4to PARCIAL

1. Ecuacin de Cauchy Euler (ecuacin equidimensional)

2. Transformada de LaPlace

Ecuacin de Cauchy Euler (ecuacin equidimensional)

1
0 + 1 1
+ + = ()
1
CARACTERISTICA

TEOREMA

La transformacin x = et reduce la ecuacin

1
0 + 1 1
+ + = ()
1
A una ecuacin diferencial lineal con coeficientes constantes.

DEMOSTRACION.
= = , > 0
1
=


=

1
=


=

2
2
= ( )

2 1
2
= [ ]

2 1 1
2
= ( )+ ( )

 2 1 1
2
= ( ) 2

2 1 2 1
=
2 2 2 2
2 1 2
= [ ]
2 2 2

2 2
2 =
2 2

3 2
= ( )
3 2

3 1 2
= [ ( )]
3 2 2

3 1 2 2 1
= ( ) + ( ) ( )
3 2 2 2 2

3 1 2 1 2 2
= ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2 2 3 2

3 1 2 1 2 2 2
= ( ) ( ) +
3 2 2 2 3 2 3

3 1 3 1 2 2 2 2
= +
3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3
3 1 3 2
3
= 3 ( 3
3 2
+2 )

3 3 2
3 3
= 3
3 2
+2

1. Para el entero positivo dado n, se determina r(r-1) (r-2) ... [r-(n-1)].

2. Desarrollar como polinomio.

3. Sustituir rn por


4. Igualar el paso 3 a

 =1

= =

=2

( 1) = 2
2 2
2 =
2 2
=3

( 1)( 2) = 3 3 2 + 2
3 3 2
3 3
= 3
3 2
+2

EJEMPLO
2
2 2
2 + 2 = 3

= =
( 1)( 2) [ ( 1)]

=1 = =

=2 ( 1) = 2
2 2
2 =
2 2

2
[ 2
] 2 [ ] + 2 = 3

2
2
3 + 2 = 3

( 1)( 2) = 0

= 1, 2
= 1 + 2 2
 . .

1 = { 3 }
= 3

= 3 3

= 9 3

= 9 3

3 = 9 3

2 = 2 3

2 3 = 3
2 = 1

= 12

1
= 3
2
1
= 1 + 2 2 + 3
2
1
= 1 + 2 2 + 3
2

EJEMPLO
3 2
3 3
4 2
2
8 8 = 4

=3

( 1)( 2) = 3 3 2 + 2
3 3
3
2
= 3 + 2
3 3 2
3 2 2
[ 3
3 2
+ 2 ] 4 [ 2
] + 8 [ ] 8 = 4

 3 2
3
7 2
+ 14 8 = 4

= 1, 2, 3

= 1 + 2 2 + 2 4

. .
1 = {, 1}
= +

= = 0

14 8( + ) = 4
8 + (14 8) = 4
1
8 = 4 =
2
7
14 8 = 0 =
8

1 7
=
2 8
1 7
= 1 + 2 2 + 2 4
2 8
1 7
= 1 + 2 2 + 2 4
2 8

EJEMPLO

2 + 4 = cos + sin
= =

=1 =

2 2
=2 ( 1) = 2 = 2 =
2 2
 .
2
[ 2
] [ ] + 4 = cos + sin

2
2
2 + 4 = cos + sin

2 2 + 4 = 0

2 4 16
=
2
2 23
=
2
= 1 3

= (1 cos 3 + 2 sin 3 )

. .
1 = {cos , sin }

2 = { sin , cos }
= cos + sin + sin + cos

= sin + cos + [ cos + sin ] + [ cos sin ]

= cos sin + [ sin + cos + cos + sin ]

+ [ cos sin sin + cos ]

= cos sin + 2 cos 2 sin

= cos sin + 2 cos 2 sin

2 = 2 cos + 2 sin 2 cos + 2 sin 2 sin 2 cos

4 = 4 cos + 4 sin + 4 sin + 4 cos

(3 2) cos + (2 + 3) sin + 2 sin + cos = cos + sin

 3 2 = 1 2 = 1 2 = 0
1
2 + 3 = 0 =2 =0
3 2
= 13 = 13

3 2 1
= cos sin + sin
13 13 2
3 2 1
= (1 cos 3 + 2 sin 3 ) + cos sin + sin
13 13 2
3 2 1
= (1 cos 3 + 2 sin 3 ) + cos sin + sin
13 13 2

Transformada de Laplace

Sea f (t) una funcin definida para 0 entonces la integral

() = lim ()
0 0

Se llama transformada de Laplace de f, siempre que el lmite exista.

NOTACION:
{()} = ()

El operador {()} es un operador lineal

{() + ()} = {()} + {()}

{ ()} = {()}
EJEMPLO

{1} = (1)
0

1
= {
0
1
= [ 0 ]

1
{1} =

EJEMPLO

{ 3 } = 3 3
0

= 3 = 3
1
= 3 2 = 3

1 3
= 3 3 { + 3 2
0 0

3
= 3 2
0

= 2 = 3
1
= 2 = 3

3 1 2
= [ 3 2 { + 3 ]
0 0

3 2 3
=
2 0
 = = 3
1
= = 3

3 2 1 3 1 3
= [ { + ]
2 0 0

3 2 3
=
2 0
321
{ 3 } =
4
3!
{ 3 } =
4

EJEMPLO

{sin 2} = sin 2
0

= sin 2 =
1
= 2 cos 2 =

1 2
= sin 2 { + cos 2
0 0

2
= cos 2
0

= cos 2 =
1
= 2 sin 2 =

2 1 2
= [ cos 2 { sin 2 ]
0 0

2 4
= sin 2
2 2 0

2 4
= (1 + ) sin 2
2 2 0

2 2 + 4
= ( ) sin 2
2 2 0

2
= sin 2
2 + 4 0

2
{sin 2} =
2 +4

TRANSFORMADA DE LAPLACE (formulario)

1
a) {1} =

!
b) { } =
+1
1
c) { } =


d) {sin } =
2 + 2

e) {cos } =
2 + 2

f) {sin } =
2 2

g) {cos } = 2 2

h) {
()} = {()} = ( )

EJEMPLO
{ 2 } = { }

! + 2
= {
6 + 2

!
=
( + 2)6
EJEMPLO
{7 cos 2} = {7} {cos 2}

= 7 {} {cos 2}

1
= 7 ( 2) 2
+4

7( 2 + 4) 3
=
2 ( 2 + 4)

3 + 7 2 + 28
=
2 ( 2 + 4)

EJEMPLO
{ cos 4} = {cos 4}

= | 8 1
2 + 16
1
=
( 1)2 + 16

EJEMPLO
1 + cos 2
{ 2 } = { }
2
1 1
= {1} + { 2 }
2 2
1 1 1
= ( )+ ( 2 )
2 2 +4
2 + 2 + 4
=
25( 2 + 4)
252 4
=
25( 2 + 4)
2( 2 + 2)
=
25( 2 + 4)
 2 + 2
=
( 2 + 4)

TRANSFORMADA DE LAPLACE (formulario)

1
a) 1 { } = 1

!
b) 1 { +1} =

1
c) 1 { } =


d) 1 { } = sin
2 + 2

e) 1 { } = cos
2 + 2

f) 1 { 2 2 } = sin


g) 1 { 2 2 } = cos

h) 1 {(
) } = 1 {()} = ()

EJEMPLO
1 1 6!
1 { 7 } = 1 { 7 }
6! 5

1 6
=
6!

EJEMPLO
3 + 5 3 5
1 { } = 1 { 2 } + 1 { 2 }
2 + 7 +7 +7

5 5 1 7
= 3 1 { } + { 2 }
2 + 7 7 +7

5
= 3 cos 7 + sin 7
7
EJEMPLO

1 { 2 } = 1 { 2 }
+ 65 + 11 ( + 65 + 9) + 11 9

= 1 { }
( + 3)2 + 2

( + 3) + 3
= 1 { }
( + 3)2 + 2

+3 3
= 1 { 2 } 1 { }
( + 3) + 2 ( + 3)2 + 2
1
= 1 { 2 } 3 1 { 2 }
+ 2 +3 + 2 +3

3 1 2
= 1 { 2 } { 2 }
+2 2 +2

3
= 3 cos 2 3 sin 2
2

TRANSFORMADA DE UNA DERIVADA

{ () } = () 1 (0) 2 (0) (1) (0)

{ ` ()} = () (0)

{ `` ()} = 2 () () ` (0)

{ ``` ()} = 3 () 2 () ` () `` (0)

EJEMPLO

3 = 2 (0) = 1

{ } 3 {} = { 2 }

1
[() (0)] 3() =
2
1
() 1 3() =
2
1
( 3)() = +1
2
1+2
( 3)() =
2
1
( 3)() =
2
1
() =
( 2)( 3)

1
1 {()} = 1 { }
( 2)( 3)

1
= +
( 2)( 3) 2 3
 1 = ( 3) + ( 2)

=2
2= 1=

1 1 2
= +
( 2)( 3) 2 3

1 1 1
1 { } = 1 { } + 2 1 { }
( 2)( 3) ( 2) ( 3)

() = 2 + 2 3