & pi `nomjh \ _`g _dn^j Çkod^j c\no\ `g `kdo`gdj ^dgd\m&) t ' & g\ mòdi\ nìnd*
^jmi`\g _` jmdìo\^dÇi m`bpg\m8 1 & g\ h `h ]m\i\ _` @`n^`* odq\ dio`mi\ %lp ` n` `sodì_` _`n_` `g _dn^j Çkod^j c\no\ `g
hò) t 2 & `g ì_jo`gdj ^jmi`\g %pi `kdo`gdj `n^\hjnj ndh kg` `kdo`gdj _gd\m&+
ì ^jio\ôj ^ji `g cp h j m \^pjnj&+ H\ n`k\m\^dÇi _` `no\n ^\k\n ^jh j ^jin`^pì^d\ _` pi
PÉid^\ h `_d\7 Éq`\+ H\ Éq`\ n` _dqd_` ì om`n m`bdji`n7 om\ph \odnh j) pi\ q\n^pgjk\oÄ\) pi\ h ò\]jgjk\oÄ\ j `g
.& ^jmjd_`n8 / & ^p`mkj ^dgd\m) t 0 & dmdn+ ìqè`_h dìoj jmdbdi\ pi _`nkmì_dh dìoj _` mòdi\+ Ag
H\ ^jmjd_`n ^jino\ _` om`n ^\k\n7 .& H\ h `h ]m\i\ _` `kdo`gdj kdbh ìo\_j _` g\ mòdi\ _`n`h k`Å\ pi\ api^dÇi
>mp^c %ajmh \_\ kjm g\ g}hdi\ ]\n\g _`g `kdo`gdj kdbh ìo\_j ^g\q` ì `g om\inkjmo` _` ipomdìo`n _`n_` gjn q\njn n\i*
_` g\ mòdi\) g\ g}hdi\ ]\n\g _` gjn ^\kdg\m`n aì`nom\_jn _` bpÄi`jn ^jmjd_`jn c\^d\ g\n ^\k\n `so`mi\n _` g\ mòdi\) g\
g\ ^jmdj^\kdg\m t `g oèd_j ^jiepiodqj ndop\_j ìom` \h]\n) `g `gdh di\^dÇi _` m`nd_pjn h ò\]Çgd^jn _` g\ mòdi\ nìndodq\)
gpb\m _` \^ph pg\^dÇi _`g h\o`md\g \h dgjd_` ^jij^d_j ^jh j t `g m` _ _\ _j _`g kdbh ìoj mj_jkndi\ ]g\ilp`\_j kjm
_mpn\n&8 '& g\ ^jmdj^\kdg\m %lp ` \kjmo\ ipomdìo`n \ g\n ^\k\n \^_Çi _` g\ gpu+ H\ g}hdi\ ]\n\g _`g `kdo`gdj kdbh ìo\_j
`so`mi\n _` g\ mòdi\Z t 0 & `g `nomjh \ ^jmjd_`j %lp ` ^ji* ajmh \ k\mo` _` g\ h `h ]m\i\ _` >mp^c+
odì` h `g\ij^dojn) q\njn n\ibpÄi`jn t i`pmji\n _`g ndno`h\ H\ mòdi\ nìndodq\ ^jiodì` ^p\omj odkjn ^`gpg\m`n7 .&
iì,djnj \poÇijh j&+ i`pmji\n ajojmm`^`kojm\n %]\noji`n t ^jijn&8 '& i`pmji\n
Ag ^p`mkj ^dgd\m) \io`mdjm \ g\ jm\ hZggViV& ìbgj]\ _jn ^ji_p_jm\n %^~gpg\n ]dkjg\m`n t b\ibgdji\m`n&8 0 & i`pmj*
kjm^dji`n7 && g\ kjm^dÇi pq`\g %g\ kjm^dÇi npkm\_gd\m _` g\ i\n _` \ nj_ \_ Çi %^~gpg\n cjmdujio\g`n t \h \^mdi\n&) t
^jmjd_`n8 `g h Én^pgj _gd\m) lp` ^jiomjg\ g\ ^pmq\opm\ _`g 1 & ^~gpg\n _` I Ñgg`m i`pmjbgd\g`n _` njkjmo`+ H\n ^~gpg\n n`
^mdno\gdij \ om\q~n _` g\ h j_dad^\^dÇi _` g\ gjibdop_ _` gjn _dnomd]ptì ì .- ^\k\n lp` \k\m`^ì ì g\ adbpm\ 6*.1+ O`
gdb\h ìojn npnkìnjmdjn8 t gjn ^\kdg\m`n aì`nom\_jn&+ / & H\ _dnodibpì om`n m`bdji`n ip_`\m`n _àdid_\n7 && g\ ^\k\
kjm^dÇi i`pmj`kdo`gd\g %lp ` \kjmo\ _jn ^\k\n \g `kdo`gdj ip^g`\m `so`mi\) lp` ^jiodì` gjn iÉ^g`jn _` gjn ajojmm`^`k*
_gd\m7 pi\ ^\k\ ^`gpg\m kdbh ìo\_\ t pi\ ^\k\ ^`gpg\m ij ojm`n8 '& g\ ^\k\ ip^g`\m dio`mi\) lp` ^jiodì` gjn iÉ^g`jn
kdbh ìo\_\ lp` n` ^jiodiÉ\ ^ji g\ mòdi\ nìndodq\8 g\n _` g\n ^~gpg\n ]dkjg\m`n) cjmdujio\g`n) \h\^mdi\n t _` IÑgg`m)
npk`mad^d`n \kd^\g`n _` \h]\n ^\k\n `no}i ìamìo\_\n t t 0 & g\ ^\k\ b\ibgdji\m) lp` ^jiodì` gjn iÉ^g`jn _` g\n
n`^mò\i `g c p h j m \^pjnj&+ ^~gpg\n b\ibgdji\m`n+ H\n h `h ]m\i\n kg`sdajmh ` t gdh do\io`
Ag dmdn m`km`nìo\ g\ ^jiodip\^dÇi _`g ^p`mkj ^dgd\m+ ?jiodì` ^jinodoptì uji\n _` ^j i o\ _ j ìom` g\n _dnodio\n ^~gpg\n
pi\ npk`mad^d` \io`mdjm `sìo\ _` m`q`nodh dìoj `kdo`gd\g mòdid\i\n+
H\n ^~gpg\n ajojmm`^`kojm\n %]\noji`n t ^jijn& nji \g\m* ^jio\ôj ^ji `g n`bh ìoj `so`mij _` gjn ajojmm`^`kojm`n t
b\_\n t `no}i ^jh kp`no\n kjm _jn n`bh ìojn7 pi n`b* ajmh \i uÇipg\n \_c`mìo`n t h d^mjq`ggjnd_\_`n lp` k`mo`*
h ìoj `so`mij) lp` ^jiodì` _dn^jn h `h ]m\ijnjn i`^ì \ g\ h `h ]m\i\ gdh do\io` `so`mi\+ H\ h `h ]m\i\
\kg\i\_jn t pi n`bh ìoj dio`mij) ì `g lp` n` ndioòdu\i gdh do\io` dio`mi\ m`km`nìo\ g\ g}hdi\ ]\n\g _` g\n ^~gpg\n
gjn _dnodiojn ^jh kjiìo`n ^`gpg\m`n+ Qi ^dgdj h j_dad^\_j _` I degg`m+
^ji`ô\ gjn n`bh ìojn `so`mij ` dio`mij+ =ndh dnh j) \kjmo\ H\ aÇq`\ ^ìom\g) mj_`\_\ kjm g\ h}^pg\ gÉo`\) `n pi\
h d^mjoÉ]pgjn i`^`n\mdjn k\m\ `g om\inkjmo` _` h\o`md\g \g m`bdÇi `nk`^d\gdu\_\ ì g\ qdndÇi iÄod_\+ Ag _dn^j Çkod^j %`g
gpb\m _` ìn\h ]g\e` _`g _dn^j h `_d\io` `g h `^\idnh j _` kpioj _` n\gd_\ _` gjn \sji`n _` g\n ^~gpg\n b\ibgdji\m`n t
om\inkjmo` diom\^dgd\m \ g\n kmjo`Äi\n h jojm\n hjg`^pg\m`n gpb\m _` k\nj _` gjn q\njn n\ibpÄi`jn&) lp` di^gpt` g\
%^di`ndi\n t _di`Äi\n ^dojkg}nh d^\n&+ H\n _da`mì^d\n ìom` k\kdg\ Çkod^\) ij dio`mqdìì ì g\ qdndÇi %kp ioj ^d`bj _` g\
gjn ]\noji`n t gjn ^jijn nji g\n ndbpdìo`n7 && `g n`bh ìoj mòdi\&+
`so`mij _` gjn ]\noji`n `n ^dgdi_md^j) h dìom\n lp` `g _`
gjn ^jijn `n ^Çid^j+ / & Hjn ]\noji`n o`mh di\i ì pi\ à Hjn k}mk\_jn `no}i ajmh \_jn kjm _jn kjm^dji`n7 .& g\
`na~mpg\) hdìom\n lp` gjn ^jijn gj c\^ì ì pi k`_Ä^pgj+ kjm^dÇi ^po}i`\ `so`mi\ t '& g\ kjm^dÇi ^jiepiodq\g dio`mi\+
=h ]\n o`mh di\^dji`n dio`m\^^dji\i ^ji g\n ^~gpg\n ]dkjg\* H\ kjm^dÇi ^po}i`\ ^jiodì` bg}i_pg\n np_jmÄk\m\n t n`]}*
m`n t cjmdujio\g`n+ 0 & Hjn ]\noji`n ^jiodìì `g ajojkdb* ^`\n) \nÄ ^jh j k`no\Å\n \nj^d\_\n \ bg}i_pg\n _` IjgÄ+ H\
h ìoj mj_jkndi\ %qdndÇi ijôpmi\&8 gjn ^jijn ^jiodìì pi g}hdi\ o\mn\g %oèd_j ^jiepiodqj ad]mj`g}nod^j& \amjio\ `g
kdbh ìoj n`hè\io`) g\ tj_jkndi\ %qdndÇi ì ^jgjm&+ m`q`nodh dìoj _` g\ ^jiepiodq\+ Qi\n bg}i_pg\n n`]}^`\n
H\n ^~gpg\n ]dkjg\m`n t b\ibgdji\m`n nji i`pmji\n ^ji`^* bm\i_`n) ^jij^d_\n ^jh j bg}i_pg\n o\mn\g`n j _` I `d]jh dj)
ojm\n lp` m`^d]ì dh kpgnjn kmj^`_ìo`n _` g\n ^~gpg\n aj oj * _`n`h ]j^\i ì `g h\mbì _` gjn k}mk\_jn+ H\ ^jiepiodq\
mm`^`kojm\n+ %m`q`nodh dìoj `kdo`gd\g `nom\odad^\_j kjgdbji\g \ ^dgdi_md^j&
H\n ^~gpg\n cjmdujio\g`n t \h\^mdi\n ^\m`^ì _` \sji`n n` ^jiodiÉ\ ^ji g\ kd`g t o`mh di\ ì `g h\mbì _` g\ ^Çmi`\)
t _ì_mdo\n) t\ lp` Éid^\h ìo` km`nìo\i kmjgjib\^dji`n ì `g lp` n` ^jiqd`mo` ì `kdo`gdj `n^\hjnj `nom\odad^\_j t
i`pmÄod^\n lp` om\inh doì dh kpgnjn ì \h ]\n _dm`^^dji`n+ n` ^jiodiÉ\ ^ji `g `kdo`gdj ^jmi`\g+
H\n ^~gpg\n _` I Ñgg`m nji ^~gpg\n ^dgdi_md^\n lp` j^pk\i H\ bg}i_pg\ g\bmdh\g `n pi\ bg}i_pg\ n`mjn\ op]pgj\^di\m
gjn `nk\^djn `sdnoìo`n ìom` g\n ^~gpg\n ajojmm`^`kojm\n) ^ji ^~gpg\n h dj`kdo`gd\g`n+ Ag k\mk\_`j ^jh kmdh ` `no\n
]dkjg\m`n t b\ibgdji\m`n+ H\n ^~gpg\n _` I Ñgg`m `no}i ì bg}i_pg\n) lp` gd]`m\i gÄlpd_j %g}bmdh \n&+
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Ü K î@K t EE t ^~gpg\n _` njkjmo`) m`^p]d`mo\ ì np kjm^dÇi npk`mdjm
Ag jÄ_j n` _dqd_` ì om`n m`bdji`n7 .& jÄ_j `so`mij8 / & kjm g\ ^Ékpg\) pi\ npno\i^d\ b`g\odijn\ mj_`\_\ kjm ì_j*
jÄ_j h `_dj) t 0 & jÄ_j dio`mij+ gdia\+ Hjn ^ji_pôjn n`hd^dm^pg\m`n m`nkji_ì \ gjn h jqd*
Ag jÄ_j `so`mij `no} ajmh \_j kjm `g k\]`ggÇi \pmd^pg\m h dìojn _` mjo\^dÇi _` g\ ^\]ù\ t `g ^p`mkj %\^`g`m\^dÇi
%jmè\&) lp` m`^jb` g\n ji_\n njijm\n lp` n` ^ji_p^ì \ \ibpg\m&+
om\q~n _`g ^ji_pôj \^Énod^j `so`mij c\^d\ g\ h `h ]m\i\ H\n ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n ^jiodìì pi _j h didj \kd^\g lp`
odhk}id^\+ ^jiodì` ìom` 3 - t &%% `no`m`j^dgdjn %\kjt\_j ì pi\
Ag jÄ_j h `_dj %j ^\qd_\_ odh k}id^\& `n pi `nk\^dj kg\^\ ^pod^pg\m lp` ^jiodì` \ôdi\& t pi ^diòj^dgdj njgdo\mdj+
m`ggìj _` \dm` ì `g cp`nj o`h kjm\g lp` ^jiodì` gjn Hjn `som`h jn gd]m`n _` gjn `no`m`j^dgdjn t `g ^diòj^dgdj `no}i
cp`n`^dggjn \p_dodqjn %h \modggj) tpilp` t `nomd]j&+ Ag h\ibj dih`mnjn ì g\ ^Ékpg\+
_`g h \modggj n` pi` \ g\ h `h ]m\i\ odh k}id^\ ì pi `som`h j8 H\n h}^pg\n _`g pomÄ^pgj t `g n}^pgj m`nkji_ì \ gjn
g\ ]\n` _`g `nomd]j `no} ì ^jio\ôj ^ji g\ qìo\i\ jq\g) pi h jqdh dìojn _` om\ng\^dÇi %bm\q`_\_ t \^`g`m\^dÇi gdi`\g&+
jmdad^dj _`g g\]`mdioj Çn`j+ Hjn cp`n`^dggjn h j_pg\i `g h jqd* H\n h}^pg\n `no}i ajmh \_\n kjm pi `kdo`gdj nìndodqj %^~gp*
h dìoj _` g\ h `h ]m\i\ odh k}id^\ t \kgd^\i ap`mu\ nj]m` g\n ^dgd\_\n _` odkjn E t .. t ^~gpg\n _` njkjmo`& lp` n`
g\ qìo\i\ jq\g %^ji `g j]eòj _` \h kgdad^\m g\n ji_\n m`^p]m` _` pi\ h `h ]m\i\ jojgÄod^\) pi\ npno\i^d\ b`g\od*
njijm\n \a`mìo`n&+ H\ jododn h `_d\ t g\ jojn^g`mjndn m`k`m* ijn\ n`h è\io` \ g\ ^m`no\) ^ji `s^`k^dÇi _` g\ km`nì^d\
^poì ì `g h jqdh dìoj _` gjn cp`n`^dggjn t kp`_ì kmj* _` jojgdojn lp` ^jiodìì ^\m]ji\oj ^}g^d^j+
qj^\m cdkj\^pnd\+ H\ omjh k\ \p_dodq\ j _` Apno\lpdj Ag ndno`h\ \p_dodqj ìbgj]\ g\ ^Ç^g`\) pi ^ji_pôj ^ji*
%^\moÄg\bj `g}nod^j lp` n` om\inajmh \ ì ^\moÄg\bj cd\gdij& ojmi`\_j+ Ai g\ ^Ç^g`\ c\t om`n ^}h\m\n `nkdm\g`n7 .& `g
pi` `g jÄ_j h `_dj ^ji g\ i\nja\mdib`+ Alpdgd]m\ g\n km`ndj* ^ji_pôj ^j^g`\m %gg\h \_j m\hk\ h `_d\&8 '& g\ m\hk\
i`n _` g\ ^\qd_\_ odh k}id^\ t `g ìojmij `so`mij+ q`nod]pg\m) lp` ^jhdìu\ ì g\ h `h ]m\i\ jq\g) t 0 & g\
Ag jÄ_j dio`mij j^pk\ `g g\]`mdioj Çn`j) lp` ^jiodì` `g m\hk\ odh k}id^\) lp` o`mh di\ ì g\ qìo\i\ m`_ji_\+ H\
g\]`mdioj h `h ]m\ijnj+ Ano` Égodh j ^jiodì` \ gjn ndno`h\n m\hk\ q`nod]pg\m t g\ m\hk\ odh k}id^\ ^jiodìì k`mdgdia\ t
q`nod]pg\m t \p_dodqj+ Ag g\]`mdioj h `h ]m\ijnj ^jiodì` g\ n` ^jh pid^\i ì `g c`gd^jom`h\+
ì_jgdia\ %^ji^ìom\^dÇi \go\ _` G( t ^ji^ìom\^dÇi ]\e\ _` Ag Çmb\ij _` ?jmod ^jmm`nkji_` \g `kdo`gdj nìndodqj _` g\
J\'&+ H\ k`mdgdia\ %^ji^ìom\^dÇi \go\ _` J \' t ^ji^ìom\* ^Ç^g`\+ ? jiodì` ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n t ^~gpg\n _` njkjmo`+ Ai
^dÇi ]\e\ _` G(& \k\m`^` ì `g `nk\^dj _`gdh do\_j kjm gjn gpb\m _` g\ ^Ékpg\ km`nìo` ì g\ ^m`no\ t g\ h}^pg\) `g
g\]`mdiojn Çn`j t h `h ]m\ijnj+ `kdo`gdj nìndodqj _` g\ ^Ç^g`\ `no} ì ^jio\ôj ^ji g\ h ` h *
Ag ndno`h\ q`nod]pg\m `no} ^jh kp`noj kjm _jn n\^jn %pomÄ* ]m\i\ o`ôjmd\+ Ag Çmb\ij _` ?jmod `no} ajmh \_j kjm _jn odkjn
^pgj t n}^pgj& t om`n ^ji_pôjn n`hd^dm^pg\m`n %npk`mdjm) _` ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n7 g\n ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n dio`mi\n t `so`mi\n)
cjmdujio\g t kjno`mdjm& lp` kmjqdìì _`g pomÄ^pgj+ H\n \h kj* n`k\m\_\n kjm `g oÉi`g dio`mij) gdh do\_j kjm g\n ^~gpg\n
gg\n \k\m`^ì ì g\ uji\ _` ^ji`sdÇi _`g ^ji_pôj n`hd^dm* kdg\m`n `so`mi\n ` dio`mi\n t njnoìd_j kjm g\n ^~gpg\n a\g}i*
^pg\m t `g pomÄ^pgj+ bd^\n+ H\n ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n _` g\ ^Ç^g`\ ^\m`^ì _` ^diòj^d*
Ag ^ji_pôj ì_jgdia}od^j _`mdq\ _`g pomÄ^pgj t `g n}^pgj t gdjn) \pilp` km`nìo\i `no`m`j^dgdjn+ H\ `nomÄ\ q\n^pg\m _`g
n` apndji\ k\m\ ajmh \m pi ^ji_pôj Éid^j lp` o`mh di\ ì ^ji_pôj ^j^g`\m `g\]jm\ g\ ì_jgdia\+
pi\ k`lp`Å\ _dg\o\^dÇi) `g n\^j ì_jgdia}od^j) ndop\_j ìom` Ag h j_Äjgj) `g è` Çn`j `nkdm\g _` g\ ^Ç^g`\) ^jiodì` `g
g\n ^\k\n _` g\n hìdib`n+ Ag \ph ìoj _` qjgph ì _` g\ b\ibgdj `nkdm\g+
ì_jgdia\ jmdbdi\ g\ ìa`mh `_\_ _` I |id|m`) lp` ^pmn\ H\ cdkj\^pnd\ \k\m`^` ^p\i_j g\ \*o`ôjmdi\ t g\ jojb`*
^ji q~modbj) i}pn`\n) idno\bh j kjnd^dji\g) qÇh dojn t \^Éa`* gdi\ `no}i \go`m\_\n ì g\ h `h ]m\i\ o`ôjmd\) g\n pidji`n
ijn %kdod_jn ì gjn jÄ_jn&+ ^jh pid^\io`n lp` ^ji`ô\i \ g\n ^~gpg\n ^j^g`\m`n _`
H\ \h kjgg\ km`nìo\ pi\ ^m`no\) pi\ `g`q\^dÇi m`q`nod_\ njkjmo` ^\m`^ì _` ^ji`sdi\ / 3 t `g b\ibgdj q`nod]pgj^j*
_` `kdo`gdj nìndodqj lp` ^jiodì` ^~gpg\n ^dgd\_\n _` odkjn & ^g`\m ij n` c\ _`n\mmjgg\_j %nÄi_mjh ` _` S \\m_ì]pmb&+
A0qB vñ-f:B 0 F PF4» F: ,6B:M7 f:qF:Mf7:B6éF:qFe

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