a eee Using Social Studies 7 MATERIA ALUMNO. | MAESTRO. GRADO. c Ua) cRuPo_“ia*See ee Using Social)/Studies Cpa ee a a Consulting Authors Richard G. Boehm, Professor Brenda Webb, Assistant Professor Director of the Grosvenor Center for Kilby Laboratory School Geographic Education, and Jesse H. University of North Alabama Jones Distinguished Chair in Geographic Florence, Alabama Education Southwest Texas State University San Marcos, Texas os A Divison of The McGraw HBL Companies, Columns, OhioProgram Reviewers Kathleen Boyd ‘Teacher Ozaukee Elementary School Fredonia, Wisconsin Michelle Maresh Teacher Yucca Valley Elementary School Yucca Valley, California Linda Simonetta Teacher Carrie Martin Elementary School Loveland, Colorado www.sra4kids.com i Hill T SRA Copyright © 2002 by SRA/MoGrawHil, All ights reserved, Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part ofthis publication may be reproduced or istributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a detabase or retrieval system, without the prior witen permission cf the publisher, unless otherwise incicatad. Send al inquiries to: SRA/McGraw-Hil {8787 Orion Place: Columbus, OH 43240-4027 Printed in the United States of America ISBN 097-5602548 3456789RRCO7 0605 Mark A. Smith ‘Teacher Oquitth Elementary School West Jordan, Utah Assessment Specialist Michael Milone, Ph.D. Placitas, New MexicoMap Skills Skill — How to Read a City Map AQ Visitito) London eleyslelsielere tere ete isleles ote clatter ett a eat 4 Skill 2 | How to Read a Grid Map The Global Grid... 00.00.62 cece eee eee teen eens 8 Skill3 How to Read a Historical Map The Black Death........ 02... cece cence eee ence eens 12 Skill4 How to Read a Road Map . The Alaska Highway......0ccecceeeeeeceeeeeeneeenes 18 Skill5 | How to Read a Time Zone Map AUjiriel bii(rh3) (eee suo coenoeee Coosa sorepopneo nc on 22 Skill6 © How to Read a Climate Map A Look at Peru -- 26 Skill 7 How to Read a Population Map Where Is Everybody? ..32 Skill8 | How to Read a Land-Use Map Myr ay Perr Gia, \ite iy gee aanaeeaonaoscoecnopaccocoe 38 Skill9 | How to Read Maps that Show Elevation Australia and New Zealand.........--02++00eeeee eee ee 44 Skill 10 How to Read a Cartogram World Population. ..... 0... .0.0ececeeeeeeeneueeeees 50PS Reading and Thinking Skills Skill 11 How to Classify New Inventions Bring Change .......-.0-e00eeeeee ees 56 Skill 12 How to Compare and Contrast Medieval Times in Baghdad and Aachen.........--.+++++ 60 Skill 13 How to Determine Cause and Effect Trading Gold and Salt........ 0.0.0. 0c0ce eee ee eee ees 64 Skill 14 How to Tell Fact from Opinion Alexander the Great ........-- 0. eee e eee e eee eee eee 70 Skill 15 How to Draw Conclusions The Inca and Machu Picchu.......-.---+++ee+eeeee eee 76 Skill 16 How to Make a Decision Gambling on the Future... 60... 0c eee senses eee ee eee 80 Skill 17 | How to Take Notes The Lion of Mali . 84 Skill 18 How to Recognize a Point of View Patriots and Loyalists . . . - 88 Skill 19 How to Understand an Advertisement Am I Persuaded? ........ 2.0000 eee eee e etree eee eee 92 Skill 20 How to Interpret a Political Cartoon Drawing the President ...... 06.060 eee e seer cece eee 96 Skill 21 How to Work in a Group Resolving Conflicts........0. 00sec cece ee rete eee e eee 100Writing and Research Skills Skill 22 Skill 23 Skill 24 Skill 25 Skill 26 Skill 27 Skill 28 Skill 29 Skill 30 Skill 31 Skill 32 How to Write an Explanation Saving for the Future... 6.0.6... eee cece eee eee 106 How to Write a Comparison/Contrast Spartyand Athens PRt et PEt Eee CEE EE Eee ee EEC CL Lee 110 How to Write a Journal Entry Samurai Warriors... 66... e cece eee eee teen nee 116 How to Write a Skit ss Myths From Around the World............ 00000000005 120 How to Use the Internet The President’s Cabinet ........6 0.000 e eee scene eee 126 How to Use Reference Sources World Religions PERE Eee eee CLEC Ee ELEC Cee Cee eer 132 How to Write a News Story Chinese Inventions Take the World by Storm............. 136 How to Write an Essay Time to Celebrate . How to Write a Biography Kublai Khan... 22.020 148 How to Write About a Problem and a Solution Making a Difference........ 00. cece eeeeveeeeeeeeees 154 How to Prepare an Oral Report Rebirth of Learning and the Arts...........0..0.00 0005 158EE Chart and Graph Skills Skill 33 How to Read a Time Line Remembering Important Dates ..........++ +200 eee euee 166 Skill 34 How to Make a Table Starting a Business ..... 00.0. e0e cece eee ee eens ene 170 Skill 35 How to Make a Bar Graph Working for a Living... 20.6.0 ..0 eee cere eee ee eee 174 Skill 36 How to Make a Line Graph Competing for Business Skill 37 How to Make a Circle Graph ‘The Federal Budget Skill 38 How to Read a Diagram World Trade . Skill 39 How to Read a Flowchart Follow that Bill... 0.0... ccseee cece cece tenet eens 190 Skill 40 How to Make a Graphic Organizer All Types of Governments 0.0... 0e0 cece cece eee eee 196Test-Taking Strategies Skimming... 0.000.000. cece ee eee ee ereeneeeneeeeeneees Reading Between the Lines Marking an Answer as Soon as It Is Found ... Confirming an Answer Ignoring Irrelevant Information . . Understanding Maps . Analyzing Questions. .......06.00.00c00eeee eee eee eee eeees Working Methodically Glossary and Index. .............0ececeeeeceeceee 220Map Skills a cS Tc a ey yay ae cE Ad Ae HOW TO Read a City Map Pe mree Cre KerC RUC) Men CoE D ocr B UCT PMR TER CLANCY) Me CTEM Une Ane y lm red CERO Tatcaayey PMCs LEBER Cr HOW TO Read a Land-Use Map HOW TO Read Maps that Show Elevation Omron ere Nernsrc‘Skill 1 \ HOW TO} / Read a City Map A Visit to London London’s rich history, combined Find Westminster Bridge on the map. with its role as the capital and largest It crosses the River Thames, Nearby i Big Ben, one of Britain’s most well-known landmarks. Big Ben is the name of the massive bell inside the clock tower that city of the United Kingdom, makes it an exciting city to visit. Because there is so much to see and do, most is more than 300 feet tall. The clock tourists rely on guidebooks and tower is at the northern end of the Houses maps to help them find their way of Parliament, the building where the two houses of Britain’s legislature meet to debate and pass laws. around the city. A City map provides detailed information such as the major roads, landmarks, and_ bus stations within a city. Look at the city map of London. You can see that the River ‘Thames is an important geographical feature in the city. It divides central London into northern and southern halves. London's most famous sights are found on the northern side of the river. The clock tower of the Houses of ParliamentPeel Telly Look for the Tower of London on the map. It is in the eastern part of the city ~ near the Tower Bridge that crosses the River Thames. The Tower of London was once a fortress palace and prison and actually consists of 15 individual towers. Today visitors can walk through most of the towers. There they can hear stories about some of the famous people held prisoner in the Tower. Find Piccadilly Circus on the map. It is in the westem part of the city. This is an area with theaters, movies, and shops. Many visitors go to plays in the theaters there. Tourists also visit Piccadilly Circus to see the colorful and brightly lit billboards. you use th when you read a _city map. TwoBecause London is such a large city, most visitors use London's Underground, or subway system, called the tube. ‘To determine which trains to take, itis important to look at a map. If you look at the key on the bottom of the map, you can see that there are many different rail lines —each shown in a different color. The key also shows interchange stations, where a passenger can switch from one line to another. London Underground Suppose you have just visited Piccadilly Circus and you want to go to the Tower of London. From Piccadilly Circus, you can take the Bakerloo line to the Embankment station, From there, you can take the Circle line to the Tower Hill station. The Tower of London is just a short walk away. —— Waterloo & ci = Docklands Light Railway o British Rail — Piccadilly = enw Restricted service , Vitoria Interchange stationsRead a City Map Use the map on page 5 to answer the following questions. . How many bridges are shown on the map? ( joes 2. What road could you take to get from ‘Trafalgar Square to St. Paul's Cathedral? L could taketo tre. VW Slronc Fleet Gb oped luck.) What direction is the Horse Guards Eaten 3. What is the name of the palace near St, James's Park? Buckingham Falac v @) About how far away is the British es museum from Tower Bridge? 5 km 1/2 - 5. If you are standing by Cleopatra's Needle, in which direction is the British Museum? J Korie 4 yf OY J) \ wh f. © About how far away is Southwark Cathedral from St. Paul’s Cathedral? Lh 1/2 aloe AV enle @ What is the name of the bridge just west of Tower Bridge? © na ada Touer oF hb arden - from Buckingham Palace? w\o+ lo + est gl 9. Which is farther east, Piccadilly Circus or Trafalgar Square? ant Otalonr & yoore (10) About how far away is the Tower of London from Big Ben? 4) */2, oles Bw 1/2Skill 2 Read a Grid Map The Global Grid Imagine that you have heard a story of great treasure left behind on an island in the Pacific Ocean. You sail into the ocean to search for the island, but without any landmarks you have no way to find the location of the island. Early sailors and navigators struggled with this problem too, so they developed a system for determining location. This system is made up of imaginary lines, drawn on a map, that cross each other to form a grid, A map that shows this grid is called a grid map. Because this grid covers the entire Earth, the location of any place on Earth can be described. World Latitude and Longitude LinesThe lines running east-west on-a map are called latitude lines. Because these lines do not touch each other, they are also called parallels. The lines running north- south on a map are called "These lines are also called meridians. Latitude and longitude are measured in degrees. The symbol for degree is °. Latitude To measure latitude, start at the equator. The equator is at 0°. Iris the line halfway between the North and South Poles and it divides Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Lines north of the equator are northern latitudes. Lines south of the equator are southern latitudes. When you give a latitude location, write N if it is north or S if it is south. Latitude lines increase in number as they near the poles, which are at 90° N and 90° S. Lines of Latitude Northern Hemisphere 60 Hemisphere as South Pole 90°S Lines of Longitude North Pole Fn South Pole Hemisphere Longitude To measure longitude, start with the prime meridian. The at 0° and passes through Greenwich, England. It divides Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Longitude lines east and west of the prime meridian increase in number. The highest longitude number is 180° and this line of longitude is on the opposite side of Earth from the prime meridian. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E.(EQN Reading a Grid Map World Cities Absolute Location ‘You can use latitude and longitude to find the absolute, or exact location of any place on Earth, Start with latitude first. Look at the map. Find 30° North latitude. Run your finger across the line until you touch 30° East longitude. Your finger should be touching Cairo. Cairo’s absolute location is 30° N, 30° E. Pyramids at Giza near CairoRead a Grid Map Use the map on page 10 to answer the following questions. 1. What is the absolute location of Quito? Ww What city is located near 40°N, 116°E? ND) . What is the absolute location of OD, HOE 4. the absolute location of Nairobi?) 21 v we 6. ~ What is the absolute loca sydagy? S45 fe Northern Hemisphere? oatrern 005 . How many-cities are located in the Westert Hemisphere? Eastern? 5 ee |. Name two cities located in both the Southém and Eastern Hemispheres. Syane y Qniv doy 2Skill 3 Read a Historical Map The Black Death Imagine a strange new disease that no one has seen before is spreading through your town. The cause is unknown but it is clear that the disease is contagious and deadly. As more and more people get sick, people begin to grow very scared and leave their homes and belongings behind. What could cause such an outbreak? You can use a historical map ro understand an event such as the imaginary one above. Historical maps are used to illustrate what places looked like long ago and to show movement, such as trade routes, the movement of troops in a battle, and the spread of disease. Beginning in the eleventh century, Europeans began traveling by land and sea to Asia. There, traders exchanged silks, spices, and other luxuries from the east for cloth, iron, and timber. During this time, Italian towns such as Venice, Pisa, and Genoa became important seaports and trading centers. Catto w om 1300-1400 pee sunore The map above shows trade routes that existed from 1300 to 1400. You can see that trade routes connected Italian cities with northwestern Europe as well as China and the East Indies. Traders came into contact with people living in cities all along these routes.‘Trade brought changes to both Europe and Asia, but the effects on both places were more than economic. As European and Asian traders interacted, they shared ideas, religions, and customs, This exchange also included one of the worst diseases the world had ever known —the Black Death. By the end of 1346, many Europeans had heard of a horrible plague that was spreading across Asia, but they did not begin to worry until the plague began its spread across Europe. Ships like these were used to carry goods. During Coe from Genoa, an Italian coastal city, had established a trading post in Caffa, a city near the Black Sea. In 1347, some of these traders fled the city when the people around them began to fall ill from the plague. They sailed to Constantinople and then west towards the cities along the Mediterranean Coast. Most historians think that these sailors unknowingly carried the Black Death from Caffa to Europe.‘The historical map on the next page uses colors to show the path of the Black Death. If you look at the key you can see what the colors on the map stand for. The bands of color represent the areas of affected by the plage in 1347. You can see that Asia Minor is this color. Caffa is colored light green to show that the plague had reached this city by 1347. The red arrow on the map shows the route traders sailed from Caffa to the area between Marseille and Genoa. Notice that the areas along the southern tip of Italy and the area between Genoa and Marseille are colored light green. The plague first reached these areas in Europe and then spread west and north. The Black Death was often depicted as a skeleton on horseback. You can see from the map that by the end of 1348, the plague had spread throughout large parts of Europe as well as northern Africa. The plague had spread from the land in the east near Caffa all the way to Lisbon and Seville in the west and almost as far north as London. The plague continued to move north in the years that followed. By the end of 1349, cities such as Vienna, Cologne, and Dublin were affected by the plague. By the end of 1353, the Black Death had reached Sweden and spread as far as northern Russia. From the key, you can see that a few locations such as Milan, Italy, and the area surrounding Warsaw were spared by the plague. Despite these scattered places where the deaths were limited, you can see that most of Europe was affected by the plague. land that were affected by the plague in different years —from the end of 1347 to the end of 1353. The light green color on the map represents the places that wereSpread of the Black Death (End of 1347 GBEnd of 1348 GB End of 1350 (End of 1353 Unaffected areas > Route of tradersDuring the time of the Black Death, the origin of the disease was unknown. Most people thought that the disease spread as a cloud of mist that moved through the air. As more and more people became sick, superstition and panic caused many healthy people to take drastic measures to avoid becoming ill. Some people shut themselves up in their homes in an attempt to wait out the plague, while others fled their homes for the countryside. Today we know that the Black Death began as bubonic plague, a disease with symptoms of swelling and spots of blood under the skin. The disease was not passed from person to person; rather it was most often passed to people from the fleas on rats. Ifa plague victim developed pneumonia, the disease became contagious, or spread from person to person, At this point, the infection became pneumonic plague, which spread very rapidly and was almost always deadly. It would be more than a century before Europe would completely recover from the effects of the Black Death. Burying victims of the plague in TournaiRead a Historical Map Use the map on page 15 to answer the following 1. Whe i the plague reach Naples? 2. which city was alfected by the plague first, Seville or York? Seville v 3. If you lived in Florence and wanted to avoid catching the plague, to what city might you flee? , Warsaw north. 4, Name two cities in Europe that were affected by the plague in 1347. Caf ard Messina . If you lived in Vienna, would it have been wiser to travel north or south to escape the plague? Noh v wn 6. Name one city in Europe that was spared by the plague. Cara . In your opinion, why did the plague take so long to reach nonhern Russia? Tr wos Cor away oF Calta. “ . In your opinion, could a map showing the path of the Black Death have helped the people living in the 1300s avoid catching the disease? Why or why nog? THe foris are offered A sroas in Ihe NAP.12. Se Skill 4 Read a Road Map The Alaska Highway After the United States entered World War II, discussion began about the need for a highway to move military equipment north to Alaska. In March of 1942, American soldiers began construction of a highway that would connect Dawson Creek, British Columbia, to Fairbanks, Alaska. Less than nine months later the 1,520 mile Alaska~Canada Highway was completed. At firs, the highway was not paved —it was made mostly of dirt and mud. Because of the highway’s sharp tums, steep hills, and rugged condition, driving was difficult. ‘Over the years since its construction, the “American soldiers on the Alaska highway, now called the Alaska Highway, rmenican so ighoy faa has been straightened, widened, and ° paved. Today, the Canadian government maintains the parts of the highway that run marked with through Canada. The U.S. goverment maintains the U.S. section of the highway. | saa uanmRIINGas a aeaucao ingles on a road map tellThe Alaska Highway = Alaska Highway Other highway (GB National park & * Capital city © Other city A Airport 4 Mileage marker You can use alFOad ap to plan a trip on the Alaska Highway. A road map shows highways and roads as well as cities, parks, airports, and other places travelers might want to stop. Find Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada, on the road map. Traditionally, this city is considered Mile 0 of the highway. Find Fairbanks, Alaska, on the map. Fairbanks is considered Mile 1520 of the highway, although the highway actually ends in Delta Junction at Mile 1422. Other cities located on the Alaska Highway include Tok, Alaska, and Whitehorse, the capital of Canada’s Yukon Territory. If you look at the key, you can tell that the map includes parks and recreation areas where travelers can stop to picnic or camp. Find Big Delta State Historical Park on the map. Notice the tree and tent symbol. This tells you that camping is allowed in the park. State/provincial park.‘The Alaska Highway is measured in miles and kilometers. Markers along the Canadian part of the highway give distances in kilometers. Markers in Alaska provide distances in miles. Most guidebooks of the region refer to the locations of parks, campgrounds, and other sights using these markers. Mile markers 4 Although th€ condition of the Alaska Highway is much better than when it was first built, people intending to travel the highway are often advised to plan ahead.) ‘The road has some rough spots and can be very dusty, especially during summer. People who travel the highway during winter should bring warm clothing and sleeping bags. Although there are many places to stop along the highway, some gas stations and hotels close during winter, so it is important to be prepared.Read a Road Map Use the map on page 19 to answer the following questions. 1. |. What highways would yo If you wanted to fly to Alaska and drive south on the Alaska Highway to Dawson Creek, what airport could you fly into? Jage DOCKS <0 . How many miles separate Whigthorse and Dawson Creek? 5 oo . What highway could you take to’ get from Chicken, Alaska, to thg/Alaska Highway? Yo Wwe Sous ‘ed to take to get from Tok, Alaska, to Valdez, Alaska? ~jov./ \o We Sout | Fos Sar ad 5. e What highway connects Carmacks to th. Alaska Highway? cy, iS How many times does the highway number change on the Alaska Highway? What are the highway numbers? . What is the name of the body of water that borders ie south? Vi Loke |. What is the name of rk located betweep-Fort Nelson and Watson Ake? | oes DiverSkill 5 Read a Time Zone Map What Time Is It? Meg was going to visit her grandparents in Birmingham, Alabama, for the weekend. At 4:30 P.M. she grabbed her suitcase and headed to the airport. Her flight left Atlanta’s Hartsfield Airport at 0 P.M. After a short, 50-minute flight, the plane landed in Birmingham. Meg looked at her watch and was surprised to see that it was 5:50 P.M. How could this be? Earth rotates, or makes one complete tum on its axis, every 24 hours. Since it is day on only half of Earth at one time, it is not, the same time everywhere on Earth. E is divided into 24 time zones. Bec: Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours, zone is about 15° wide, or the Earth rotates in one hour. ‘Time is counted from the prime meridian in Greenwich, England. The time zone east of Greenwich is one hour later. The time zone west of Greenwich is one hour earlier. ‘The International Date Line is set at 180°. This line separates one day from the next, The time of day on both sides of the line is the same, but the day is different. If you need to find the time in another city, you can use altime zone map and this order to help you determine time zones. Choose a place for which you already know the time. Locate the place on a time zone map. Then, locate a place for which you would like to find the time. Determine if it is east or west of the first place. ‘ount the time zones between the two . Add an hour for each time zone going east or subtract an hour for each time zone going west. If you crossed the International Date Line, you need to identify the day of the week. 22pal Sep Time Zones of the Continental U.S. Time Zones z a Look at the map that shows the four time zones of the continental United States. Find Atlanta on the map. The clock shows that it is 5:00 PIM, in Atlanta. Chicago is one time zone west of Atlanta, so it is 4:00 P.M. in Chicago. At the same time, it is 2:00 PM. in Los Angeles, because Los Angeles is three time zones west of Atlanta. Now suppose it is 11:00 A.M. in Seattle. ‘What time would it be in Dallas? Since Dallas is two time zones east of Seattle, it is two hours later there. The time in Dallas would be 1:00 P.M.ZL See 20 World Time Zones i mM The time in Tokyo is 9:00 RM. 165" 180" 165 150" 135" 120" 105" 90° 75° 60" 45° 30" ISH" 1S’ 30° 45° GO" 75 90" 105" 120° 135" 150° E ww www www w Ww Ee &€ ££ £E EEE E Look at the map that shows the 24 Suppose that it is 12:00 A.M. in Sydney. international time zones. Find Greenwich What time is it in Toronto? Toronto is on the map. It is labeled 12:00 pM. Now 15 time zones west of Sydney, so it is find Tokyo. It is nine time zones east of 15 hours earlier in Toronto. The time Greenwich, so it is nine hours later there. in Toronto would be 9:00 A.M.Jie Tenses Read a Time Zone Map Use the map on page 24 to answer the following questions. 1. If it is 1:00 A.M. in MoScow, what time 6. If it is 5:00 p.m. in New York, what is it in Portlan QV: 00 em time is itin joenix? Sem 2. Ifit is 1:00 PM, ja-Phoenix, what time 7. If itis 2:45 4.4. in Tokyo, what time is it in Beijing?” 2° QQ om is itin Zurich? (, - 45 3. How many time zones-Séparate 8. If eee Portland, what time Greenwich apd-Anchorage? Q, isitinr Sydney? 2.00 9™ 4. If it is 12:00 A.M, itr Johannesburg, 9. If it is 1:15 $.m-in Portland, what time what time isffin New York? 5,:0¢) pry __is itm Anchorage? \S acs 5. If i 200 pcre in what city 10. If it is 7:30 pM. in Zurich, in what city would ie5€5:00 PM? Big) wouldrbe2:30 a.m? 0, ia ce Janeio YSkill 6 Read a Climate Map A Look at Peru Peru’s northern border is close to the equator, so you might think that Peru is a tropical country with lots of palm trees and warm temperatures. Parts of Peru are tropical, but there are places in Peru thay receive snow throughout year. Peru is a count diverse climates. Geographers define climate as the weather patterns that are typical of a place. When geographers discuss climate they consider the temperature and amount of rain or snow a place receives. The elimaté map on the next page shows the climate regions of Peru. You can see from the map that there are three major climate regions in Peru: desert, tropical, and highland. Find the desert region on the map. It is a small strip of land along Peru’s Pacific Coast, indicated by the color yellow on the map. This is a very dry region where cacti and small bushes grow. Mt. Huascarén Look for the green color on the map. This is Peru's tropical region. You can see that this region is larger than the desert climate region, Warm temperatures and large amounts of rainfall allow a variety of trees and animals to live in this region. ‘The highland region runs through the center of Peru and includes the Andes. The climates in this region vary depending on the elevation of the land, or its height above sea level.Major Climates Py PACIFIC OCEANgo 2 \ ‘Areas located at a higher clevation are cooler. Elevation also affects the amount of rain or snow a place receives. Cooler air located at higher elevations cannot hold as much moisture as the warm air at lower elevations. As warm air moves up the mountainside, it becomes cooler. If the air is cool enough, rain or snow will fall. Look at the physical map of Peru. A physical map shows the physical features of a place as well as elevation. ‘The lands Peru: Physical PACIFIC OCEAN located at higher elevations are colored orange and red. You can see that large parts of Peru are over 7,000 feet above sea level and parts of the Andes are over 13,000 feet tall. Even though these lands are close to the equator, the elevation causes temperatures there to be cool. If you compare the physical map with the climate map on the previous page, you can see that these areas of higher elevation have highland climates.Farming in Peru Highland climates are commonly di into three major zones based on elé ‘The climates in each of the zones are different. The zone in which people live plays a large role in the crops that they can grow. Land with elevations from sea level to 3,000 feet is referred to as tierra caliente. This is Spanish for “hot land.” Rice and sugarcane are grown there. ‘The next zone refers to the land with elevations from 3,000 to 6,000 feet above sea level. It is called terra templada, or “temperate land.” This means that the temperatures ate mild, It does not get very hot ot very cold in this zone. Crops grown in this zone include coffee and corn. The third zone is called tierra fria, or “cold land.” This includes land with elevations over 6,000 feet above sea level. Potatoes and barley are grown in this zone.21 OA_\\ ‘This illustration shows the crops that are in the highland climates of Mexico and the commonly grown in each of the zones of countries of South America. elevation. Crops such as these are grown Potatoes Tierra Caliente ofe Pineapples Sugar canea Read a Climate Map Use the map on page 27 to answer the following questions. 1. What is the climate of Lima, Peru’s 6. Why do you think that many of Peru’s largest city? Desert of larger cities are found in the desert climate region rather than the highland 2. In what part of Peru should you travel climate region? Pecoure. of if you want to see cacti? Desert Sf Qroond | Climate a Lina (Z)Which of Peru's climate regions 3. wnick climate region would probly should you avoid if you do not like lace to mountain clink? bea good od place noe n cing? 7 warm fem peratures and on of rain? 4, Where in Peru is the tropi¢al climate 8. What kind of clothing el you region found? “x ore sok, J bring if you are going to tour Peru coins i starting from the western coast and 5. What isthe elmate of Arequipa, ending at Per’s eastery border? another of Peru’s large cities? Highland ym Not hol [dlotnes —* ju” aHOW TO 7 gor Read a Read 2 Population Map Where Is Everybody? Russia is the world’s largest country, covering almost half of the continent of Asia and a third of the continent of Europe, but there are many parts of Russia where very few people live. Why is this? ‘The human population is not spread evenly over Earth. Some places are very crowded, while other places have very few people who typically live far apart. is the average number of people living in a square mile or kilometer. In a population map, each color represents a different population density. The key on the map tells the meaning of each color. After you have studied the key, you can look for the areas on the map with the least and greatest population densities. Look at the map on the next page that shows the population density of Russia. You can see that the population density of most of the land in Russia is under two people per square mile. Northern Russia, in particular, has a low population density. There are also many areas with population densities from 2 to 25 people per square mile, Notice that there are a few areas of land with population densities of more than 125 people per square mile. Find the cities on the map. You can see that most of the cities are located in the South and West, Cities such as St. Petersburg, Chelyabinsk, and Novosibirsk are ateas with high population densities. You can see from the key that St. Petersburg has a population between two million and five million people. Chelyabinsk and Novosibirsk have populations between one million and two million. The land surrounding Moscow, Russia’s capital and largest city, has a population density of over 250 people per square mile. You can tell from the key that Moscow has a population of more than five million people. 32H io Sey ohn \ i ceteris Squure Rlometer City Populations SS More than 250 (i More than 100 '5,000,000-10,000,000 )-100 -2,000,000-5,000,000 25-125 (GH 10-50 1,000,000-2,000,000 225) +-10 0-2(_Jo1 ‘You can see from the map that western Russia is more densely populated than eastern Russia. There are many reasons why Russia's population is more dense in the west. You can compare the population map of Russia to other kinds of maps to draw conclusions about the causes of population density.Ee =A bY Some places on Earth are easier to live in Find the Ural Mountains on the map. than others. People tend to build cities in ‘The Ural Mountains extend from the Arctic locations that are convenient. Access to Ocean in the north to near the Ural River rivers, seas, and land for farming all play in the south. West of the Ural Mountains, arole in where people choose to live. the land is a broad plain where farming Look at the physical map above to help is easier. East of the Ural Mountains, the you understand how the environment and consists of a large floodplain and has influenced where Russians live. marshes. The land farther east is more mountainous which makes farming there more difficult.Find the Volga River on the map. This river flows 2,193 miles south from the Moscow atea into the Caspian Sea. The Volga and the other rivers in western Russia are connected to one another and to the Caspian Sea by canals. All three of Russia's largest cities are located on rivers, allowing easier access to ports and shipping. dv Look for the bodies of water that border Russia. Along the Arctic coast, ice makes transporting goods difficult. Russians depend on the ports of the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea, although some of these are frozen for many weeks during winter. ‘A cargo ship on the Volga River eyClimate, or the average weather conditions of a place, is another factor that influences where people choose to live. Look at the climate map above. The colors in the map represent the different climates of Russia. The gray color in the map represents the tundra climate. This is found in the northernmost part of Russia near the Arctic Circle. Temperatures there can be as cold as -90°F. The purple color on the map indicates the subarctic climate. Most of Russia is this climate. In the subarctic climate region, the summers are warm, but the winters are very cold and can last as long as eight months of the year. The brown color represents the humid continental climate, which is mostly in western Russia. Winters are cold in this part of Russia, but they are shorter and much less severe than the winters of the north. Plenty of rain in the summer months allows western Russia to produce agriculture. If you compare the climate map with the population map, you can see how climate plays a role in the places people live. Russia's three largest cities, located in western Russia, have humid continental climates. Winters there are less cold and the summers are rainy and warm. Eastern Russia is not as densely populated because of the harshness of the climate.Read a Population Map Use the maps on pages . Which part of as a greater population density, easter western Russia? v n Which city has a greater population, Irkutsk or Novosibirsk? Novos 3. What is the populatiSn density of most of the land north of the Arctic Circle? , and 36 to answer the following questions. 5. What is the povrtticn density of the pd | surounding Perm? | \3 6. What is the population of St. ee rr, 7. How dees the type of land in different parts of Russia influence where people live? whet ‘re 8. does Russia’s climate influence where Russians live? )\.« € Yces lace a Z ‘ 37Skill 8 Read a Land-Use Map The Land of Africa Africa, the second-largest continent in the world, has many different types of landforms. The Sahara, the world’s largest desert, covers Africa’s northern part. Plateaus, mountains, valleys, and plains cover the remainder of the continent. ‘The land in Africa is used in many different ways. A land-use map shows how people use land, such as for farming, mining, fishing, and manufacturing. Decisions about how land is used are largely made because of environmental factors such as the climate, vegetation, and natural resources found in a place. Look at the land-use map of Africa. You can see that in North Africa many people are nomadic herders. This means that they move from place to place as they herd livestock. There are also some small areas of farmland along Africa's northern coast and along the Nile River. Crops grown in this region include dates, citrus fruits, olives, and barley. Find countries on the map where the land is used for This means that people grow enough food to feed their families or villages, but they do not sell their food to make a profit. Most of the farmland in Africa is used for subsistence farming. Find areas on the map where commercial farming takes place, Countries like Kenya have plantations where they grow one or two crops such as coffee or tea. Only having a single crop can be very risky — a drought or a drop in prices can hurt these countries. Africa is the world’s least industrialized continent, but industries are developing id rate. Find places where wring takes place. Notice that ateas are located near cities. The locations of many of these cities, along ‘Africa's coasts and rivers, make shipping goods easier, Many Africans are moving from rural areas into cities to find work.Nomadic herding ‘Commercial farming (GB twestock farming GB ManufacturingRS ‘The map on the next page shows natural resources found in Africa. Africa has many natural resources, although the resources are not equally distributed. Countries with larger supplies of natural resources tend to have better economies, or more wealth, than countries without many resources. Look for countries that have supplies of petroleum. Countries in North Africa such as Algeria, Libya, and Egypt are rich in petroleum. Nigeria, a country in West Africa, also has supplies of petroleum. Petroleum is a very important part of the economies of these countries, because nations all over the world buy oil from them. When oil prices decrease, the economies of these nations suffer. Almost 25 percent of Africa’s land is covered by forests. Find countries with forests on the map. Despite the many hardwood trees that grow in Aftica, the lumber industry has not really developed in Africa because of problems with transportation. But countries found along the coast with rain forests, such as Gabon, export wood to other countries. Much of the forested land in Attica is being cleared to create additional farmland. Africa is rich in minerals, but the minerals ate not spread evenly over the continent. Most of the mineral deposits are found along the Atlantic Coast and south of the equator. Find countries that have large supplies of minerals. South Africa has large supplies of minerals such as diamonds, gold, and copper. It also has large supplies of coal. Although South Africa is one of the wealthiest nations in Africa, wealth from minerals goes to only a small number of South Africans and foreign investors. Can you find any countries that do not appear to have resources? There aren’t any symbols on Chad, so you can assume that it does not have significant supplies of natural resources. Chad is one of the poorest nations in Africa. Coal plant in South Africa 40aMost African nations won independence from their European colonizers during the 1950s and 1960s. These European nations used Africa as a supply base. They took natural resources from Africa and rather than develop industries in Africa, they used the natural resources from Africa in European factories. Following independence, many African nations had political conflicts and wars that made developing industries there almost impossible. As the political situation in many countries has settled down, they are faced with other challenges such as poor roads, limited technology, and many people who cannot read or write. African leaders are responding to these challenges, but it may be wfany years before these A women’s group in Niger waters plants Kariba Dam on the Zambezi River Many positive changes are happening in Africa that will improve life on the continent for years to come. During the last fifty years, Africans have begun constructing dams to produce hydroclectricity, or electricity created by moving water. This will provide a much needed power source for African industries. In some parts of Africa where the expanding desert is making farming difficult, people have begun planting crops to try to improve the condition of the land. This will create more and better land for farming. In addition, many African governments are encouraging people to ‘operate cooperative farms. This allows people who are not able to own their own farm to share resources with others in the hopes that they will eventually be able to own their own land. 42Read a Land-Use Map Use the maps on pages 39 and 41 to answer the following questions. 1. In what counties is coffee grown? 6. ‘Africa is cotton grown? Arop lar Madaorscan fora, Seuth Atria 2. List the major Ways the land in 7. Name one that appears to auritapid is used. ax one major natural resource, lordE, Nia and-Neser 3, List the resoureés found in Nigeria. 8. appears to have Nogsicy scar Comer? Mozambique 4. List fivé countries with manufac pring areas. oe . CASOVE 9. List resources fo gola. ngense farest Prctroleuh a that have supplies scr, South ao, Nigeria. . List four count of coal \oxin 7Skill 9 Read Maps that Show Elevation Australia and New Zealand Where can you find kangaroos, koalas, and a bird called the that cannot fly? Australia and New Zealand are home to these animals that are not found anywhere else on Earth. The land in these two countries, located in the Southern Hemisphere, is just as unique as the animals that live there. ri You can use maps to find out more about the land of these two countries. There are many kinds of maps that show elevation, or the height of land above sea level. Some maps use different colors to show elevation differences. Others use lines and numbers. The map on the next page is called a ‘physical map. It includes the physical features of the place and uses relief. Relief is a map technique that uses shading to show the shape and height of the land. The a) on the map with dark shading laces with high elevations, such as steep, high mountain ranges. Areas that are lightly shaded are mountain ranges that are less tall and steep. Areas on the map without shading are places that are more flat such as valleys and plains. 3 ‘You can see from the map that Australia and New Zealand both have areas of land with high elevations. Areas in Australia that are shaded darkly on the map include the Great Dividing Range along Australia’s eastern coast and the Hamersley Range in Western Australia. Australia also has large areas of land that are more flat. These areas include the Nullarbor Plain in the south and the Gibson Desert near the middle of Austr: New Zealand is much smaller than Australia, but you can tell from the map that the land is more rugged. Notice the Southern Alps that run through the entire length of New Zealand’s South Island. Most of the flatter land is found along New Zealand’s coasts.Australia and New Zealand: Phy: INDIAN) OCEAN Great ausvain Bight INDIAN OCEAN ® National capital + Major city 4 Mountain peak — National boundary PACIFIC _ OCEANAlthough a physical map makes it easy to see differences in the elevation of a place, an elevation map provides more detailed information about elevation. An uses different colors to show differences in elevation. Each color used in the map represents a different range of elevation, The key tells what elevation each color represents. You can see from the map on the next page that most of Australia is colored green, From the key you can tell that this land has an elevation between 0 to 1,000 feet above sea level. You can also see a Three Sisters Rock large yellow area in westem Australia and along the easter coast. This land has an elevation from 1,000 to 2,000 feet above sea level. There are a few areas of land on the map that are colored light orange. ‘These areas of land have an elevation from 2,000 to 5,000 feet above sea level. Look again at the Great Dividing Range in Eastern Australia. You can see that the land labeled Mount Kosciusko is colored red. The key says that land with this color has an elevation between 5,000 and 10,000 feet. The label tells you that Mount "Ayers Rock Kosciusko has an elevation of 7,310 feet. 46INDIAN OCEANAnother kind of map that shows elevation isa to describe the shape, or contour of the land. All of the land at the same elevation is connected by a line. ‘These lines usually form circles or ovals —one inside the other. If contour lines are very close together, the land is steep. If the contour lines are far apart, the land is flat or rises gradually. Some contour maps include numbers next to each line that tell the elevation of the land. Other contour maps provide this, information in the key. To read a contour map, first identify the area shown in the map. Then look at the lines to see if they are close together or far apart. Use th to decide which areas a and which areas are Look at the contour map of New Zealand. The key tells you that the land along the coasts has an elevation of about 650 feet. The land becomes steeper towards the center of the islands. You can tell from the contour map that the highest point on the map is Mount Cook in the Southern Alps. It is 12,349 feet tall. Contour maps use lines New Zealand: Contour ELEVATIONS: FEET METERS 6,500 — 2000 1,650 — 500 650 — 200 48Read Maps that Show Elevation Use the maps on pages 47 and 48 to answer the following questions. 5. What is the elevation of the land around See C50 oC ion in 2. Where in Australia are the areas New Zealand? of land with elevations bet c Z ) O and 1000 feet found? 70 7. What is € [re level 1. List three mountain ranges in Aus with elevations between 1, and 5,000 feet. Vn. (9G in Tasmania? 3. What are New Zealand's two pain islands? Werth Tejogd“ard So tis the elevation of Australia’s n - fat Artesian Babin? }/ > 4. Which of the islands ms - has more land with elevations of 6,500 or more feet? ., 49Read a Cartogrém World Population Russia ranks first in the world in land area, yet on the map on the next page Russia is very small. Canada is the second largest country in the world, and like Russia, it is one of the smallest countries on the map. Why would a mapmaker do this? Mapmakers work very hard to make sure that the sizes and shapes on a map are accurate. One exception to this is when they design cartograms. A distorts the real sizes and shapes of the “, countries on a map so that the cout can be compared. A cartogram i to compare countries in mam as how much wealth the countries produce or their land area. You can use this order to help you read a cartogram. First read the title to see what kind of information is being shown in the cartogram. Then look for relationships among the countries, Find the smallest and largest countries. Last compare the cartogram with a political map to see how each of the countries compares with its actual size ook at the cartogram on the next page. ‘You can see from the title that world population is being shown. The largest countries on the map are China and India, so they have the largest populations. The smallest countries on the map include Guyana, in South America, and Gabon and Botswana in Africa. On the cartogram, you can see that Nigeria is much larger than the other countries in Africa. But if you look at a political map of Africa, you can see that Nigeria is not very large in comparison to the other countries of the continent. Nigeria must have one of the largest populations in Africa.Current World Population REPUBLIC OF THE conco CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC UGANDA RWANDA BURUNDI ZAMBIA MALAWL ZIMBABWE ‘MOZAMBIQUE ‘SWAZILAND LESOTHO, GEORGIA “ARMENIA 2 38 4 35 EF a7 38 3 40 a 2 6 “ 45 6 a a ry 0 5 2 53 Py 55 6 a 58 5 One 10 million peopleCompare the political map of South Asia _there'are more than 2,000 people per below with the cartogram on the previous _square mile. Compare Bangladesh with page. You can see that Bangladesh is not Bhutan, another country in South Asia. very large in land area, but itis larger on Bhutan is smaller in land area than the cartogram. Bangladesh has a large Bangladesh, but its population is much population. The population in Bangladesh smaller and it is a much less densely has nearly tripled in the last SO years populated country. Bhutan only has resulting in a very crowded country — about 44 people per square mile. ‘Asia: Political — National boundary ee 6 1000 mi —— ee 0500 1000kmRead a Cartogram Use the cartogram on page 51 to answer the following questions. Whaat is the largest country on the 6, Name one country that seems much cartogram? (O\y smaller on secamgan it would appear on aflitical map. Canocn 7. Which count a larger population, the United Kingdom or Japan? PAM 8. Which country has a larger population, North Korea or South Korea? SO Korean \ ly wy appear ofReading and Thinking Skills Skill 11 HOW TO Classify Skill 12 HOW TO Compare and Contrast Skill 13. HOW TO Determine Centar ws (tug Skill 14. HOW TO Tell Fact from Opinion Skill 15 HOW TO Draw Conclusions Skill 16 HOW TO Make a Decision AT AOR EL BN Coc od Skill 18 HOW TO Recognize a Pra cog Skill 19 HOW TO Understand an Bt osstroutails Skill 20 HOW TO Interpret a Political Cartoon Skill 21. HOW TO Work in a Groupvember (>| \ Skill 11 [HOW TO! Classify New Inventions Bring Change For most of history, people lived without the conveniences that we depend on today. Farmers worked the land without the help of machinery, and workers made most products by hand in homes or small shops. Beginning in Britain in the 1700s, new inventions were created that changed the lives of many people. TO a United State James Hargreaves INVENTION. Cotton Gin Steam Engine Flying Shuttle Steam Boat This period of history is called the 6 because it was a time of great changes in the way products were made and how people lived. Classifying the information you read about the Industrial Revolution can help you understand what you read and remember the details. When you classify, you put objects, people, or ideas into groups based on something they have in common. A chart is one way to classify information. Look at the chart below that shows some of the inventions that were created during the Industrial Revolution. Coo) Made it easier to take seeds out Replaced the reat loom and helped ike cle twice as fast Made it faster for me and ds to | by Helped workers to spin yarn in less time[RIE Classifying You can use the following steps to help you classify. Look for Similarities Read the information you want to classify and look for ways the items are similar. Choose one feature that some of the items share but others do not. Wa By when the inventions — were created By where the inventors | were from By the industries * rentions helped hat the 2 Create Groups Place concepts that share the feature you have selected into one group. Place those that do not belong into a different group or groups based on other features. ‘You can use a chart like the one on the previous page or a graphic organizer like the one below to help you organize your information.On) EXER Classifying Read the following information about inventions created during the Industrial Revolution. Look for ways the information can be classified. © In 1801, Richard Trevithick invented a steam-powered © Richard Arkwright invented the water frame in 1769. It was a machine that made better thread than Hargreaves” spinning jenny. Similarities Similarities © In 1785, Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom, a machine that helped ‘Weavers work much faster. © During the early 1800s, Thomas Telford and John McAdam developed a better way to build roads. Groups —_ Textiles portationClassify Read the following information about how the Industrial Revolution changed life in Britain. Then create a graphic organizer to classify the information. © Before the Industrial Revolution, few people lived in towns. Most people lived in small country villages and farmed the land. © Many people also made cloth in their homes. It took a very long time to make a small amount of cloth. © Many of the new machines that helped people spin thread and weave cloth were too big to fit in homes. Merchants built large buildings to hold the machines. These were the first factories. © The new machines made it easier and less expensive to make many products. More people could buy products like cotton cloth. Some merchants and factory owners became wealthy. © Many people began to move away from the villages and into towns to work in the new factories. Sometimes children worked in the factories. Work in the factories was not easy and it could be dangerous. Some people argued that workers should have more rights. INA \i\ Cease 59‘The Empire of Charlemagne Skill 12 Compare and Contrast Medieval Times in Comparing and contrasting can help you Baghdad and Aachen understand the differences between two places. To compare means to find out how two or more things are alike. To contrast means to find out how they are different. What comes to mind when you think of Medieval times? Do you remember pictures of stone castles Comparing and contrasting can help you and cathedrals? Do you think of better understand what you read. battles between knights wearing During the Medieval period, or the armor? These are descriptions of years from about 500-1500, Baghdad Medieval times in Europe, but what and Aachen became two important was happening in other places at Medieval cities. Look at the T-chart this time? below that compares and contrasts Baghdad and Aachen. Ben epee tse — | \elamic Enis Beane 5 } Baghdad Baghdad is located in modern-day Iraq. The Muslim ruler, _Al-Mansur, moved he capital of the mic empire to The European ruler, Charlemagne, made Aachen the northern capital of the lands he controlled.EEEEEND Comparing and Contrasting Use the following steps to help you compare and contrast. Choose a Subject Read about the topic that you are studying, and choose a subject with details that can be compared. ‘Try to find things that are in common. You won't be able to compare and contrast if the details you choose are too different. ‘As you read, list as many details about your subject as you can. -| holars did not develop _.own theories. - Get Organized © You can include your details in a list, Baghdad and Aachen a T-chart, or a Venn diagram. © A Venn diagram is made up of two overlapping ovals. The details that are similar are placed in the space where the two ovals overlap. The details that are different are placed in the sections that do not overlap. ahou EEE Comparing and Contrasting As you read the passage below, think about how comparing and contrasting can help you better understand people from the past. Two Medieval Scholars D™ the reign of Caliph Al-Ma’Mun, Baghdad became a major center of learning. Al-Ma’Mun built a library called the House of Wisdom where scholars from all over the Islamic world came to study and translate ancient texts. One scholar who worked in the House of Wisdom was a doctor named Hunayn ibn Ishaq. He traveled to distant places to find ancient books about medicine, philosophy, science, and religion and translated niany of them into ‘Arabic. In addition, Hunayn wrote books about medicine which included new ideas. Many of Hunayn’s students also made discoveries in mathematics and astronomy. The European ruler Charlemagne also valued learning. He established a school within his palace at Aachen where he gathered together European scholars to study and teach. One of these scholars, Alcuin, became the head of the palace school. Alcuin taught students and copied ancient texts. Alcuin also wrote books about mathematics and astronomy. Although he did not develop _ any of his own theories, he did: preserve many of the ideas of ancient thinkers. Hunayn and Alcuin DifferentCompare and Contrast Read the facts below about the governments of Medieval Europe and the Islamic Empire. Then compare and contrast the two governments. The Government of Medieval Europe ¢ Europe was split into many kingdoms, most of which had weak central governments. Most of Europe was divided into feudal manors —large land estates. Powerful nobles called lords governed. their own manors. Vassals, less powerful nobles, promised a lord military service in return for land. Peasants worked a noble’s lands and obeyed him as though he was their king. + Peasants, who made up most of the population, had no say in how they were ruled, Ona test you may be asked to compare and contrast information in a reading passage. Look at the answer choices carefully. Check them against the passage to be sure the answer you choose is an accurate compare or contrast.Skill 13 Determine Cause and Effect Trading Gold and Salt Have you ever wanted something so much that you were willing to pay any price for it? Long ago, people living in West Africa needed salt so badly that they were willing to travel great distances and pay high prices to get the salt they needed. Historians study causes and effects like these to understand why events happened. A cause is an event that makes another event occur. An effect is the event that happens. Identifying causes and effects _- can help you make sense of history by showing the connections between different events. Look for exar of cause and effect as you 1 following passage. Beginning in the 700s, three major trading empires developed in West Africa: Ghana emerged as an empire first, followed by Mali, and later ‘Songhai. Each empire became powerful because of its control over the gold and salt trade. The region had large natural supplies of gold, but little salt, so trade routes linking West Africa with the rest of Africa, Asia, and Europe were created. As a result, the gold other areas needed could be taken out of West Africa, and traded for the salt West Africans needed. Traders from north of the Sahara picked up salt at mining villages on their way through the desert, then exchanged it for gold in West Africa. Because salt is essential for human life, West Africans placed a high value on the mineral.[EEE Determining Cause and Effect You can use the following steps to identify causes and effects when you read. © To help you find the effect/ask yourself, what event happen: © Look for clue words or phrases that signal effects such as so, as a result, therefore, thus, and consequently. The region had large natural supplies of gold, but little salt, s0 trade routes linking West Africa with the rest of Africa, Asia, and Europe were created. Identify the Cause ¢ To help you find the cause, ask yourself, why did this event happen? © Look for clue words or phrases that signal causes such as because, since, as a result of, due to, and as a consequence of. Because salt is essential for human life, ‘West Africans placed a high value on the mineral. Remember that even though causes happen before effects in real life, an effect may be mentioned before its cause ina reading. Be aware that some reading passages may contain cause and effect sentences without clue words or phrases.Check for Multiple EFFECTS Causes and Effects Sometimes a cause can lead to many effects. You can make a graphic organizer to help CAUSE you analyze the relationship between a cause and its many effects. well-funded, and it became very famous. Sometimes an effect is due to many causes. Try making a graphic organizer to help you understand the CAUSES relationship between an effect and its many causes. protect their eyes from — EFFE Ss : = crossing the Sahara used aes, oe camels as their means of transportation.Check for Chain Reactions © Often causes and effects lead to other causes and effects. This is called a © A graphic organizer can also help you analyze a chain reaction. Europe in the 13th and 14th centuries. Cause /~ The new nations needed money to pay for bigger armies and new government officials. ‘uropean demand for African gold rose. Powerful, unified nations began to emerge in \.. Effect Cause Effect became even more wealthy. Rulers and major trading cities of West Africa Effect Cause Effect A mosque in Timbuktu, a city which became wealthy from trade 67[REMEDY Determining Cause and Effect Read the passage below about the West African city, Timbuktu. Then look at the graphic organizer below the passage, which shows a chain reaction. Timbuktu pee was the wealthiest and best-known of the various trading cities of West Africa. The city’s location had everything to do with its enormous success in trade. Situated on the southern {fringes of the Sahara near a bend of the Niger River, Timbuktu was about halfway between salt mines to the north and gold mines to the south. Because it was an important link in the Saharan trade route, many merchants from the Islamic countries north of the Sahara stopped in Timbuktu. Soon the Muslim traders converted the leaders of Timbuktu to their faith. Because their new religion placed importance on learning, Timbuktu’s Muslim rulers decided to use some of their wealth from trade to build universities and libraries. Timbuktu’s fine new schools attracted scholars from all over the Islamic world. As a result, Timbuktu became a famous center of learning. re Timbuktu was an ij ytant link in the Saharan Trade route. Cause 1apt6 from the Islamic countries north of the Sahara i.) Effect Effect Cause ~Timbuktu’s Muslim rulers decided to build universities and libraries because their new religion placed importance on learning. Effect “Schc lars came from all over the world. - Cause GENER ere cain age eae at 68Determine Cause and Effect Read the passage below. Then make a graphic organizer showing the causes and effects in the passage. The Rise and Fall of the Songhai Empire ‘The decline of Mali, the second of West Africa’s powerful trading empires, laid the groundwork for the rise of Songhai. During the 1400s, ‘armies of desert peoples attacked Mali repeatedly. Mali.was further_ weakened by power struggles among its leaders. As Mali crumbled, the nearby country of Songhai began taking over the empire's richest trading. cities, including Timbuktu. Over the next century, Songhai continued _ to expand and 5 prosper under the leadership of a series of able kings. Yet, it was Songhai’s success that sealed its doom. During the late 1500s, the sultan, or ruler, of Morocco became determined to control the gold-salt trade that had made Songhai so wealthy..Because the sultan provided his” army with musketsj the Moroccan forces quickly defeated the larger Songhai forces, who were armed only with arrows and spears. After the defeat of Songhai, no single kingdom emerged to control the West Aftican gold-salt trade, Instead, the region was divided into many small, weak Kingdoms. Although the gold-salt trade continued in West Africa, it would never again be as important as it was during the reign of the great D empires —Ghana, Mali, and neal 4 69Skill 14 HOW TO} Tell Fact from Opinion Alexa nder the Great A fat is a true statement. Facts include When historians write about people yoy. places, and date checked for accuracy such as Alexander the Great, they se ane eee Facts are found in books and magazines ee : y rc] and other sources of information. Facts can ; gh sources including books, also come from experts and even your own cones and diaries for information. observations and experiences. Read the Historians read and study until they following facts about Alexander the Great. have collected the facts they nee Ait cin 356 n.c. in Macedonia, a region in northern Greece. organized the ‘Macedonian army into © His father, King Philip, a powerful fighting force. « Alexander became king in 336 8.c. after his father died. ‘slaxander toas 20 years old atthe time. yy battles. « Alexander led the Macedonian army into man ead Greek «As Alexander and his soldiers traveled, they Pr culture and ideas to other parts of the world. © Alexander became known as Alexander the Great because of his many military victories. —— —_— ee 70The Empire of Alexander the Great, c. 323 B.c. ‘After historians study the facts, they develop their own opinions about what they have studied. An opinion is a statement that tells what a person thinks? believes, or feels. Unlike facts, opinions cannot be proven. Even thou Dien are not right or wrong, the by how well they are supported. Historians support their opinions with facts. Often, the first sentence in a paragraph or essay begins with an opinion. Then the sentences that follow contain facts that support or agree with the opinion. Read the following passage. Notice how the opinion in the first sentence is supported by facts. (GG Empire of Alexander the Great —> Routes of Alexander = City © Gity founded by Alexander Although Alexander was young, he was ‘imost effective leader of his time. ~~ In 334.C., Alexander set off on a aign of conquest. Alexander led his troops through Asia Minor, Egypt, and Babylon. Along the way, ‘Alexander's army won every battle it fought. After defeating the Persian Empire, Alexander declared himself “the Great King,” the title of the king of Persia. Everywhere Alexander marched, he spread Greek culture and learning. His conquests helped to create a new civilization by joining together Greek traditions and ideas with the cultures of North Africa and Asia.(GEGEN Telling Fact from Opinion You can use the steps that follow to help you evaluate opinions when you read. Find an Opinion Statement © Look for a statement that tells what someone thinks, believes, or feels. Opinions often contain words such as best, worst, more, always, should, believe, or seems. Be careful, though. Sometimes opinions don’t contain these words. inder riding his horse, Bucephalus © Often the first sentence in a paragraph is an opinion. Fad Although Alexander was Facts the most effective leader of his time. © Look for statements that can be proven true. ‘© Names of places, dates, and other numbers are often included in facts. © Facts are not based on feelings, beliefs, or emotions. Then in 334 B.c., Alexander set off on a campaign of conquest. Alexander led his troops through Asia Minor, Egypt, and Babylon.a Evaluate Opinions © The best opinion statements are ones © A weak opinion statement is one that is that are persuasive, which means that not persuasive because it is unclear or they make the reader think, believe, or does not have supporting facts. CEASE KL © Look at the opinion statement again. © A strong opinion statement is one that is Is it supported by facts? Is it based on persuasive because it is clearly written feelings instead of facts? Is it a logical and is well supported by facts. statement? Does it make things seem better or worse than they are? ion Statements ‘These opinion statements ate not very persuasive. © Alexander the Great was a better leader than my basketball coach. ‘This statement is unclear. It compares two people who are too different to be compared. © Students should not study Alexander the Great. This statement is based on feelings instead of facts. © Most people think that Alexander the Great was a good leader. ‘This statement is based on what most people believe instead of on facts.[SEWER Telling Fact from Opinion Read the passage below. As you read, find opinion statements that are supported by facts. Opinion —> ALEXANDER THE GREAT: The Greatest Military Leader of His Time lexander the Great was the greatest military leader his time. He had a solution for every problem. B.C. he wanted to capture the city of Tyre, but Tyre i Fact etl To get his army to Tyre, be had his Opinion —>, Fact. men build a road over the sea. It was made from rock and earth and rose just above the water. Alexander's idea worked. His troops reached Tyre and forced it to surrender. Several years later, Alexander decided to capture a stronghold high on a in in India. The mountain was surrounded by, ravines. Alexander ordered each of his soldiers to of 100 wooden sticks. With these sticks, irt and stone, they filled in one of the ravines. and his army used the bridge they made to get fe stronghold. Soon they had captured the mountain. No military leader was better at outwitting his enemies GR Hic last battle was against a powerful Indian army. The Indians had more soldiers than ~~ Alexander. They also had 200 trained elephants, Alexander came up with a plan to use the elephants against the Indians. He ordered his men to aim at the elephant drivers. Then he told his men to use their spears to excite the elephants. The elephants panicked, trampling their own people. The Indian line broke. Alexander had won again. 4Tell Fact From Opinion Read the passage below. Then find one opinion statement that is supported by several facts. The Death of Alexander the Great ‘Alexander the Great died in Babylon on June 10, 323 B.C., less than two months before his 33rd birthday: Some historians believe that he was argue that he died as a result of old battle wounds. Many historians ieve that Alexander died from malaria. They point out that malaria was a common diseas€ in the Middle East during ancient times, Moreover, eyewitnesséé reported that Alexander suffered from high fevers before he-dié. Malaria causes high fevers in its victims. ‘As Alexander laying, his men filed past his bed. The soldiers were saddened by the loss of their leader. poisoned. ‘Alexander's funeral procession was the most spectacular funeral that anyone had ever seen. His funeral procession traveled for 1,000 miles from Babylon to the king’s final resting place in Alexandria, Egypt Alexander's solid-gold coffin was placed under a temple that was covered with jewels and pulled by 64 mules. Giant bells on the temple rang 0 i crowds that the procession was coming. ‘\Skill 15 IHOW TO) Draw Conclusions The Inca and Machu Picchu Perched on a cliff-top in the Andes, the ancient city of Machu Picchu went undiscovered by outsiders until 1911, when the American explorer Hiram Bingham stumbled upon its ruins. Nearly 100 years later, historians continue to draw conclusions about Machu Picchu and the people who built it. mt Inca Empire, 16 When historians study people and places from the past they draw conclusions. They consider a number of facts and decide what those facts mean when taken together. A conclusion is a decision, based on facts, that tells what happened. Read the following passage about the builders of Machu Picchu. Machu Picchu was part of the Inca empire, the most advanced civilization in the Americas until 1572, when it was conquered by Spain. From their ervations of Machu Picchu, *haeologists know that the people of Machu Picchu built terraces. By carving terraces into the mountainside, they created flat surfaces that allowed farmers to use more of the sloping land. They irrigated their farmland with canals that also brought water to the city’s houses. In addition to the canals and terraced farmland, archaeologists have found high-quality stonework in Machu Picchu. The Inca did not use mortar to hold their stone walls together. Instead, they fitted shaped blocks together with amazing precision.[EERE Drawing Conclusions You can use the steps that follow to help you draw conclusions when you read. 1 Collect and Organize Evidence First read the passage to get the main idea. ‘Then examine each piece of information individually. The information that you collect to draw a conclusion is called Evidence includes the facts and other details that you find in a reading passage. You may want to make a list of the evidence you read. Finda Common Idea Read over your evidence. Thin| what each piece of informati and look for the big pic a common idea that ties all of the evidence together. Make a Statement ‘After you have thought about all of the evidence, decide what you think happened. Make a statement that summarizes what you think. Be sure that your conclusion is supported by all of the facts you collected. * The people of Machu Picchu built, terraces for farmland. “They irr icf The Inca Built. “Terraces for farmland * Canals — * Stonework bee Pa el a aaa & C naan ld have designed and built the terraces, canals, and rkers |_____ stonework discovered at- Machu _____| Picchu. The Inca civilization must.x [ERNE Drawing Conclusions As you read the paragraph below, consider how historians have used information about Machu Picchu to draw conclusions about the Inca. Inca Shrines and Temples rchaeologists have identified many shrines and temples Amore the ruins of Machu Picchu. Many of these structures have been linked to the worship of Inti, the Incan sun god. A stone temple with three giant windows that open to the rising sun is found in the center of the city. A large, carved stone also has been found. Many historians think that the people of Machu Picchu gathered at the stone during sun festivals for prayers and chanting. The stone may also have helped Incan priests track the sun’s movements across the sky. | Evidence: - = venchacologiet’ have found ehrineo +The people of Mach Picchu re = have met at a carved stone to pray ae ing gun festivals. | ethe people of Machu Picchu may have. and chant during | worshipped Inti, [sone temple in Machi lows that open to the rising sun. *incan priests may have used ‘the stone to track the movement. of the sun. Possible ( as Many people li ‘the Incan sun god. u Picchu has __windc the Inca Built Religious Structures reer re eel Shri *Temples Carved stoneDraw Conclusions Read the paragraph below that provides more information about the Inca. ‘Then draw a conclusion about what you read. The Inca and Medicine Incan priests traveled throughout the Andes to heal the sick. Although they had many superstitious beliefs about healing illnesses, they also found many ways to provide people relief and sometimes cure them. The priests used the bark of trees, twigs, berries, and herbs to provide pain relief and to reduce fever. They also identified certain plant leaves that could be chewed to relieve tiredness and hunger. Archaeologists have found skulls that show that the Inca knew how to pull teeth and cap teeth with silver crowns. Some of the skulls they found have holes in them. Archaeologists believe that this shows that the Inca performed brain surgery to relieve pressure on the brain. aMake a Decision Gambling on the Future What do you think of gambling games? Government-sponsored lotteries, which are gambling games, are a major source of income for governments in many states. The gambling games range from scratch- off games to video gambling games. Playing the lottery requires making a decision, ot choice, to gamble or not gamble. It is a decision that people make, Opponents of state lotteries argue lotteries take money from those. least afford it. They point to statistics showing that on average people with lower incomes spend more money on lottery tickets than people with higher incomes. Supporters of state lotteries say that people deserve to make their own choices. They argue that gambling may be a form of entertainment for some people, while other people may choose more expensive kinds of entertainment. Lottery opponents say that the state should not make a profit by promoting ling ig to people who have gambling addictions, or to people who can't afford to lose money. Lottery supporters reply that part of the money collected from lotteries helps pay for treatment programs for gambling addicts and supports other government programs. Sometimes a state legislature decides whether or not to set up a state lottery. Sometimes voters decide the question. Either way, the decision-makers need to think about the pros and cons, or the good and bad points, of state- sponsored gambling.[EEE Making a Decision Decisions that affect the public are everyone's responsibility. Voters may make some decisions directly, by In that case, the question is put on the ballot, and voters vote “yes” or “no.” For example, a referendum might ask whether voters will agree to higher property taxes to support building a new school. Citizens make other decisions indirectly, through the representatives they elect. When you elect a representative to the state legislature or to Congress, you give your decision-making power to that representative. Most issues have at least two sides. As we make decisions, we need to carefully examine the evidence and arguments on all sides. When you need to make a decision, the following steps, can help you to make a good 6ne. Set Goals What do you want to accomplish? Think about what is most important to you. 2 Identify Options Options are choices. Try to list as many options as possible. Making decisions can bea very complex process because many options are often possible. it OF cnouistl THE ES rare LOTTERY (Seer Consider Options Consider the pros and cons. Weigh the evidence. What ate the good points and bad points of each option? Which will help you achieve your goal? How does each choice affect other people? Make Your Decision After thinking about the pros and cons make a decision, Try out your choice, or discuss it with others. Evaluate Your Decision Did this decision move you toward your goals? Does it feel right to you? Can you stick with it and keep believing in it? If not, you may want to go back and change your decision.(EQS Making a Decision See how one new voter used the deci n making process to help her decide whether or not to vote for a state lottery. | Goals |e Finance public education © Make class sizes smaller. |e increase teacher salaries Put computers in every classroom | Options: |@ Increase property taxes. @ Increase income taxes. | : © Start a state lottery with part of the money going. to education. L Increase Property Taxes Pro: Property taxes are the traditional way to finance schools. | + Ht would add only $2 per month to average property tax bill. | = Zon |= Even a small tax Increase could be hard on Senior eifizens and some homeowners. = Some school districts have very little property to tax. | Increase Income Taxes Pra [+ People with higher InGories can afford to pay higher taxes. “# People with lower thcomes would pay less than people with higher incomes. Com | = Our state affeady has high income taxes. | = Some businesses may close if income taxes 90 up. | | State Lottery Pra: | + Some people want to buy lottery tickets instead of paying higher taxes. T + It's been a proven money-maker in other states. = Some people may spend money on lottery tickets that the need for | something else. = Only part of the lottery mone; will actually go te education. This voter has used the decision-making process to consider the options. Now she will make her decision.Make a Decision ‘As you read the passage below, consider the options that are mentioned in the passage. Identify the pros and cons of each option. You can add another option if you choose. Ms. Jane Q. Billionaire donated one million dollars to your school for new programs, books, and equipment. Everyone is excited, and everyone has different ideas about how to spend the money. One group wants to install three computers in every classroom with Intemet access. They also want to hire a technology’teacher to instruct students and teachers in using the computers and to hire a technology assistant to maintain the computers. Another group wants to spend most of the money on books for the library. They would also put ten computers in the library and hire two library aides to assist students in using the computers. A third group wants to use the _money to set up a language program so students at every grade level can have foreign language instruction. They would hire four foreignTake Notes The Lion of Mali Have you ever made a judgement about someone only to find out later that you were wrong? Sunjata was a person who was underestimated. Some people who initially met him thought that he was weak, but Sunjata proved to be a brave and strong leader. Suppose that you receive an assignment to write a report about Sunjata. First, you would need to do some research. Then, you would need to take notes: Taking notes can help you organize and remember what you read. Read the following pass about Sunjata and study the note car below it. Sunjata, whose name ‘means “lion prince,” was Re i Source: Krista € Nathan, Sunjata, pj. ». Sunjata, p, father who was a respected leader in Mali. After Sunjata’s father died, all of his sons were killed except Sunjata. Since Sunjata was disabled and could not walk, the rulers assumed that he was harmless and spared his life. Although Ghana’s rulers could never have imagined it at the time, they had just made a huge mistake. a ecord Information © Use note cards to record the information you find, Focus on the main points of the information you read. Write one main idea and its supporting details on each card. born about 1200 in Mali 7 a ‘s Chil cle in West Africa Mali was | Buste’s Childhood ruled by nearby Ghana. ol. W. Africa, around 1200 = The rulers of Ghana prince —_ terrorized the people ther leader i te of Mali and taxed them ese fitters death Sunjat pica heavily. They felt * Sinjeta eet sparse brothers threatened by Sunjata’s ~ "ed because he could not walk”EERE Taking Notes You can use the following steps to help you take notes. Most of the time you should avoid = writing the author's exact words. Instead, write the author's thoughts in your own words, If you think that an author writes an idea in an interesting "Ghana's rulers made.a huge. mistake ‘way, you can use the author's exact words | when they. "underestimated un : Jon ve the author cre “They had ne idea that he foe selongssyen . become such a strong and brave ‘© Write the name and page numbers of leader. en . the sources you use on each of your ~ Source: Keista C, Nathan, Sunita P- 50. note cards. ee Cite ee Sources Bibliography card —_ Bibliography card ‘© Make one note card for each source that for an article fora book you use. wiccwn Sg aed © Include the name ‘author, the title, and all of the publishing information. ‘Write the information in the correct form for a bibliography, the record of the soutces you used for your research. “Thomas. “The Lion Prince Cart hag, Dee. 2000: 30-34... KidMag. shan, Krista C. Sunjata.. oe re York, KCN Publishing Company. 2001.(EQ Taking Notes Read the passage below. Notice how the note cards include the most important information from the passage. Sunjata’s Triumph After his brothers were killed, Sunjata fled his homeland. While he was away, his health improved. Eventually, he learned to walk on his own. Soon he leamed how to ride a horse and fight in combat. He vowed to return to Mali and win his homeland’s independence. In 1235, his army attacked Ghana’s forces. Sunjata won the battle and became a hero to his people. For the next 20 years, he ruled Mali. He expanded Mali’s borders, created a stable government, and built up the empire's agriculture and trade, He also' founded a new capital city, called Niani, on the Niger River. King Sunjata was one of the most effective leaders in the history of Africa Source: Nathan, Krista C. Sunjata. New York: KCN Publishing Company, 2001 Sunjata Grows Up to Be a Hero $j putlete fled Mali after. by *® Learned ‘others kil * Determined wah ride, 8 fighy Milled ae $B beat Ghana's epi! 10” Chane ~ one of the most effective leaders... ing Sunjata was. one ip the history of Africa. Source: Krista C. Nathan, Sunjata. P: 3 * Bec. hero in Mali os: ‘sta C, ~ Sunjata, eS a Athan, Sunjata: A Good Ruler © Stayed in power for. 25 yrs. Ye «Melle Mali larger ¢ Built stable government Own jing & trade ss © Improved farming Mian on Niger Re. words ~§ Created new. capt : : E.Nothan, Sunjata, pp. 8-20 | eee! Source: KristaES] Take Notes Read the passage below. Then prepare two note cards based on the passage. On the first card, take notes in your own words. On the second card, write a direct quote from the passage. Africa’s Historians eee ‘After Sunjata-died in 1255, his story was kept alive by griots. . Oral history is history that is told, rather than written down. Griots combine ‘storytelling, song, poetry, and dance in order to both entertain sand teach their listeners, For nearly eight centuries, the griots of ‘West Africa have been passing down ‘stories about the great king “Sunjata. Most of what we know today about Sunjatai comes from ich are part fact and part legend. in Mali were Muslims, meaning that they followed the Islamic faith. Consequently, Islamic scholars in the Middle East ‘were interested in Sunjata and his many accomplishments. Source: Miller, Yolanda. The Griots of West Africa. Chicago: Acme Publishing Company, 1998. 87Skill 18 Recognize a Point of View Patriots and Loyalists During the 1770s, many Americans argued about the political situation in the colonies. Most Americans were angry because they felt that Britain was treating the colonies unfairly. Some colonists called on other Americans to take action. Other Americans wanted to remain loyal to the British government. ‘These Americans had different points of view. A point of view is how a person sees the world, Writers often have different points of view because their backgrounds, feelings, and beliefs shape the way they look at the world. Read the following passage about the different points of view many Americans held about Britain. Many Americans believed that the new taxes King George placed on goods in the colonies were unfair because they did not have representatives in the British parliament. Americans who wanted the colonies to separate from Britain were called Patriots: They tried to convince Americans that the colonies should separate from Britain. Some of the Patriots began to rebel against the British. The British reacted to this rebellion with more controls. Patriots took up arms against the British in 1775 and the Revolutionary War began. Loyalists were colonists who opposed independence from Britain, even were angry with list had his or ‘ons for remaining loyal. ties to the Crown and worked if government positions. Others worried that the colonies would not last without British support. When the war began, most Loyalists were called traitors because they refused to sign oaths of loyalty to the United States. ‘Thousands of them fled the colonies for Canada. Many that remained fought on the British side during the war.Use the steps below to help you to recognize a point of view when you read. Find Out More Find out as much as you can about the writer. Information such as where a person lives or the job he or she holds can tell you why he or she is writing. Think about why the writer might be motivated to write about a particular topic. Once you have learned more about the writer, ask yourself what beliefs or attitudes may have influenced how the author presents the information. Even if the name of the writer is not provided, you can sometimes find out about the writer simply by regding the passage and looking for clues. Identify Opinions © To help you recognize a writer's point of view, try to separate opinions from facts. © An opinion is a statement of a person's feelings or beliefs. Unlike a fact, an opinion cannot be proven. —_— Patrick rene \ a Virgini ist from eycellent ‘@ Coloni was known oS speaker © He serv an ed in the Virginia peek Dea He opp sed the Stamp Oe II documents: d newspapers lonies If a writer seems to exaggerate or describe something better or worse than it really is, he or she is probably stating opinions rather than facts. 3 Put it Together Use the opinions you find and your knowledge about the writer to help you identify the writer's point of view.[REWER Recognizing a Point of View Read part of a speech colonist Patrick Henry gave in 1775. Look for details that reveal his point of view about going to war with Britain. “,, The question before the House is one of awful moment to this country. For my own part, I consider it as nothing less than a question of freedom or slavery...Mr. President, it is natural to man to indulge in the illusion of hope. ...I wish to know what there has been in the | conduct of the British ministry for the last ten years to justify those hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased to solace themselves | and the House. i i “ The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. ...it is now too late to retire from the contest. There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable— and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come. “Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace—but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery?...I know not what course others | may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!” —— FS — II oF opinions. 5 slavery and chains to Aesorive the colonists if they aia not go to ate how baa lite @ this speech is # @ Henry used words ke what would happen to | wav with Britain. this seems to exagger' fit I, A be under Bvitish control. — - 2 eae on Patrick Henry's packground ana opinions, 1 dive that he wanted $0 convince his listeners that Americans Ghoul fight for independence From Britain:a Recognize a Point of View The song below was written in America during the Revolutionary War. Read the lyrics and answer the questions that follow. A Song (1779) Here’s a bumper, brave boys, to the health of our king, Long may he live, and long may we sing, In praise of a monarch who boldly defends _ The laws of the realm, and the cause of his friends. Then cheer up, my lads, we have nothing to fear, While we remain steady, And always keep ready, To add to the trophies of this happy year. The Congress did boast of their mighty ally, But George does both France and the Congress defy; And when Britons unite, there’s no force can withstand Their fleets and their armies, by sea and on land. 1. Based on the lyrics, what was the 2. What clues help you to identify the writer's point of view? point of view?Skill 19 Understand Advertisement Am I Persuaded? Every day you see many advertisements, or ads, for products. An advertisement is one way to find out about a product. With catchy advertising, the maker of the product tries to persuade you to buy it. Companies use advertisements in magazines, newspapers, on billboards, and during radio and television shows to promote their products and try to convince you to buy them. One way that advertisers try to convince you to buy their product is with a bandwagon appeal. In a ‘bandwagon appeal, you are asked to buy a product or service because “everyone is using it.” Another technique used to help sell a product or service is the incentive. ‘An incentive is a reward for buying. Free gifts and manufacturer's rebates, where you get money back by sending in a coupon, are some of the many incentives offered by advertisers. Look at the ad on this page. Does it persuade you to buy the product for good reasons? You can use the steps on the next page to help you understand the ads you see. The jeans with the {ong, slim legs that everyone is wearing!EGEEEND Understanding an Advertisement Find Facts Look for facts in the ad. This will help yo find out more about the product described. The ad for Giraffe Jens says that they have “long, slim legs,” which gives you some idea of how they look, and that they cost $29.99. That is useful information for someone purchasing jeans. Find Loaded Words Loaded words are those that try to persuade you but don’t provide facts. In the ad for Giraffe Jeans, the loaded words are Sure to make you look like a star! The ad doesn’t tell you exactly what facts support this claim. How can jeans be sure to make everyone look like a star when people come in all sizes and shapes? What looks good and fits one person may not look good on another. 3 Examine the Images ‘Ads often contain images, or pictures, to persuade you to buy the product or service. Look at the Giraffe Jeans ad. The picture suggests that you will look like these people if you wear the jeans. Judge the Claims © Look at any bandwagon appeals in the ad, and ask yourself these questions. Does everyone really use this product? Is it really beter than any other product? Why should I jump on the bandwagon and buy it? Sometimes it is hard to resist the desire to be part of a group, but you should always examine the claims and think for yourself © In the case of an incentive appeal, ask yourself whether the value offered is worth it. Look at the Giraffe Jeans ad. What if you don’t need two pairs of jeans? Then getting a reward of a free gift isn’t worth spending extra money. Also, you should be aware that the cost of the “free” gift is really added on to the price of the jeans.GEES Understanding an Advertisement Read the following ad for Easy Camera. Notice how the advertiser uses words and pictures to persuade you to buy the product. Bandwagon appeal a g) J Y Join ar and be able te take falbu lous m e ra oles your friends wall love. For those who want Snob appeal only the best Buy just 2netgens fc @perate I Phe Sta hye” Fact ogg of? buttons to app ee the pr Incentive appeal Um Includes flash attachment FactUnderstand an Advertisement Read the following advertisement about a new TV show. Then answer the questions that follow. Middle Schoen. yite ne Brought to you by The exciting new television g ody for those ho are used to the best. show everyone a is watching! ife in their first year of middle school in wealthy Fox Valley. = roy ee UU Re ie 1. What are the facts in the ad? 4, Which words are bandwagon appeals? 2. What are the loaded words? 5. Which words show a snob appeal? 3. How does the image try to persuade you? ked to show you understand an a test. Before you answer any look carefully at the words in the ad. Circle | the facts and underline the loaded words.=x Skill 20 Interpret a Political Cartoon Drawing the President If you look through the editorial section of your newspaper you can tell that this part of the newspaper is different from the main sections of the newspaper. The editorial section is devoted to opinions. There you can read letters to the editor from readers and columns where writers share their opinions about the latest news. You can also find political cartoons. A jpolitigal ar#00m isa kind of art used to express opinions about current events and people. Often, the subject of these cartoons is the president of the United States. Some cartoons show support the president's actions. Other cartoons are critical of the choices the president makes. You can use the following steps to help you understand a political cartoon. Examine the Cartoon © Get an overall impression of the cartoon. © Think about how the cartoon makes you feel. Identify the Characters © Identify the main characters in the cartoon. Look at how the characters are portrayed, Are the characters portrayed Sitive or negative way? Does a dracter look sneaky, happy, greedy, sad, silly, or scared? Does the cartoonist seem to be making fun of the characters or are they treated with respect? ponists often use stand for something.EEDEE Interpreting a Political Cartoon _— 4 Evaluate ee the Message ee ‘ © Read the caption if one is provided. is eed anne © Read any dialogue, or conversation, © Consi , Consider whether you agree or disaj between the characters. with the cartoonist’s message. You my need to find out more about the topic to make a good decision. This political cartoon shows former President. Harry S. Truman. I He is pictured as a little man trying on a huge shoe that ie labeled | Vast Presidential Authority. Even though the shoe is big, he tello the | calesperaon (representing Congress) that he needs a larger size. | think | that the cartoonist was trying ‘to say that Truman was making the role | of the president more important. | think that he ‘thought that Truman was becoming too powerful. fm not sure if | agree with this cartoon. Tm sing to read more about President: Truman before | decide what, | think (eefreee [RENEE Interpreting a Political Cartoon Read what jone. student wrote about the cartoon below. from 1901-1907. Will J ing che He was Roosevelt's Seafétary of War and he was president __ Read from 1909-1913. Tafy/A portrayed in « negative way. "Ne ston text [> shows Taft's wor “7, The sewing box Is shaped balls of yarn symbolize issues that Taff has no" Tess ee and dog symbolize groups of people that Taft cannot d the courts. I think that the message of this car oon is that President Taft 5 policies as much as he should. _ was not continuing Roose to be saying that Taft was not bein Lagree with the ‘Evaluate The cartoonist seems the effective president. Bas message message of the cartoon. __ gos. Biecme (0 eo) Interpret a Political Cartoon / O d ‘Andrew Jackson was president from 1829-1837, Interpret the politic cartoon of Andrew Jackson below and answer the questions that follow. 1. How is President Jackson portrayed in the cartoon? . Is the cartoonist making fun of him, or is President Jackson treated with respect? x » What do you think the caption around the cartoon means? What is President Jackson standifig on? > E 5 = a 2 5 8 é n What is the message of the cartoon? A political cartoon may appear on a test. When you write about it, be sure to identify the people and concepts clearly. When you write clearly, the person grading your test will understand what you know and you will score higher.Skill 21 Work in a Group Resolving Conflicts The Airport Commission wants to build a new airport southwest of Metropolis. The Commission says more runways are needed to safely handle increasing air traffic. The Southwest Neighbors Association objects. “We already have too much airplane noise,” spokesperson Will Hush says. “A new airport means more flights and that means more noise.” The Airport Commission and the Southwest Neighbors Association have a conflict. A conflict is a disagreement between ‘two or more persons or groups. Conflicts aren’t always bad —what counts is how they are handled. They can be resolved, or worked out, in positive ways. Some conflicts result in one side winning and one side losing. However, sometimes both sides in a conflict reach a compromise, meaning that each side gets some of what it wants, Other times, both sides can reach a consensus, resolving the conflict in a way that satisfies everyone. There is no single “tight way” to resolve all conflicts. People can come together to work as one |group to resolve conflicts. Students on the Student Council may have problems agreeing on what problems to solve and how to solve them. As a result, Student Council meetings may result in arguing about issues instead of accomplishing tasks. Cooperation helps make a group’s efforts more successful. The steps on the next page can help you work in a group. A student council meetingEEE Working in a Group Set Goals © Set goals for what your group would like to accomplish. Make sure that the goals you choose are measurable so that your group can tell that it has accomplished its goal. Write down each goal. You should refer to these goals often as you work with your group, so that you do not forget your purpose. Brainstorm Ideas © Once your goals have been established, your group should discuss how the goals can be accomplished. © Give each person in the group an opportunity to share his or her ideas. Keep an open mind while respectfully listening to others. Record everyone's ideas. Students working in a group Evaluate Ideas ‘Ask questions about each idea so that you understand each idea fully. Ask yourself if the ideas are realistic and will work. 4 Reach a Compromise or a Consensus Choose an idea or combine ideas into a plan that everyone in the group agrees to accept. Continue talking until the group has reached a decision that everyone can live with.EEE Working in a Group : Look at how the Student Council at o1 ne sche to make their meetings run more econ ne Goals Everyone in Student Counc jl is able to share ideas. _ tgs dent Council can function together to solve problems. Brainstorm Ideas _ Meetings should begin on time whether everyone is there or not. ‘only one person should speak at a time. ” mo one should interrupt when someone else is speaking. “+ If someone interrupts, they should leave the meeting. = Bad ideas should be thrown out immediately. + Everyone's ideas should be recorded. _ [Evaluate Ideas ____« It’s a good idea to ) begin on time, but without | everyone there _ we cion’t get everyone’s input. if only one person speaks at a time, it will be easier to understand each person's views. = if no one interrupts, everyone will feel like they are being heard. ‘Asking people to leave the meeting is not polite. + It’s good to listen to all ideas without juciging them. + Recording the ideas will allow us to remember each -person’s thoughts. Reach a Compromise or a Consensus_ Every person will get a chance to talk and share ideas without "interruptions so the group can make decisions based on everyone's input. A recorder will take notes during each meeting.Tease Work in a Group Read the passage below. Then work in a group to come up with a solution for the problem explained in the passage. Imagine that school spirit is low at your school. Most students do not participate in after-school activities and attendance at school events such as basketball games and school dances is low. ‘The Student Council would like to increase school spirit and encourage more students to participate in after-school activities. List your group’s goals and ideas. Show how your group evaluated the ideas and explain how your group reached a compromise or consensus. Explain the solution your group developed.Writing and Research Skills Skill 22. HOW TO Write an Explanation Skill 23 HOW TO Write a Conroe eon Skill 24 HOW TO Write a Journal Entry A771 L I Oke srw) sa 7119. Meh miOM enw Ocnlas Skill 27 HOW TO Use Reference Sources 7 eke ere Done Skill 29 HOW TO Write an Essay EC MORON EE recog Skill 31 HOW TO Write about a Problem ETUC) Skill 32 HOW TO Prepare an Oral ReportSkill 22 HOW TO) Write an Explanation Saving for the Future When you earn money, what do you do with it? Do you spend it right away, or do you save it? Do you keep your money in a piggy bank or do you have an account at a bank? Many people save some of their money in a\savings account at a bank rather than °° putting it in a piggy bank. They do this because they want to eam REI on their money. Interest is the extra sum of money you get when you deposit money in a savings account. For example, if you deposit $300, you might eam 3% interest, or $9 in one year. The more money you keep in your account, and the longer you leave it there, the more interest you will eam. ‘You might wonder why banks give account holders extra money simply for putting their money in the bank. When you deposit your money in a savings account, the money does not just sit in the bank. The bank uses your money to make more money. People borrow money from 1998 9.00 309.00 1999 927 318.27 2000 955 327.82 2001 9.83 337.65 Amount of Total amount terest earned of money in in one year account banks to pay for things like homes, cars, and college educations. Many borrowers pay back a loan a little at a time. In exchange for the loan, the bank charges the borrowers. This charge is called interest. Because banks are businesses that want to make a profit, they charge more interest for loans than they pay for savings. You can write an explanation of how to open and use a savings account. An sa piece of writing that tells the reader how to do something. An explanation can be a short paragraph or an essay with several paragraphs. Whatever its length, an explanation should provide step-by-step directions in an order that makes sense. You can use the steps on the next page to write an essay that explains how to do something.[REED] Writing an Explanation Gather Information Gather information about your subject from books and articles or Web sites. As you gather information, take careful notes. Revise and Edit Get When you are finished with your draft, Organized read it again to make sure that all of the Create a numbered list or a flowchart of the steps have been included in the correct steps in the order that they should be done. order. Check yout spelling, capitalization, This will allow you to make sure that no punctuation, and grammar. Make any steps have been left out of your explanation. _ necessary changes and then make a final neat copy of your draft. 3 Write the Essay Opening and using a Savings Account Your essay should have three parts: an : introduction, body, and conclusion. 1. Comparison shop—call or visit banks to get ‘Use the first paragraph to tell the | __ information, ____—_———— subject of your essay. Then explain the | 2, choose the best bank for your needs} steps in the body of your essay. Be sure 3. Fill out an application. to group related ideas together in 14, Deposit the minimum amount of money required i; paps. ain idk eee ph should into the account. deal Se ee jt (add money to your account) ils. The last paragraph of your essay | —5-To make a ce sit a . should bring your essay to a close by fill out a deposit stip and give it to the teller. «6. To make a withdrawal (take money out of your summarizing the most important points. e you account), fill out a withdrawal slip and give it to the teller. ; copy of each deposit and withdrawal stip. 7. Keep a 8. check your records against the bank statements you receive each month. om 107Introduction OPENING AND USING A SAVINGS ACCOUNT Putting money in a savings account is a great way to save money for the future. As long as you have your money in a savings account you will eam interest on your money. Opening and using a savings account is easy. First you need to do some comparison-shopping to find a bank that | offers an account that fits your needs. Look through the phone book for banks in your area. You can call or visit banks to find out what kind of Main accounts they offer. You should ask how much money you need to open idea an account. You should also ask about the interest rate. You will earn more interest with a bank that has a higher interest rate. Next you need to complete an application at the bank of your choice. If you are under the age of 21, you will need to have a parent or legal guardian sign the application form. You may also need to show your birth certificate. Most banks require a small amount of money to open an account. Once your account is open, you can make a deposit, or add money ‘to your account. To do this, bring the money you would like to deposit ‘Sequénce to the bank. Fill out a deposit slip with the amount of money you are word depositing and hand that to the teller. The teller will add your deposit to your account. To withdraw, or take money out of your account, fill out a withdrawal slip with the amount you would like to take out of your account. Then give the withdrawal slip to the teller. The teller will take the money out of your account. Be sure to keep track of all your deposits and withdrawals so that you know how much money you have in your account. While you use your savings account, the bank will send you a statement each month. The statement will list all the deposits and withdrawals you made and the amount of interest you earned. It will also show the balance, or the total money you have in your account. You can Details LBody use your bank statements to check your records... . ee ea 8ee Tas Write an Explanation Read the passage below. Then write an explanation for how Caitlin or Rudy could save money for a bike. Reaching a Goal Caitlin and Rudy each want to save money for a bike. They could get a used bike for $25 or a brand-new one for $75., They both have an allowance. Caitlin gets $5 a week, and Rudy gets $4. Usually they spend it on treats after school and it is all gone by the end of the week. For her birthday, Caitlin received $10 from her grandparents. Rudy won a contest. “The prize was a new soccer ball worth $25. Caitlin’s mother wants some, help in organizing and stapling some reports. She is willing to pay $2 an hour. Rudy’s grandfather wants some help cleaning out his garage. He will pay $5 for the job. How would you suggest Caitlin or Rudy go about saving money for a bike? Cai 2 A \ry| Source: “Greece, Act Skill 23 Write a Comparison/Contrast Sparta and Athens Have you ever noticed that two places may be close together, but seem very different? Sparta and Athens were two ancient Greek city- One way to present information about two different places is in a comp. compares and contrasts the Greek city- states of Sparta and Athens. Before you begin writing, you will need to gather facts about your two subjects. A current encyclopedia is a good place to start. St Greece was divided into city-states « City-states. territories that ruled themselves & were usually centered on a. single city sae « Sparta & Athens among most importer Greek city-states in 5th-Hth — Athens © City-state located in peninsula of Attica _--._# Centered around the large city of Athens me Encyclopedia, © Had many magnificent structures including a great temple, the Parthenon centuries B.C. 2000 ed. } Source: “Athens,” Acme Encyclopedia, 2000 ed. Sparta City-state located on peni sus. z Conteran cated on peninsula of PeleponnesusEEE Writing a Comparison/Contrast You can use the steps below to help you write a comparison/contrast essay. Greek City-States, c. 500 B.c. Gather Information © Gather facts about your subjects from a variety of sources in addition to an encyclopedia. Use your library's card catalog to help you locate books, magazine articles, or other sources. Use note cards to record important details about your topic in your own words. — Art and Learning: Sports ; so fat ‘Act and Learning Athens Valued ert and learning - any people given personal freedoms en * Many great pla " Socraiee) Payrights philesop ° Actlarchitectu = ire: many ot arthenon, sculpture 7 __.gnd lear! oe Personal f Source: Mirando, Elise irre Ele. Athen(EE Writing a Comparison/Contrast 2 Organize Your Information © After gathering and recording important details about your subjects, you will need to organize them. You can use a ‘T-chart to sort your details and to spot similarities and differences between your subjects. Athens Spa Government: democracy Government: oligarc! (tule by the many) (rule by the few) vy: based on farming, Economy: based on farming also important = Key values: obedience, courage and skill in battle Another way to sort details for comparisonicontrast essays is to draw a Venn diagram. Venn diagrams compare two subjects by using two overlapping ovals. In each oval, list details showing how your subjects are different. In the space where the ovals overlap, list any details the two subjects have in common.| Sparta and Athens | | introduction: Sparta and Athens Ill. Athens |_A. Among most important ‘A. Centered on large cit, | city-states in Greece B. Key values: creativity |B. Had many differences freedom of thought | (and similarities C. Learning, art valued | |. Sparta D. Government: democrac | A.Centered on villages E. Economy: agriculture, trade |B. Key values: skill, courage in F Women: no political or economic, , | __ battle, and obedience power, quiet lives | | C. Learning, art: not valued IV. Conclusion: Differences and | _D. Government: oligarch: similarities between Sparta |e. Economy: agriculture and Athens | _F.Women: no political power but ‘A. Governments, key values | owned land, were athletic very different | | B. Economies, lives of women similar in some ways, different. a © An outline is another way to organize your thoughts before writing your ‘comparison/contrast essay. about one subject. In the third paragraph, describe the other subject. In the fourth paragraph, conclude your essay by summing up how the two nae subjects are alike and different. Essay © Revise and edit your draft. Read your essay to make sure that you supported your main ideas with plenty of details. Check for correct punctuation, spelling, grammar, and capitalization. Make a final neat copy of your essay. © Begin with a draft. In the first paragraph, introduce the two subjects that you are comparing. In the second paragraph, include important detailsEEE Writing a Comparison/Contrast As you read the comparison/contrast essay below, notice how it is organized. Introduction Sparta and Athens Most of ancient Greece was divided into city-states that ruled themselves. During the 4th and Sth centuries 6.c, Sparta and Athens were among the most important Greek city-states. There were many differences and similarities between the two places. Located on the peninsula of Feloponnesus, Sparta was centered on a group of small villages. The key values of Sparta were skill and bravery in battle and obedience to the state. py 7 Spartans placed little value on learning or art. The government of Sparta was an oligarchy, which means rule by the few. Its economy was based on farming. Women in Sparta had no political power but ‘they could own land and participate in athletics. Located on the peninsula of Attica, the city-state of Athens was centered on the large city of Athens. The key values of Athens were creativity and freedom of thought. Athenians valued art Secoad a7 and learning highly, a6 can be seen in their outstanding sculpture, architecture, and writings. The government of Athens was a democracy, which means rule by the many. Its economy was based on both farming and trade. Women in Athens lived quiet lives, could not own land, and had no political power. The societies of Sparta and Athens were alike in certain ways, but different in others. Their key values and their governmental ~~ systems were very different. Sparta’s government was an oligarchy and ite key values were obedience, and skill and courage in battle. Athens’ government was a democracy and its key values were freedom of thought and creativity. Art and learning were much more highly valued in Athens than in Sparta. One similarity between the two city-states was that farming was central to both their economies, although trade was also important in Athens. Another similarity between Sparta and Athens was .. le a a 14ee Tease Write a Comparison/Contrast Choose one of the topics below. Then write a comparison/contrast essay about the topic you choose. Sparta and Athens During the Fourth and Fifth Centuries B.c. © Compare and contrast the educational © Compare and contrast two important systems of Sparta and Athens. leaders of Sparta and Athens: Lycurgus, the legendary Spartan political and © Compare and contrast the governmental Iniltary leader (e600 Bc.) and cera Se cc Pericles, the influential political and © Compare and contrast slavery in Sparta military leader (c. 495 B.C.) of Athens. and Athens. © Compare and contrast the typical building styles of Sparta and Athens.Skill 24 Write a Journal Entry Samurai Warriors If you need to communicate with your friends, you can talk to them at school or call them at home. You might e-mail or write letters to friends who live far away. ‘You can’t talk to someone who lived many years ago, but you can read about the past and use your imagination to recreate what life was like long ago. es One way to record your ideas about how someone lived is in a journal. Ina dialogue journal, you carry on an imaginary dialogue, or conversation, with a historical character. Read the following passage about a group of people who lived in Japan. From about 1200 to 1700, the samurai were among the most powerful and admired people in Japan. Samurai were nobles and warriors. Their lives were shaped by a system known as feudalism. At the top of the feudal system was the shogun, who ruled the country as a military dictator. Directly beneath him were lords, great nobles who owned large tracts of land. Beneath them were the samurai, each of whom pledged to serve a lord by protecting that lord and his lands. Samurai held an honored position in Japanese society. They were both respected and feared for their military skills, courage, and remarkable self-discipline.[EGER Writing a Journal Entry You can use the steps below to help you write a dialogue journal. Research Your Topic Find out more about the historical period in which your fictional character lived. Consult encyclopedias, books, magazines, or other types of sources. Look for ‘What did they do in their free time? What religious beliefs did they hold? Take Notes Record details from each of your sources. mn How Samurai Dressed For Battle » Loose-fitting, metal armor Metal headdress with crest inted wood fen ines wore uncomfortable face o oemck, colored red, to show anger ©. Armed with bows and curved steel swords beautifully-decorated + of a i i es Wi First, ask your historical character questions about his or her life. Then, write a response as if you are the character. Use plenty of descriptive details to bring your character to life. Think of ways to include the interesting pieces of information you have gathered about your character's time period and culture in your journal entries. Be sure to include sensory descriptions. Sensory descriptions appeal to your senses. They can help you and your readers see, hear, taste, smell, and feel your character's world. "7— Writing a Journal Entry ad the dialogue journal entries below that one student wrote. Dear Takeda, —— ne 7 ou first become a samurai? How were you trained? How did you el when you went to battle for the first tine? What do you wear when you gp +0 battle? What do you do when you are nat fighting for your lord? Your friend, Ann Response Dear Ann, | yas born a samurai, My father and grandfat always knew | would be a warrior. | was rained to fight from the time | was Little, One year ago | wert to bal iy lord for the first time, | was 13. Above all, | was taught two ites how 4 Kill and how 40 survive | learned how to use a sword and a bow and arrow, how to wrestle, how to ride a horse, and how to tie up a prizoner so that he could not exape | was alto taught the samurai code—to be honest, brave, and loyal, and +0 always respect and obey my parents and my ord, When | went into battle for the first time, | was afraid, but | could not show it. To show fear or weakness would have been a terrible ice, not jst for we, but for wy whale ‘anil. During battle, | wear metal armor anda big metal helmet with a crest on Yop They are hot and very heavy. ___Gaetines | ave to wear a red face wnask, 400, | hate the mask because itis very ph aad pruorte | avo can't very well wen I'm! wERring it When | am not fighting, | quard my lord's castle and lands with hit other samurai, We also eat weal together Mets eval indude Hck rice, any, pickled vegetables, "| teahing, hot tea. | have fitness training and practice sword fighting with fore me were samurai, 50 I i and # i sy uaa. Smetines| lay 2 gane cle go with #7 friend You move i Wack and we stoner around on aboard and ty 40 capture territory on te | soard you capore mare space onthe bard, yO wit | Snare, i Takeda a Wes _~— eeWrite a Journal Entry Write a one-page dialogue journal entry in which you carry ona conversation with one of the historical characters from the list below. Characters from Feudal Japan A Shogun You can write about his lavish palace, his duties, and his ambitions and fears. A Lord You can discuss his castle, furniture, clothing, And his relationships with the shogun And hi A FemaleSamurai You can include her training, how she spends her free time, and the position of most women in feudal Japan. eel A Noble Woman Who Writes Stories or Poetry You can find out more about a real-life female writer, such as Murasaki Shikibu, and base your character on her. A Peasant Who Farms a Lord’s Land You can write about his home, diet, clothing, work, rights, and hardships. A Shinto Priest You can discuss the basic beliefs of the Shinto religion and its importance in feudal Japan, Shinto shrines and ceremonies, and dress and duties of Shinto priests.Skill 25 Write a Skit Myths From Around the World Since ancient times, people from all over the world have told myths. ‘Myths are stories that explain the mysteries of life, such as how Earth was created, why animals behave a certain way, or why the sun rises and sets. Some myths explain how people were expected to behave in the past or what happens when people do not act the way they should. Other myths describe what cultures believed about death and the afterlife. When myths were first written, they were told as if the stories were true, even though the characters in myths, usually gods and goddesses, behaved in unusual and unbelievable ways. Suppose you are given an assignment to write a skit based on a myth. You will need to make changes in the story. Since “skits are stories that-aré acted out, they or conversation among , rather than text. You will need re clear and interesting dialogue for ‘out characters and you may also need to €dit parts of your story. You can also use a ‘nartator to make it simpler to stage. Narrators provide important background information about characters at the beginning of the skit. You may also use a narrator in other places in your skit to fill in parts of the plot that might be too difficult to portray on stage. noMany ancient Greek writers wrote myths. Read the story below that tells about what happened to King Midas. long time ago, a man named King Midas lived in a large castle with his young daughter. The king and his daughter loved to go for walks in the castle rose garden. The king also loved to count his gold coins, because he treasured gold more than almost anything else. No matter how much gold the king collected, it never seemed to be enough. One day, the god Dionysus came to the castle. He asked King Midas to choose any reward he would like because the thing in sight. His excitement grew as one thing after another changed ¢ king ordered his servants to bring him a meal. He smiled as his cup and ame solid gold, but when he couldn't chew the golden morsels of food and drink the golden water, he grew upset. He ordered his servants to take away the food and as his robe brushed against one of the servants, the servant turned to gold. The king began to worry that his life would never be like it once was. King Midas called his daughter because she was always able to cheer him up. She gave her father a hug and before the king's eyes, his little daughter became a golden statue. King Midas began to cry as he realized what he had done. Within minutes, Dionysus appeared. King Midas begged him to take away the golden touch. Dionysus told King Midas to bathe in the river Pactolus and to pour the water over anything that he wanted to change to its former condition. King Midas ran to the river and plunged himself into the water. He brought a large jar of water with him and poured the water over his startled daughter who did not know what had happened. King Midas remembered this story every time he saw the golden sand on the banks of the river Pactolus.You can use the following steps to help you write a skit. Develop Develop the the Plot Characters © The plot is your plan of action. Plots © Before you begin to write your skit, typically revolve around a problem faced describe the characters. by the characters and how itis solved. ou she characters’ unique traits by Strong plots have clear beginnings, what they say (dialogue) and what they middles, and ends. The problem facing do (actions). the characters is introduced in the beginning. The middle is concerned with how the characters react to the problem. In the end, the problem is eee solved. Before you start writing your Micias: lives in a castle: skit, briefly outline the plot. 7 loves his daughter; loves to count his gold; never satisfied Keep in mind that a skit’s plot is revealed by the characters’ words and actions. Make sure to show your plot through dialogue and actions, rather than merely telling it. |_ Beginning of Plot: King Midas loves gold. He gets tne golden touch and is excited as he changes things to gold. ’ middle: King Midas grows upset because he can’t eat and " grink and he changes his daughter to gold. = | End: King Midas begs Dionysus to take away the go! aa touch. The king changes all of the golden objects bac ~ their former conditions. 1——— Choose the Setting The setting is the place and time in which the action occurs. Consider the needs of your plot when selecting your setting. Write in the | Correct Form | rence sonmer ax] © Leam the correct form for skits. List the} Where: the Greek castle name of the character who is speaking : king Midas followed by a colon. Do not enclose the or character's words in quotation marks. |) | Stage directions should be enclosed in parentheses and printed in italics or underlined, Stage directions describe the characters’ actions, sound effects, props, costumes, and lighting. _King 4 i I MIDAS: Servants, bring my meal at once. we arcu of servants loaded down with howls of food and goblets enter and hurriedly set the food before the king. They stand in the backgrot it d und watchil ir rie Ing as the king”—_——$_$— EEE Writing a Skit Read the passage below from a skit about King Midas. King Midas and the Golden Touch Background information Characters Stage King Midas Dionysus, a god directions Servants The King’s Daughter A SETTING: (A summer day in a Greek castles King Midas, dressed in royal robes, is counting his gold coins, He is surrounded by sacks of gold, NARRATOR: A long time ago, there lived o man named King Midas. He lived in «large castle with his young daughter. The king and his daughter loved to go for wolks in the castle rose garden, He also loved to count his gold coins, becouse he treasured gold more than almost anything else. One day, the god Dionysus came to the castle. (As King Midas counts his gold, the god, Dionysus appears.) DIONYSUS: Hello, King Midos. Im here to reward you for your good deed. Characters Iwill grant you any wish you desire. KING MIDAS: More than anything, I would like the golden touch! DIONYSUS: Are you sure? Many men and women have asked for that power only to regret it later. KING MIDAS: Oh, I’m sure, all right. That would be a dream come true! DIONYSUS: Very wel it shall be as you say. Everything you touch wil turn to gold. (Dionysus mysteriously vanishes.) NARRATOR: King Midas set out fo fest his new power. The king ran through the castle touching everything in sight. His excitement grew as one thing after another changed fo gold. Soon, the king became hungry and thirsty. (King Midas runs through the castle touching objects and laughing as they “turn to gold” and then as if tired, the king sits at a table.) KING MIDAS: Servants, bring my meal at once. (A group of servants loaded down with bowls of food and goblets enter and hurriedly set the food before the king. They stand in the background watching as the king begins to cat)... en sk 8 _Write a Skit Choose a myth from the chart below. Then write a skit based on the story you choose. Some Myths From Around the World Cr ORIGIN WHAT IT EXPLAINS MAIN CHARACTERS Pandora and Greece How evil and Zeus, chief god; Epimetheus, the Clay Jar sickness came a Titan (a powerful giant); into the world Prometheus, his brother; Pandora, a woman - Susanowo Japan How great storms — Susanowo, the angry storm g¢ came to be his sister Amaterasu, goddess of the sun; their brother, Tsuki-yomi; the moon god; and their parent, the god Izanagi Sun God’s_ North Why Earth zyalti, 1g & Children America developed Estsanatlehi, a female god; —Navajo as it did Tsohanoai, her husband the sun god; their sons, Nayanezgani (Monster Slayer) and Thobadzistshin (Born for Water); Spider Woman, a wise old woman The First East The origin of Lion; Mouse; Spider; Fly; the Sky Morning Africa— sunlight King Sukuma14 Maen Skill 26 The President’s Cabinet Being president of the Uni a variety of issues that affect the nation. Luckily, the president has a group of people that helps with the work of the government. This group of advisers is called the president's abitie. It is made up of the secretaries that lead the different departments within the executive branch. Use the Internet of these departments works within ‘a certain area of government. The first Congress set up three departments —the Department of State, the Department of ‘Treasury, and the Department of War. George Washington, the nation’s first president, met with the secretaries of these departments along with the attomey general and the vice president. All of the presidents who followed Washington have relied on the work of their cabinets, although the size of the cabinets has grown over the years, Look at the box below that shows the different department heads that make up the president's cabinet today.14. March 2012 | EEEENDY Using the Internet “The heads of each department are chosen by the president and approved by the Senate. Traditionally, cabinet members resign after a new president is elected. This is done so that the new president can choose cabinet members that share (ents are not required to hold meetings with the cabinet, but most presidents have done so because they rely on the cabinet member's expert advice. Besides providing advice to the president, cabinet members are also responsible for managing their departments. For these reasons, leadership skills and a broad knowledge of their area of government are important traits for cabinet members. Suppose that you are assigned to write a report about the president's cabinet. You can use the Internet to find information. The Internet is a world- wide network of computers made up of smaller networks of computers that communicate with one another. Within the Intemet is the World nat ere you ooking 1? Wide Web. This part of the Intemet consists of pages that are interlinked. The World Wide Web makes finding information on the Intemet faster and easier. ‘You can use the following steps to help you use the Internet. Opena Search Engine Choose an Internet search engine. Type the URL, or the Web site address, for the search engine and press return or enter. Search engines contain databases of thousands of Web sites on the World Wide Web. Using a search engine will allow you to find Web sites quickly.EEEEENDY Using the Internet Use Keywords to Search Think about keywords or phrases that describe the information you are looking for. Different search engines require different kinds of search language. Some search engines require quotation marks, + and — symbols, or words such as and, or, or not. Each search engine’s home page has @ search-tip page that you can use to hel search for Web sites successfully. Keywords at are you Yeotana tort Evaluate Web Sites © Just because you read something on the Internet does not mean that it is true, It is important to evaluate all of the sources you find on the Internet. © Check the source to make sure that the information you find is accurate. Government and educational sites are usually more reliable than commercial sites. Jk for a date that says when the Web site was last updated. It is best to use Web sites that provide current information. © Compare the information you find with other Web sites, as well as with books and articles. © If you are still unsure of the accuracy of the information you find, you can ask a parent, teacher, or librarian for help.Give Credit © Whenever you use the Internet for research, cite your sources. If you just copy from a source without saying where you got the information you could be guilty of plagiarism, a kind of cheating that is illegal. Save What You Find © Consult a style manual to find the correct form for citing an Internet source. You can also ask your teacher for help. © There are many different ways to save the information you find on the Internet. © You can bookmark, or save, a Web site address for later use. © You can print a copy of the pages you visit. © You can save pages on a disk or by e-mail.[EQN Using the Internet a See how Alex used the Internet to research the Treasury Department. © First Alex opened a search engine. He typed “United States Treasury” in the search box. The search engine listed over 1,000 Web site matches. © Alex decided to look at a site called “U.S. Treasury,” which is the official home page of the U.S. Treasury. Because the site is a government site, he felt that the information was accurate. He read about the history of the Treasury Department and took a virtual tour of the Treasury Building. He bookmarked this site so that he could look at it again later. @ Alex wanted to look at another source, so he clicked the back arrow on his Web browser and retumed to the search engine page he used before. He looked at four other Web sites about the U.S. Treasury, but felt that the first site he looked at was best. He used his bookmark to return to the site. He printed the information he needed for his report and then went to the library to look for other sources.ee CaS Use the Internet Use the Internet to help you answer the following questions. For each question, list the URL of the Web site where you found the information. 1. Who is the president? 6. Who is the secretary of education? 2. Who is the secretary of state? 7. Who is the secretary of interior? 3. Who is the secretary of defense? 8. Who is the secretary of agriculture? 4. Who is the attorney general? 9. Who isthe secretary of health and human services? 5. Who is the secretary of treasury? 10. Who is the secretary of transportation?a Skill 27 Imagine that you need to write a report about a religion that you don’t know anything about. You wo probably begin by finding about your topic. Your s\ public library is the best place to start your research. There you can find many different kinds of reference! Sources: Knowing the different kinds of reference sources and the types of facts each includes will help you locate information quickly. i | gpecialized encyclopedia with articles on Islam: The Encyclopedia of Religion: includes a good - “Five Pillars” (duties) of a Muslin | explanation of | (follower of tslam) | Specialized dictionary with articles on Islam: | The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions: has. | interesting facts about Muhammad (4.0. 570-632) who Muslims honor as Allah’s (God's) prophet and the founder of their religion. ‘ol or Use Reference Sources World Religions 4 Start with an Encyclopedia EAR YIOpEALAS provide facts about places, things, people, and events. Use the encyclopedia’s index to find key words related to your subject. Then write down the titles of articles, volume numbers or letters, and page numbers listed in the index. Try Specialized Reference Books © Specialized encyclopedias include more subjects in their particular specialty and discuss them in greater depth. You can find encyclopedias on many subjects, such as science, art, and religion. © Like specialized encyclopedias, specialized dictionaries are built around one topic. For instance, a dictionary of law would define words from the field of law.EREDEEDN Using Reference Sources Look at Other Sources © Don't stop with encyclopedias and dictionaries. Look for other types of sources in your library. information on many subjects. © Study the maps found in anatlas to find out more about the location of events, peoples, or things. + Oxford At } of Saudi Arabia showing Makkah, the he } city of Islam that every Muslim is supposed to visit once in his or her lifetime. Use the Card Catalog lists the books owned by a library. Many libraries have computer catalogs. In both systems, you locate a book by the author's name, by the title, or by the subject. eA Review the information provided in the catalog to help you decide how useful each book might be. Study the date of publication to see how current the book is and check the number of pages to see how thorough its coverage of your topic may be. Use the call number provided in the catalog to locate each book you want on the shelf Most libraries indicate a ‘ook’s reading level by including the letters J ot JUV by the call number to designate juvenile (young readers). Call number for juvenile book on Islam: J297 SHA (Shahrukh Husain, What Do We Know About Islam?) Use Articles © Newspapers and magazines are good sources because they often contain more current information than books. ‘To locate magazine articles on your topic, consult a printed index such as the Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature ot a computerized index. Consult a computerized index to find newspaper articles.(EQNS Using Reference Sources Read the description be the topic of Ish iat \ n below of how one student researched | Record of Library Research on Islam | World Book, 2000_ed. Jted index.on Islam. Skimmed wrticle Clslam) | Vel Found about 30-subt for Islam_in index. Copied d Jume_and. | numbers for 3-articles: "Feasts and Fest Ie: (In Islam), /ubammad”(founder-of | Islam): “Quran” (Islamic -holy book! d Di worldwide. in-the | Searched by subject, found many entries! Decided to narrow book search to | juerile histories. how Islam spread from Arabia tooth parts of the world. | Magazi N : | Looked in Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature under subject: Islam. Found Le in library. Looked in com terized index under ‘National Newspaper. Index. for. “recent article on Islam. Was able to print text of an article on.a meeting. between | “religious leaders from. March 2000.SE Use Reference Sources Choose a world religion, from the chart below, to research. Locate at least three different kinds of reference sources related to the religion you choose. World Religions Cor ‘WHERE FOUNDED WHEN FOUNDED ERI Judaism idle East About 2000 8.c. Monotheism—belief in one all- ‘About 1500 8. Reincarnation —belief th live in a continual cycle of birth, “Buddhism: ief that people's actions create a force that shapes their lives Jesus is the Messiah—the divine savior of humankind Some tests may ask you to identify sources as primary or secondary. Primary sources, such as journal entries and letters, were created by people who were present when an event happened. Secondary sources were created after an event by people who were not present when that event took place.Skill 28 [leywaKe) Write a News Story Chinese Inventions Take the World by Storm If you pick up your local newspaper © ‘Polo wrote that he was astonished by you will see a variety of articles Chinese inventiveness. about important or unusual events. © In China he found rockets, paper Although these stories relate current money, compasses for telling directions, va er things that were happenings, writing a news story about an event from history can help you learn more about the past. * Asa séSult of Polo's trip, knowledge of ifta’s scientific and technological News stories are based on facts. A fact is Dp § scientiic and technological a f ° eXpertise spread to Europe. a piece of information that can be proven true. Facts include dates, times, and names of people, things, and places. Read the following facts about inventions of ancient China. © China is separated from Europe by great deserts and mountains, making travel and communication between the two areas difficult. © In 1271, the European traveler Marco Polo made the long journey to China. He stayed there until 1275. Marco Polo arriving in ChinaEGGEEDY Writing a News Story You can use the steps below to help you write a news story. Collect Essential Facts © As you examine your sources, look for the essential facts first. When you are writing a news story, the essential facts are those facts that answer the six questions Who? What? When? Where? Why? and How? The Seismograph | Who? Invented by Zhang Heng, a scientist | What? A seismograph detects ‘earthquakes When? av. 132 Where? China to earthquakes 2 To improve the response Nae ‘rod in the center How? When there is a tremor, f of the seigmograph vibrates, getting off a chain " reaction which reveals the direction of | the earthquake. To help you identify the essential facts for your news story, list the six questions on a sheet of paper. Then answer each question as byiefly as you can. Collec Additional Details © After you have collected the essential © Look for details that will be of interest facts, think about any additional details to your readers and will help them you need to include in your news story. understand the importance of your subject. ens Design - the Seismograph , onze. dragon | = a «esc, A ee ec vsenith es mn had a small b = a Atel chk wheres omc ena ma tremor to pon std caused the dragon closest to 9g TeThe ba eee tts a on closest to the frag bate Tel ith a clang into the mouth of gigs 9 below it, 'e mouth of a bronze China, eck, “Detect , : = Olver (Juv 2000) 9 Se kes in Ancient OOO * a73 Organize and Write the Story Write the lead first. In the lead, clearly state the essential facts about your topic in one or two sentences. The lead should answer the six questions Who? What? When? Where? Why? and How? Write the lead so that your readers will be interested in the rest of the story. Write the body next. In the body, state additional important facts about your story. If possible, include quotations from people who witnessed or participated in the event you are ° describing. Using quotations adds life and authenticity to your writing. ‘emember that news stories are based on facts. As you write your story, be ture to stick to the facts. ‘Write the ending last. The ending should say something that will help your readers remember the story. © Do not include your opinions in a news story. Opinions are based on feelings or beliefs. Unlike facts, they cannot be proven. © Along with news stories, newspapers and magazines often feature editorials. In contrast to news stories, editorials are meant to express opinions. An editorial reflects the feelings and beliefs of its author and often includes clue words such as should, akways, believe, best, greatest, or worst.News Story: The Chinese invented paper about 200 B.c. Editorial: Paper was the greatest invention to come out of China. News Story: The Chinese invented gunpowder by mixing charcoal, saltpeter, and sulfur. Editorial: Gunpowder was the worst invention to come out of China because it made warfare deadlier. Replica of Zhang Heng’s seismograph a Revise and Edit Check that your news story contains facts. Make sure that you did not include your own feelings, beliefs, or judgments in your story. Proofread your work for careless errors. Double-check the accuracy of dates and other key facts. Pay special attention to the spelling of names. Check capitalization, grammar, and punctuation. Make sure that you use quotation marks correctly. Prepare o type a final neat copy of your story.EES Writing a News Story Byline py voneeiny China, Friday, July 8, s.p, 132 Zhang Heng, a scientist, has just unveiled an amazing invention that can detect devastating earthquakes hundreds of miles away. When there is a tremor, a rod in the center of his device vibrates, setting off a chain reaction which reveals the direction of the earthquake. Heng's device consists of a bronze vase ringed by eight bronz: dragons. Each of the dragons holds a small bronze ball in i mouth. Eight bronze frogs, open mouths, sit around the bottom of the vase. At the center of the vase is a rod. When there is a tremor, the rod vibrates, pressing on the dragon head closest to the trembling. This causes the dragon to drop its ball into the mouth of the frog directly below, making a loud clang. “When I hear the noise Dateline Lead Body. Ending ith. / DEVICE DETECTS EARTHQUAKES HUNDREDS OF MILES AWAY As you read the news story below, notice how it is organized. Headline Direct quotation of the balll clanging,” says Zhang Heng, “I know right away there has been an earthquake somewhere, even if I can feel nothing myself.” By noting which of the eight dragons dropped its ball, Zhang Heng can tell the direction in ice is So sensitive that it once ‘tected an earthquake that was ing place several hundred miles away! | ~ Zhang Heng’s invention is bound to have a huge impact on his native land. Now government officials will know about earthquakes as soon as they happen. Food and other forms of relief can be sent immediately to affected areas. Who knows how many lives may be saved by Zhang Heng’s invention?——— wi a News Story Choose an invention from the chart below. Then write a news story about the invention you choose. ese Inventions Coa The first paper in China was prol from tree bark and rags. At as cloth and not for writing. ‘A compass is a magnetic devi telling direction.” years after it was first known t China. Instead of having a wheel the middle. The first matches were repo upper-class Chinese women dt siege. With no tinder left for fires, they experimented wi wood with sulfur and cre 141Skill 29 [leyWmKe) Write an Essay Time to Celebrate How do you celebrate your favorite Suppose that you are assigned to study holiday? Do you spend time with a holiday that is celebrated in another family and friends and eat your country. You could write an essay about ; what you lear. An essay is a piece of favorite foods? Do you play games factual writing that is more than one or sing songs? Maybe you watch paragraph long. Before you begin writing, parades and fireworks. you need to choose a topic. Then, you need to gather information about your Bastille Day fireworks 142EREEEND Writing an Essay You can use the steps below to help you write an essay. 1 Get Organized © Once you have gathered your © Indent for each subtopic. Label information you need to organize it. subtopics with a capital letter (A, B, C, An outline is one way to organize the and so on). information for your essay. Outlining helps you organize your main points and their supporting details. Indent again for any details which support a subtopic. Use numbers (1, 2, 3, and so on) to identify subtopics. # Always give your outline a title. Start your outline at the left-hand side of the paper with a Roman ni eral (I, I, II, and so on) before each’ main topi = iL Baste Day Celebrates Start of French Revolution 1A. Storming of Bast prison in Paris: uly 4 784 ae for the French Revolutior | {attack on the prison was the spark: : +o the roval prison symbolized the crulty and unfairness of the king to many people B. French see storming of Bastille as vietory for independence, (democracy iu Bastille Celebrations TodayWrite a Draft © Use the main points in your outline to help you divide your essay into several paragraphs. Make sure that each of your paragraphs includes a strong Topic sentences state the main idea of a paragraph. They are usually placed at the beginning of the paragraph. Every other sentence in the paragraph should refer back to the main idea presented in the topic sentence. © Use faisitiofis or linking words to tie your paragraphs together. Kinds of Transitions Words that show location: above, between, beneath, over Words that show time: about, meanwhile, finally, when | dust as the 4th of July commemorates the start of the American Topic _ Revolution, Bi Day commemorates the beginnings of the sentence French Revolution. The storming of the Bastille prison in Paris was the spark for the French Revolution. On July 14, 1784, an angry | __ crowd forced its way into the royal prison and freed all the ... Words that show compare and contrast: like, also, although, however Words that add information: again, next © Clearly identify the subject of your essay in the first paragraph or Try to begin your essay with an interesting question or fact to grab the readeis’ attention. Then state the specific subject that your essay will discuss. Provide additional details about your jéct in the body, or middle section, f the essay. Each paragraph should add important and interesting details that further explain the topic of your essay. 144© Your last paragraph, or Conclusion should briefly summarize your main points. You can also use your conclusion to express some of your own feelings or views about the subject of your essay, 3 © Check to make sure that each of your paragraphs contains a topic sentence. Delete any sentences in a paragraph that do not support that paragraph’s topic sentence. © Proofread for spellin and capitalization >» When you write an essay it is important to follow the guidelines for the kind of essay you are assigned to ite, | = An informational essay is similar to | areport. > Ina persuasive essay, the writer ‘expresses an opinion and provides evidence to support it. > A personal essay describes something related to the author's personal life. © Write or type a final neat copy of your essay. A Bastille Day paradeMardy 2012 EQS Writing an Essay Read the essay below. As you read, notice how the essay is organized. The Origins of France’s Bastille Day Introduction 0 you like parades, fireworks, and plenty of flag “~~ J waving? Then you would probably enjoy France’s Bastille Day: Like the 4th of July, Bastille Day celebrates, independence. The origins of the holiday go back more than 200 years, to the time of the French Revolution. During the Revolution, the French people overthrew their king and created a more democratic government for themselves. Just as the 4th of July commemorates the start of the American Revolution, Bastille Day commemorates the beginnings of the French Revolution. The storming of the Bastille prison in Paris was the spark for Revolution. On July 14, 1789, an angry cx Body way into the royal prison and freed all the French, the Bastille was a symbo¥of the cruelty and unfairness of the king, When they/estroyed the Bastille, the French people felt as though théy had scored an important victory for independence angdemocracy: ‘Today, the French celgWrate Bastille Day every July 14th with patriotic speeches, parties, and parades. Fireworks displays are also popular on Bastille Day: The most spectacular fireworks display is in Paris where fireworks light up the Eiffel Tower with France’s national colors: red, white, and blue. Conclusion ——> Americans celebrate independence from Great Britain every year on July 4th. France celebrates its independence from an unfair king every year on Bastille Day, July 14th. Patriotic holidays like Bastille Day and the 4th of July are important. They help people to learn more about their country’s history. They also give them a feeling of pride in their nation. en tt22. Write an Essay Choose a holiday from the chart below. Then write an essay holiday you choose. Macy 2012 Sih it the World Holidays Day Australia January 26 Scotland December 31— January 1 “Dragon Boat China between Festival mid-May and mid-June “Diadelos Mexico November 2 Muertos (Day of the Dead) Ta Coe Parades, fireworks, parties, patriotic speeches from government leaders First-footing’” (visiting relatives an¢ friends), feasts with traditional foods, traditional games Feasting on rice pudding and other traditional foods, exchanging colorful greeting cards with family and friends, painting beautiful designs in rice flour and water on walls and floors of houses, decorating cows, bulls, oxen, and water buffaloes with garlands of flowers Decorating of boats with colorfully painted dragon heads, boat races, feasts with traditional foods Family members who have died are honored on this day, people visit gravesides of loved ones and decorate them with flowers and have picnics Some tests may ask you to write an essay. Remember to include a topic sentence in each paragraph of your essay. Every sentence in each of your paragraphs should support the main idea stated in that paragraph’s topic sentence. 147Skill 30 HOW TO} Write a Biography Kublai Khan Between about 1000 and 1650, Asians greatly increased their influence through trade and military might. Able and ambitious rulers like Suryavarman IT, Akbar, and Genghis Khan created vast empires and oversaw spectacular building projects. The biogeaphy—or life story— of any one of these powerful Asian rulers would make for fascinating reading. There are many different ways to write a biography. You can focus on central Asia. In the early 1200s, they the events in a person’s life in the ordey’in began a campaign of conquest under which they happened. You can focus/on a the leadership of Kublai’s grandfather, 4200-1400 ol Empire, SU ada oe iba a famous Asian rulers in history. The Mongols were a nomadic people from particular phase in a person's life oon Genghis Khan. By the time of Kublai’s why he or she is famous. Finally, you can death in 1294, the Mongols ruled Russia focus on what day-to-day life was like and most of the Asian continent. during the time that the person lived. Suppose that you are assigned to write a biography of the Mongol emperor, Kublai Khan (c. 1215-1294), one of the mostEGEEEDY Writing a Biography You can use the steps below to help you write a biography. Gather discover that the person has written an Information autobiography. An autobiography is an account of a person's life written by Choose a focus. aa : that individual. In order to keep your biography to a manageable length, you will need to Primary sources, of firsthand accounts choose a focus for it. In one sentence, about an event by people who participated describe the focus you have selected. in or witnessed an event, are useful sources for biographies. Examples of primary sources include autobiographies, letters, diaries and journals, mementos, photographs, paintings, and historical records. Take notes. You can use note cards to record your information. On each note card, write down a main point from your source and its supporting details in your own words. Be sure to record the name of your source. Look for many sources. Ty wire sources semen for yo hy. F 7 Kublai your biography. For a general i lai Khan Ruled the Largest Empire Ever Known = overview of your subject begin with i eb empi : an encyclopedia. Then consult His empire stretched from the Danube River reference sources, such as a ~geneig ara Eup) tte Pate Ocean, biographical dictionary, which ar ia and most of Asia. contain biographical sketches of Source: Elaine Mitten, The Mongol Empire, pp. &-12. notable people. Search the library for books and articles written about the person. a In addition to finding biographies. = | about the person, you might — 149——— Organize Your Information There are many ways to organize the information you collect. Creating an idea web can help you categorize your notes. Write down the main focus of your biography in the center and add circles around it with details that relate to your focus. His empire was the biggest the world His empire included Russia Why is Kublai Khan famous? Book Travels of Marco Polo made him famous: beyond Asia. Travels of Marco Polo described his amazing You can use your idea web to help you wealth and power. create an outline for your biography. List supporting details under each main point in the outline.Start with a draft. Using your outline as your plan, write a draft of the biography. Each main point in your outline should correspond to a new paragraph in the draft. Make sure that each paragraph contains a topic sentence that states the main idea of the paragraph. Each paragraph should also include details related to the topic sentence. You can include quotations to add interest to your biography. Provide background information about where and when the person lived in your introduction. The introduction should also include a state the focus you have chosen for th€ biography. Write the introduction so that the reader will want to read the rest of your biography. Use quotation marks before and after a direct quote. Use a comma to separate a phrase from a direct quote. Put a period or other appropriate punctuation mark on the inside of closing quotation marks. lene Kublai Khan Revise and edit your draft. When you have a draft, read it again. Try reading it out loud to see if it sounds right. Make sure that you explained your ideas clearly and provided plenty of details. You may want to ask family members or friends to read your draft as well. They can tell you about parts of your draft that might be confusing or unclear. Once you are satisfied that your ideas are clear to the reader, check all dates, names, and other factual information for accuracy. Proofread the biography for spelling, grammar, and capitalization. Pay particular attention to the spelling of names. Type or write a final neat copy of the biography. 151ESE Writing a Biography As you read the biography below, notice how it i: The Famous Kublai Khan T: Mongol emperor Kublai Khan (c. 1215-1244) is one of the most famous rulers in history. There are many reasons for his Fs fame. One is the huge empire he helped to build. Another is the State focus in important part he played in the well-known book, Travels of Marco Polo. introduction Kublai's people, the Mongols, were nomadic herdsmen from central Asia. About 1200, they began a campaign of conquest under Kublai’s ‘grandfather, Genghis Khan. By the time Kublai was an adutt, the Mongols controlled much land in Russia and Asia, including the northern part of China. In 1260, Kublai became emperor of the Mongols after a long fight with his brother for the throne. In 1274, his forces conquered southern China. Kublai now ruled the biggest empire the world had ever seen. It stretched from the Danube River in eastern Europe all the way to the Pacific Ocean. Kublai became famous throughout Europe when the Italian traveler, Marco Polo, became the first Westerner to visit Kubla's court. Polo worked for Kublai for many years during the late 1200s. After Polo left hina, he wrote a book galled Travels of Marco Polo. In it, Polo had a lot to say about the amazingly powerful and rich Kublal Khan. Polo wrote know that this Great Khan is the mightiest man, whether in respect of subjects or of territory or of treasure, _ tin th wor today or who ever has been.” Pol reported that he lived in a huge marble palace covered with jewels and owned more than 10,000 pure white horses. He wrote that people had to speak in hushed voices within a half mile of the “Great Khan.” After Kublai's death in 1244, a strong new Mongol leader did not come along to take his place. The Mongol Empire began to fall apart. Kublai Khan would keep his place in history as the ruler of the greatest ‘Asian empire the world has ever known. Quotation to add interest eo anWrite a Biography Select a leader from the chart below. Then write a biography about the ruler you choose. Famous Asian Rulers of the Past Coro Dax Doras COST Suryavarman Il 1113-1150 Kampuchea Khmer Built magnificent stone temple, ‘Angkor Wat, one of largest religious structures in the world 1206-1227 China Mongols Conquered northern China and ruled one of greatest “Genghis Khan ultan ‘oman Commissioned archite Silleyman I Sinan to build many outstanding structures including the Suleimaniye Mosque in Istanbul. Moguls Mogul empire reached its height of power under his rule, built many public projects. Tokugawa Encouraged foreign trade; under his rule, Japanese vessels carried goods to China, the Philippines, and Mexico. Moguls Had many magnificent buildings erected including the Taj Mahal, which was built as a tomb for his wife. “Shah Jahan 1628-1658 India Some tests may ask you to write an answer in essay form. Try to keep your ideas in an order that will make sense to the reader.Skill 31 IHOW TO] Write About a Problem and Solution Making a Difference ‘Annie Lane was tired of walking by abandoned lots on her way to and from school every day. People in her neighborhood used the lots as a dumping ground. They left trash, used tires, and even old cars in the lots. Annie liked her neighborhood, but she thought that the empty lots were ugly and dangerous. She got together with some of her friends to, brainstorm ways they could help. (One way you can make a difference in your community is by writing an essay. A a form of persuasive writing. You begin this kind of essay by describing a problem. Then you suggest solutions and persuade the reader to help you solve the problem. You can use the steps that follow to help you write a problem-solution essay. Brainstorm Ideas Once you have identified a problem, you should do some research about the problem and read about how other people have solved similar problems. Then brainstorm, or make a list, of as many solutions as you can. Try to think of solutions that are realistic and that will work.EEEEED Writing About a Problem and Solution Get Organized © Before you begin writing, you should onganize your thoughts. You can use an outline to help you plan what you will write. ‘The first paragraph of your essay should describe the problem. Then you should write one paragraph for each of your solutions. Your essay should end with a conclusion that sums up your most important point |L_Introduction: Abandoned Lots Cleaning Up the Neighborhood B. Volunteers pick up trash, Write the Essay Begin with a draft. In the first paragraph you should describe the problem and catch the reader’s attention. You should also help the reader understand why the problem is important and should be solved. ‘The paragraphs that follow should describe each of your solutions. Be sure to provide enough detail so that the reader understands each solution. Your concluding paragraph should end with a call to action —asking people to help. Revise and edit your draft. Read your essay to make sure that your ideas are clear and easy to understand. Check for correct spelling, punctuation, grammar, and capitalization. Make a final neat copy of your essay. A. The neighborhood is a great C. Write a letter to the mayor, place to live, napereearae Il Solution 2: Raise Money pian A:Call, visit, and write letters t C. Abandoned lots are full ae mre ae area lonations. B. aaa Ask local hardware stores to donate supplies or sell 4. Solution Clean Up A. Organize volunteers in Supplies at a discounted price. the neighborhood. 2 |EEE w+ As you read the problem-solution essay below, notice how it is organized. Description of problem me g About a Problem and Solution Cleaning Up the Neighborhood Our neighborhood is a great: place to live, but there is one important problem in our neighborhood that needs to be solved. The abandoned lote in our neighborhood ve create an ugly and dangerous environment for the children who must pass the lote as they walk to and from school. People dump trash and anything that they don't want or need in the lots. Everything from food wrappers to tires to old cars have been left behind. Cleaning up the mess in our neighborhood will not be easy, but if we all work together we can make our neighborhood a better place to live. First, we should organize a group of volunteers to clean up the empty lots. Children and adults in the neighborhood can work together on Saturdays to pick up trash in the lot. We c attend a city council meeting to express our concerns and get the city to p help with the clean,p fort. We should request that Solutions the city tow away the old cars that are sitting in the hae fry to allow the neighborhood to build described a playground of’one of the empty lots. While this is going on, another group of volunteers can raise money for the clean-up and playground project. They can call, visit, and write letters to local businesses +o ask for donations for the clean-up effort. They might algo ask local hardware stores to donate supplies or to provide supplies at a discounted price. Once the lots are free of trash and we have cleared our plans with the city, we can begin the effort to build a playground on one of the lots, Volunteers can work on...Write About a Problem and Solution Choose one of the problems listed below. Then write a problem-solution essay describing how you would solve the problem. 1 Oakville’s landiill is almost completely full. Community leaders predict that the landfill will be unusable within ten years and they worry about where they will put the trash. i After years of reduced rainfall and a summer-long drought, Green City’s water supply Is running low. The town fears that if changes are not made in the way townspeople use water, they will be forced to buy water from another source. lm Students at Main Street Middle School are tired of seeing graffiti around their school. They want a building they can be proud of. The water in Lake Bonita is dirty. People don’t swim there anymore because there is trash floating in the water. Citizens of nearby Watertown want the lake to look like it did years ago, so that people can, swim, and canoe in the lake. Sometimes you may be asked to write about a problem and solution on a test. Be sure to spend a few minutes organizing your ideas before you begin writing. Remember to solve the problem—don't just complain about it. i 67Skill 32 Prepare an Oral Report Rebirth of Learning and the Arts History is full of stories about men and women who did amazing things. You can read all about how inventors, artists, writers, and scientists from the past changed the lives of the people around them and generations to come with their discoveries and achievements. What if you are assigned to give an or speech about a person from history? Where would you begin? First, you would do some background reading about your topic. Read the following passage about a time period called the Renaissance. The name\Renaissance comes ‘from the French word for rebirth. It is a name for the changes that happened in Europe during the period from about 1350 to 1600. The main characteristics of the Renaissance were a renewed interest in the writings of ancient Greece and Rome, a burst of creativity in the arts, science, and literature, and a way of thinking known as “humanism.” Humanists focused on human goals and achievements blended with religion. During the Middle Ages, the period between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance, spiritual values and the afterlife were emphasized. In contrast, the humanists focused on improving life in this world. Renaissance scholars, inventors, and scientists carefully observed the world around them, carried out experiments, d made conclusions. Not content to simply accept traditional ideas about nature and humankind, they wanted to find their own answers. Leonardo daVinci sketch ofa flying machinecee Preparing an Oral Report fou can use the steps below to help you prepare an oral report. Collect oA Information As you read through the sources you dies _ in, look: for the most important facts. earch your subject in a variety of ‘Think about the six questions: Who? sources. Start with an encyclopedia for What? When? Where? Why? and a general overview of the topic. Then How? Record your answers to each of consult other reference works, books, these questions and any other questions and magazines. Don’t forget about you think your listeners may have about non-print items such as videotapes your subject. or audiotapes. Notes For Report About Johannes Gutenberg Who? te) Johantte tenberg, a German printer and goldsmith What? © Movable type=a separate plece of metal type for each character or letter * it-can be used over and many ways © It was first invented in ancient. know that |e Movable type fell out of use In China because Chinese be practical language had too mart characters for it to Why Needed? | © Copying books was slow, expensive | * Books were hand-copied or printed using big wood blocks carved with pieces of text. * Reusable movable type made printing much simpler, cheaper There was bigger demand for books in the Renaissance because of emphasis on learning over again and arranged in China but Gutenberg did notI), Gutenberg Expe' AL B. Unaware that. used porcelain. and. [EEIEED Preparing an Oral Report Organize Your Information © Use your notes to help you prepare an outline of your report. An outline will help you organize your information and plan the order of your presentation, Put your outline on note cards rather than a full sheet of paper. Use words and short phrases rather than complete sentences in your outline. Do not write out the main body of your report word for word. Otherwise, you may be tempted to simply read the report to your audience. Do not include an introduction or conclusion in the outline of your report. ‘You will be writing them later. tei nee ‘eo make. printing. a Want Movable metal P3PE ee achieve goal... Chines ancien’. Chine pe way to (3) Write an Introduction and Conclusion © Now that your outline is complete, write out your introduction and conclusion word-for-word. Making your introduction as smooth as possible will help you build your confidence for the rest of your talk. Concluding your report smoothly, without having to search for words, allows you to end your talk in a polished and effective manner. Try to use a dramatic statement or interesting question to open your report. This will allow you to grab your listeners’ attention from the start. Begin your concluding remarks with a brief summary of your main points. Try to end your talk with something the audience will remember. © After writing your introduction and conclusion on note cards, go back and number each of your note cards in the order that you will present your information. — Introduction: Johannes Gute important figures ni but of world history Fie 1 change the lives of cou : @ iikerg.was.one of the most ly. of the Renaissance, venttion would forever 65 people,Be Creative! © Add life to your presentation by using props, visual aids, and costumes. Gather one or two props to use with your report. For instance, if you are reporting on an explorer, your props could be a compass and a globe. If possible, use visual aids in your report to help your audience better understand your subject, Clip or tape a picture of the individual or thing you are reporting about to the chalkboard. Charts, maps, and models related to your subject also make excellent visual aids. If your report is about an individual, pretending to be that person can add drama and interest to your presentation. To make your portrayal of the person more convincing, wear a costume. Be sure to use a first-person format in presenting your talk. Do not use the person’s name of the pronouns he, she, him, ot her when referring to the person. Instead, use the pronouns I, me, and myself. Also remember to use the present tense in your report. Johannes Gutenberg Polish Your Delivery © Practice your report before you have to deliver it. Ask family members, friends, or classmates to listen and offer suggestions. ‘When you deliver your report, follow these tips for effective public speaking: Speak loudly and clearly. Vary your rate of speaking occasionally but be sure that you do not talk too quickly. Make eye contact with your audience. Memorize your introduction and conclusion and try to glance down at your other note cards only now and then. Use good posture. Do not lean, sway, or tap your fingers or feet during your talk.(EQN Preparing an Oral Report Read one student’s note cards for an oral report. Costumes and props Notes for Report on Johannes Gutenberg ae ‘apron. 10. chow how he. probably working a = Introduction is am few rubber stampe.with letters or... cops: paper. a few. rubber stamp: word-for-word 5 fore, ‘on them, and.an.ink pad (ehow.claee.- ;—both have. ble type is like the stampe- Gace aed letver.or. Chacala a a oe [troduction Vien ink ie. applied. and paper ie placed 292 Ne pe, the. eter. Or... ~halohannes. Gi ret, just ae.with movable tape. he Invented soars Gharact ‘i rectly)... . “ ae I rg.have _ character.prittbe. oub.cor adie Mitte amething "ia ae |. Early Years of Gutenberg’s Li Life Ss Born. in Mainz,. Germany, a pe anaae goldemith/prin rrinting Challenges for Guten A. Books hand copied, p et Books expensive, C. Renaisean outline form ae) io Successful \ ee ovale PYRE molds (ghow how. movable... 4 a Me works USING, STAMOS) na seen machine. for. pressing grapes IF Conclusion is " a fe movable type. ward-fer-word a. P! ~C. Printe first book. type. ana veining x conc _ A, “Gutenbel ‘elo 2. ook causes. 2eneAtlOnt.—— pring. idea of movable. typ oe oa spreads, quickly. eect ee available toSe Prepare an Oral Report Choose a topic for an oral report from the chart below. Prepare notes for a report on the person you choose. Great Figures of the Renaissance and Their Achievements CTX KOT Challenged traditional idea of an Earth centered universe by showing that Earth 1452-1519 1g works of art including da Vinci the famous painting Mona Lisa, also recorded numerous ideas for inventions a helicopter and a submarine 1609-1660 Judith Leyster 1469-1527 ‘Francois « t, and writer, best- Rabelais known, for his humorous descriptions of 1564-1616 Wrote many plays which are considered to be masterpieces of the English language, including Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet ShakespeareChart and Graph Skills Skill 33. HOW TO Read a Time Line Skill 34 HOW TO Make a Table Aye Om eR VE) Cee eco) Skill 36 HOW TO Make a Line Graph Skill 37. HOW TO Make a Circle Graph Skill 38 HOW TO Read a Diagram Skill 39. HOW TO Read a Flowchart Skill 40 HOW TO Make a Graphic RerrerniticadSkill 33 IHOW TO} Read a Time Line Remembering Important Dates When did Confucius begin Read teaching? How long after Alexander conquered the Persian Empire was the library in Alexandria built? When was paper invented? It is hard to answer questions like these in your head but much easier if the dates are organized in a time line. A time line is a drawing that shows important events in the order in which they occurred. Time lines are divided into equal parts, with each part representing a certain span of time. €.6008<. Nok people Bic. pet air mine iron. Alexander the Great completes his conquest of the Persian Empire 500 Bc. 4 st 400... the Title © Read the title to find out the subject of the time line. Sometimes the title also gives the dates included in the time line. "World History Time Line, 600 a.c. to a.0. 500 ©. 250Bc. African kingdom, Kush, begins Golden Age €.200 5c. © If dates are not provided in the title, examine the first and final dates of the time line to discover how much time is covered. Chinese invent paper 307 8c Ptolemy | builds library at Alexandria 4 100 sc. 166[REIEEII) Reading a Time Line Notice How Time Is Divided Identify Connections © Look at how time is divided on the time Between Events line. The time line below shows time in © Compare the dates of different events on periods of 100 years. Study the spaces that separate different events. A jagged line on the time line means that a large period of time has been left out. © The letter c. stands for the word circa. ‘This means that the-exact date of an event is uncertain. © Notice that the time line below includes of Christ. ¢. aD. 150-200 Mayan culture at its height the time line. ‘© Sometimes, parallel time lines are provided. They can help you compare and contrast places, peoples, and cultures over the same time period. ¢. Ap. 300 Gold-salt trade begins in Ghana 00.400 | Chinese make steel A ‘ | + | —— oe ' apt 0.100 Ap.200 ‘0.300 Ap.400 40.500 AD. 324 | Constantine rules A 476 The — entire Roman Empire joman Empire ends 1674. Mo [ERMINE] Reading a Time Line Use the time lines below to compare what was happening in different parts of the world during the same time periods. Great Structures of the Ancient Americas Earliest date Exact date is uncertain ¢.500 8c. Burial mounds ¢. Ap. 1 Construction constructed in Ohio Valley ‘of Moche pyramids in Peru 500 8c. 400 ac. 300Bc. 20 . 200 Bc. Nazca culture begins in Peru AD. 50 Pyramid of the Sun built in _ Teotihuacén, central Mexico Great Structu fF Ancient Asia, Europe, and Africa ¢. 283-246 ac. Lighthouse of Alexandria, Egypt, built Most recent date | 4 1 T T T 7 T T soosc. | 4008c 300ec | 200ac abt ‘ap.100 ¢. 438 Bc. oe eS Construction Parthenon : completed in begins a Athens, Greece ietest Wal ©. AD. 80 of China Roman Coliseum built 168Read a Time Line Use the time line on page 168 to answer the questions below. 1. x 4. How many years Separate the Whaat is the scale used in the time lines? How many years are covered in the time lines? . How many years before the Nazca culture began was construction begun on the Great Wall of China? } a construction of burial mot in the Ohio Valley a ‘onstruction of 5. How many years after the Parthenon was completed was the Roman Coliseum built? 6. How many years after the construction of the Moche Pyramids was the Pyramid of the Sun built? 7. Over how many years was the Lighthouse of Alexandria built? 8. How many years after construction began on the Great Wall of China was the Pyramid of the Sun built?Skill 34 IHOW TO| Make a Table Starting a Business Mary Kim opened a flower shop in 1999. She and two of her employees make many kinds of flower arrangements. Mary Kim must purchase supplies to create the flower arrangements she sells. She buys flowers from a flower supplier as well as baskets, vases, and wire to create her arrangements Mary Kim must also pay rent e: month because she does not own the building that she uses for her business. In the American economy anyone is free to start a business. An entrepreneur is someone who takes a risk and starts a new business. It is considered a risk because the business may fail. ‘To be successful, an entrepreneur needs to consider how much it costs to make a product or provide a service. Costs mainly include the price of operating a building, the price of materials, and the price of labor, or what is paid to people for their work, An entrepreneur makes money by selling goods or services. The total amount of money made from sales is called reventue Revenue minus total cost is called profit. A business is considered successful if it makes a large profit. 100 Revenue $ — Costs $80 Profits $20 Entrepreneurs must keep track of their finances. One way that they can do this is by making a table that shows the revenue, costs, and profit of their business. A table is a graphic, or drawing, made up of rows and columns that organizes words and numbers to make finding information easy. ‘You can use the steps on the next page to help you make a table. 170EEEEMY Making a Table Gather Information First you should gather information to include in your table. You can collect information from books, magazine and newspaper atticles, and the Intemet. ‘You can also use interviews and surveys to find information. After you gather your information, read through it to find information suitable for a table. placed in the and which i in the columns (going down the table). 1999 |2000} 2001 Revenue Rent Materials costs | Labor costs Total costs Profit Choose row and column labels. These should be words or short phrases that identify the items being compared and tell what kinds of information will be earned about them. Draw the Table Once you have decided how to organize your table, you need to draw it. First write the row and column labels. Then draw lines between the labels to create boxes. Fill in each box with the correct information. Add a title that describes the information shown in your table. You can add a caption to provide additional information about your table. Check the Table When your table is complete, look it over. Read it from left to right across each row. Then read it from top to bottom down each column. Be sure you have placed the correct information in each box.bp er [EXWEEET Making a Table Look at the table below that shows the revenue, costs, and profit of Mary Kim’s Flower Shop from 1999 to 2001. Titl : ——— Mary Kim’s Flower Shop Profit: 1999-2001 Column 1999 2000 2001 Revenue $255,000 $265,000 | $275,000 Rent $75,000 $75,000 $75,000 Materials | $100,000 $105,000 | $110,000 costs Row—>| Labor costs | $40,000 $40,000 | $40,000 Total costs | $215,000 | $220,000 | $225,000 Profit $40,0) $45,000 $50,000 In 1999, Mary Kirn’ Flower Shop sold $255,000 worth of flower arrangements. After paying her costs, she made a profit of $40,000. In 2000, her profit increased to $45,000 and in 2001 it increased to $50,000. Caption Oe en reMake a Table Read the following paragraph. Make a table of the information and answer the questions that follow. You can use the table below to help you set up your table. Mr. Green’s Class Snack Sale Mr. Green’s class had a healthful snack sale at a soccer game to raise money for a field trip. They sold 20 servings of cheese and crackers and 15 servings of raisins and nuts for $1.00 each. They also sold ten apples and five large pretzels for 75 cents each. Their costs were $20 total. This included the food, paper napkins and plates, and advertising flyers. pee Pretzels 3 Total revenue Te STS Total cost 0 Profit yo 7 1. What was the revenue of the 2. What was the profit of the snack sale? snack sale? How did you determine the profit? Dey74 Skill 35 Make a Bar Graph Working for a Living Lucy Young recently finished medical school and is beginning her job as a doctor. Before she went to medical school Lucy worked in a hospital as a nurse. Now that she is a doctor, Lucy will be paid more money for her work. Why do you think she is getting paid more? There are many factors that explain the salaries offered for different jobs. Salaries: are the payments, over the course of a year, which people receive for the work they do. The skills or abilities that worker bring to a job play a role in the salari they earn. These skills might come from talent, education, training, or previous work experience. Employers wishing to hire skilled workers must usually pay high salaries. The location of jobs and workers is another factor that determines salaries. If there are mote jobs than people, employers must compete to fill their needs. One way employers compete is by paying higher salaries. If there are more people than available jobs, the workers must compete to get hired. Competition among workers allows employers to pay lower salaries. You can use a graph to compare the salaties of different jobs. A graph that compares two or more things at the same time is called a bar graph, A bar graph has information that goes up and down. This is called the vertical axis. Amounts are usually placed on the vertical axis. A bar graph also has information that goes across. This is called the horizontal axis. Categories are usually placed on this axis. Bar graphs use bars of different heights to show amounts, Read the steps on the next page to find out how you can make a bar graph.ae] REGEN Making a Bar Graph Organize Your graph. Then look at the largest number on Information your table, Write that number at the top of the vertical axis, Fill in the missing numbers, using a ruler to mark off even spaces between them. Put your categories on the horizontal axis. Write labels for the vertical and horizontal axis. Decide what information you want to graph. Then collect the data you need. You can organize your information in a table to make it easier to graph. Comparing salaries Comparing Salaries of Different Jobe of Different Jobs = ¥4 Jobs Beginning Top i MH a aee| Salary | Salary =o Bus Driver | $1300 | ) $37000 5 ——— = 40 Economist | $3200 $7300 Sn Ree =! Nurse $23000/| $54000 | & 2 (registered) Ss YP ae ee | Plumber | _$2/000_-~ 54000 OT es Feonomit Nurse lower Ff aa Driver (registered) Officer Police $6600") Ver Jobs Horizontal Officer aaa Draw Choose the Bars a Title . , oo. For each piece of information in your ‘Once you decide what information you table, find the points onthe graph where would like to graph, you can choose a ttle the category and amount come together. that describes your graph. Draw bars up to these points. The bars should be evenly spaced along the A horizontal axis and each of the bars should 3 ae be the same width. Label each bar. You the Graph can add a caption if you want to provide Draw a vertical and horizontal axis. Then additional information about your write your amounts on the vertical axis. bar graph. Wiite a zero at the bottom left of your 7sEQ Making a Bar Graph Look at the bar graph below to see how the salaries of different jobs compare. Title S comparing Salaries of Different Jobs _ Amount —> Salary per year (in thousands) i el co Norse Plumber Police Driver fi (registered) Officer aa va on ery Beginning salary Label Top salary Salaries differ for each of these jobs because they require different training 4 | and skills. People who work in the same job do not earn the same salary. People with more work experience or skills usually earn more. Caption 176nT Make a Bar Graph Read the passage below. Use the information provided to make a bar graph showing this year’s average beginning salary and top salary for the jobs described. Then use the graph to answer the questions that follow. Jobs at Mercy Hospital Jessica is writing a report on different jobs at the local hospital, where her mother works. She has found out that a Physician’s Assistant position, which requires a four-year college degree, has a starting salary of $44,000 a year and a top salary of $68,000 a year. Other jobs she has learned about require a two-year college degree and special training. An Emergency Medical Technician, for example, is a person who works in the emergency room. Such technicians start at a salary of $13,000 a year and can earn as _ 823,000 a year and can earn a top salary of $47,000 a year, 1. Which job has the highest 3. Which job has the highest top salary? beginning salary? 4, Which job has the lowest top salary? 2. Which job has the lowest beginning salary? You may be asked to read a double bar graph on a test. Be sure to check what the numbers mean. Pay close attention to the key so you know which bar represents each data set. WwSkill 36 XemKe) Make a Line Graph Competing for Business Hamburger Heaven was the only fast-food restaurant in Lawndale at the beginning of the year. In March, King Kitchen opened. The hamburgers were just as good as the ones sold at Hamburger Heaven, but they were cheaper at this restaurant. As word spread about the price difference, many people began going to King Kitchen. Hamburger Heaven was forced to lower prices so that its customers would return. ‘Competition is the rivalry among businesses that make the same product or provide the same service. When there is competition, businesses try to attract customers by offering lower prices of improving the quality of the products or services they sell. If only one business makes a certain product, it can charge as much as people who want the product are willing to pay. In this case, the customers have no choice. If they want the product, they have to pay the price. But if another business begins selling the same product ata lower price, customers have a choice. Competition between the two businesses will cause prices to go down. Competition benefits customers because it usually leads to lower prices, better quality, and more helpful service. You can use a graph to show how prices fhange. A graph that shows how an amount changes over time is called a line ‘graph. A line graph is made up of lines that go across and up and down to form a grid. The passage of time is shown on the bottom of the grid. The amounts are shown on the left side of the grid. A line is plotted on the graph to show how the amount changes over time. You can use the steps on the next page to create a line graph. 78EEE Making a Line Graph Organize Your Grete ee Information Large Large . Montha | Hamburgers | trench friea | soft drinks Decide what information you ‘want to graph. Then gather the danuary 3.50 2.00 1.40 information you need. You can ‘ae Coe rn Ae organize your information in a table to make it easier to graph. March 3.25 175 1.25 April 3.00 175 125 y) Set up { May 2.50 1.50 1.00 — the Graph First draw a grid. Then write the words to show the passage of time along the bottom of the grid. Write the amounts on the left side of the grid. Begin with a bottom left of the grid. Th Prices at Hamburger Heaven 0.00 january February March April XZ Month <—Labet numbers. Add labels that explain what each axis of the graph shows. Don't forget to give your graph a title. Plot the Line Once you have set up your graph, you can begin to plot your line. Place a dot on the graph where the time and amount meet for each piece of information in your table. ‘Then draw a line connecting your dots. May 79[EWE Making a Line Graph Look at the line graph below to see how the prices at Hamburger Heaven changed over time. Think about why this might have happened. 4.00 3.50 Amounts 3.00 v & 6 Nv 2 8 1.50 Price (in dollars) 1.00 0.50 0.00 Title Prices at Hamburger Heaven 4 January February March April May J Month Categories ss Key Label ~@- Hamburgers i Large french fries ste Large soft drinks Caption oP From the graph, you can see that the prices of all of Hamburger Heaven’s products decreased after King Kitchen opened.SY Make a Line Graph Read the following passage about a boy who wanted to buy a backpack. Use the information provided to make a line graph that shows how the price of the backpack changed. Then answer the questions that follow. Checking Out the Competition Khalid began shopping for a new backpack in September. He found one he liked at Cole’s Department Store for $14.50 and the same one at Welman’s School Supplies for'$12.99. He checked the prices in October and they were the same. In November, Eagle Discount Store opened up in town. Eagle Discount Store sold the backpack he wanted at a price of $10.99, but it was not the right color. Since the prices at Welman’s and Cole’s were the same, Khalid decided to wait. In December, he saw two ads in the newspaper. Both Cole’s and Welman’s Jowered their prices on the backpack to $11.99. He was glad _/ he waited. Now he could get the backpack he wanted at a good price. 1. How many businesses sold the 2. Why did Khalid buy the backpack in backpack Khalid wanted in ' December and not before? September? How much did the backpack cost at these stores? You may be asked to read a line graph on a test. Sometimes the dots will be clear so it is easy to read. Other times there will be no dots. You will have to picture the dots in your mind.Skill 37 Make a Circle The Federal Budget Do you ever wonder who pays for the army? What about our national parks? The federal government pays for these and other programs and services with our tax dollars. Each year the president studies how much money the government is expected to receive from taxes and other sources. Then the president prepares a budget that shows how this money will be spent. The president sends this budget to Congress. Congress then votes on the budget and makes the final decisions about how the money will be spent. “The federal budget shows the amounts of money that the government will spend on different programs. Social Security is one of the most expensive government programs included in the budget. This is a progtam paid for with a portion of the income of employees and employers. The money is given to people who are retired, unemployed, or disabled. The government also spends large amounts of money on healthcare. It pays for programs such as Medicare, which provides money to Graph hospitals and doctors for medical care for people over age 65. The government spends slightly less money on the country's national defense, or to pay for the armed forces. One surprising part of the federal budget is the amount of money spent on paying the interest on the national debt. Over the years, the United States has borrowed large sums of money and must pay interest in exchange for the use of the money. You can use a circle graph to compare how much of the federal budget will be spent on different programs. A éitele graph is made up of a circle divided into wedges like the pieces of a pie. Each wedge represents a part or a percentage of the whole circle, You can use these steps to help you make a circle graph. Organize Your Information Decide what information you want to graph. Then collect the information you need. You can organize your information in a table to make it easier to graph. 182EEEEEED Making a Circle Graph Calculate Percentages "To figure out the percentages for each wedge of your circle graph, divide the amount in each category by the total amount that will be included in your circle graph. Then change the decimal to a percent. For example, if the total amount of money included in your circle graph is $50 and one wedge is $25: $25 + $50 = 0.50 "To change the decimal to a percentage, move the decimal two places to the right. 5, — 50% 3 Calculate the Angles A circle contains 360°. To find the angle for each wedge of the circle, find each wedge’s percent of 360°. First change your percentages to decimals by dividing by 100. Then, multiply by 360. Social secur! otal budget 23h = 100 023 % 360 The angle fo ity 25% of ‘ederal Budget: 2001 eeu Social 2 Security 422 23% Interest on the national debt | 708 ws Health 342 19% National defense i Bs Other 584 32% Total 1,835 100% Amounts are in billions of dollars. 4 Draw the Graph Draw a large circle. Then use a protractor to draw the correct angles for each wedge. Label each wedge of the circle graph with the name and the percentage of the total amount represented by the wedge. You can use different colors or pattems to make your circle graph easier to read. Don't forget to give your graph a title. = 83° the social le” ape ould %Title Label National defense— 15th of total budget (EQ Making a Circle Graph Look at the circle graph below that shows the 00 = 0.15 a le for the national should be ral budget for 2001. The Federal Budget: 2001Make a Circle Graph Use the information provided in the table below to make a circle graph. Then use the circle graph to answer the questions that follow. Where the Federal Government Gets Its Money ao Sources Percentage of Budget Income taxes paid by people 48% Social insurance receipts (Medicare, Medicaid, etc.) 34% Income taxes paid by businesses 10% Excise taxes (such as those on gasoline) 4% Other sources 4% 1. What percentage of federal government money comes from income taxes paid by people and businesses? Sometimes you will You may be asked to read a circle graph on a test. section and match it to appropriate data. Remember that 50% will be one-half of the circle, 25% will be one-quarter, and 33.3% will be one-third. 2. Ifyou add the percentage of money that comes from excise taxes, income taxes paid by businesses, and other sources together, is the amount greater or less than the percentage of money that comes from income taxes paid by people? need to estimate the sizes of each 185Skill 38 Read a Diagram World Trade If you look carefully at the products you wear, use, and eat, you can usually tell where they come from. ‘Americans buy products that are made all over the world. ‘The United States is one of the richest countries on Earth. It has many natural resources and factories that produce large numbers of goods. The United States sells many goods to other countries. But the United States cannot produce everything it needs, so it buys goods from other countries. The goods that a country buys from other countries are called imports. The goods that a country sells to other countries are called exports: The United States buys and sells more goods than any other country. The most important U.S. imports include oil, machinery, cars, metals, and foods. The most important exports include machinery, computers, chemicals, and farm products such as wheat. All the money that a country receives from the sale of exports and the money spent on imports is added up each year. The difference between the two is called the Some countries export more than they import, That means that these countries have a favorable balance of trade. Some countries import more than they export—these countries have a negative balance of trade. Sometimes countries try to discourage ot limit trade, They can do this by taxing imports o by placing a limit on the number of goods that may be imported from certain countries. A tax on an import is called a tariff. In recent years, the U.S. government has reduced the number of tariffs on foreign goods and emphasized free trade. A cargo ship loaded with goodsGREER Reading a Diagram ‘Free trade means that there are no tariffs” on foreign goods. Recently, there has been much debate about free trade in the United States. Understanding world trade is not easy, but looking at a diagram can help. Diagrams are drawings that are used to illustrate how something is put together or how something works. You can use these steps to help you read a diagram. Read the Title The title tells you the focus of the diagram. Read the title before studying the rest of the diagram. Diagram titles are usually found at the top of the diagram. Skim the Diagram Skim the diagram to find out what is shown in the diagram. Different kinds of diagrams show different things. A picture diagram, such as a floot plan, is a drawing or picture of the subject being discussed. ‘A line diagram is made up of lines, symbols, and words. Line diagrams show the relationships between ideas. A family tree is an example of a line diagram. Read the Labels A diagram usually includes labels for each part. Read the labels of the diagram to understand what each part of the diagram means. Most picture diagrams include pointer lines that show where you should look on the diagram. Follow the Arrows Some diagrams show movement from top to bottom, left to right, or in a circle, Study the arrows to identify the direction of movement in the diagram, 187[ERNIE Reading a Diagram L Look at the diagram below to see the goods that the United States trades with its neighbors, Canada and Mexico. \ Minerals Lumber Manufactured items Fruits and vegetables Manufactured items Mineral, fuels Caption ‘Trade among the United States, Mexico, and Canada increased after the North American Free ‘Trade Agreement was approved in 1994. This agreement reduced and eliminated tariffs and made it easier for American companies to do business with Canadian and Mexican companies. 7 ee as me =~ +2Read a Diagram Look at the diagram below. Then use the diagram to answer the questions that follow. United States Trade with Canada and Mexico UNITED MEXICO STATES U.S. imports from Canada $229 billion U.S. exports to Canada $179 billion | U.S. exports to Mexico $112 billion US. imports from Mexico $136 billion CANADA Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 1. Does the United States export more 3. Does the United States import goods to Canada or Mexico? or export more goods from these two countries? 2. From which country does the United States import more goods: Canada or Mexico? You may be asked to read a diagram on a test. First read the title of the diagram. Then quickly skim over all the test questions. This will give you an idea of what you are being asked to look for on the diagram.Skill 39 Read a Flowchar' Follow that Bill! ‘The primary responsibility of Congress is to write new laws. That may seem like a simple job, but the lawmaking process is very complicated. It can take years for a bill to become a law. Making Laws The lawmaking process begins in Congress. A member of Congress, either a representative or a senator, starts the process by introducing a bill, or a proposal to create a new law. After the bill is introduced, it is assigned a number. If the bill is introduced in the House of Representatives, its number begins with “H.R.” and if it is introduced in the Senate, its number begins with “S.” Then the bill is sent to one or more committees, Sometimes a committee sends the bill to a smaller subcommittee for study. The subcommittee and the committee may hold hearings on the bill. They listen to statements in { Uv support or opposition of the bill. Then the committee debates what position it should take on the bill. A committee can send the bill back to the House of Representatives of Senate with a recommendation on whether or not to pass the bill. The committee can also make amendments, or changes, before sending the bill back. Sometimes a committee just lets a bill sit there while they do nothing about it. This is called tabling the bill— it is one way to keep the bill from becoming law. The House of Representatives debates a bill.When the House of Representatives or Senate gets the bill back, they Set a time to consider it. The representatives or senators debate the bill, and may offer additional amendments. They may also send the bill back to a committee for changes or further reports. If the bill wins more than half the votes of representatives or senators voting on it, then the bill passes. But it is not yet law. First the bill has to be passed by the other house. A bill that originated in the Senate must also be passed by the House of Representatives, and vice versa. “The procedure in the second house is much the same. The bill is referred to a committee, then considered and perhaps amended by the full house. Any differences between the House of Representatives version of a bill and the Senate version must be resolved. If there are differences, the bill may go toa conference committee to resolve them. In its final form, the identical bill must be passed by both houses of Congress. After passing the bill, they send it to the president to sign. If the president signs the The president can veto or sign a bill. bill, it becomes a law. The president may also veto the bill. To vét6 a bill means to say “no” to it. The president can veto the bill and send it back to the house from which it originated. Ie is very difficult for a bill to become law without the president's signature. For that to happen, both houses of Congress must re-pass the bill in exactly the same language. The bill must pass by a two-thirds majority of each house.192 EGET Reading a Flowchart The path that a bill takes to become law a " Bill introduced |p is long and complicated. A flowchart can oe : Senate ——_> Senate and help you understand this process. A oie / gee Ree lowichatt shows all of the steps of an Geden activity in the order that they happen. The steps below will help you read a flowchart. cites —— Read The Capitol wo the Title Read the title to find out the process Table the bill Senate shown in the flowchart, easenar Bill F Pass the bill [=> Look dies without ae oes becorning law the Flowchart Get a general impression of the flowchart. Study the way the flowchart is organized. Follow the Arrows Begin with the first box on the flowchart, Bill and then follow the arrows through the rest. (dies without Tablethe bill me of the flowchart. The arrows will lead you \ becoming law from step to step. Sometimes a flow chart shows that movement can go in more than one direction. Check to see whether there is more than one path in the flowchart. A bill may begin in either the Senate or House of Representatives. This flowchart shows the process for a bill that begins in the Senate.UCN AEM: 15%) CW. A Bill referred L--| Table the bill Senate sends bill to the House of 5 passage of the bill pee to Committee revises the bill decides to... Lal Table the bill Representatives Ma soee of the bill Bill goes to wee the president Bill passes both houses and is sent Ls to the president President vetoes the bill signs(EEN Reading a Flowchart In January 1999, U.S. Representative Bruce Vento introduced a bill to Congress. The name of the bill was the Hmong Veterans’ Naturalization Act. The purpose of the bill was to make it easier for people who served with special military units in Laos (in support of the United States) im War to become below that shows happened to the bill introduced by Representative Vento. Following a Bill Through Congress<——___yitie 1/19/1999. The Hmong Veterans’ Naturalization Act is introduced in the House of Representatives. ~~ Beginning It is assigned number H.R. 371. ~ { 5/2/2000 The House of Representatives passes H.R. 371. { 5/3/2000 H.R. 371 is sent to the Senate. ——_— Arrows show movement 5/18/2000 The Senate passes H.R. 371. 5/24/2000 H.R. 371 is sent to the president. 5/26/2000 The president signs H.R. 371. 5/26/2000 Hmong Veterans’ Naturalization Act End |_ — becomes Public Law No: 106-207. a 194Tas Read a Flowchart Use the flowchart on page 194 to answer the following questions. . In which House of Congress did the Hmong Veterans’ Naturalization Act originate? 2. What number did the bill receive? 3. How many months was the bill in the House of Representatives? 4. When did the Senate receive the bill? S: 2 When a flowchart appears in a test, study it carefully before answering the questions. Be sure that you check to see where it begins and ends, and whether more than one outcome is possible. How many days did the Senate review the bill? . Did the president sign or veto the bill? . How many months did it take for HR. 371 to become law? ;. What number did the bill receive when it became law? 195Skill 40 HOW TO} Make a Graphic All Types of Governments Who controls the government? A. She does. B. They do. C. We all do. Each answer to this question describes a different kind of government. Someone who answers “We all do” probably lives in a democracy. “They do” describes an oligarchy, a government run by a small group of people. “She does” describes an autocracy, a government ruled by a single person. Both autocracies and oligarchies can be dictatorships. President Abraham Lincoln described a government “...of the people, by the people, and for the people.” In a democracy, everyone has a voice in the government. In a dineor democracy, everyone may vote on every single law and decision. In a rganizer the people elect representatives to make government decisions. The United States is a representative democracy. We elect both Congress and the president, our head of state. Queen Elizabeth is the head of state in Great Britain, King Juan Carlos is the head of state in Spain. These countries are democracies because actual ruling power is given to elected representatives. In an oligarchy, 2 small group holds power. The group's power can come from wealth, military power, or social position. Often all three factors are combined. China is an oligarchy. In China, the Communist party and military forces control the government. Rival political parties are not allowed in China. Cuba is an atitoetaey, meaning that one person controls power. President Fidel Castro has ruled Cuba since the Cuban Revolution in 1959. Although Cuba has a National Assembly, Castro makes all government decisions. Political opposition is not allowed in Cuba.You can use a graphic organizer’ time lines, and diagrams. This time line to describe a country’s government. illustrates how democracy in the United are visual ways to. -—_-States has changed over the centuries. present information. Examples of graphic You can see that over time more people organizers include charts, concept maps, were given the right to vote. atory Democracy in the United States 1971 Twenty-Sixth Amendment allows all persons over age 18 to vote. 1920 Nineteenth 1776-1870 Individual states decide ‘Amendment gives who may vote in elections. wconen the fhe to vote. 00 2000 1870 Fifteenth Amendment s African American men the right to vote in all elections. 7964 Twenty-Fourth Amendment abolishes the poll tax,a tax charged for voting. = ‘THe STATE OF Governments IN 2000 zz 5 asa: i 15 | Autocracy A cchart is a graphic | noerey organizer made up of columns and rows. This chart shows the types of government found in some countries.‘A Venn diagram is a graphic organizer that is used to compare two things. It consists of two overlapping ovals. ‘The overlapping space shows how s the two things ate alike. The parts of the ovals that do not overlap show $ how they are different. This Venn Norway diagram compares the governments of the United States and Norway. + King ° Parliament A BOHESBEIRIAD is a graphic organizer that shows the relationship of facts or ideas to one another. This concept map shows the most important characteristics of democratic governments. Characteristics of Democracy Democracy Individual | | Mlority rule Free’ Competing liberty axitn flections political minority rights] parties(GEGEN Making a Graphic Organizer ‘You can use these steps to help you create your own graphic organizer. Choose a Topic Choose a topic and decide what you want to say. Don't provide too much information about your topic. A graphic organizer does not tell everything you know about a subject. Instead, it organizes some facts or ideas to show their relationship to each other. 2 Choose an Organizer Consider the type and amount of information you need to show and choose a graphic organizer that fits. If you want to compare or contrast ‘wo things, a two-column chart or a Venn diagram are good choices. If you want to organize information from several categories, a chart or a concept map can work well. Draw a Sketch © It may be helpful to draw a sketch of your graphic organizer. You can use tools such as a ruler, a compass, or stencils to help you draw lines, circles, and boxes. Use words or phrases instead of sentences to keep your organizer simple and clear. a ————— Ee |GREER) Making a Graphic Organizer Look at the graphic organizer below that sho of a dictatorship. Arrows show relationships No 4 political Power in | one person Not answerable to voters Phrases instead of sentencesMake a Graphic Organizer Read the following passage about the different governments that have ruled the country of Haiti. Then create a graphic organizer to describe Haiti From 1957 to 1986, the Caribbean country of Haiti was ruled by the Duvaliers. The Duvaliers were a succession of autocratic dictators, all in the same family. They were overthrown in 1986. A series of transitional governments followed, The transitional governments were oligarchies, with leadership coming from the military and the small number of people who controlled most of the country’s wealth. Near the end of the 20th century, Haiti finally won a democratic form of government, when Haitians voted overwhelmingly for a new president, Jean-Paul Aristide. Aristide was inaugurated as president on February 7, 1991. In September of the same year, the military overthrew Aristide and returned the oligarchy to power. After three years of rule by the oligarchy, a military invasion led by the United States rerumed President Aristide to power in Haiti. His term expired in 1996, and another elected president, René Préval, was inaugurated. ayy \Test-Taking StrategiesTest-Taking Strategy SKIMMING One of the most important test-taking strategies you can use is Skimming, or reading quickly to get the general idea about something. On a test, there are three times when you should use skimming. First you should skim the reading passage, rather than read it word-for-word, Try to understand the general idea of the passage, but don’t try to memorize it. You can always look back at the passage to find the answers. Then when you begin to answer the questions, you should skim all of them before you answer. Remember that you don’t have to answer the questions in the order they appear on the test. You should answer the easiest questions first. Last, when you answer a question, you should skim all of the answer choices before picking the one you think is right. This will help you understand the question better so you can choose the right answer. Read the paragraph below. Be sure to skim it rather than trying to remember details. History takes strange turns, one of which occurred in 1688. In that year, James II of England was overthrown without a war. Parliament replaced James with his daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange. The ‘American colonists were pleased with this change because James had tried to stop the American economic independence movement. Unfortunately, William and Mary also restricted America’s progress. This caused the colonists to begin considering the idea of political independence, an idea that succeeded a hundred years later.Choose the correct answer. Skim all the answers before you decide which one is right. 1. After James II was overthrown, the American colonists were pleased because A. they thought William and Mary would allow economic independence. B. James II wanted to grant them independence, but they weren't ready for it. C. William and Mary had been born in America. D. they just achieved independence and didn't want to lose it. How to find the answer: - By skimming the answers, you get a general idea of what they are about. Now you have to check each one carefully against the paragraph. © Answer A may be right because the paragraph says James II was against economic independence and implies that the colonists thought William and Mary would be different. © The paragraph says James wanted to stop the independence movement. Answer B can't be right. © The paragraph says nothing about where William and Mary were born, so answer Cis probably wrong. © According to the paragraph, the colonists didn’t achieve independence until one hundred years after James IT was overthrown. Answer D can’t be right. © Answer A is correct, even though the paragraph didn't use exactly these words. To answer the question, you had to “read between the lines.” picture. You still have to pay attention to details and use other test-taking skills in order to choose the answer that is correct.