UNIDAD 1:

TEOREMA FUNDAMENTAL DEL CALCULO

1.1.- Suma de Riemann.
1.2.- Integral Definida.
Concepto de Suma:
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛
𝑛

∑ 𝑎𝑖 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛
𝑘=1

Ejemplo 1:
5

∑ 𝑖 2 = (1)2 + (2)2 + (3)2 + (4)2 + (5)2

𝑖=1

= 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25
= 55
Propiedades de la suma:
1)
𝑛

∑ 𝐾 = (𝑛 − 𝑎 + 1)𝑘
𝑖=𝑎
2)
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

∑[𝑓(𝑖) + 𝑔(𝑖)] = ∑ 𝑓(𝑖) + ∑ 𝑔(𝑖)

𝑖=𝑎 𝑖=𝑎 𝑖=𝑎
3)
𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑐 𝑓(𝑖) = 𝑐 ∑ 𝑓(𝑖)
𝑖=𝑎 𝑖=𝑎
4)
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

∑[𝑓(𝑖) − 𝑔(𝑖)] = ∑ 𝑓(𝑖) − ∑ 𝑔(𝑖)

𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

Ejemplo 2:
7

∑8 =
𝑖=3

= (7 − 3 + 1)8
 = (5) ∙ 8
= 40
Ejemplo 3:
4

∑(𝑖 2 + 3𝑖)
𝑖=1
4 4
2
= ∑ 𝑖 + ∑ 3𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
4

= [(1)2 + (2)2 + (3)2 + (4)2 ] + 3∑𝑖

𝑖=1

= [1 + 4 + 9 + 16] + 3[1 + 2 + 3 + 4]
= 30 + 30
= 60
Fórmulas Básicas de Suma:
1)
𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑐 𝑛 = 𝑐(𝑛) = ∑ 𝑐 − 𝑐(𝑛)
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
2)
𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
∑𝑖 =
2
𝑖=1
3)
𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
∑ 𝑖2 =
6
𝑖=1
4)
𝑛
𝑛2 (𝑛 + 1)2
3
∑𝑖 =
4
𝑖=1
5)
𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)(3𝑛2 + 3𝑛 − 1)
4
∑𝑖 =
30
𝑖=1
Ejemplo 4:
3
2
∑ (2𝑛3 − 𝑛 + 7) =
3
𝑖=0
3 3 3
2 3
= 2∑𝑛 − ∑𝑛 + ∑7
3
𝑖=0 𝑖=0 𝑖=0

= 2[(0)3 + (1)3 + (2)3 + (3)3 + (4)3 + (5)3 ]

= 2[0 + 1 + 8 + 27 + 64 + 125] = 450
𝑛2 (𝑛 + 1)2 (5)5 (5 + 1)2 25(36)
= 2[ ] = 2[ ] = 2[ ] = 2(225) = 450
4 4 4
3
2
= − ∑𝑛
3
𝑖=0

2 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 2 5(5 + 1) 2 5(6) 2 30

=− [ ]=− [ ]=− [ ] = − [ ] = −10
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
3 3 3
2 3
= 2∑𝑛 − ∑𝑛 + ∑7
3
𝑖=0 𝑖=0 𝑖=0

= 450 − 10 + 7
= 467
Actividad 01:
1)
8

∑ 3 𝑎 𝑖 2 + 12𝑏 𝑖 − 3𝑐
𝑖−6
8 8 8
2
= 3 𝑎 ∑ 𝑖 + 12 𝑏 ∑ 𝑖 − ∑ 3 𝑐
𝑖−6 𝑖−6 𝑖−6

= 3 𝑎 [(6)2 + (7)2 + (8)2 ] + 12 𝑏[6 + 7 + 8] − (𝑛 − 𝑎 + 1)𝑘

= 3 𝑎[36 + 49 + 64] + 12 𝑏[21] − (8 − 6 + 1)3 𝑐
= 3 𝑎[149] + 252 𝑏 − (3)3 𝑐
= 447 𝑎 + 252 𝑏 − 9 𝑐
 2)
4

∑ 𝑖4
𝑖=1
= [(1)4 + (2)4 + (3)4 + (4)4 ]
= [1 + 16 + 81 + 256]
= 354
3) Supongamos que
100 100

∑ 𝑎𝑖 = 60 𝑦 ∑ 𝑏 𝑖 = 11
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

Calcular:
100

∑(2𝑎𝑖 − 3𝑏𝑖 + 4)
𝑖=1
100 100 100

= 2∑𝑎 𝑖 − 3∑𝑏 𝑖 + ∑4
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

= [2(60)] − [3(11)] + [(100 − 1 + 1)4]

= 120 − 33 + 400
= 487
4)
4
1
∑
𝑘2 + 1
𝑘=0

1 1 1 1 1
=[ + + + + ]
02 + 1 12 + 1 22 + 1 32 + 1 42 + 1
1 1 1 1 1
=[ + + + + ]
1 2 5 10 17
231 401
=1+ =
170 170
5)
5

∑(2 𝑖 + 1)
𝑘=1
 5 5

= 2∑𝑖 + ∑1
𝑘=1 𝑘=1

= 2[1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5] + [(5 − 1 + 1)1]

= 2(15) + (5)
= 30 + 5
= 35
6)
7
1
∑
𝑘+1
𝑖=1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=[ + + + + + + ]
1+1 2+1 3+1 4+1 5+1 6+1 7+1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=[ + + + + + + ]
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
336
=
349

Suma de Riemann.
Rectángulos inscritos
𝑛
𝑏−𝑎
𝐴 = lim ∑ ( ) 𝑓(𝑎 + (𝑖 − 1) ∆𝑥)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑖=1

Donde:
𝑏−𝑎
∆𝑥 =
𝑛
Rectángulos circunscritos:
𝑛
𝑏−𝑎
𝐴 = lim ∑ ( ) 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑖 ∆𝑥)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑖=1
Ejemplo 1:
Encuentre el área limitada por la curva 𝑥 2 + 2 en el intervalo cerrado [1,4], utiliza
suma superiores.
x y
1 3
2 6
3 11
4 18
𝑛
𝑏−𝑎
𝐴 = lim ∑ ( ) 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑖 ∆𝑥)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑖=1

𝑏−𝑎 4−1 3
∆𝑥 = = =
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
3
𝑓 (1 + 𝑖 )
𝑛
3 3 2
𝑓 (1 + 𝑖) = (1 + 𝑖) + 2
𝑛 𝑛
6 9
=1+ 𝑖 + 2 𝑖2 + 2
𝑛 𝑛
9 2 6
= 𝑖 + 𝑖+3
𝑛2 𝑛
𝑛
4−1 9 2 6
𝐴 = lim ∑ ( ) [ 2 𝑖 + 𝑖 + 3]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛
3 9 6
𝐴 = lim ∑ ( ) [ 2 𝑖 2 + 𝑖 + 3]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛
27 2 18 9
𝐴 = lim ∑ [ 𝑖 + 𝑖 + ]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛3 𝑛2 𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
27 18 9
𝐴 = lim { 3 ∑ 𝑖 2 + 2 ∑ 𝑖 + ∑ }
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

27 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1) 18 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 9

𝐴 = lim { 3
[ ]+ 2( ) + ∙ 𝑛}
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 6 𝑛 2 𝑛

27 (𝑛2 + 𝑛)(2𝑛 + 1) 18 𝑛2 + 𝑛
𝐴 = lim { 3 [ ]+ 2( ) + 9}
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 6 𝑛 2
 27 (2𝑛3 + 𝑛2 + 2𝑛2 + 𝑛) 9
𝐴 = lim { 3
[ ] + 2 (𝑛2 + 𝑛) + 9}
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 6 𝑛
27 9 27 9
𝐴 = lim {9 + + + 2 + 9 + + 9}
𝑛→∞ 6𝑛 𝑛 6𝑛 𝑛
Aplicar límite:
27 9 27 9
Á𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 9 + + + 2
+9+ +9
6(∞) ∞ 6(∞) ∞
Á𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 27𝑢2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2 , [1,4]
4
𝑥3 (4)3 (1)3
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 = + 2𝑥 = [ + 2(4)] − [ + 2(1)]
1 3 3 3
64 8 1 2 64 + 24 − 1 − 6 81
= + − − = = = 27𝑢2
3 1 3 1 3 3
𝑛
4 − 1 9 2 18 9 6 6
𝐴 = lim ∑ ( )[ 2 𝑖 − 2 𝑖 + 2 + 𝑖 − ]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛
3 9 18 9 6 6
𝐴 = lim ∑ ( ) [ 2 𝑖 2 − 2 𝑖 + 2 + 𝑖 − ]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛
27 2 54 27 18 18
𝐴 = lim ∑ [ 𝑖 − 𝑖 + + 𝑖 − ]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛3 𝑛3 𝑛3 𝑛2 𝑛2
𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
27 54 27 18 18
𝐴 = lim { 3 ∑ 𝑖 2 − 3 ∑ 𝑖 + ∑ 3 + 2 ∑ 𝑖 − ∑ 2 }
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

27 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1) 54 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 27 18 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 18

𝐴 = lim { [ ] − ( ) + + 𝑛 + ( ) − ∙ 𝑛}
𝑛→∞ 𝑛3 6 𝑛3 2 𝑛3 𝑛2 2 𝑛2

27 (𝑛2 + 𝑛)(2𝑛 + 1) 54 (𝑛2 + 𝑛) 27 18 (𝑛2 + 𝑛) 18

𝐴 = lim { 3
[ ] − 3
( ) + 3
+ 𝑛 + 2
( )− }
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 6 𝑛 2 𝑛 𝑛 2 𝑛

27 (2𝑛3 + 𝑛2 + 2𝑛2 + 𝑛) 54 (𝑛2 + 𝑛) 27 18 (𝑛2 + 𝑛) 18

𝐴 = lim { 3 [ ]− 3( )+ 3 + 2( )− }
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 6 𝑛 2 𝑛 𝑛 2 𝑛
27 9 27 27 27 27 9 18
𝐴 = lim {9 + + + 2− − 2 + 2 +9+ 2− }
𝑛→∞ 6𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
Aplicar límite:
 27 9 27 27 27 27 9 18
Á𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 9 + + + 2
− − 2
+ 2
+9+ 2−
6(∞) ∞ (∞) (∞) (∞) (∞) ∞ ∞
Á𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 9 + 9 = 18𝑢2
Actividad 02:
Aplique sumas inferiores para encontrar el área limitada por la curva 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1,
en el intervalo [1,4].
x y
1 0
2 3
3 8
4 17

𝑛
𝑏−𝑎
𝐴 = lim ∑ ( ) 𝑓(𝑎 + (𝑖 − 1) ∆𝑥)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑖=1

𝑏−𝑎 4−1 3
∆𝑥 = = =
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
3
𝑓 (1 + (𝑖 − 1) )
𝑛
3 3
𝑓 (1 + 𝑖 − )
𝑛 𝑛
3 3 3 3 2
𝑓 (1 + 𝑖 − ) = (1 + 𝑖 − ) − 1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
9 2 18 9 6 6
=1+ 𝑖 − 𝑖 + + 𝑖 −
𝑛2 𝑛2 𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛
9 2 18 9 6 6
= 𝑖 − 𝑖 + + 𝑖 −
𝑛2 𝑛2 𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1 [1,4]
4
𝑥3
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥
1 3
43 13 64 1 64 12 1 3 54
𝐴 = [ − 4] − [ − 1] = [ − 4] − [ − 1] = − − + =
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

𝐴 = 18𝑢2
Actividad 03:
Determine el área limitada por la recta 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 + 1 y el eje x, mediante suma
superiores en el intervalo [−2, 3].
x y
-2 3
-1 2
0 1
1 0
2 -1
3 -2

𝑛
𝑏−𝑎
𝐴 = lim ∑ ( ) 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑖 ∆𝑥)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑖=1

Área 1:
𝑏 − 𝑎 1 − (−2) 3
∆𝑥 = = =
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
3 3
𝑓 (−2 + 𝑖) = − (−2 + 𝑖) + 1
𝑛 𝑛
3
=− 𝑖+3
𝑛
𝑛
1 − (−2) 3
𝐴1 = lim ∑ ( ) [− 𝑖 + 3]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛
3 3
𝐴1 = lim ∑ ( ) [− 𝑖 + 3]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛
9 9
𝐴1 = lim ∑ {− 𝑖 + }
𝑛→∞ 𝑛2 𝑛
𝑖=1
 𝑛 𝑛
9 9
𝐴1 = lim {− 2 ∑ 𝑖 + ∑ }
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

9 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 9
𝐴1 = lim {− ( ) + ∙ 𝑛}
𝑛→∞ 𝑛2 2 𝑛

9 (𝑛2 + 𝑛)
𝐴1 = lim {− 2 ( ) + 9}
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 2
9 9
𝐴1 = lim {− − + 9}
𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛
Aplicar límite:
9 9
Á𝑟𝑒𝑎1 = − − + 9
2 ∞
9
Á𝑟𝑒𝑎1 = − + 9
2
9 1
Á𝑟𝑒𝑎1 = 𝑢2 = 4 𝑢2
2 2

Área 2= [1,3]
𝑏−𝑎 3−1 2
∆𝑥 = = =
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
2 2
𝑓 (−1 + 𝑖) = − (−1 + 𝑖) + 1
𝑛 𝑛
2
=− 𝑖+2
𝑛
𝑛
2 2
𝐴2 = lim ∑ ( ) [− 𝑖 + 2]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛
4 4
𝐴2 = lim ∑ {− 𝑖 + }
𝑛→∞ 𝑛2 𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛
4 4
𝐴2 = lim {− 2 ∑ 𝑖 + ∑ }
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

4 𝑛2 + 𝑛 4
𝐴1 = lim {− 2
( ) + ∙ 𝑛}
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 2 𝑛
 2
𝐴1 = lim {−2 − + 4}
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
Aplicar límite:
2
Á𝑟𝑒𝑎2 = −2 − +4
∞
Á𝑟𝑒𝑎2 = −2 + 4
Á𝑟𝑒𝑎2 = 2 𝑢2

Á𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2
9
Á𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 = +2
2
13 2
Á𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 = 𝑢
2
𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 + 1 [−2, 1] [1, 3]
𝑥2
∫ −𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = − +𝑥
2
12 −22 1 4 9
𝐴1 = [− + 1] − [− + (−2)] = + 1 + + 2 = 𝑢2
2 2 2 2 2

32 12 9 1
𝐴2 = [− + 3] − [− + 1] = − + 3 + − 1 = 2 𝑢2
2 2 2 2

Á𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2
9
Á𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 = +2
2
13 2
Á𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 = 𝑢
2
 Integral Definida.

𝑓(𝑥)

a b

𝑏
Á𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑎

Propiedades:
1)
𝑏 𝑎
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
2)
𝑏
∫ 𝑐 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 [𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)]
𝑎
𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝐶 𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒
3)
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

4)
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐
𝐶 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏]

Ejemplo 01:
1)
𝑎
∫ (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 =
0
𝑎 𝑎
∫ 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 0

2
𝑥3 2 [𝑎
𝑎3 𝑎 3
𝑎3
=𝑎 𝑥−[ ]=𝑎 − 0] − [ − ] = 𝑎 − 0 − + 0
3 3 3 3
 2𝑎3 2
Á𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑢
3
Ejemplo 02:
2)
6
𝑑𝑥
∫ =
2 √3𝑥 − 2
𝑢 = 3𝑥 − 2
𝑑𝑢 = 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
3
6
1𝑑𝑢
=∫ ∙
2 √𝑢 3
1 6 𝑑𝑢 1 6 −1
= ∫ = ∫ 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢
3 2 √𝑢 3 2
1
1 𝑢2 1 1
= [ ] = ∙ 2𝑢2
3 1 3
2
2 2
= ∙ √𝑢 = √3𝑥 − 2
3 3
2
= [√3(6) − 2] − [√3(2) − 2]
3
2
= [√18 − 2] − [√6 − 2]
3
2
= [√16] − [√4 ]
3
2 2 4
= [4 − 2] = (2) = 𝑢2
3 3 3
3)
𝜋
4
∫ sin2 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0

1
sin2 (𝑥) = [1 − cos 2𝑥]
2
 𝜋 𝜋
41 1 4
∫ [1 − cos 2𝑥]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [1 − cos 2𝑥]
0 2 2 0
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1 4 1 4 1 1 4 𝑑𝑢
∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥] − ∫ cos 𝑢
2 0 2 0 2 2 0 2
Donde:
𝑢 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
2
𝜋 𝜋
1 1 1 4 1 𝜋 1 4
[𝑥] − [ ] ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = [ − 0] − ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2 2 2 0 2 4 4 0
𝜋 1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= − [sin 2𝑥] = − [sin 2 ( ) − sin 0]
8 4 8 4 4
𝜋 1 𝜋
= − [sin − sin 0]
8 4 2
𝜋 1 𝜋 1
= − (1 − 0) == −
8 4 8 4
𝜋−2 2
= 𝑢
8
4)
𝑒
∫ 𝑥 ln(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1

𝑢 = ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑥2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣=
𝑥 2
𝑒 2
𝑥2 𝑥 1 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 1 𝑒
= ln 𝑥 ∙ −∫ ∙ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 1 2 𝑥 2 2 1

𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 1 𝑥 2 𝑒2 12 1 𝑒 2 12
= − [ ] = [ ln(𝑒) − ln(1)] − [ − ]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

𝑒2 1 1 𝑒2 1 𝑒2 𝑒 2 1 2𝑒 2 − 𝑒 2 + 1 𝑒 2 + 1 2
= [ (1) − (0)] − [ − ] = −0− + = = 𝑢
2 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 4
Actividad 04:
5)
1
𝑥+1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 6)2

𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 6
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
2
1
1 𝑑𝑢 1 1 𝑑𝑢 1 1 −2 1 𝑢−1 −1 1
∫ 2∙ = ∫ 2 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = [ ]= =− 2
0 𝑢 2 2 0 𝑢 2 0 2 −1 2𝑢 2(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 6)

Á𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
1 −1
= [− − ]
2(12 2
+ 2(1) + 6) 2(0 + 2(0) + 6)
1 1
= [− + ]
2(1 + 2 + 6) 2(0 + 0 + 6)
1 1
= [− + ]
2(9) 2(6)
1 1
=− +
18 12
2 3
=− +
36 36
1 2
= 𝑢
36