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ISSN 1680-9017

S E R I E

RECURSOS NATURALES
E INFRAESTRUCTURA

Análisis, prevención y resolución


de conflictos por el agua
en América Latina y el Caribe

Liber Martín
Juan Bautista Justo


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171

RECURSOS NATURALES E INFRAESTRUCTURA

COMISIÓN ECONÓMICA PARA AMÉRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE


ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
www.cepal.org

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