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Oe ^eaj Aol]Ç] atlanei ajp] qj _eanpk naoqncei eajpk `qn]jpa ah oechk tri ) oa
]_ajpÑ] oq `a_]`aj_e] _ki k lkpaj_e] ei lane]h `a^e`k) aj l]npa) ]h bknp]ha_e*
i eajpk `a h] a_kjki Å] ^nep|je_] u oq ]qca u atl]joeÉj _ki k jqar] lkpaj_e]
ei lane]h `ki ej]jpa+ {opa ao ah naoqhp]`k `a qj h]nck lnk_aok `qn]jpa ah _q]h
D kh]j`] _kieajv] ] `aolh]v]n ] Aol]Ç] aj ah oechk S R G G aj renpq` `a oq atl]joeÉj
_kian_e]h u bej]j_ean]8 ]h ieoik peai lk Cn]j >nap]Ç]) aj ah tri ) r] oqlan]j`k
] Aol]Ç] u) ]`ai|o) aj l]npa ] D kh]j`]) _ki k lkpaj_e] i ]nÅpei ] u _kian_e]h+
J k oa pn]p] oei lhai ajpa `ah nai lh]vk `a qj] i apnÉlkhe lkn kpn]8 a h oecjebe*
_]`k ao i|o lnkbqj`k+ Aj aba_pk) _kj h] `a_]`aj_e] aol]Çkh] mqa`] oqlan]`k
ah i an_]jpeheoi k _ki k _kj_al_eÉj lna`ki ej]jpa naola_pk `a h] bkni] `a knc]*
jev]_eÉj a_kjÉi e_] u lkhÅpe_] `a hko aop]`ko+ ? kj ah ]lkcak `a Cn]j >nap]Ç]
oa r] _kjokhe`]j`k `a_eoer]i ajpa qj] jqar] e`akhkcÅ]) ah he^an]heoik+ Aj *00/
=`]i Oi epd lq^he_] oq b]iko] k^n]) mqa _kjopepqua) lkn qj] l]npa) qj na_ek
]p]mqa ]h lajo]i eajpk ian_]jpeheop]) u lkn kpn]) h] i|o ejbhquajpa atlnaoeÉj
oeopai|pe_] u _kdanajpa `ah jqark lajo]i eajpk `a h] a_kjki Å] he^an]h u `a h]
ok_ea`]` ej`ere`q]heop] u qpehep]ne] '*
Aj _kjoa_qaj_e]) ah `aolh]v]i eajpk `ah Ei lanek aol]Çkh) _ki k oeopai] lna*
`ki ej]jpa aj ah i qj`k) lkn ah Ei lanek ^nep|je_k) nalnaoajp]n| j k oÉhk qj
nailh]vk `ah l]Åo `ki ej]jpa) oejk p]i ^e~j _]i^eko lnkbqj`ko aj hko oeopai]o
a_kjÉi e_ko u lkhÅpe_ko) aj h]o _kj_al_ekjao e`akhÉce_]o u aj h]o lkhÅpe_]o _kj*
_nap]o+ Hko lnej_el]hao ]_kjpa_ei eajpko lkhÅpe_ko mqa r]j oaÇ]h]j`k h] lnkbqj`]
i k`ebe_]_eÉj mqa k_qnna aj ah i qj`k okj h] ej`alaj`aj_e] `a Jknpa]i ~ne_]
aj *00/ u h] N arkhq_eÉj bn]j_ao] aj *012) u ah oqncei eajpk) _kik _kjoa_qaj_e]
lna_eo]iajpa `a ]i^ko ]_kjpa_ei eajpko) `a hko `ko lneianko aop]`ko j]_ekj]hao
nalq^he_]jko+
@ao`a ah lqjpk `a reop] a_kjÉi e_k ah pn]oh]`k `ah _ajpnk `a cn]ra`]` `a
Aol]Ç] ] Ejch]pann] p]i ^e~j peaja qj] oecjebe_]_eÉj lnkbqj`]8 ahhk ao aba_pk
`ah da_dk mqa `qn]jpa h] oacqj`] i ep]` `ah oechk tri ) u aj bkni] _kej_e`ajpa
_kj h] atl]joeÉj _kian_e]h `ah Ei lanek ^nep|je_k) peaja hqc]n aj Ejch]pann] h]
lneian] b]oa `a h] N arkhq_eÉj Ej`qopne]h+ Ao qj] ~lk_] `qn]jpa h] _q]h oa na*
ceopn]j lnkbqj`]o pn]jobkni]_ekjao aj h] ]cne_qhpqn] ejchao]) ] h] rav mqa oa
eje_e] h] atl]joeÉj `a h] ]_pere`]` i]jqb]_pqnan] '+

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H ] nqlpqn] bej ]h u `abejeper] `ah oeopai ] ei lane]h aol]Çkh) ao `a_en) h] ej`a*

laj`aj_e] `a h]o _khkje]o ajpna *1*) u *1+-)â oq_a`a `ajpnk `a aopa i]n_k `a
lnkbqj`]o pn]jobkni]_ekjao u _]i^eko n]`e_]hao p]jpk a_kjÉi e_ko _ki k lkhÅpe_ko
u _qhpqn]hao aj ah i qj`k atpanekn _kj ah _q]h aop| rej_qh]`] =i~ne_] H]pej]+

^Y E X `e[\g\e [\e Z`X Zfd f gifZ\jf

? ki k ej`e_]`k mqa`]) ah oeopai] i an_]jpeheop] aol]Çkh ajpn] aj _neoeo) aj cn]j
i a`e`]) lkn h]o lnaoekjao `aner]`]o ` a h] lnkle] atl]joeÉj u `eranoebe_]_eÉj
`a h] a_kjki Å] `qn]jpa ah oechk tri ) lkn h] _na_eajpa ejbhqaj_e] `a lkpaj_e]o
_khkje]hao ner]hao) ]oÅ _ki k p]i ^e~j lkn h] _neoeo ` ah Aop]`k aol]Çkh+ ?ki k
_kjoa_qaj_e] `a `e_d]o lnaoekjao ejpanj]o u atpanj]o) ah i k`ahk i an_]jpeheop]
oa bqa ]pajq]j`k u pn]jobkni]j`k _kjoe`an]^hai ajpa `qn]jpa h]o Ñhpei ]o `~_]*
`]o `ah oechk tri + Oej ai^]nck) ah lnk_aok `a h] ej`alaj`aj_e] ]iane_]j] aj
na]he`]` j k oa ej e_e] d]op] m qa ah nau hacÅpei k ao nai lh]v]`k lkn q j qoqnl]`kn
ei lqaopk lkn hko af~n_epko `a J ]lkhaÉj+ Aj renpq` ` a aopa da_dk lkhÅpe_k at*
panjk) oa aop]^ha_aj aj h]o _khkje]o Fqjp]o `a C k^eanjk) mqa nalnaoajp]j h]
]qpkne`]` `ah ikj]n_] `alqaopk) Fqjp]o mqa oa ejop]h]j aj h] lanebane] `a hko
rennaej]pko u j k aj hko _ajpnko _khkje]hao `a =i~ne_]+ Hko rennauao) lkn oq l]npa)
lnk_qn]j i ]jpajan h] knc]jev]_eÉj `ah Ei lanek ]iane_]jk _kj_ajpn]j`k ah lk*
`an aj oqo i]jko+ H]o Fqjp]o `a C k^eanjk aj h] lanebane] `a hko _ajpnko _khk*
je]hao nalnaoajp]j) lkn _kjoecqeajpa) qj ] lneian] ]beni ]_eÉj `a ej`alaj`aj_e]
u narah] ah _kjbhe_pk h]pajpa ajpna hko rennaej]pko u oqo `alaj`aj_e]o ]`iejeopn]*
per]o `ajpnk `a =i~ne_]+
Lkn kpn] l]npa) h]o Fqjp]o `a C k^eanjk) mqa ej_hqÅ]j p]jpk ] hko _nekhhko
_ki k ] hko iehep]nao u ] h] ]hp] ^qnk_n]_e] aol]Çkh]) oa _kjrenpeankj i qu n|le*
`]i ajpa aj ah hqc]n `kj`a oa lkjÅ]j `a i ]jebeaopk hko _kjbhe_pko ajpna _nekhhko
u aol]Çkhao) ]jp]ckjeoiko mqa ]jpao oa `enei Å]j aj hko _ajpnko _khkje]hao í Hei]
u I ~te_kíük aj Aol]Ç]+ @ a aop] i]jan] h] oqopepq_eÉj `a h] oqlnai ] ]qpkne*
`]` i kj|nmqe_] lkn h]o Fqjp]o `a Ck^eanjk) pn]oh]`É ]h lh]jk hk_]h hko _kj*
bhe_pko `a ejpanaoao pn]`e_ekj]hao ajpna _khkje] u i apnÉlkhe) ajpna _ajpnk u lane*
bane] _khkje]h u ajpna oqo nalnaoajp]jpao+ Lkn kpnk h]`k aopko ajbnajp]i eajpko
ejpanjko `a h]nc] `]p] oa nabhaf]j aj hko ejpajpko `a ckhlao i ehep]nao na]heop]o
_kj hko mqa oa lnk_qn] oqlan]nhko u naop]^ha_an h] ]qpkne`]` `a Aol]Ç] aj h]
lanebane] _khkje]h+ H] `annkp] `a hko ckhlao u ck^eanjko na]heop]o oecjebe_] aj ah
bkj`k h] bkni]_eÉj `a ck^eanjko j]_ekj]hao ej`alaj`eajpao) hk mqa ] oq rav
ej]qcqn] ah lnk_aok `a h] na_kjmqeop] aol]Çkh]) mqa lnk_a`a `ao`a hko _ajpnko
_khkje]hao _kj a h ]lkuk `a hko af~n_epko mqa Aol]Ç] ajrÅ] ] I ~te_k u h] Cn]j
? khki ^e] `aolq~o `a h]o cqann]o j]lkhaÉje_]o u _kj ah okop~j `a cnqlko hk_]hao
`a pann]pajeajpao na]heop]o+
Aj ah _]ok `a =i ~ne_] `ah Oqn) h] na_kjmqeop] ]^]n_] pk`k ah pannepknek `ah
Ei lanek lank jqj_] hkcn] `ki ej]n h] oepq]_eÉj aj h]o lnkrej_e]o ` ah N Åk `a
h] Lh]p]8 ~op]o) ]lku]`]o aj Ejch]pann] u hk_]hi ajpa aj oa_pknao _nekhhko mqa oa
n]`e_]hev]j _kik _kjoa_qaj_e] `a h] ieoi ] hq_d] _kj h]o pnkl]o na]heop]o)
i ]jpeajaj oq ej`alaj`aj_e]+ >]o]`k ok^na aoa l qjpk `a ]lkuk oa naeje_e] ah
_ki^]pa lkn h] he^an]_eÉj `a h] lanebane] _khkje]h u) aj oacqe`]) _kj ah okop~j
% CĈ ÓØÔÖÏ ÂČĈ GÀ ÁÀÈÀǼǼÀ ÃÄ ĒÀÂÉÂÅČÏ ÂÉǼĆǺĈÀ ÄĈ ĆĘĎǺÂÀ ÃÄǼ PÉĎ ǼÀ ĂÉÄĎĎÀ ÄĆÀĈÂǺĊÀÃČĎÀİ
G< yKJ>< ?@G GD=@M<GDNHJ .55

`a hko af~n_epko j]_ekj]hao mqa ]r]jv]j `ao`a R ajavqah] u ? khki ^e] u narah]j
qj lnk_aok oeieh]n) oa hkcn] h] _kjmqeop] `ah ^]opeÉj _khkje]h aol]Çkh) ah Rennae*
j]pk `ah LanÑ+
8 Aop] bkni] `a ]lna_e]n ah lnk_aok `a h]o cqann]o `a ej`alaj`aj_e] oqceana
$mqa ~op]o ej_hqÅ]j) lkn hk i ajko aj _eanp] bkni]) ahai ajpko `a qj] cqann]
ejpanj] aj =i~ne_] ajpna hko _ajpnko _khkje]hao u oqo |na]o laneb~ne_]o8 _kjp]^]j
aop]o Ñhpei ]o _kj ah ]lkuk `ah jqark oeopai] ei lane]h ^nep|je_k aj atl]joeÉj)
_kj ah _q]h u] d]^Å]j `ao]nnkhh]`k) `ao`a ah oechk tri ) h]vko _kian_e]hao u be*
j]j_eanko ei lknp]jpao) l]npe_qh]ni ajpa aj ah ?]ne^a u aj h]o lnkrej_e]o ` ah N Åk
`a h] Lh]p]8 `a `kj`a ah _kjoecqeajpa oqncei eajpk u atl]joeÉj `a cnqlko ejpan*
jko ejpanao]`ko aj h] pn]jobkni]_eÉj ` ah oeopai] i an_]jpeheop] aol]Çkh aj kpnk
]^eanpk ]h _ki an_ek he^na+
Ah lnk_aok ai ]j_el]`kn ]`mqenen| lkn ahhk oecjebe_]`k `ebanajpa l]n] a h `a*
o]nnkhhk bqpqnk ` a h]o `eopejp]o |na]o _khkje]hao+ A j h] knc]jev]_eÉj `a q j j q a*
rk i k`ahk `a `ao]nnkhhk aj h]o ]jpecq]o _khkje]o paj`n| i q_d] ejbhqaj_e] ah
cn]`k `a rej_qh]_eÉj mqa aop]^ha_aj _kj Ejch]pann]) u p]i ^e~j ah da_dk `a d]*
^an oe`k ]jpao _ajpnko `a h] ]`i ejeopn]_eÉj _khkje]h k |na]o laneb~ne_]o+ Aj h]o
jqar]o nah]_ekjao atpanj]o ejbhqen|j oecjebe_]per]i ajpa hko na_qnoko j]pqn]hao
`a _]`] qj] `a ao]o |na]o) ah pel k `a lnk`q_pko m qa Ejch]pann] ei lknp]^] `q*
n]jpa ao] b]oa `a oq atl]joeÉj ej`qopne]h) ]oÅ _ki k p]i ^e~j h] oepq]_eÉj cak*
cn|be_] lkn hk mqa ] h]o rÅ]o `a _ki qje_]_ekjao i]nÅpei]o oa nabeana+
Aj h]o jqar]o j]_ekjao ej`alaj`ev]`]o) ah lnk_aok `a h] ai ]j_el]_eÉj ]`*
mqeana aola_e]h oecjebe_]`k l]n] ]mqahhko l]Åoao `kj`a h] ej`alaj`aj_e] lnkrk_É
har]jp]i eajpko `a `eopejpko _kjpaje`ko ok_e]hao u nacekj]hao) _kj l]npe_el]_eÉj
i]oer] `ah lqa^hk u `a hko `eranoko oa_pknao aj h] _kjpeaj`]) aj l]npe_qh]n `ao*
`a a h l qjpk `a reop] `a h] pn]jobkni]_eÉj `a h] aopnq_pqn] ok_e]h) h] lkhÅpe_]
ejpanj] u h] lnklea`]` `a h] peann]+ Aj aopko _]oko) ]`ai|o `a h]o pn]jobkni]*
_ekjao ok_e]hao _kjoecqeajpao) h] lnkiao] `a nal]npen h]o peann]o bqa qj] `a h]o
bkni]o qpehev]`]o l]n] k^pajan ah ]lkuk `a h] lk^h]_eÉj) p]jpk aj ah ^]j`k
na]heop] _ki k aj ah l]pnekp]+

_Y <Xd Y`fj \e cX \jkilZkliX `ek\ieX

H] lneian] ejpannkc]jpa mqa oa lh]jpa] `aolq~o `a h] ej`alaj`aj_e] ao mq~

bkni] `a knc]jev]_eÉj lkhÅpe_] d]^nÅ]j `a `]noa hko pannepkneko he^an]`ko `a h]
`ki ej]_eÉj ei lane]h aol]Çkh]8 aj aopa oajpe`k oa lh]jpa]j `ao`a ah _ki eajvk
qj] oanea `a ]hpanj]per]o+ H] lneian]) u qj] ` a h]o i|o ei lknp]jpao) _kjoeopÅ]
aj o]^an oe oa i ]jpaj`nÅ] h] ejpacne`]` lkhÅpe_] bkni ]j`k qj okhk Aop]`k) k oe)
lkn ah _kjpn]nek) h]o `erano]o `ereoekjao ]`iejeopn]per]o u nacekj]hao mqa _kjo*
pepqÅ]j ah pannepknek _khkje]h aol]Çkh oa knc]jev]nÅ]j _kjopepquaj`k jqiankoko
aop]`ko j]_ekj]hao ej`alaj`eajpao+
Ah e`a]h ejpacn]_ekjeop] `a >khÅr]n j k oa ^]o]^] oÉhk ok^na qj] _kj_al_eÉj
`apani ej]`] lkn h] deopkne] `a h] _khkje] u lkn h] qje`]` mqa ~op] _kjoanrÉ
`qn]jpa r]neko oechko `a `ki ej]_eÉj aol]Çkh]) k lkn ah afai lhk `a h] bqoeÉj `a
h]o pna_a _khkje]o ejchao]o aj qj okhk Aop]`k ej`alaj`eajpa aj =i~ne_] `ah
Jknpa8 oa ^]o]^] p]i ^e~j ok^na qj] ]lna_e]_eÉj `a h] ei lknp]j_e] mqa lk`nÅ]
pajan hhac]n ] _kjopepqen qj] cn]j j]_eÉj h]pejk]i ane_]j]+ Lank ]`ai|o oa
 (%% DIO@MKM@O<>DüI ?@G ?@N<MMJGGJ G<ODIJ<H@MD><IJ

]oajp]^] ok^na ah da_dk `a mqa h] re`] _khkje]h d]^Å] _na]`k rej_qh]_ekjao `a

pelk a_kjÉi e_k u _kian_e]h ^]op]jpa ei lknp]jpao ajpna h]o `eopejp]o `ereoekjao
]`iejeopn]per]o mqa kpnkn] _kjopepqÅ]j ah Ei lanek aol]Çkh8 naceopnÉ `ao]nnkhhk+
Oej ai^]nck) lnar]ha_eÉ) _ki k b]_pkn `apani ej]jpa `a hko ]_kjpa_ei eajpko) h]
ateopaj_e] `a jÑ_hako u _]q`ehhko hk_]hao) ]lku]`ko aj aopnq_pqn]o ok_eka_kjÉi e*
_]o lnkle]o) mqa oa d]^Å]j ]beni]`k u ]i lhe]`k `qn]jpa a h lanÅk`k _khkje]h u
_kjokhe`]`k `qn]jpa h]o cqann]o `a h] ej`alaj`aj_e]+ A teopÅ]j lkn ahhk na]hao 9
_kjbhe_pko `a ejpanaoao) aj aola_e]h a n pä' *beÜ 'z] hnko _khkje]hao u oqo |na]o laneb~* e
ne_]o) u ok^na pk`k ajpna ah Rennaej]pk `ah LanÑ u hko l]Åoao `ah L]_Åbe_k r `ah N Åk e
FhazP]zLE]p]+ D q^k) lqao) _]qo]o lnkbqj`]o mqa atlhe_]j ah bn]_]ok `a hko aobqan* X 8
vko `a qje`]` u h] _na]_eÉj `a qj] lhqn]he`]` `a aop]`ko j]_ekj]hao+ = h jqark x
Ei lanek lna`ki ej]jpa aj h] a_kjki Å] ejpanj]_ekj]h u aj ah i qj`k `a h]o 8 Z
e`a]o u `a h] lkhÅpe_]) ao `a_en) ah ^nep|je_k) p]i ^e~j ha _qlk qj] ejbhqaj_e] e l
ei lknp]jpa aj h] ^]h_]jev]_eÉj `a h]o ]jpecq]o _khkje]o ]h bkiajp]n ah _kian_ek E
u hko _kjp]_pko `ena_pko `a _]`] naceÉj _kj h] i apnÉlkhe+ ^
Ei lqaop] aop] ]hpanj]per] lkn h] cn]rep]_eÉj `a h]o aopnq_pqn]o _na]`]o aj
$pknj k ] hko `eranoko jÑ_hako lk^h]_ekj]hao `qn]jpa h] re`] _khkje]h) u lkn h]
ejbhqaj_e] atpanj]) h] cn]j p]na] mqa ajpkj_ao oa hao lh]jpa] ] aopko l]Åoao ao
h] ejopepq_ekj]hev]_eÉj `a aop]`ko j]_ekj]hao+ A h lanÅk`k mqa ]^]n_] `ao`a _k*
ieajvko `ah oechk t et ) hqack `a h] ej`alaj`aj_e]) d]op] `aolq~o `a ia`e]`ko
`a h] ieoi] _ajpqne]) ]l]na_a _ki k qj] ~lk_] `a atlanei ajp]_eÉj u ajo]uk) `a
]oajp]i eajpk `a jqar]o knc]jev]_ekjao `a lk`an+ H] aopnq_pqn] a_kjÉi e_]) ok*
_e]h u lkhÅpe_] _na]`] `qn]jpa ah lanÅk`k _khkje]h) h]o jqar]o bkni]o `a rej_q*
h]_eÉj atpanj]) ]oÅ _ki k h] ej bhqaj_e] _qhpqn]h a e`akhÉce_] `a h] ~lk_]) okj hko
lnej_el]hao ahai ajpko mqa lanbeh]j aopa lnk_aok aj hko `eopejpko l]Åoao+
Ajpna hko b]_pknao i|o ei lknp]jpao mqa atlhe_]j h]o `ebe_qhp]`ao mqa aj_kj*
pn]nkj) `qn]jpa aopa lanÅk`k) hko l]Åoao h]pejk]i ane_]jko) l]n] lk`an knc]jev]n
oq re`] j]_ekj]h ej`alaj`eajpa lqa`aj oaÇ]h]noa7 ah cn]`k `a _kdanaj_e] mqa
]h_]jvÉ h] aopnq_pqn] ok_e]h `qn]jpa h] _khkje]8 h] `eranoebe_]_eÉj a_kjÉi e_]
_knnaolkj`eajpa8 ah da_dk `a pn]p]noa `a _ajpnko _khkje]hao k |na]o laneb~ne_]o
u hko ieoiko8 h] b]_ehe`]` l]n] aop]^ha_an jqar]o rej_qh]_ekjao _kian_e]hao u
bej]j_ean]o _kj ah i qj`k ^nep|je_k8 h] lnkbqj`e`]` ieoi] mqa ]h_]jvÉ ah lnk*
_aok ai ]j_el]`kn aj bqj_eÉj `ah cn]`k `a l]npe_el]_eÉj lklqh]n+
I eajpn]o aj _eanpko _]oko h] knc]jev]_eÉj ejopepq_ekj]h `ah jqark Aop]`k oa
]h_]jv] _kj nah]per] n]le`av) aj kpnko) h]o `~_]`]o mqa oecqaj ] h] ej`alaj`aj*
_e] _kjopepquaj lanÅk`ko `qn]jpa hko _q]hao lna`ki ej]j ah _]q`ehheoi k u h]
]j]nmqÅ] mqa oÉhk lk`n|j oqlan]noa ^eaj ajpn]`] h] oacqj`] i ep]` `ah oechk+
Aj oacqe`] oa d]n| qj ] ^nara nabanaj_e] ] ]hcqjko `a hko ahai ajpko mqa _kj`e*
_ekj]j h] knc]jev]_eÉj `a hko jqarko aop]`ko j]_ekj]hao `ao`a ah l qjpk `a reop]
`ah _]i^ek aopnq_pqn]h+
Hko oeopai]o `a e`a]o lna`ki ej]jpao aj h] ~lk_] pqreankj qj] ejbhqaj_e]
ei lknp]jpa ok^na h]o _kj_al_ekjao mqa lnar]ha_Å]j ajpna mqeajao l]npe_el]nkj
aj h] p]na] `a knc]jev]_eÉj `a hko aop]`ko j]_ekj]hao+ @ao`a ah lqjpk `a reop]
lkhÅpe_k) h] ejbhqaj_e] lnej_el]h lnkreaja `a h]o e`a]o `a h] N arkhq_eÉj bn]j*
_ao] ]oÅ _kik `a h] ej`alaj`aj_e] `a Aop]`ko Q je`ko `a Jknpa]i~ne_]8 oa
pn]p] bqj`]i ajp]hi ajpa `a h] _kj_al_eÉj he^an]h ej`ere`q]heop] mqa `aop]_])
ajpna kpn]o _qaopekjao aoaj_e]hao) h]o he^anp]`ao lanokj]hao) h] ok^an]jÅ] j]_eÉ*
 A 6 mED 8 6 9 : A A >7 : G 6 A >H B D ĽĴĶ

j]h) h] bkni] `a knc]jev]_eÉj nalq^he_]j]) h] ecq]h`]` ]jpa h] Hau) h] nalna*

oajp]_eÉj u l]npe_el]_eÉj `aik_n|pe_]o) ap_+ Oe ^eaj aj p~niejko cajan]hao lqa`a
]beni]noa mqa aop] _kj_al_eÉj lna`ki ej]^] ]i lhe]i ajpa aj ah lajo]i eajpk `a
mqeajao knc]jev]nkj h] re`] j]_ekj]h) oej ai^]nck) oa oqo_ep]nkj ]hcqj]o ejpana*
o]jpao _kjpnkranoe]o ok^na oe ah n~cei aj he^an]h `a^anÅ] oan nalq^he_]jk k i k*
j|nmqe_k) qjep]nek k ba`an]h) ap_+ @ a pk`]o i]jan]o) h] _kj_al_eÉj e`akhÉce_]
he^an]h ejbhquÉ aj bkni] `a_eoer] ok^na ah _qanlk hac]h mqa oa bqa aopnq_pqn]j`k
aj pknjk ] hko aobqanvko `a knc]jev]_eÉj `a h] _ki qje`]` j]_ekj]h+
7 Aj h] ln|_pe_]) oej ai^]nck) ah oeopai] fqnÅ`e_k oÉhk klanÉ l]n_e]hiajpah
`a ]_qan`k _kj ]mqahh]o jkni]o) `eolkoe_ekjao u _kj_al_ekjao8 h] na]he`]` `a8
h]o j]_ekjao h]pejk]iane_]j]o ha ei lqok oane]o `eopknoekjao+ Aj hk mqa oa na*f
beana ] h] he^anp]` ej `ere`q]h u ] h] ecq]h`]` ajpna h]o lanokj]o) u ] pk`kÅ
hk mqa `ao_]jo] ok^na aopko lna_alpko) a h jqark oeopai] he^an]h oa ]lhe_] aj
fna]he`]` oÉhk ] qj] l]npa `a aop]o ok_ea`]`ao) hko cnqlko `ki ej]jpao j]_ekj]*
8 hao+ H]o nah]_ekjao ajpna hko i eai^nko `a aopko aopn]pko ok_e]hao ]oÅ _ki k h]o
W rej_qh]_ekjao ajpna aopko cnqlko u ah i qj`k atpanekn aj_q]`n]j lanba_p]iajpa
`ajpnk `a h]o jqar]o jkni]o `ah cX`jj\q)]X`i\* J k k^op]jpa) oecqaj lna`kie*
j]j`k h]o ejopepq_ekjao u bkni]o `a `ki ej]_eÉj ok_e]h mqa oa d]^Å]j e` k aop]*
^ha_eaj`k) `qn]jpa h] _khkje]) ajpna h]o _h]oao khec|nmqe_]o u hko cnqlko iao*
pevko) ej`Åcaj]o u jacnko+ Aopk k_qnnÅ] l]npe_qh]ni ajpa aj h]o |na]o nqn]hao) ]
pn]r~o `a ejopepq_ekjao _kik h] d]_eaj`]) ah ejmqehej]fa) ap_+8 u ao ~opa qj
da_dk `a ei lknp]j_e] lnei kn`e]h) mqa _kjreaja oq^n]u]n) lknmqa ao qj hac]`k S
`a jqaopn] deopkne] _khkje]h mqa `apani ej] n]ocko `a h] aopnq_pqn] ok_e]h mqa f
eoa i]jpaj`n|j) aj i q_dko _]oko) d]op] jqaopnko `Å]o '-
Aj oÅjpaoeo) h]o jqar]o bkni]o `a knc]jev]_eÉj ok_e]h peajaj cn]j ejbhqaj_e]
ok^na h] aopnq_pqn] bkni ]h `a hko jqarko aop]`ko j]_ekj]hao8 oenraj ]`ai|o
l]n] nacqh]n u aop]^ha_an jkni]o naola_pk `a h]o nah]_ekjao ajpna `apaniej]`ko
cnqlko `a aop] ok_ea`]` u kpnko oeieh]nao aj ah naopk `ah i qj`k+ H]o jqar]o
bkni]o `a knc]jev]_eÉj fqnÅ`e_] j k hkcn]j oqopepqen nah]_ekjao ok_e]hao mqa oa
d]^Å]j ]nn]ec]`k a ejpacn]`k aj h] lnkle] bkni] `a lnk`q_en u aj h] knc]je*
v]_eÉj `a h] re`] ok_e]h `aner]`]o `ah i k`ahk i an_]jpeheop] _khkje]h+
Hko _]i^eko mqa oa lnk`q_aj aj h] aopnq_pqn] ok_e]h `a h]o fÉrajao j]_ek*
jao okj h] _kjoa_qaj_e] `a qj] oanea `a ahai ajpko+ Aj aba_pk) aj hko `eba*
najpao l]Åoao h]pejk]i ane_]jko oa _kjokhe`]nkj) ] hk h]nck `a h] re`] _khkje]h)
oeopai]o ok_e]hao i|o k i ajko `ebanaj_e]`ko a ejpacn]`ko) hk mqa `alaj`Å]
lnej_el]hi ajpa `a h] arkhq_eÉj `ah oeopai] lnk`q_perk u `ah da_dk `a d]^an
oe`k _ajpnk k lanebane] _khkje]h+ Hko `eranoko pelko `a aopnq_pqn] ok_e]h ateo*
pajpao `qn]jpa ah lanÅk`k ai ]j_el]`kn oqbnaj) ] hk h]nck `a h] lneian] iep]`
`ah oechk t et ) pn]jobkni]_ekjao ei lknp]jpao aj ]hcqjko _]oko+ Aj aopa oajpe`k
`a^a `aop]_]noa h] ejbhqaj_e] `a h]o lnkle]o cqann]o `a ej`alaj`aj_e]7 aj _ean*
p]o nacekjao) _kik h]o lnkrej_e]o `ah N Åk `a h] Lh]p]) ah k^faperk oa ]h_]jvÉ
_kj n]le`av8 aj kpn]o) h] ej`alaj`aj_e] lnkrk_É ran`]`an]o u lnkhkjc]`]o
cqann]o _erehao+ Aj _kjoa_qaj_e]) aj aopko Ñhpei ko _]oko) h] aopnq_pqn] ok_e]h
lnaateopajpa oqbneÉ pn]jobkni]_ekjao i|o lnkbqj`]o u n]`e_]hao+
& MĊČĎÈÉĈČ ĊÀĎÄÂÄ ĎÄÂČĎÃÀĎ ÀÇÉĜ ÇÉÄ ÄĐÈÄ ǼÄĂÀÃČ ÃÄ ǺĈĐÈǺÈÉÂǺČĈÄĐ ÃÄ ǼÀ ÂČǼČĈǺÀ ĐÄ ÄËĮ
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ÄĈÈĎÄ ÓØÕÒ Ē ÓØŌÒÏ À ĀǺĈÄĐ ÃÄǼ ĐǺĂǼČ ËǺË Ē ÅÀĐÈÀ ÄĈ ĊǼÄĈČ ĐǺĂǼČ ËËİ
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K pnk da_dk jqark mqa ejpnk`q_a qj ] r]ne]jpa ei lknp]jpa aj h] aopnq_pqn]

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l]npe_qh]ni ajpa hko eilknp]`knao u _kian_e]jpao atpn]jfanko) ok^na pk`k ej *
chaoao+ {opa ao qj ahai ajpk oecjebe_]perk aj hko l]Åoao mqa u] d]^Å]j `ao]nnk*
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_kj Ejch]pann]) h]o mqa oa bknp]ha_aj u ]i lhÅ]j `qn]jpa ah lnk_aok ` a h] ej`a* `
laj`aj_e] u lkopanekniajpa+ Aj l]Åoao _ki k = ncajpej] u ?deha) a h _kian_ek e
`a atlknp]_eÉj a ei lknp]_eÉj l]o] aj cn]j l]npa `a i]jko _nekhh]o k aol]*
Çkh]o ] i]jko ejchao]o) _ki k _kjoa_qaj_e] `a h] ]lanpqn] `a hko lqanpko) a t e*
ce`] lkn Cn]j >nap]Ç] _ki k _kj`e_eÉj l]n] ah na_kjk_ei eajpk `a hko jqarko
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h]noa p]i ^e~j `qn]jpa aopa lanÅk`k h]o `ko lnej_el]hao _knneajpao lkhÅpe_]o mqa
d]^nÅ]j `a oan lnkp]ckjeop]o bqj`]i ajp]hao aj a h ao_aj]nek l khÅpe_k `a aop]o
j]_ekjao `qn]jpa ah oechk tet7 he^an]hao u _kjoanr]`knao+
Hko he^an]hao ejbhqe`ko lkn h]o e`a]o lna`ki ej]jpao aj Aqnkl] u Aop]`ko $
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) e pquaj aj l]npa qj cnqlk ejpaha_pq]h u mqa aj l]npa p]i ^e~j nalnaoajp] hko
X E ejpanaoao `a hko atlknp]`knao ]cnÅ_kh]o u iejanko) ]oÅ _ki k hko rej_qh]`ko ]h
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` ~hk mq a lk`nÅ] `ajki ej]noa ìi an_]jpeheop]*j]_ekj]hî) qj ] lnkhkjc]_eÉj ` ah E
oeopai] _khkje]h hqack `a h] ej`alaj`aj_e] lkhÅpe_]+ Oa ]lku]j ok^na h] lnk* Ñ n u
le] ^qnk_n]_e] bkni]`] `qn]jpa ah lanÅk`k _khkje]h8 ok^na hko _kian_e]jpao f *,
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f`a ecq]h`]` ]jpa h] hau u `a he^anp]` ej`ere`q]h+
? ki k _kjoa_qaj_e] `a h] `eranoe`]` `a _kj_al_ekjao) ejpanaoao u oepq]_ek*
jao `ao_nep]o j]`] b|_eh ao `abejen _kj _h]ne`]` h]o lkhÅpe_]o oacqe`]o `qn]jpa
aopa lanÅk`k8 _ki k u] oa hhar] oaÇ]h]`k) ao qj] ~lk_] `a lnkbqj`]o pn]jobkn*
i]_ekjao u `a ]j]nmqÅ]8 d]u ]hpe^]fko u _]i^eko rekhajpko aj h] oepq]_eÉj
lkhÅpe_] `qn]jpa pk`]o aop]o `~_]`]o+ =oÅ) lkn afai lhk) oa lnklqcj] h] he^an*
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c]n]jpÅ]o ] h] lanokj] u ] h] lnklea`]`) ok^na pk`k `a hko atpn]jfanko8 u) aj
cajan]h) pk`]o h]o ia`e`]o mqa peaj`aj ] b]_ehep]n h] ateopaj_e] `a q j Aop]`k
he^an]h aj _kj`e_ekjao `a rej_qh]noa ]`a_q]`]i ajpa ] kpnko aop]`ko j]_ekj]*
hao+ Lank ]h i eoi k peai lk) lan`qn]j _eanp]o pn]`e_ekjao lnkpa__ekjeop]o u ah
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_]iejko+
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m q a h] jqar] na]he`]` u h]o aopnq_pqn]o a ejopepq_ekjao lnaateopajpao `abejaj
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`a bki ajpk ` a h] ejranoeÉj ejpanj]) `a atl]joeÉj `a h] ejbn]aopnq_pqn]) a
ej_hqok `erano]o bkni]o `a lnkpa__ekjeoi k) ]qj _q]j`k aopk Ñhpei k lnk^]^ha*
i ajpa oa] i|o ah naoqhp]`k `a qj] ei laneko] ja_aoe`]` `a ]_kle]n na_qnoko
beo_]hao mqa `a qj] `apani ej]`] _kj_al_eÉj lkhÅpe_]+
?ki k d] mqa`]`k ao^kv]`k) ah lanÅk`k mqa ]^]n_] h] lneian] i ep]`
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oacÑj oa] h] _]l]_e`]` u rahk_e`]` _kj mqa knc]jev]nkj oqo aop]`ko j]_ekj]*
hao u hkcn]nkj oqlan]n ah lanÅk`k `a _]q`ehheoi k u ]j]nmqÅ]+ Aj h]o j]_ekjao
mqa aop]^ehev]nkj n|le`]i ajpa oq jqar] oepq]_eÉj) aopa lanÅk`k oecjebe_] qj]
ei lknp]jpa `eranoebe_]_eÉj lnk`q_per]) _kj h] ]l]ne_eÉj u `ao]nnkhhk `a qj]
oanea `a jqar]o ]_pere`]`ao8 p]i ^e~j ao qj lanÅk`k `a jkp]^ha atl]joeÉj `ah
_ki an_ek atpanekn u `qn]jpa ah _q]h oa bkni]j cnqlko `a ailnao]neko j]_ek*
j]hao u atpn]jfanko+

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pao `a =i~ne_] H]pej]) lqaopk mqa h] ejbhqaj_e] atpanj] ao `a_eoer]+ H] ao*
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]oÅ _ki k h]o pn]jobkni]_ekjao mqa oqbna `qn]jpa ah lnk_aok `a ej`alaj`aj_e]
u h]o `~_]`]o mqa oecqaj+
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n|j ] aopko l]Åoao aj h ] f acqj`] i ep]` `ah oechk t et + O ac Ñ j )oa ej ` e_É aj h]

l]npa **) `qn]jpa aoa lanÅk`k h] a_kjki Å] ejpanj]_ekj]h atlanei ajp]n| qj]
atl]joeÉj atpn]kn`ej]ne]) lnkl]c|j`koa ] hko l]Åoao `a =i~ne_] H ]pej] ^]fk
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pknao `apani ej]jpao `a h] ej bhqaj_e] mqa paj`n|j aoko ]_kjpa_ei eajpko naoe`a
lna_eo]iajpa aj h] j]pqn]hav] `a h]o a_kjki Å]o u ok_ea`]`ao ajpkj_ao ateo*
pajpao8 u lkn ahhk ejpanao] lna_eo]n ]hck i|o hko bajÉi ajko naoaÇ]`ko) l]npe*
_qh]ni ajpa aj nah]_eÉj _kj hk o `eranoko pelko `a a_kjki Å] mqa hhac]nkj ]
bkni]noa ] ia`e]`ko `ah oechk t et ) aj rÅolan]o `ah lanÅk`k `a ì`ao]nnkhhk d]*
_e] ]bqan]î++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Aj hko l]Åoao mqa a j a h l]o]`ktkjopepquanM j) _ajpnko _khkje]hao _kj )a_k*
jki Å]o `ah pelk ? %LanÑ u I ~te_k& oa + i ]jpeaja ëqj] aoÅnq_pqn] + a_kjÉi e_]
mqa `ao_]jo] bqj`]i ajp]hi ajpa ok^na qj] ]_pere`]` ]cn]ne]) `ere`e`] ajpna
qj] ]cne_qhpqn] `a oq^oeopaj_e]) qj] ej _el eaj pa +]cne_qhpqn] pnkle_]h atlknp]*
`kn] u qj oa_pkn ]cnkla_q]nek `aopej]`k ] hko ian_]`ko ejpanjko+ Lkn kpn]
l]npa) h] ]_pere`]` iejan]) mqa ajpnÉ aj `a_e`e`] `a_]`aj_e] a j ah = hpk LanÑ)
oa d] na_qlan]`k aj I ~te_k+ ?kj h] ej`alaj`aj_e] aopko l]Åoao `af]j `a oan
_ajpnko _khkje]hao) u lkn _kjoecqeajpa jÑ_hako ]`iejeopn]perko u i ehep]nao `a
cn]j lk`an8 a ecq]hi ajpa oa ]pajÑ] h] ei lknp]j_e] lnalkj`an]jpa mqa pq*
reankj `qn]jpa h] _khkje] _ki k jÑ_hako _kian_e]hao `a atlknp]_eÉj a eilkn*
p]_eÉj+ @aolq~o `a h]o cqann]o ai]j_el]`kn]o ok^nareaja qj lanÅk`k `a ]j]n*
mqÅ] mqa oa lnkhkjc] ieajpn]o qj] ]neopk_n]_e] bn]__ekj]`]) ]_]q`ehh]`] lkn
lanokj]fao ` a `eranok knecaj u oecjebe_]_eÉj) lnk`q_a qj] oq_aoeÉj `a _]i^eko
`a ck^eanjk u `a aop]pqpko fqnÅ`e_ko+ Aop]o b]__ekjao lh]jpa]j ]hcqj]o ra_ao
_kjpnkranoe]o `a bkj`k8 ao ah _]ok `ah _kjbhe_pk ajpna ba`an]hao u qjep]neko
mqa nabhaf]^] _kj bna_qaj_e] _kjbhe_pko `a ejpanaoao lnkbqj`ko `aner]`ko `a
h] aopnq_pqn] nacekj]h `a h]o naola_per]o a_kjkiÅ]o+ P ]i ^e~j oa `eankj _kj*
bhe_pko lqn]i ajpa bkni]hao) _ki k hko oqo_ep]`ko ajpna nalq^he_]jko u ikj|n*
mqe_ko) lkn afai lhk) mqa nabhaf]^]j i|o ^eaj h]o ]i^e_ekjao `a _eanpko _]q*
`ehhko) aj aola_e]h `a ]hcqjko i ehep]nao pneqjb]jpao aj h]o cqann]o `a ej`a*
laj`aj_e]+
Q j cnqlk `a l]Åoao `a h] lanebane] `a hko _ajpnko _khkje]hao aj ah oqn u aj
?ajpnk]i~ne_]) _kj a_kjki Å]o ` ah pel k O) _kjpejÑ] ^]o]j`k oq ]_pere`]`
a_kjÉi e_] lnej_el]hi ajpa aj qj] ]cne_qhpqn] `a oq^oeopaj_e] ^]op]jpa ]i*
lhe] u aj ah `ao]nnkhhk `a ]hcqj]o hei ep]`]o ]_pere`]`ao `a ]cne_qhpqn] pnkle*
_]h `a atlknp]_eÉj+ H] i]ukn l]npa `a aopko l]Åoao í >khere]) A_q]`kn) ?k*
hki ^e] u hko _ajpnk]iane_]jkoí mqa j k `ao]nnkhh]nkj jqar]o a eilknp]jpao
]_pere`]`ao lnk`q_per]o j e aop]^ha_eankj aopna_d]o rej_qh]_ekjao _kj qj] jqar]
i apnÉlkhe) p]i ^e~j _]aj aj qj ]j|nmqe_k lnk_aok ^]op]jpa lnkhkjc]`k) oe*
i eh]n ]h `a LanÑ u I ~te_k+ Aj _]oe pk`ko aopko _]oko _kjpne^quaj ] ejpajoe*
be_]n h] ]j]nmqÅ] cqann]o _ki k h] `a ? deha _kjpn] h] ?kjba`an]_eÉj Lanq]jk*
>khere]j] % *1,/* *1,2&) u h]o oq_aoer]o ]cnaoekjao atpanj]o mqa oqbneÉ I ~te_k
% *1-/* *1-1) *1/+&+
? heeha ao qj _]ok l]npe_qh]n u oa ]l]np] `a aopa cnqlk lna_eo]iajpa lknmqa
hkcnÉ `ao]nnkhh]n qj] ]_pere`]` ]cnkla_q]ne] `a pelk _kian_e]h nah]per]i ajpa
 G< yKJ>< ?@G GD=@M<GDNHJ (%)

ei lknp]jpa ] h] rav mqa ]_pere`]`ao iejan]o `a oecjebe_]_eÉj+ Lkn kpnk h]`k)

rereÉ `qn]jpa h] _khkje]) a ej_hqok ^qaj] l]npa `a oq re`] ej`alaj`eajpa) aj
lani ]jajpa _kjbhe_pk _kj hko ]n]q_]jko8 l]npe_elÉ ]_per]i ajpa aj h]o cqann]o
`a h] ej`alaj`aj_e] u aj kpn]o lkopaneknao8 pk`k aopk _kjpne^qua ] h] _kjok*
he`]_eÉj `ah Aop]`k) p]jpk aj oq ]ola_pk ]`iejeopn]perk*^qnk_n|pe_k _ki k aj
ah iehep]n) ok^na h] ^]oa `a h] ]neopk_n]_e] pann]pajeajpa pn]`e_ekj]h mqa _kj*
oanr] cn]j l]npa `a oq lk`an+ Aopko b]_pknao `a pelk a_kjÉi e_k) ok_e]h u
^qnk_n|pe_k*iehep]n dana`]`ko) lqaopk mqa h]o cqann]o `a h] ej`alaj`aj_e] jk
]h_]jv]j qj] nalan_qoeÉj lnkbqj`] u cajan]hev]`] ok^na h] aopnq_pqn] ok_e]h
u a_kjÉi e_] _dehaj]) atlhe_]j h] _]l]_e`]` q j p]jpk at_al_ekj]h aj ah l]jk*
n]i] h]pejk]i ane_]jk) mqa narah] ? deha l]n] _kjopepqenoa) aj bkni] nah]per]*
i ajpa n|le`]) aj qj Aop]`k j]_ekj]h re]^ha ] l]npen `a *1,)+ Ok^na aopa da_dk
ejbhqua i q_dk h] ateopaj_e] `a rej_qh]_ekjao a_kjÉie_]o _kj qj jqark _aj*
pnk atpanjk) Ejch]pann]) oq n|le`] _kjokhe`]_eÉj u ]i lhe]_eÉj _kj lkopanek*
ne`]` ] h] ej`alaj`aj_e]+ H] aopnq_pqn] ok_e]h aj mqa oa ]lku] h] jqar]
j]_eÉj oa ^]o] bqj`]i ajp]hi ajpa ok^na h] ]_pere`]` `a hko atlknp]`knao
]cnÅ_kh]o `ah _ajpnk) hko atlknp]`knao i ejanko `ah jknpa r hko _kian_e]jpao)
l]npe_qh]niajpa hko ejchaoao `a R]hl]n]Åok) ]oÅ _ki k h] ^qnk_n]_e] r ah ]l]n]pk
aop]p]h _kjpnkh]`k lkn hko oa_pknao njjolnr]neknao o
Ah cnqlk `a l]Åoao `ah pelk OL) mqa ej_hqua ] >n]oeh) ?q^]) Rajavqah])
N alÑ^he_] @ ki eje_]j]) D ] epÅ u kpnko) _]n]_panev]`ko lknmqa `qn]jpa h] _k*
8 hkje] `ao]nnkhh]nkj h] ]cne_qhpqn] pnkle_]h i a`e]jpa qj] bkni] `a knc]jev]*
_eÉj aola_e]h) h] lh]jp]_eÉj) i ]jpeajaj aj cajan]h ao] oepq]_eÉj k oqo rej_q*
h]_ekjao a_kjÉie_]o pn]`e_ekj]hao+ Aj pk`]o aop]o a_kjki Å]o) ah i k`ahk ian*
_]jpeheop] `a atlhkp]_eÉj lnk`q_per] ] pn]r~o `ah oeopai] `a lh]jp]_eÉj _kj*
oanr] oq recaj_e] `qn]jpa ah oechk t et aj renpq` `a h] _na_eajpa `ai]j`] `a
oqo lnk`q_pko `a atlknp]_eÉj7 ]vÑ_]n) _]_]k) _]b~) ]hck`Éj) p]^]_k) ap_+ Lkn
_kjoecqeajpa) l]n] aoa cnqlk `a l]Åoao ah lanÅk`k `a pn]jobkni]_eÉj `ao_nepk
aj aop] oa__eÉj _]na_a `ah ieoik oecjebe_]`k a ei lknp]j_e] mqa pqrk l]n]
hko kpnko) lkn _q]jpk j k oa lnk`q_aj pn]jobkni]_ekjao n]`e_]hao ejpanj]o j e+
_]i^eko oqop]j_e]hao aj h] bkni] `a rej_qh]_eÉj atpanj]+
Ah _]ok `a hko l]Åoao `ah Lh]p]) = ncajpej] u Qnqcq]u) ao i|o ^eaj oeieh]n
]h `a ? deha) ]qjmqa oq aopnq_pqn] ok_e]h u a_kjÉi e_] ejpanj] ao `ebanajpa) lqao
oa pn]p] `a l]Åoao `ah pelk R+ @ao`a ah lqjpk `a reop] `a oq aopnq_pqn] a_k*
E jÉi e_]) oa _]n]_panev]j lkn en arkhq_ekj]j`k aj ah oajpe`k `a qj] ]_pere`]`
la_q]ne] `a _na_eajpa eilknp]j_e]) aola_e]hi ajpa) aj h]o nacekjao `a h] L]i*
l] u `ajpnk `a qj _q]`nk cajan]h `a jkp]^ha ao_]oav `a i ]jk `a k^n]+ =n*
cajpej] peaja qj lanÅk`k ]j|nmqe_k nah]per]i ajpa ^nara u knc]jev] aj bkni]
^]op]jpa n|le`] qj ck^eanjk aop]^ha) oe ^eaj oÉhk _kjopepqua q j Aop]`k j]*
8 _ekj ]h OÉhe` ] +Z ) l]npen+) `a n1õ+í P=+ h^]oa ` a aop] aop]^ehe`]` `a^a ^qo_]noa[aj
e h]o ]_pere`]`ao a_kjÉie_]o+ )+mqc[ reajaj) ]i lhe|j`koa `ao`a +h] ~lk_] ]jpanekn
à ]ìh] ej`alaj`aj_e]) u mqa cajan]j qj] aopnq_pqn] ok_e]h `ki ej]jpa +++bkni]`]
Ñ lkn c]j]`anko u _kian_e]jpao) bknp]ha_e`] ]`ai|o lkn qj] rej_qh]_eÉj aopna*
_d] _kj Cn]j >nap]Ç]+ ?kj pk`k) = ncajpej] lnaoajp] ]hcqjko lnk^hai]o aj

- AÅWÇZÄÆ RĚÅÄÉĞ Ĩ H W ǺÀČW ZÀ ĊĈÀČ ǼWĊWČÏ Ğ ÀĄ AMXIWWURRU BKUTĀSPKUǺ ĄĖǺĢ ĶĤĹĞ ÇÀĄÆČ ÄĈÀČĞ
WXĈÄÅĤČÀǼĊÄÀǺXĈÀ ZÀ ĶÑĿĽĢ
 (%* DIO@MKM@O<>DüI ?@G ?@N<MMJGGJ G<ODIJ<H@MD><IJ

oq arkhq_eÉj mqa `aner]j lnej_el]hi ajpa `ah da_dk mqa aop| _kjopepqe`] lkn
qj jqark _ajpnk) >qajko =enao u h] L]il]) u q j oa_pkn pn]`e_ekj]h) `ah pelk
O) aj ah jknkaopa+
Aopa _kjfqjpk `a _ej_k pelko `a l]Åoao) _kj aopnq_pqn]o lnk`q_per]o) `eo*
lkje^ehe`]` `a na_qnoko) cn]`k `a aop]^ehe`]` lkhÅpe_]) `a knc]jev]_eÉj ejo*
pepq_ekj]h u bkni]o `a aopnq_pqn] ok_e]h `ebanajpao ajpna oÅ) atlnao]j ah _q]*
`nk mqa) aj cn]j`ao n]ocko) lnaoajp] =i~n_] H]pej] ] i a`e]`ko `ah oechk tet8
ao _kjoa_qaj_e] `a h] arkhq_eÉj atlanei ajp]`] aj hko oechko ]jpaneknao) u ] oq
rav _kjopepqua h] ^]oa ok^na h] _q]h oa ejoanp]n|j h]o jqar]o bkni]o `a rej_q*
h]_eÉj atpanj] mqa oa atl]j`aj _kjoe`an]^hai ajpa ] l]npen `a i a`e]`ko `ah
oechk ttt+ Aopa lnk_aok) fqjpk _kj hko `eranoko pelko `a aopnq_pqn]o ejpanj]o
lnaateopajpao) `apani ej]n|j ] oq rav h] bkni ]_eÉj `a jqarko pelko aopnq_pq*
n]hao u oqo _knnaolkj`eajpao lnk_aoko `a `ao]nnkhhk ] hk h]nck `a h] oacqj`]
i ep]` ` ah oechk t et u lneian]o `~_]`]o ` ah ]_pq]h8 ao ah lanÅk`k `ajki ej]`k
`a ì_na_ei eajpk d]_e] ]bqan]î) mqa `]n| hqc]n p]i ^e~j ] _]n]_panÅope_]o ao*
pnq_pqn]hao aj hko `eranoko pelko `a a_kjki Å]o mqa `af]n|j i]n_]`]o) aj
bkni] `a_eoer]) aop]o ok_ea`]`ao u a_kjkiÅ]o d]op] ah lnaoajpa+

.* @G <PB@ ?@G GD=@M<GDNHJ " MTS D&>UMP #

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Aj h] l]npa j oa atlqok ah atpn]kn`ej]nek ]qca mqa atlanei ajpÉ h] a_kjki Å]
`ah _ajpnk `qn]jpa h] oacqj`] iep]` `ah oechk ttt u h]o pn]jobkni]_ekjao mqa
ahhk ei lhe_É aj i]pane] `a lk^h]_eÉj) jerahao `a ejcnaok) lnk`q__eÉj ej`qo*
pne]h) ejjkr]_ekjao p~_je_]o) ap_+ P ]i ^ e~j oa naoaÇÉ h] lnkl]c]_eÉj `a h] N a*
rkhq_eÉj Ej`qopne]h `ao`a ah _ajpnk d]_e] h]o |na]o laneb~ne_]o u a h naoqhp]`k
`a aopa lnk_aok aj hk mqa naola_p] ] h] bkni ]_eÉj `a qj oeopai] a_kjÉi e_k
i qj`e]h+ Aj _kjoa_qaj_e]) ^]op] na_]lepqh]n ^naraiajpa ]hcqj]o _qaopekjao
aoaj_e]hao mqa ]mqÅ ejpanao] `aop]_]n+
Aj lneian hqc]n) `a^a na_kn`]noa mqa ah ]lkcak `a h] a_kjki Å] ejchao]
`ao`a _kieajvko `ah oechk t et u ah `a h]o a_kjkiÅ]o _kjpejajp]hao `a Aqnkl]
u Aop]`ko Q je`ko d]_e] bejao `a aoa oechk) r] ]_ki l]Ç]`k `a qj] atl]joeÉj
atpn]kn`ej]ne] aj h] lnk`q__eÉj ej`qopne]h) `a qj oqop]j_e]h ]qi ajpk aj ah
ejcnaok pkp]h `a aoko l]Åoao u aj hko jerahao `a re`] `a oqo d]^ep]jpao+ Ao
p]i ^e~j ah lanÅk`k `a i|o n|le`k _na_ei eajpk `a h] lk^h]_eÉj aqnkla] u
]oeieoik `a qj] `n]i|pe_] ]_ahan]_eÉj `ah lnk_aok `a qn^]jev]_eÉj+ Aopa
lnk_aok ao) aj l]npa) ah naoqhp]`k `a h] _kj_ajpn]_eÉj `a na_qnoko mqa h] a_k*
jki Å] aqnkla] pn]jobeana ] hko oa_pknao qn^]jko) l]n] b]rkna_an u ]_ahan]n ah
`ao]nnkhhk ej`qopne]h8 qj] `a _qu]o _kjoa_qaj_e]o ao qj ]qi ajpk _kjoe`an]^ha
7 `ah ian_]`k `a lnk`q_pko ]hei ajpe_eko u `a i]pane]o lnei]o l]n] h] ej`qo*
7 pne]+ Lkn kpnk h]`k) h] qn^]jev]_eÉj uh] ej`qopne]hev]_eÉj `apani ej]j qj
8 `naj]fa `a na_qnoko lnk`q_perko í _]lep]h u i ]jk `a k^n]í `a hko oa_pknao
lnei]neko `a h] a_kjki Å] aqnkla] u l]npe_qh]ni ajpa `ah oa_pkn ]cnÅ_kh]+
@]`]o h]o hei ep]_ekjao bÅoe_]o ateopajpao l]n] ]i lhe]n aj bkni] a_kjÉie_]

j Q Å\n` k \ m o` **( n`^^dji`n ,( - t .*