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7 de septiembre de 2017
Para simplicar los clculos se toma un incremento constante entre los puntos:
x2 = x1 + h, x3 = x1 + 2h = x2 + h.
1
Entonces se tiene
(2x x2 x3 ) (2x x1 x3 ) (2x x1 x2 )
f 0 (x) f (x1 ) f (x2 ) + f (x3 ).
2h2 h2 2h2
Esta frmula nos da la aproximacin de la derivada en el punto x. En particular,
si x = x1 se tiene:
(2x1 x2 x3 ) (2x1 x1 x3 ) (2x1 x1 x2 )
f 0 (x1 ) 2
f (x1 ) 2
f (x2 ) + f (x3 )
2h h 2h2
(x1 x2 + x1 x3 ) (x1 x1 + x1 x3 ) (x1 x1 + x1 x2 )
f (x1 ) f (x2 ) + f (x3 )
2h2 h2 2h2
(h 2h) 2h h
f (x1 ) 2 f (x2 ) + 2 f (x3 )
2h2 h 2h
3h 2h h
f (x1 ) + 2 f (x2 ) 2 f (x3 )
2h2 h 2h
f (x1 ) + 4f (x2 ) f (x3 )
.
2h
Para x = x2 se tiene:
(2x2 x2 x3 ) (2x2 x1 x3 ) (2x2 x1 x2 )
f 0 (x2 ) f (x1 ) f (x2 ) + f (x3 )
2h2 h2 2h2
(x2 x3 ) (x2 x1 + x2 x3 ) (x2 x1 )
2
f (x1 ) 2
f (x2 ) + f (x3 )
2h h 2h2
h (h h) (h)
2
f (x1 ) 2
f (x2 ) + 2 f (x3 )
2h h 2h
f (x3 ) f (x1 )
.
2h
Esta es la frmula de diferencias centradas. Para x = x3 se tiene:
(2x3 x2 x3 ) (2x3 x1 x3 ) (2x3 x1 x2 )
f 0 (x3 ) 2
f (x1 ) 2
f (x2 ) + f (x3 )
2h h 2h2
(x3 x2 ) (x3 x1 ) (x3 x1 + x3 x2 )
f (x1 ) f (x2 ) + f (x3 )
2h2 h2 2h2
h 2h (2h h)
f (x1 ) 2 f (x2 ) + f (x3 )
2h2 h 2h2
f (x1 ) 2 f (x2 ) f (x3 )
+
2h h 2h
f (x1 ) 4f (x2 ) + f (x3 )
.
2h
Si se tienen cinco datos, el polinomio de Lagrange es
(x x2 )(x x3 )(x x4 )(x x5 ) (x x1 )(x x3 )(x x4 )(x x5 )
f (x) f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + . . .
(x1 x2 )(x1 x3 )(x1 x4 )(x1 x5 ) (x2 x1 )(x2 x3 )(x2 x4 )(x2 x5 )
(x x1 )(x x2 )(x x4 )(x x5 ) (x x1 )(x x2 )(x x3 )(x x5 )
+ f (x3 ) + f (x4 )+ . . .
(x3 x1 )(x3 x2 )(x3 x4 )(x3 x5 ) (x4 x1 )(x4 x2 )(x4 x3 )(x4 x5 )
(x x1 )(x x2 )(x x3 )(x x4 )
f (x5 )
(x5 x1 )(x5 x2 )(x5 x3 )(x5 x4 )
2
Para simplicar se usa un incremento constante igual ah.
(x x2 )(x x3 )(x x4 )(x x5 ) (x x1 )(x x3 )(x x4 )(x x5 )
f (x) 4
f (x1 ) f (x2 ) + . . .
24h 6h4
(x x1 )(x x2 )(x x4 )(x x5 ) (x x1 )(x x2 )(x x3 )(x x5 )
+ f (x3 ) f (x4 )+ . . .
4h4 6h4
(x x1 )(x x2 )(x x3 )(x x4 )
+ f (x5 )
24h4
Despus de derivar la expresin anterior y evaluar en cada punto se tienen
las cinco frmulas para la derivada:
f 0 (x1 ) = 1
12h [25f (x1 ) + 48f (x2 ) 36f (x3 ) + 16f (x4 ) 3f (x5 )]
f 0 (x2 ) = 1
12h [3f (x1 ) 10f (x2 ) + 18f (x3 ) 6f (x4 ) + f (x5 )]
f 0 (x3 ) = 1
12h [f (x1 ) 8f (x2 ) + 8f (x4 ) f (x5 )]
f 0 (x4 ) = 1
12h [f (x1 ) + 6f (x2 ) 18f (x3 ) + 10f (x4 ) + 3f (x5 )]
f 0 (x5 ) = 1
12h [3f (x1 ) 16f (x2 ) + 36f (x3 ) 48f (x4 ) + 25f (x5 )]