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d]/f] ofqf
lxl8/x] ]l/ lx8] k'Ug] 7fp vf]lh/x]
c} ca slt lx8\g] cf}nfO{ ;f]lw/x]
dfG5]n] cfk'm hGdb} lnP/ cfPsf] cfgf] efUo ;w} cf}leq ;'/lt x'G5 . dfG5]sf] efUo eGg'sf]
tfTko{;u;u} cefu klg p;u;u} 6fl:;bf] /x]5 . To;}n] lzz'sfnb]lv cfh;Ddsf] d]/f] hLjgsf] n]vfhf]vf
ul/x]bf{ d]/} ljutsf kfgfx d]/f] nflu g} cfZro{nfUbf ePsf 5g\ . jf:tjdf dnfO{ o; hLjgn] df6f]dfly
slt /dfOnf] klg u/fof] / slt g/dfOnf] klg u/fof] . hLjg afRg] qmddf d sltslt ef}tfl/P/ leqleq}
d/]sf] klg 5' eg] hLjg ef]Ug] qmddf sltslt /f]df~rsf/L ;donfO{ klg d}n] cfGt agfpg] df}sf
kfPsf] 5' . d}n] cfh;Dd ef]u]sf] hLjgsf] u0fgf ubf{ df/f b'Mvsf] v]tL rflx w]/} g} ul/P5 / ;'v rflx
lklnslklns u/]/ slxn]sfxL dfq} an]sf] klg dnfO{ yfxf 5 . d]/f To:tf zf]rgLo b'Mv / s]xL /dfOnf

1
ef]ufOsf ;fft\ a]xf]/f klg d}n] slxn] k':tsfsf/sf kdf / slxn] k'm6s/ /rgfsf kdf eP klg
3l/3l/ hg;d NofO/x]sf] klg lyP .
d]/f] hLjgdf 36]sf To; k|sf/sf /dfOnf / g/dfOnf cGo ljj/0fx 5fg]/ d}n] o; s[ltdf klg
pEofpg' ;fGble{s 7fg] . xf], o; s[ltdf d]/f] hLjgsf] s[i0fkn] eGbf z'Snks} 36gfn] lyrf]ldrf] u/]sf]
5 . olt x'bfx'b} klg d]/f] hLjgsf psfnLcf]/fnLdf ufl;Psf ef]ufOsf ;a} b:tfa]h d}n] o; s[ltdf dfq
;Lldt /fv]sf] 5}g . o; s[ltdf d}n] vfln d]/f] ofqfljj/0f dfq k|:t't ug]{ hdsf]{ u/]sf] 5' . d}n] 3'd]sf],
b]v]sf] / cg'ej u/]sf] ;d:t ofqfsf ljj/0fx o; s[ltleq dfq ;dflji6 5}gg\ . t}klg df/f ;DkGg
ofqfsf] /f]rs / 3f]rs ko{6s hLjgnfO{ eg] d}n] o; s[ltleq ;ufn]sf] 5' . tL;sf] bzseGbf cl3sf]
s'/f] xf] Toltv]/;Dd d ef]ln n]vs ag'nf eGg] sNkgf klg u/]sf] lyOg . x'g t d}n] To;eGbfcl3 sljtf
klg n]v], lgaGw klg n]v] / syf klg n]v] . t/ ef]ln d klg s[ltsf/ x'G5' eGg] lx;fa d}n] d]/f] lbdfudf
sf]g{ ;s]sf] lyOg . Tof] eljiojf0fL d]/f] dgn] u/]sf] eP To;eGbf cl3 d}n] e|d0f ubf{sf tYox klg
zfob d l6Kt} hfGy] x'nf . t/ d}n] d]/f kfOnf uGb} glx8]sf] eP tfklg d]/f] ;Dgfsf] t/]nLdf
afsLaSof}tf ePsf ljj/0fxnfO{ rflx d}n] ;s];Dd d]/f] 8fo/Ldf l6Kg klg yfn]sf] 5' .
d n]vssf] kdf afd] ;g{ yfn]kl5 ha ofqfdf klg ;+nUg x'g yfn] To;kl5sf 36gfx d}n] hlt
n]v] Tolt g} b:tfa]h o; s[ltdf klg ;ufNg] k|of; u/]sf] x' . x'gt lgaGwx n]Vg] qmddf d]/f lgofqfx
cl3Nnf lgaGw;\u|xxdf klg f6\6k'm6\6 kdf hf]l8Psf lyP . t/ d]/f] a]Un} lgofqf;\u|x eg]
k|sfzgdf cfpg ;s]sf] lyPg . @)^) ;fndf d}n] Pp6f a]Un} lgofqf k|sfzgdf NofP . Tof] Pp6}
kl/j]zdf ufl;Psf] wf/fjflxs b:tfa]h xf] . To;}n] d}n] ;\u|xsf kdf xf]Og Pp6} nfdf] lgaGwsf] kdf
Tof] k|:t't u/], Tof] xf] 7fu] pSn]kl5 . ;fy} o; s[ltnfO{ klg d}n] z'4 lgofqfdf g} dfq s]lGb|t u/]sf] 5' .
;flxTon]vgdf ;lqmo ePkl5 ;'?;'?df d]/f] rfv lgaGw ljwfdf g} alu/of] . To;}n] o; ]qdf
rflx d]/f s[ltx cGo f6sf s[ltsf] cg'kftdf w]/} g} k|sflzt klg eP . ;fy} hLjgLn]vgsf] dfu{df klg
d]/f] ?lr Tolts} al9/of] . uLlt/rgfsf] rf}tf/Ldf klg d}n] cfgf] kxn hf/L /fv]} dnfO{ nfU5 . h]
xf];\, ;flxlTos l;h{gfsf] qmddf d}n] lgaGw, hLjgL / uLt/rgfnfO{ g} k|d'vtf lbg ;s] . ToxL l;nl;nf
hf]l8P/ d}n] ]l/ ofqfj0f{gsf] axLvftf vf]n] cyf{t\ /]nsf] /dfOnf] k|:t't u/] .
/]nsf] /dfOnf]zLif{s Pp6f lgaGw rflx uf]/vk'/b]lv r]GgfO{;Ddsf] d]/f] /]nofqfj0f{g xf] . ToxL
zLif{s vfd]/ d}n] o; s[ltdf c? ljleGg ofqfsf k|;\ux klg k|:t't u/]sf] 5' . ;fy} oxf k|:t't
ofqfljj0fsf] n]vfhf]vf ubf{ g]kfn / ef/tdf d}n] 3'd]sf] k|;\usf /rgfx dfq o;df ;dflji6 ePsf
5g\ . x'gt d ;d'b|kf/sf s]xL b]z klg k'u] . t/ Toxfsf 36gf k|:t't ug]{ cg's"ntf dnfO{ c} klg k/]sf]
5}g .
o; s[ltdf ;do;Gbe{sf 36gfnfO{ d}n] ljz]if k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5' . oxf ;dflji6 lgaGwxdf d
7fp, kl/j]z / d]/f] dgsf] j}olQms l:yltdf dfq s]lGb|t ePsf] 5' . oxf k|]lift k|To]s b:tfa]h d]/f] PSnf]
dgsf] k|ltljDa dfq} xf] . jf:tjdf tfTsflns 36gfxnfO{ u'h'N6f] kf/]/ rk/Ld'lg 5f]Kg'eGbf, a]/af/ kf/]/
vf]kfdf yGsfpg'eGbf / ;f]/;f/ kf/]/ kf]sf] kf/]/ /fVg'eGbf tL 36gf, tL kl/j]z / tL ljj/0f c?xsf]
dgdf klg k'ofpg' d}n] pko'Qm 7fg] . To;}n] d}n] o; s[ltdf d]/f] n]vsLo dg, jrg / sd{ k|:t't u/]sf]
5' . d}n] lrg]sf / glrg]sf kf7sx;u dg af8\g kfpbf klg d cfk'm xn'\uf] ePsf] dx;"; ePsf] 5 .
/]nsf] /dfOnf]sf lgofqfxsf kf08'lnlksf] k"0f{ ljj/0f tof/ u/]kl5 d}n] tL lgaGwx ]l/
bf]xf]ofP/ k9] . cfgf ef]ufOnfO{ ufe]/ d}n] hlt klg 36gf n]v]sf] lyP tL a]xf]/f bf]xf]ofP/ k9\bf d]/f]
hLjgdf 36]sf ;a} 36gfx ]l/ tfhf eP/ cfvf;fd' cfPsf] d}n] cg'e"lt u/] . oL /rgfx k9\bfk9\b} d
slt 7fp ]l/ ;+j]bgzLn eP, slt 7fpdf k'Ubf v'zLdf 8'a] / sltko 7fpxn] dnfO{ cfhsf] hLjg klg
Tot}lt/ k'lu/x]sf] cg'e"lt lbnfO/x] . d]/f] hLjgsf ltg} tLtf, dL7f, ;k|]sf, lau|]sf / 3fd5fofsf
0fxsf] ef]ufOxsf] Pp6f ;fgf] gd"gfsf] kdf d}n] /]nsf] /dfOnf]nfO{ pEofPsf] 5' .
cfhsf] o'udf ofqf ubf{ tL ofqfsf k|;\udf ;fy lbg] k|To ck|To y'k|} ;fyLx klg x'G5g\ .
jf:tjdf To;/L ofqfdf ;+nUg ;fyLxn] ubf{ klg dfG5]n] ug]{ tL ofqf ;n x'G5g\ . cfh tL ;DkGg
ofqfxsf] j0f{gsf b:tfa]h k|sflzt ug{ nfUbfsf] ;dodf d ljutsf tL ;Dk"0f{ ;fyLxnfO{ klg
;lD/x]5' . dnfO{ /dfP/ ;fy lbg]n] d]/f] ofqf ;'ud kf/]sf lyP eg] ;fy lbg] qmddf 3ft ug]{xnfO{ klg
la;{g ;lsbf] /x]g5 . h] xf];\, k|To jf k/f] ;fy jf 3ft h];'s} kfPsf] eP klg lgofqfleqsf] k|To]s kfq
/ pgLx;d dnfO{ k'ofpg] ;dok|lt d C0fL 5' .
o; ;\u|xdf 5flkPsf d]/f ;a} lgofqfx ljleGg klqsfxdf k"j{k|sflzt /rgf x'g\ . tLdWo]
/]nsf] /dfOnf] k9\g] kf7sxaf6 dnfO{ w]/} g} k|ltlqmof k|fKt eP . To;}n] d}n] o; s[ltsf] gfd} /]nsf]
/dfOnf] /fv] . /]nsf] /dfOnf] gfds/0fsf] ;Gbe{df d}n] d]/f kf7sxsf] dgf]efjgfsf] sb/ u/]sf] x' .

2
 d]/f s[ltx 3l/3l/ k|sflzt ul/lbg] bfh' ;'/axfb'/ >]i7sf] ddfly w]/} u'g 5 . jf:tjdf n]vs
x'g'sf] tfTko{;u;u} ;'/axfb'/ >]i7x klg hf]l8b} hfg' eg]sf] n]vssf] dxjk"0f{ pknlAw klg xf] . To;}n]
d ;'/axfb'/ >]i7k|lt C0fL 5' .
o; s[ltsf] k|sfzgfy{ sSofpg] d]/L Xbo;d|f1L OlGb/f Pj+ 5f]/f5f]/L s~rgh\3f /
cg's[ltsfnfO{ klg d]/f] wGojfb 5 .

@)^! j}zfv ! ut] g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{

sf7df8f}+, g]kfn

)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Sof dhf
s~rgh\3fsf] sn]hegf{ ;lsPkl5 d]/f] z/L/ lgs} xn'\uf] ePsf] lyof], OlGb/f klg Tolts} r\uf
b]lvPsL lyOg\ / s~rgh\3fsf] pT;fxn] klg rGb|df 5f]Psf] b]lvGYof] . s~hgh\3fsf] egf{kl5 r]GgfO{sf
ljleGg 7fpdf 8'nl/ ub}{ dgf]/~hgdf klg xfdL ;xefuL ePsf lyof} . To;} qmddf xfdLn] uf]N8]glar
hfg] ;/;Nnfx klg u/]sf lyof} .
@)%( ;fn c;f/ @* ut] z'qmjf/ xfdL cl8of/sf] kNnLk6'af6 a; r9f} . Toltv]/ xfd|f]
kylgb]{zs UNof8]; O;fs lyOg\ . pgn] xfdL r]GgfO{ k|j]z u/]b]lv g} eg]sL lyOg\ uf]N8]glar hfg'k5{ .
oxL s'/f OlGb/fn] sf7df8f}af6 kfOnf] ;f/]s} j]nf eg]sL lyOg\ . s~rgh\3f klg uf]N8]glar x]g{ af6}b]lv
pT;'s lyof] .
kNnLk6'af6 b'O{j6f a; ]/]kl5 uf]N8]glar k'lubf] /x]5 / Toxf k'Ug hgxL t]x| ?k}of a;ef8f nfUbf]
/x]5 . To;lbg xfdL Toxf hfg]dWo] OlGb/f, s~rgh\3f / d g]kfnaf6 uPsf kfx'gf lyof} eg] r]GgfO{af6
rflx UNof8]; O;fs, dgs'df/L /fO{ / ;'sdfof tfdf lyP . dg / ;'s UNof8];sf] 3/sf sfl/Gbf lyP eg]
UNof8]; rflx a]Ghfldg O;fssL 5f]/L lyOg\ .
a]Ghfldg O;fs;u d]/f] sf7df8f}df g} kl/ro ePsf] lyof] . t/ r]GgfO{df k'u]kl5 eg] d}n] a]Ghfldg
O;fssf] g} k"0f{ kl/ro kfPsf] lyP . pgn] u/La, b'MvL / c;xfosf] nflu /]g;{df{t w]/} sfd u/]sf
/x]5g\ . jf:tjdf uf]N8]glar hfbf dgs'df/L /fO{n] d;u a]Ghfldg O;fssf y'k|} e]b vf]n]sL lyOg\ . Tolt
dfq xf]Og O;fssf b'O{ 5f]/f :ofd'on / hf]gL tyf 5f]/L UNof8]; klg csf{sf] ;]jfdf nflukbf{ /x]5g\ .
xfd|f] ofqfsf] l;nl;nfdf xfdLn] r]GgfO{sf] cjnf]sg;u} O;fssf] kl/jf/sf] kl/ro klg oy]i6 ;ufn]sf]
lyof} .
gof 7fpsf kyk|bz{s / ;xofqL ePsf UNof8];, dg / ;'s'sf s'/f ;'g]/ xfdL c3fpb}gYof} .
Toltv]/ xfd|f] u klg lgs} hf]zk"0f{ lyof] . xfd|f] u rNbfrNb} xfdL r9]sf] a; uf]N8]glar k'u]sf] lyof] .
a;af6 g]{lalQs} uf]N8]glarsf] k|j]zf/glhs} Pp6f lgs} cUnf] vDafsf] 6'Kkf]df e"uf]n-Unf]a_sf] lrg
/flvPsf] 7fpdf d]/f cfvf PSsfl; c8]sf lyP . Toltv]/ To; lrgn] dnfO{ ;'?d} v"a} df]lxt agfPsf]
lyof] . cyf{t\ uf]N8]glarleq s:tf] lyof] eGg] a]xf]/f Gg} ToxL e"uf]nnfO{ x]/] k'UYof] } dnfO{ nfu]sf]
lyof] . ToxL e"uf]n x]b}{ xfdL uf]N8glarsf] 9f]sfdf k'Uof} . k|j]zsf] nflu l6s6b/ hgxL Ps ;o ?k}of
nfUbf] /x]5 . g]kfnL k/b]zLsf] nflu Ps ;o ef/tLo ?k}of eg]sf] ;fgf] /sd klg lyPg . 5ftL 9Ss kfb}{
d}n] To;j]nf 5hgfsf] nflu uf]hLaf6 5 ;o ?k}of lgsfn]sf] lyP . olQsf] k};f lt/]/ vf]O logLxn]
s] x]g{ vf]h]sf x'g\ < ca olt 6f9f cfOk'u]kl5 dxuf] /x]5 eg]/ s{g klg nfh} x'g] d]/f] dgdf o:t}
t/\u klg p7]sf] lyof] .
xfdL l6s6 lnP/ leq l5g]{lalQs} xfd|f] bnsL 6f]nLg]tf UNof8]; af]lng\ c\sn /f]6] lk v]Ng] <
d}n] pQ/ lbPsf] lyP 5f]/L oL /f]6] lk, rfsfr'nL lk, Gs] lk, Eofu't] lk x]bf{ hlt dhf cfp5
v]n]kl5 To;sf] rfd{ klg ;lsG5 To;}n] xfdL x]/f} dfq} x} < d]/f s'/f UNof8];nfO{ lrQ a']g5 Sof/]
To;}n] pgn] ]l/ elgg\ c\sn xfd|f] 8f8L t gv]Ng]nfO{ klg v]nfpg'x'G5 . xfd|f] 8f8Lsf] ]nf
kg'{ePsf] eP c\snn] klg gv]nL ;'Sv kfpg'x'GgYof] . jf:tjdf To;lbg UNof8];, ;'s', dg /
s~rgh\3f lk v]Ng tlD;/x]sf b]lvGy] . OlGb/f klg UNof8];sf ;+jfbnfO{ 5ftf cf]9fpb} af]lNyg\ dnfO{
klg v]Ng t v"a} dg k5{ Sof dhf cfp5 To;j]nf OlGb/f / UNof8];sf ;+jfbxnfO{ Pp6f sfgn] ;'g]/
csf]{ sfgn] p8fpg' g} dnfO{ >]o:s/ nfu]sf] lyof] . lsgeg] Hofg hf]lvddf kf/]/ v]lng] To:tf v]ndf d
cfk'm / cfk'mf/f dfof ul/Psfxsf] klg ;xeflutf sbflk ?rfplbg . d}n] ;s] ;+;f/sf] /\ud~rdf d
o:tf v]n g} v]nfpg] lyOg . d]/f ;xofqLxn] dnfO{ sfo/ eg'g\ jf nf]eL h] eg'g\ t/ dnfO{ eg] o:tf
v]ndf ;xefuL x'g' jf u/fpg' lyPg . To;}n] xfdL b[Zofjnf]sgfy{ cl3 a9]sf lyof} .
3
 uf]N8]glarsf] kl/;/leqsf] kfs{sf] PsPs ;fh;Hhf x]b}{ / j0f{g ub}{ xfdL ;d'b|sf] lsgf/fdf k'u]sf
lyof} . Toltv]/ ;d'b|sf] kfgLsf] :kz{ ub}{ s~rgh\3f af]n]sf] lyof] cfxf Sof dhf s~rgh\3fnfO{
;d'b|sf] kfgLsf] :kz{n] To;lbg lgs} /dfOnf] dx;"; ePsf] lyof] . p;n] yfxf kfP/ ;d'b| s'Nr]sf] of]
klxnf]kN6 lyof] . To;f] t ;fg}df d;u p x\s klg uPsf] lyof] . Toltv]/ p;sf] pd]/ tLgrf/ jif{
ePsf] x'bf zfob p;n] Tof] k"j{:d[lt lbdfudf v]nfpg ;s]sf] lyPg . To;}n] p r]GgfO{sf] ;d'b|sf 5fn x]b}{
lgs} /f]dfl~rt b]lvGYof] . p;n] ;'?d} r:df / 38L vf]n]/ OlGb/fnfO{ /fVg lbPsf] lyof] / p ;d'b|sf]
nx/sf] 5]pdf k'u]sf] lyof] .
s]xL ;dodf OlGb/f / d klg ;d'b|t6df k'Uof} . ;fy} UNof8];, dg / ;'s'n] klg cfcfgf n'uf
lehfpg ;d'b|nfO{ :jLs[lt lbPsf lyP . Toltv]/ ;d'b|sf] lsgf/df plebfpleb} OlGb/f / d]/f klg n'uf
dhfn] leh]sf lyP . Toltv]/ ;d'b|sf 5fnn] j]nfavt Gg} xfd|f] sDd/ 5'g] uYof]{ . ;d'b|sf] x'\sf/
j]nfj]nf cfpYof] / ]l/ slxn] 3'8f;Dd :kz{ uYof]{, slxn] lt3|f;Ddsf] :kz{af6} s{GYof] / j]nfj]nf rflx
sDd/ g} ;dfP/ efUYof] .
l/\u6f nfUof], l/\u6f nfUof] ToxL ;d'b|sf] kfgL 6]St} OlGb/f / d;u;u} af]n]sf lyof} . jf:tjdf
5fnn] Psk6s 5f]Pkl5 v'6\6fn] 6]lsPsf afn'jf klg aUb} hfGy] / c? plePsf dfG5] klg lxl8/x]sf }
b]lvGy] . d]/f] nflu Toltv]/sf] l/\u6f klg nf]enfUbf] lyof] . hLjgsf] Pp6f ;'vb cfgGb To;0f To;
l/\u6fleq} a]l/Psf] cg'e"lt d ;\ufln/x]sf] lyP . ;fRr} uf]N8]glarsf] ;d'b|L 5]pdf plebf s:tf] /dfOnf]
ePsf] Toltv]/ Tof] /dfOnf] Toxf pkl:yt w]/}n] lnPsf lyP . Toxfsf] 5fndf pleP/ ;a} cfcfgf
z}nLsf] dhf u|x0f ul//x]sf lyP .
d}n] b]Vtfb]Vt} Pp6L df]6L s]6L klg 5fn;u gfl/O/x]sL lyO{ . p;;u Pp6f 5;ft jif{sf] aRrf klg
lyof] . s~rgh\3fnfO{ d}n] Tof] df]6L s]6L / afns b]vfpb} eg]sf] lyP P afa' Tof] df]6L s]6L ePb]lv
ptf ghf x} dnfO{ 8/ nfUof] Toltv]/ s~rgh\3fsf] 5fn;u v]Ng] l;dfgf klg ToxL df]6L s]6L lyO{ .
d]/f] lgb]{zgcg';f/ g} p tf]lsPsf] ;Ldfdf aflwP/ cUnfxf]rf 5fndf n8La'8L ug{ 5f8]sf] lyPg . OlGb/f /
d klg p;sf] /dfOnf]df g} ;fy lbO/x]sf lyof} .
To; 5fn;u ldt]/L nfpg]sf] ;\Vof w]/} Go"g lyof] . t/ To; Go"gtfdf w]/} v'zL b]lvGYof] . k|foM
k|]dL / k|]ldsfxf/f To; 5fnsf] :kz{ ul/bf] /x]5 eg]/ d}n] To;} lbg yfxf kfPsf] lyP . Toxf pkl:yt
ljjflxt / cljjflxt hf]8Lsf] b[Zon] Tof] uf]N8]glar dnfO{ t o'unlar h:t} nfu]sf] lyof] . To;}n] klg
xf]nf Tolt Kof/f] 7fpsf] gfp klg uf]N8]glar g} x'g uof] eGg] ddf ts{ljts{ klg gflr/x]sf lyP .
xfdL # ah]sf] 6G6nfk'/ 3fdd} klg afn'jf 6]Qm} uf]N8]glarl:yt ;d'b|sf 5fn uGg k'u]sf lyof} .
afn'jfdf lxl8o'Gh]n cfPsf] xfd|f] z/L/sf] k;Lgf klg ;d'b|sf 5fnn] xfdLnfO{ ;'D;'Dofpg yfn]kl5
cf]efPsf] lyof] . 6fpsf]df nfu]sf] Tolt uf9f 3fd klg uf]8fn] kfgL 5'g yfn]kl5 qmdzM lzlyn ePsf
lyP . To;}n] To; 7fpdf xfdLnfO{ hlt a:of] al;/x" h:t} / hlt kfgL 5f]of] Tolt 5f]O/x" h:t} nfu]sf]
lyof] . ;fRr} xf] uf]N8]glar dnfO{ pbf/, pT;fxL / pd\uo'Qm nfu]sf] lyof] .
uf]N8]glarn] Pp6f lgs} 7"nf] kl/j]z 9fs]sf] kfOGYof] . Toxfaf6 6f9f6f9f x]bf{ cfsfz / ;d'b|
5'6\l6b}gYof] . t/ klg d tL b'j} tj 5'6\6fpg ;Sy] . cfsfz 5'l6\6Psf] 7fpdf ;d'b| uf9f gLnf] b]lvGYof]
/ cfsfz xNsf c lsf gLnf] b]lvGYof] . Toxfsf] ;d'b| / cfsfz h;/L 5'6\6fpg cK7f/f] x'GYof]
r]GgfO{sf w]/}h;f] dfG5]xsf cg'xf/ / skfn ;n{Ss} 5'6\6fpg klg uf/f] kYof]{ . cyjf egf} uf9f sfnf]
skfn / uf9f sfnf cg'xf/ Toxfsf hfltsf] kl/ro g} xf] } b]lvGYof] . cf]7df nfnL nufpg] cfOdfO{x
Toxf c;Eodf ulgbf /x]5g\ eGg] klg d}n] To;}j]nf yfxf kfPsf] lyP . Toxfsf gf/Lsf] ;fbf cg'xf/sf]
;f}Dotf } ;d'b|sf] k"j{, pQ/ / bl0f a/fa/ ;dtn b]lvGYof] . cfvfn] ;d'b|dflysf] cfsfz klg ;d'b|}
b]VYof] eg] cfsfzd'lgsf] ;d'b| klg cfsfz} b]VYof] . Toltj]nf s'g} dfgjljxLg a:tL kfgL g} kfgLsf]
/fHodf xfd|f] cfvf Psgf;n] s'lb/x]sf lyP .
d}n] ;d'b|sf] lsgf/fdf pleP/ 5fn /fd|/L ug]sf] Tof] klxnf]k6s g} lyof] .
uf]N8]glarsf] lsgf/f g} ;f / ;'U3/ b]lvGYof] . kfgLsf] 5fn klg gLnf] / ;]tf] b]lvGYof] . ;d'b|af6
j]nfj]nf 5fn pn]{sf] cfvf lldSs gu/L x]bf{ Toxf lxdfnos} r'r'/f] } b]lvGYof] . Toltv]/ kfgLsf 5fnn]
a]l/Psf] kfgLsf] lz/ ;]tfDo b]lvGYof] . d j]nfj]nf Ps6s nufP/ ToxL 5fn x]l//xGy] . s:tf] /fd|f] 5fn
cfxf eGb} d ToxL ;d'b|sf] k|z+;f ul//xGy] . jf:tjdf Tof] ulx/fO, Tof] 5fn / Toxfsf] Tof] r~rntf
Pp6f hLjGt v]n lyof] .
uf]N8]glarsf] b'O{ 306f;Ddsf] /dfOnf] ;ufn]/ xfdL s{g] t/v/df nfUof} . To;} qmddf xfdL k'gM
kfs{lt/ k'Uof} . kfs{df xfd|f] cjnf]sg ]l/ rf/}lt/ x'g yfNof] . ljleGg lkxdf xfd|f cfvf ]l/ gfRg
yfn] . To;} kl/j]zdf OlGb/f af]lng\ :6fr' Dofg . ;fRr} dfG5]d"lt{ dnfO{ /dfOnf] nfUof] . d}n] 5]pdf
uP/ Tof] d"lt{ x]/] . Tof] d"lt{ ;fRr}sf] dfG5] h:t} lyof] . To; b[Zon] dnfO{ g} cfZro{ nfUof], clg d

4
g} :6fr'Dofgglhs uP . jf:tjdf dfG5] l7\u} plePsf] g} lyof] . dfG5] g} eP/ klg To;n] cfvf klg
lDsfpb}gYof] . To; b[Zon] dnfO{ g} crDd nfUof] . To;}n] d Ps6s nufP/ To; dfG5]nfO{ x]/sf]
x]/]s} eP . cx, p r6k6fpb}gYof] . To; dfG5]sf] kfv'/f / 3f6Ldf g;f klg lyP, t/ p r6gk6fO{
plePsf] lyof] . d Hofb} glhs k'u]kl5 To; dfG5]n] ck{6 cfgf xft prfNof] . To; b[Zon] d ;\u
eP . To;kl5 d s]xL :s]/ af]n] of] d"lt{ t lah'nLaf6 kl/rflnt /x]5 . d]/f] ;+jfbdf OlGb/fn] s6f}tL
ul/g\ xf]Og, of] dFG5] g} xf] . ]l/ d}n] Ps6s To;nfO{ x]l//x] . p;n] cfvf klg lDsfPg . s]xL
;dodf d}n] To;nfO{ afOafO u/] . p r'krfk pleO/x]s} lyof] . ]l/ OlGb/fn] klg p;nfO{ afOafO ul/g\ /
s~rgh\3fn] klg afOafO uof] . To;kl5 UNof8];n] klg p;nfO{ afOafO ul/g\ . xfdL ;a}n] p;nfO{
gd|tfk"j{s afOafO ul/ g} /of} . To;kl5 p;n] klg xfdLnfO{ afOafO uof] . p;sf] To; k|To'Q/n] d
]l/ ;\u eP . clg t Tof] d"lt{ dnfO{ ;fRr} dfG5] h:t} nfUof] . To;kl5 s~rgh\3f :6fRo'Dofgsf]
5]pdf k'Uof] / p;sf] sDd/sf] k6'sfdf bz ?k}of l;pl/lbof] . clg ]l/ xfdL To;nfO{ afOafO ub}{ aflx/
lg:Sof} . p;n] klg xfdLnfO{ afOafO ug{ yfNof] . cGttM xfdL ;a} p;nfO{ afOafO ub}{ labf eof} .
uf]N8]glarsf] 5fn rflx d]l/gflarsf] 5fn } wldnf] lyPg jf:tjdf g} uf]N8]glar Hofb} ;\nf]
lyof] . d]l/gflarsf] 5fn rflx w]/} wldnf] / f]xf]/ b]lvGYof] . db|f; ljZjljBfnosf] cfsif{0f d]l/gflar
cjZo lyof] . olt x'bfx'b} klg uf]N8]glar rflx Pp6f kl/kSj, :t/Lo / ;'Gb/ 7fp g} lyof] . d]l/gflardf
k};f gnfUg] ePsf]n] Toxf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] klg eL8} nfUYof] . Toxfsf] anf}6] d}bfgdf z\v / cGo
:qLk|of]usf ;/;fdfgxsf bf]sfgx klg k|z:t} b]lvGy] . Toxf 3f]8bf}8n] klg dfG5]sf] dg lvr]sf]
kfOGYof] . jf:tjdf d]l/gflardf a]n'sf ;w} d]nf nfUYof] . afn'jfdf k}tfnf w;fpb} Toxfsf] d]nf kf/ u/]/
xfdL tLghgfn] Toxfsf] 5fnnfO{ c\sdfn u/]sf lyof} . klxnf]kN6 uf]N8]glardf gk'u]sf] eP zfob
d]l/gflarn] klg dnfO{ cfslif{t kfYof]{ g} xf]nf . oxL s'/f] d;u s~rgh\3f bf]xf]ofO/xGYof] . dnfO{
d]l/gflarsf] Pp6f /f]rs tYo rflx PdhLcf/sf] :tDe nfUof] . Tof] :tDe Pp6f k|]ldsfn] k|]dLk|lt ;dlk{t
u/]sf] dgsf] rf]vf] k|;fb lyof] . jf:tjdf Pp6L k|]ldsfsf] cfgf lbj\ut k|]dLk|ltsf] ;dk{0f b]v]/ xfdL
pgLk|lt cfnflbt ePsf lyof} . honlntfsf] Tof] ;Lk g} d]l/gflarsf] Pp6f csf]{ cfsif{0f aGg uPsf]
/x]5 .
uf]/vfkq -@)%( c;f]h !@ ut] zlgjf/_

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ToxL u'nfkmL
cfh laxfg}b]lv skfn sf6\g] 7fp vf]Hb} lgs} k}bn lxl8;s]sf] lyP . d;u Pshgf efO klg lyP
;Gtf]if a:g]t . pgL :yfgLo afl;Gbf lyP . pgn] dnfO{ 7fp7fpsf xhfdbf]sfg k'ofP, t/ ;a} aGb lyP .
clg csf]{ k;n vf]Hb} xfdL e[s'6Lrf]s k'Uof} . Toxf cfwf ;6/ vf]n]/ xhfdx ;]tf sk8f wf]O/x]sf lyP .
To;}j]nf d}n] P afa' d skfn sf6\g cfPsf] eGg]lalQs} Pshgf 7fs'/ af]n] cfh t d\unjf/ cfh
xfd|f] labf x'G5 . d 5Ss k/] . ;Gtf]if klg 5Ss k/] . lj/f6gu/df d\unaf/ xhfdx skfn sf6\tf
/x]g5g\ .
cfh laxfg}b]lv d]/f] dg Tolt 7Ls lyPg . c;Gtf]if dgdf lnP/ al;/x]sf j]nf OGb|axfb'/
sfsL{sf] 3/af6 Pp6f df?lt Eofg cfof] . To;kl5 bfO hutaGw' sfsL{ Eofgsf] ljifodf d;u af]n]
e}of nf} wgs'6f hfg] df]6/ d}n] vf]lhlbPsf] 5', a? rf8} cfpg" . /ft Tolt gkfg"{ . To;kl5 d}n]
PSsfl; wgs'6f hfg] d'8 agfP .
d}n] lxh} 8f= u0f]z e08f/LnfO{ elg;s]sf] lyP bfO df]6/ kfOof] eg] ef]ln wgs'6f hfpm x} <
8f= u0f]z e08f/Ln] klg !) ah]lt/ hfg'k5{ eg]sf lyP . To;}n] d}n] c~h' efph"sf lgb]{zgdf kf}g] bzlt/
vfgf vfP . To;kl5 d aGw'lgjf;af6 df]6/ lnP/ 8f= u0f]z e08f/Lsf] cfjf;df k'u] . Toxf k'Ug]lalQs}
8f= ;'zLnf sf]O/fnf cb]lv cM;Dd / sb]lv 1;Dd e6fpg yflnxflng\ . To;j]nf ;'zLnf lbbLn]
/fd|f/fd|f aft df/] tfklg d wgs'6f k'u]/ kms{g] ts{gfdf g} s]lGb|t lyP . To;}n] To;j]nf ;'zLnf lbbLsf
s'/f d]/f] nflu s;}nfO{ s] eGbf 3/HjfOnfO{ vfg] wGbf h:t} nfUof] . t/ klg d}n] lbbLnfO{ ;f/ ldnfP/
dVv rflx kfl/lbPsf] lyP . pgLn] v'zLn] kv]6f km6\sfbf{km6\sfb}{ 8f= u0f]z e08f/L leqaf6 ;'6]6a'6]6 eO{
lg:s] . nf} l56f] lx8 .
e[s'6Ls'~haf6 u0f]z bfO / d lx8f} . e08f/Lsf] lgb]{zgdf e[s'6Lrf]slt/ df]6/ bf}8f] . Toxf
Pp6L u'nfkmL :jL6/ nufPsL dlxnf k|tLIff/t /lx5g\ . df]6/ ToxL /f]lsof] . tL u'nfkmL :jL6/ klg df]6/
r9\l5g\ eGg] d}n] ;\s]t kfO;s]sf] lyP clg u0f]z e08f/L;u d k8\s] d hfGg, sf] xf] Tof] cfOdfO{ <
5
8fS6/ e08f/Lsf] pQ/ lyof] P gs/f g, Tof] lx:6L k9fpg] l6r/ xf] . clxn] l6r/ lnP/ hfG5f} . e/]
ljBfyL{ lnP/ kms{G5f} . clg xfd|f] PsfGt, xfd|f] ;Nnfx / xfd|f] s'/f slxn] x'G5 < d h\luP/ af]ln/x]sf]
j]nfdf u0f]z bfO g/d x'b} af]ln/x]sf lyP e/] kms{+bf xfdL b'j}hgf dfq x'G5f}, clxn] r'k nfu g .
d}n] 8f= ljdnf >]i7sf] kl/ro kfP . dx]Gb| df]/ SofDk;df pgL Oltxf;sL ;xk|fWoflksf
/lx5g\ . pgL n]lvsf klg /lx5g\ . pgn] Oltxf;ljifos u|Gy klg n]v]sL /lx5g\ . ;fy} pgn]
;flxTo;DaGwL km'6s/ n]v/rgf klg lgdf{0f ug]{ u/]sf] d}n] To;}j]nf yfxf kfP . s/La %) jif{sL 8f=
>]i7sf] 3/ wgs'6fdf /x]5 . To;}n] 8f= ljdnf >]i7 klg wgs'6f lx8]sL /lx5g\ .
df?ltsf] cl3Nnf] l;6df 8f= ljdnf >]i7 a8f] uDeL/ eP/ a;]sL lyOg\ eg] kl5Nnf] l;6df d /
8f= u0f]z e08f/L 3l/ g/d eP/ jftf{df dUg x'GYof} eg] 3l/ rsf{rsL{ s'/fdf hf]ltg k'UYof} . zfob
To;j]nf 8f= ljdnf >]i7sf] cg'dfg lyof] xf]nf ca logLxsf] sltj]nf emu8f k5{ t/ u0f]z e08f/L
/ d e]6 ePkl5 xfd|f] To:t} dfq Jojxf/ x'GYof] .
b'x'aLahf/ sf6\tf lbgsf] ;f9] P3f/ alh;s]sf] lyof] . plQ g} v]/ Toxf Pp6f 6s;u a; h'w]sf]
36gfn] d em;\u eP . cfgf] ;fO8df lxl8/x]sf] 6snfO{ uNtL ;fO8af6 a;n] 7Ss/ lbbf cl3Nnf
l;6sf w]/}h;f] ofq'x /QmfDo eP . af6f]el/ a;sf zLzfsf 6'qmf / ofq'xsf dfn;fdfg 5/k:6
b]lvGy] . t/ hlt ;fdfgx af6f]df la:s'g eP tfklg d]/f cfvf af6f]s} aLrdf /x]sf] gkfln;sf] l;;Ldf
s]lGb|t eof] . /lQmd dfG5]x;u} Tof] u'nfkmL gkfln;n] klg d]/f] r]tgfdf c:jfefljs k|efj hdfO/x]sf]
lyof] . lsgeg] Tof] u'nfkmL gkfln; nfpg] d]/f] 3/df klg lyP . To;}n] xf]nf To;j]nf d s]xLa]/
emf]qmfPsf] lyP . xfd|f] df]6/ Psgf; lxl8/x]sf] lyof] . s]xL k/ 6]lnkmf]g ePsf] 7fpdf k'u]/ d}n] 8f=
e08f/L;u cg'/f]w u/] PDa'n]G;nfO{ va/ ul/lbg" lg . pgn] To;} u/] .
8f= e08f/L / d]/f ljleGg ukmufkm 8f= ljdnf >]i7sf] ofqfsf] v'/fs eO/x]sf] d dx;"; ul//x]sf]
lyP . xfd|f] cfsfzkftnsf] ukm ;'g]/ pgL 3l/3l/ kl5lNt/ cfgf b[li6 k'ofpg] uly{g\ . o;} /Ltdf xfdL
w/fg k'lu;s]sf lyof} . w/fgaf6 xfd|f] df]6/ e]8]6f/lt/ pSNof] . e]8]6f/df k'u]kl5 d}n] Hofs]6 le/] .
lsgeg] Toxf dhfn] x':;' nflu;s]sf] lyof] . To; x':;'df d}n] lgs} /dfOnf] u/] . jf:tjdf dnfO{ x':;' ;f/}
dg k5{ . t/ dnfO{ sf7df8f} pkTosfsf] x':;' dg kb}{g . dnfO{ kxf8sf] :jR5 x':;' dg k5{ . ;fRr} xf],
d}n] ;kgfdf klg w]/}kN6 x':;'n] el/Psf] kxf8 b]v]sf] 5' . To;}n] cfh d}n] x':;';u lgs} dhfn] n'sfdf/L
v]n]sf] lyP . /fOgL lbbLsf] lrof vfP/ xfdL df]6/ r9f} / la:tf/} x':;' 5f8\b} e]8]6f/af6 cf]Nof}{+ .
cfheGbf @% jif{cl3 d ;fu'/Lsf] gfs eflrg] psfnf] lx8]sf] klg dnfO{ k'gM ofb cfPsf] lyof] .
To;avt lrp/Ljf;af6 d"n3f6 k'u]sf] / cfh df]6/af6 d"n3f6 lxl8/x]sf] k|;\un] d 5Ss kl//x]sf]
lyP . ;fRr} eGg] xf] eg] To;j]nf d}n] ;f]r]sf] klg lyOg ca d @% jif{df df]6/ r9]/ of] af6f] l5rN5'
eg]/ . To;j]nf xfdL cf7/fO{ xfkf hfg w/fgaf6 d"n3f6 x'b} sf];Lsf] u8lt/} u8lt/ x'b} lx8\Yof} . ctM
d]/f To; j]nfsf tL g} lx8\g] lbg;u d]/f] rf;f] a9\g' :jfefljs} lyof] . zfob ca d}n] 6f]kL km':sg] psfnf]
lx8\g' klg kb}{g xf]nf, c} egf} ca d}n] lx8\g} kb}{g ls lsgeg] To; xfkfdf ca d]/f] sf]xL klg
5}g . xfkfsf] sNkgfdf /Dbf/Db} xfdL r9]sf] /ftf] df]6/ n]ptLsf] au/df k'lu;s]sf] lyof] .
d"n3f6sf] k'n klg slt /fd|f] /x]5 eGbfgeGb} df]6/ lj>flGtdlGb/sf] kl/;/df k'lu;s]sf] lyof] .
u0f]z bfO, ljdnf lbbL / d d"n3f6lt/ nfUof} . tdf]/ gbLdf k'u]/ u0f]zbfOn] 3'6'3'6' kfgL vfP eg] d}n]
d]/f lbj\ut afa'nfO{ hn r9fP . To;j]nf Tof] gbLel/ d}n] d]/f a'afnfO{ x]l//x]sf] lyP . @)!( ;fnsf]
c;f/ @) ut] o;} vf]nfsf] dfeml;/fgdf d]/f a'afnfO{ hnfOPsf] lyof] . To;}n] To;kl5 tdf]/ gbLl;t
d]/f] klg ulx/f] gftf a;]sf] lyof] . jf:tjdf dnfO{ tdf]/ gbLdf d]/f a'af cem} x'g'x'G5, af]Ng'x'G5,
lx8\g'x'G5, cfpg'x'G5 eGg] Nsf] 5b}5 .
a'afnfO{ tk{0f r9fPkl5 Toxf d}n] klg tLg 3'6\sL kfgL vfP . To; 7fpdf dnfO{ Pp6f kmf]6f]
lvRg dg nfUof] / d}n] Toxf kmf]6f] lvrfP . To;kl5 d]/f] cfu|xdf d}n] 8f= u0f]z e08f/L / 8f= ljdnf
>]i7nfO{ klg hf]8] / kmf]6f] lvlrlbP . To;j]nf pgLx b'j}hgf /dfO/x]sf] k|;\u d dgdg} lx;fa
ul/x]sf] lyP . clg To;};do d 8f= ljdnf >]i7nfO{ k|Zg ug{ k'u]sf] lyP tkfO{+x ;u;u} a;]sf] kmf]6f]
lyof] ls lyPg < d';'Ss xf:t} ljdnf af]n]sL lyOg\ vf]O s;n] lvlrlbG5 / xfdL ;u} a;]/ lvlrPsf]
of] klxnf] kmf]6f] xf] .

wgs'6fahf/df d cfh klxnf]rf]l6 k'u]sf] lyP . Toxf k|foM ;a}n] dnfO{ lrg]sf /x]5g\ .
wgs'6fSofDk;sf dlxnf ljBfyL{sf] kf]zfs x]/]/ d}n] eg]sf] lyP kb\dsGofSofDk;sf ljBfyL{ oxf cfPsf
/x]5g\ . t/ Tof] s'/f xf]Og /x]5 . Toxf klg ToxL kf]zfs rnfPsf /x]5g\ . wgs'6fSofDk;sf k|d'v pk]Gb|
kf]v/]nnfO{ d}n] hg/n e"kfndfgl;+x sfsL{sf] d]/f] hLjgofqf -lgaGw;\u|x_, 8f= eLid/fh k|;fO{sf]
cfTd;dk{0f -dxfsfJo_, OlGb/f k|;fO{sf ljZjfldq -pkGof;_ / aofg -n3'syf;\u|x_, d]/f clg df/f
6
lnlvt g]kfnL;flxTosf k|d'v ;dfnf]rs -hLjgL;\u|x_ / cIf/sf] k|bz{gL -lgaGw;\u|x_
SofDk;k':tsfnosf] nflu pkxf/ lbPsf] lyP . ;fy} uf]s'08]Zj/ dfWolds ljBfnosL k|wfgfWoflksf >LdtL
s[i0ff >]i7 / uf]s'08]Zj/ afndlGb/ dfWolds ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks b]jLk|;fb cfrfo{nfO{ klg ljBfnosf]
k':tsfnosf] nflu d}n] s]xL k':ts pkxf/ lbPsf] lyP . To; 7fpdf w]/}h;f] dfG5] k':ts a]Rg hfbf
/x]5g\, pkxf/ eg]kl5 pgLx d;u s]xL v'zL g} b]lvP .
lbp;f] emG8} tLg aHg} nfu]sf] lyof] . xfd|f] ofqf wgs'6fsf] aLrahf/ k'Uof] . 3/sf] a/G8fdf g}
8f= ljdnf >]i7sL lqof;LjifL{of cfdf df]xgs'df/L >]i7 a;]sL /lx5g\ . d pgsf] pkl:yltdf cfgL
cfdfsf] emNsf] kfO/x]sf] lyP . To;}j]nf d}n] 8f= ljdnf >]i7sL cfdfnfO{ d]/L lqof;LjifL{of cfdfsf] kmf]6f]
b]vfPsf] lyP . clg dnfO{ pgL;u a;]/ kmf]6f] lvRg dg nfUof] . Toxf xfdLn] kmf]6f] lvRtfglvRt} cf]dsf/
>]i7sL kTgL zzL >]i7n] ;flwPsf] h'gf/ xfdL dfem /flvlbOg\ . :jLs[lt klg xfd|f] pkl:yltdf /dfO/x]sL
b]lvlGyg\ . af6f]el/ Tolt;f/f] gaf]n]sL 8f= ljdnf >]i7 klg pT;fxdf /Db} xfdLnfO{ gf:tfkfgLdf 8'afpb}
lyOg\ . d]/f cfvf eg] pgLxsf] 3/sf] cfugdf a};n] 9sdSs km'n]sf u'nfkmL /sf y'ufdf cfa4 lyP .
udnfdf u'nfkmsf] s:tf] ;'Gb/ k Sof /fd|f] / cfxf
wgs'6fsf] s]xL 306fsf] :d[lt af]s]/ d df?ltsf] cl3Nnf] l;6df a;], u0f]z / ljdnf kl5Nnf
l;6df a;]/ xflSsb} lyP . df]6/ cf]ln{/x]sf] lyof] . Tolt j]nf;Dddf d"n3f6sf] gLnf] bx d'lZsn}n] b]lvb}
lyof] . lsgeg] To; j]nf;Dddf h\unL sL/fx s/fpg 5fl8;s]sf lyP . d"n3f6sf] lsgf/df
PshgfnfO{ t];f{Psf] 36gfn] dleq s]xL r:; t 3f]r]sf] g} lyof] . km]l/ d}n] Toxf cfgf a'afnfO{
;Demg'l;afo csf]{ s'g} cWofosf] ;'?jft g} lyPg . ToxL cWofo hKtfhKt} ;fem emdSs} kl/;s]sf] lyof] .
To;j]nf n]ptLsf] au/df l:yt pv'8f8fahf/ eGg] 7fpdf k'gM xfd|f] df]6/ c8f] . Toxf u0f]z / ljdnf
/fde]8f lslg/x]sf lyP . To;avt df]6/df u'?hL 6Lsf/fd >]i7 Sof;]6 3GsfO/x]sf lyP . d df]6/leq
a;]/} uLt ;'lg/x]sf] lyP
Ps jf/ Kof/ sf dhf nLlhP
yf]8f OGthf/ sf dhf nLlhP .
km]l/ klg e]8]6f/df xfdLn] df]6/ /f]Sof} . Toxf klg xfd|f] xn'sf gf:tfkfgL eof] . s'lx/f]leq a;]/
Toxf k'gM d}n] /dfOnf] u/]sf] lyP . To; /dfOnf]d} 3f]Tnb} s]xL efjgfdf klg 8'a'Nsb} lyP . lsgeg]
8fS6/o / 8fOe/ df;'df s]lGb|t lyP . d}n] lrof vfg] dg;fo /fv] / d a]Un} Pp6f xf]6ndf k;] .
xf]6ndf /fO{bfO lyP . pgsL >LdtL emDs] a'nfsLdf d'nf tf5\t} lyOg\ / pgLxsf b'O{hgf t?gL 5f]/L
8fOe/ vnf;LnfO{ eft af8\b} lyP . To;}j]nf /fO{bfO;u d]/f] s]xL aft eO;s]sf] lyof] . Toxfaf6 lx8\bf
klg d]/f sfg /fO{ bfOsf zAbdf g} s]lGb|t lyP ef]hk'/df 8Nnf kmf]g{ ofp nfu]/ e]8]6f/df xf]6n vf]Ng
k'u] . e]8]6f/sf] cf]/fnf]af6 d]/f b[li6 eg] w/fglt/sf lah'nLaQL ulg/x]sf lyP . d};"/af6 b]x/fb"g
b]lvPh:t} Toxfaf6 klg w/fg b]lvbf] /x]5 .
/ft emdSs} k/] tfklg xfdL w/fgahf/sf] rt/f nfOgdf lul//fh cfrfo{nfO{ e]6\g uPsf lyof} .
t/ pgL To;j]nf O6x/L uPsf /x]5g\ . pgsL >LdtL gL/hf cfrfo{nfO{ s]xL u|Gy pkxf/ lbP/ xfdL
lj/f6gu/lt/ nfUof} . ljdnf / u0f]znfO{ 3/3/ 5f8]/ d}n] cfgf] jf;:yfgdf k|j]z ubf{ /flt cf7
alh;s]sf] lyof] . aGw'lgjf;df cfP/ klg dnfO{ ToxL u'nfkmL :jL6/, ToxL u'nfkmL gkfln; / ToxL
u'nfkmL km"nsf] ;Demgf cfO/x]sf] lyof] . @)%% ;fn d\;L/ @@ ut]sf] lbgn] dnfO{ s]xL lr/:d/0fLo
v'/fs kl:s;s]sf] lyof] . jf:tjdf d cgluGtL If0fx la;]{/ tL tLg u'nfkmLsf e]bsf] JofVofdf dfq
8'la/x]sf] lyP
htf;'s} u'nfkms} rf]nf dfq b]v]+
dgel/ d"n3f6s} vf]nf dfq b]v]+ .
uf]/vfkq -@)%^ h]7 @@ ut] zlgjf/_

)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

s'dfpn] lvr]sf] dg
x'gt d}n] ef/tsf w]/} 7fp 3'd]sf] 5}g, cfh;Dd d aDa}, snsQf, k6gf / bl0fef/tnufot cGo
s'g} dxjk"0f{ 7fpdf k'u]sf] 5}g . fkf 3/ ePsf]n] d bfhL{ln;Dd rflx k'u]sf] 5' . To;kl5 ljz]if
sfdn] tLgkN6 hlt lbNnL k'u] . Psk6s rflx lbNnLaf6 xl/f/ klg uP . ;fy} d xl/f/af6 s'dfp;Dd
klg k'u] h'g 7fpdf d]/f k'vf{x hGd]sf lyP . To;}n] xfdL s'dfO{ sxnfof} . jf:tjdf Toxf k'Ug] d]/f]
wf]sf] klg lyof] .
wf]sf] dfq eP/ s] ug]{ cl3Nnf] lbgb]lv dnfO{ cToGt} 6fpsf] b'v]sf] lyof] . To;}n] To;lbg laxfg
d l9nf] p7]sf] lyP . p7]/ klg d df}g g} lyP . To;j]nf d OlGb/f;u klg af]Ng] cj:yfdf lyOg . To;}n]
7
To;38L c?;u af]Ng] t k|Zg} lyPg . aflx/ kfgL bls{/x]sf] lyof] . d 6fpsf] /GsfP/ j+zn xf]6ndf
;'lt/x]sf] lyP . t/ OlGb/fsf] cfu|xdf d p7] . p7]/ u\uf uP . OlGb/f klg u\ufdf kl;g\ / d klg k;] .
To;j]nf aflx/ hlt tftf] lyof] u\ufsf] kfgL Tolt g} lr;f] lyof] . To;}n] To; 7fpnfO{ dfG5]n] dg
k/fPsf /x]5g\ . jf:tjdf xl/f/ dg gk/fpg] dfG5] d}n] e]6]sf] klg 5}g .
g'xfO;s]kl5 d]/f] 6fpsf] b'v]/ k'm6\nf h:t} eof] . Psl5g ]l/ d xf]6ndf cfP/ ;'t] . OlGb/fn]
leS; nufP/ d]/f] lgwf/ / 5ftL df8d'8 kfg{ yflng\ . To; j]nf;Dddf laxfgsf] bz alh;s]sf] lyof] .
To;kl5 xfdL ;'df] 6f6fdf r9f} . df]6/ hlthlt lx8\5 ToltTolt d]/f] 6fpsf] 6g6g b'Vg] uYof]{ .
Clifs]zaf6 efuL/yL x'b} df]6/ plSn/x]sf] lyof] . To;j]nf d eg] oxL dg{ kfP klg x'GYof] eGg] l:yltdf
lyP . jf:tjdf dnfO{ hLjgdf Tolt;f/f] slxNo} 6fpsf] b'v]sf] lyPg . df]6/ lx8\bflx8\b} Toxf Pp6f ;fgf]
xf]6n e]l6\6Psf] lyof] . Toxf df]6/ c8f] / OlGb/fsf] ha/h:tLn] d klg df]6/af6 cf]n]{+ . OlGb/fsf]
cfu|xn] g} Toxf d}n] cfwf 6'qmf kfp/f]6L / cfwf Unf; b"w vfP . To;kl5 OlGb/fn] cfgf] sfvdf d]/f]
6fpsf] /fv]/ k'gM leS; bNg yflng\ . clg dnfO{ qmdzM ;Grf] x'g yfn]sf] lyof] . 6fpsf] b'Vg 5f8\bf xfd|f]
df]6/ >Lgu/ k'lu;s]sf] lyof] . >Lgu/sf] b]jnf]s xf]6ndf xfdLn] To;lbg cf;g hdfPsf lyof} .
>Lgu/ u8jfn]qsf ;'Gb/ 7fpdWo] csf]{ Pp6f ;'Gb/ 7fp /x]5 . Tof] nfDrf] pkTosfsf]
aLrefuaf6 cnsgGbf gbL aUbf] /x]5 . cnsfk'/Laf6 au]/ cfPsf] x'bf To; gbLnfO{ cnsgGbf eGbf
/x]5g\ . To; 7fpdf hlt /fd|f] k|fs[lts agf]6 b]lvGYof] Toxfsf dfG5]x klg Tolts} pHofnf b]lvGy] .
k|f/Dedf g} clwjQmf s[i0ffgGb d}7fgL / 8f= pdf d}7fgLn] xfdLnfO{ Toxfsf] hghLjgsf] kl/ro lbO;s]sf
lyP . g]kfnaf6 cfPsf] eg]kl5 pgLx lgs} 7"nf cltly cfP} 7fGbf /x]5g\ . jf:tjdf dnfO{ Toxfsf
dfG5] / Toxfsf] e"uf]n plQs} /fd|f] nfUof] . Toxfsf dflg;xsf] cWoog ubf{ d}n] pgLxdf ;xof]uL
efjgfsf] k|r'/tf kfP . Toxfsf afl;Gbfsf] egfOcg';f/ To; 7fpdf hf8f]df hf8f] klg x'b}g / udL{df udL{
klg x'b}g /] .
>Lgu/sf] Pp6f csf]{ cfsif{0f sdn]Zj/dlGb/ /x]5 . q]tfo'udf >L/fdrGb|n] s]bf/af6 >Lgu/df
eujfg\ lzjsf] cf/fwgfsf] nflu sdnsf] k"mn lnP/ cfPsf /x]5g\ . To;dWo] Pp6f k"mn eujfg\ lzjn]
/fdsf] k/LIff ug{sf] nflu n'sfPsf /x]5g\ . o;n] ubf{ k"hfsf] nflu lglb{i6 k"mnx ck'u eP5g\ . To;}n]
/fdn] sdnsf] k"mnsf] ;6\6f cfgf] cfvf lgsfn]/ r9fpg cfvf lSg cf6\tf lzjn] t'?Gt} ;f] sfo{df
/f]s nufP5g\ . /fdsf] cgGo elQmaf6 k|;Gg ePsf lzjn] /fdnfO{ sdngog gfp /fv]sf lyP /] .
To;}n] To;kl5 To; dlGb/sf] gfp sdn]Zj/dlGb/ ePsf] /x]5 .
6]x/L x'b} xfd|f] ;'df] 6f6f psfnf] plSn/x]sf] lyof] . af6f]el/ nfnLu'/f;sf y'ufx 9sdSs}
k'mln/x]sf lyP . To;j]nf /gag nfnLu'/f;n] /ft} kf/]sf] b[Zo x]bf{ ;fRr} s'g}j]nf of] g]kfn g} lyof] xf]nf,
To;}n] xfd|f] /fli6o k"mn nfnLu'/f; ePsf] xf]nf eGg] nfUYof] . hlthlt df]6/ pSnGYof] pltplt /ftfDd]
kxf8 b]lvGYof] . d]/f cfvfx /dfpb} To;j]nf cfgf] lhGbufgLsf 0fxnfO{ k"j{ :d[ltdf ws]ln/x]sf
lyP . To;/L :juL{o cg'e"lt a6'Nbfa6'Nb} xfd|f] df]6/ d';'/Lsf] r'r'/fdf k'lu;s]sf] lyof] .
d';'/L b]Vtf dnfO{ PSsfl; ;kgf b]v];l/ eof] . d}n] ef/tdf Tolt ;'Gb/ 7fp 5 eGg] sNkgf u/]sf]
lyP eg] Tof] 7fp zfob ToxL d';'/L x'g'k5{ . dfly 8f8fdf k'Ubf t dnfO{ To; 7fpnfO{ cfvfd} 6fl;/x"
h:tf] nfu]sf] lyof], 5ftLd} ufl;/x" h:tf] nfu]sf] lyof] / dl:tisd} 3f]lnlbpm h:tf] nfu]sf] lyof] .
kfvfel/ ;Nnf / w"kL clg /fd|f/fd|f /\uLlj/\uL 3/xn] d';'/L ;';lHht ePsf] /x]5 . leQfleQfdf 3/
6fl:;Psf b[Zo x]bf{ Tof] 7fp geP/ t;aL/ xf] h:t} nfUbYof] . h]7sf] rf/ ut] klg d';'/Ldf Tolts} hf8f]
lyof] . To;}n] xfdLn] afSnf] sk8f ls]/ nufPsf lyof} . To; 7fpdf k|j]z u/]kl5 cgfof; cfgf]
hLjgk|lt ;Gt'li6sf] cg'e"lt ePsf] d}n] dx;"; u/]sf] lyP . zx/leq k;]kl5 eg] 8f8fkfvfaf6 kfPsf]
/dfOnf] :jfb la6'lng k'Uof] . tyflk To;jl/kl/sf] b[Zon] dnfO{ n6\7fPsf] s'/f] la;{g} g;lsg] eO;s]sf]
lyof] . To;j]nf dnfO{ nfUof] @)%# ;fnsf] d]/f] dxjk"0f{ sdfO eg]sf] ToxL kxf8L b[Zosf] cjnf]sg g}
lyof] .
ef]lnkN6 laxfg b]x/fb"g x'b} xfdL k'gM xl/f/ kmSof}{+ . af6fdf d]/f cfvfel/ nfnLu'/f;sf] h\un /
d';'/Lsf] leQf] 6fl:;O/of] .
)
h]7 ^ ut] xfd|f] ofqf g}gLtfnlt/ al9/x]sf] lyof] . af6fel/ 3gf h\un x]/]/ d ef/tLo ;/sf/ /
hgtfsf] /fi6k|ltsf] df]xnfO{ s]nfO/x]sf] lyP . jf:tjdf sxL h\un g} h\unn] ofqLsf] dgnfO{ nf]Eofpg]
7fp, sxL /fd|f/fd|f ;8ssf] lgdf{0fn] ofqLnfO{ cfsif{0f ug]{ 7fp / sxL emgf{, gbLgfnfn] ofqLnfO{
nf]Eofpg] 7fp /x]5g\ . xl/f/af6 g}gLtfn;Ddsf] df]6/ofqfn] dnfO{ Hofb} pT;fxL agfO/x]sf] lyof] . s/La
;ft 306f Psf]xf]/f] df]6/df lx8\bf klg To;j]nf dleq yfs]sf] cg'e"lt lyPg . To;sf sf/0f 7fp7fpsf
b[Zo lyP . kfv}el/ k'mn]sf u'/f; / a]nLnfO{ r'Dbfr'Db} xfdL g}gLtfnleq kl;;s]sf lyof} . g}gLtfnsf]

8
ahf/df rflx lszf]/ / lszf]/Lsf xftxftdf klg a]nLsf dfnf b]lvGy] . clg OlGb/f / d}n] klg Pp6fPp6f
dfnf lsg]/ nufPsf lyof} . OlGb/fn] dnfO{ dfnf klx/fOlbPkl5 To; 7fpdf d}n] Pp6f uLt klg n]v]sf]
lyP
g}gLtfnkfl/ u'/f;sf] af/L a]nL kf] klx/fof}
p/f7nfUbf] pbf;nfUbf] klx/g klx/fof} .
g}gLtfn klg ;fgf] / dgf]/d pkTosf /x]5 . jl/kl/ kxf8} kxf8n] 9fs]sf] g}gLtfn Rofkdf k/]sf]
7fp em} nfu]sf] lyof] . ahf/ klg pQ/blIf0f km}n]sf] lyof] / tfn klg To:t} lyof] . g}gLtfnsf] lsgf/fsf]
k"j{, pQ/ / blIf0fkl6\6 ;fgf] ahf/ /x]5 . tfnsf] klZrdkl6\6 kxf8n] 9fs]sf] /x]5 . kxf8 klg slt /fd|f]
/x]5 eg] x]l//x" h:t} lyof] . v}vn] 9flsP/ xf]nf Tof] Pp6f d0fLo 7fp lyof] dnfO{ g}gLtfn km]l/km]l/
klg x]l//x" h:t} nflux]sf] lyof] .
xfdL tfnleq klg uof} . OlGb/f / d}n] v'6\6fn] rnfpg] Pp6f af]6 lnof} . lhGbuLdf d}n] To;/L af]6
rnfPsf] klg Tof] klxnf]rf]l6 lyof] . To;0f OlGb/f klg dVv kl//x]sL lyOg\ . s/La Ps 306f 3'd]kl5
xfd|f uf]8f klg yfSg nfu]sf lyP . To;}n] xfdL hnljxf/sf] /dfOnf] If0f ;ufn]/ zx/ 8'Ng lx8]sf lyof} .
)
g}gLtfnaf6 cndf]8f Tolt 6f9f lyPg . 6f6f ;'df]nfO{ b'O{ 306f :jtGq 5f]l8lbof] eg] cndf]8f
k'ofpbf] /x]5 . af6fel/sf xl/ofnL, af6fel/sf km"nx / af6faf6 b]lvg] 8f8f, b]p/fnL / eGHofsf
b[Zoxn] 3l/3l/ Ps}l5g eP klg dnfO{ cs}{ ;+;f/ k'u]sf] efg x'GYof] .
af6fsf ltg} dL7fdL7f sf];]nLnfO{ cfvfel/ y'g]/ /fVtfg/fVt} xfdL cndf]8f k'u]sf lyof} . w]/}w]/}
klxnfb]lv dnfO{ hfg] OR5f ePsf] cndf]8fdf k'u]kl5 d]/f] dg g} xn'\uf] ePsf] lyof] . d /dfOnf] dfg]/
j/k/sf 8f8fdf dg 3'dfpg To;38L Jo:t lyP .
cndf]8f eGg] 7fp Pp6f 8f8fsf] leQfdf /x]5 . dnfO{ Toxfsf] Pp6f ljz]iftf s] nfUof] eg] k|foM
;a} dfG5]sf] k/\u g]kfnLsf] em} b]lvGYof] . jf:tjdf dnfO{ cndf]8f k'u]kl5 cf7/fO{ k'u]h:t} nfu]sf]
lyof] . Toxfsf] csf]{ ljz]iftf dnfO{ s] nfUof] eg] cf7/fO{df em} Toxf pk|]tL, kGt, kf08], kf7s, yklnof -
yklnofnfO{ Toxf yklnofn eGbf /x]5g\_ cflb y/sf dfG5]n] 9kSs} 9fs]sf /x]5g\ . ;fRr} xf] To;j]nf
dnfO{ Toxfsf dfG5]sf] y/ ;'g]/ kxf8 k'u]sf] em} nfu]sf] lyof] . Toxfsf] 7fp klg cf7/fO{cf7/fO{ h:tf] /
Toxfsf dfG5] klg cf7/fO{sf s'dfO{ h:tf b]lvGy] . k|fs[lts agf]6 / dfgjLo cfj/0fnfO{ xbo\ud ubf{
cfg} b]z b]v] klg, e]6] klg / ;f]r] klg oyfy{df Tof] d]/f] g]kfn geP/ ef/t lyof] . /fhgLlts l;dfgf
h]h:tf] eP klg /fd|f/fd|f 8f8faf6 lgld{t, f[\vnf g} f[\vnfn] cndf]8fnfO{ l;\uf/]sf] /x]5 .
cndf]8fsf] ahf/ klg dnfO{ TolQs} /fd|f] nfUof] . ahf/aflx/ cToGt} kftnf 3/ eP tfklg ahf/
rflx 3/n] 9fs]/ 3'Orf] b]lvGYof] . PsfGtsf] kxf8L ahf/ ePsf]n] To; ahf/nfO{ Tolt 7"nf] eGg ldNb}g .
dnfO{ cndf]8fahf/ emGg} xfd|f] kfNkfsf] tfg;]gahf/ h:t} nfu]sf] lyof] . Toltv]/ jfl/kfl/sf 8f8fkfvfdf
d]/f cfvfx s'lb/x]sf lyP . Tof] ;a} 7fpnfO{ cndf]8f lhNnfn] 3]/]sf] /x]5 . cfg} hft / eftn] df]xgL
nufP/ xf]nf dnfO{ cndf]8fn] cfkmGt agfO;s]sf] lyof] . xf], To; s'dfpaf6 g} xfdL s'dfO{ ePsf lyof} .
To; gftfn] klg xf]nf dnfO{ s'dfpu9n] lvr]sf] lvr]s} lyof] . t/ Tof] klg xf]Og xf]nf . lsgeg] To;
7fpn], To; kfvfn] / To; e]ssf] k|fs[lts agf]6n] emg} d]/f] dg lvr]sf] lyof] . ;fy} d]/f] dg Toltn] dfq
lvr]g xf]nf . xfd|f k'vf{xsf] /ut / k;Lgfn] l;lrPsf] Tof] 7fp s'g}j]nf g]kfnsf] lyof] . To; df6f]n] g}
d]/f] dg / dl:tisnfO{ lvRof] xf]nf, efjgfsf] ;f]tf] aufof] xf]nf / Oltxf;sf] kl/b[Zo b]vfof] xf]nf .
g]kfnsf] ToxL u'd]sf] e"efu x]g{ @)%# ;fn h]7 ;ft ut] d cndf]8f k'u]sf] lyP .
ul/df -@)%^ fu'g_

)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

a'af v:g'eP5
s~rgh\3fnfO{ xjfO{hxfh r9fP/ h;f{asf]df k;f}nf eGg] To;lbg klg d]/f] ;'/ lyof] . To;}
tflnsfadf]lhd d}n] s~rgh\3fnfO{ e}/xjf p8\g] hxfh r9fpg @)^) ;fnsf] k'; #) ut]
lqe'jgljdfg:yn k'ofPsf] lyP . o;} ;Gbe{df 5f]/fsf] nflu #) ut]sf] ;fOtaf/] d}n] 8f= b]jLk|;fb
vgfn;u k/fdz{ ul/;s]sf] lyP . d;fGtsf] lbg lx8\bf ;fOt x'b}gYof] . To;}n] guO{ gx'g] eP cl3Nn}
lbg kfOtf] ;fg'{ / 5f]/fnfO{ lx8\g] j]nfdf bxLrfdn / ltn VjfP/ k7fpg" eGg] u'?sf] ;Nnfx lyof] .
OlGb/f / d}n] klg ;f]xLcg';f/ 5f]/fnfO{ r]GgfO{ lx8\gsf nflu 3/af6 ;fOt u/]sf lyof} .

9
 s~rgh\3fnfO{ lnP/ !) ah] p8\g] hxfhsf] nflu d ( ah] g} ljdfg:yn k'u]sf] lyP . df};dsf]
v/faLn] ubf{ To;lbg !! ah];Dd klg hxfh p8\g] ;'/;f/ lyPg . To;}n] d}n] ]l/ a'4 Po/sf] sfpG6/df
uP/ ;Dks{ /fv] . d]/f] k|Zgsf] pQ/sf] qmddf pgLxn] eg]sf lyP e}/xjfdf cToGt} afSnf] s'O/f]
nfu]sf] 5 zfob cfh Toxf hxfh hfb}g g} xf]nf . a'4 Po/sf sfl/Gbfsf] :j/n] To;38L dnfO{ cTof;
nufPsf] lyof] . To;kl5 l6s6 /2 u/]/ s~rgh\3fnfO{ lnb} d ljdfg:ynaf6 ;6f;6 aflxl/P . To;0f
d]/f] ef]lnsf] /]n g5'6f];\ eGg] Pp6} dfq nIo lyof] .
jf:tjdf ef]lnkN6 laxfg ^ ah] cyf{t\ df3 ! ut] laxLjf/ s~rgh\3fsf] uf]/vk'/af6 r]GgfO{ k'Ug]
/]nsf] l6s6 Ps dxLgfcl3 g} sfl6Psf] lyof] . ca hxfhsf] p8fg /2 ePkl5 Tof] 5f]6f] ;dodf
uf]/vk'/;Ddsf] Tolt nfdf] / Gl6nf] af6f] s~rgh\3fnfO{ PSn} k7fpg] s'/} lyPg . To;}n] p;nfO{
uf]/vk'/;Dd k'ofpg] d}n] tTsfn} lg0f{o u/]sf] lyP . To;} /Ltn] xfdL b'j}hgf cflQb} sn\sLl:yt
rqmkydf k'u]sf lyof} . Toltj]nf dWofgsf] !@ alh;s]sf] lyof] . Toxf k'u]/ df]6/xsf] vf]hLlgwL ubf{ub}{
Pp6f a; cfOk'Uof] . zfob Tof] Pe/]:6 a; x'g'k5{ / To; a;df n]lvPsf] lyof] sf7df8f}e}/xjf . Tof]
c/ b]v]/ d b\u k/]sf] lyP . ca l;6 geP klg pleP/ cyjf d"9fdf a;]/ eP klg o;} a;df hfpnf
eGg] d}n] cfgf] dgf]efj agfO;s]sf] lyP . t}klg d}n] vnf;Laf6 l;6sf] ck]f rflx u/]sf] lyP P
efO xfdL klg e}/xjf hfg], b'O6f ;L6 ldnfp5f} eg] xfdL o;} a;df hfG5f} . vnf;Ln] klg xtf/df
af]n]sf] lyof] nf} nf} cfpg'xf];\ b'O6} ;L6 vfnL 5 .
s~rgh\3fnfO{ lnP/ d a;df r9] . t/ To; a;leqsf ;L6x vrfvr el/Psf lyP . Tolt dfq
xf]Og a;df d"9fdf a:g] ofq' klg el/e/fp g} b]lvGy] . a;leq k;]/ Tof] b[Zo b]Vgf;fy nf} cfh eg] k|f0f
hfg] eP5 eGg] qf; d]/f] dgdf pAh]sf] lyof] . Toltj]n} vnf;Ln] b'O{hgf ofq';u l;6 5f8\g af]ln/x]sf]
klg d Pp6f sfgn] ;'lg/x]sf] lyP . ofqL / vnf;LaLrsf] s]xL l5gsf] 7fs7fs 7's7's klg d
ghflgbf] kdf x]l//x]sf] lyP . clg s]xL l5gkl5 Toxf ;fRr} b'O6f l;6 vfnL eP / tL l;6df xfdLnfO{
a;fOof] .
To;lbg a;df a;]kl5 d]/f] dg eg] hg/n e"kfndfgl;+x sfsL{k|lt g} s]lGb|t eO/x]sf] lyof] . vf;
u/]/ h;f{asf] dk|ltsf] s]xL lbgcl3sf] Jojxf/ To;j]nf d]/f] dgdf ;nanfO/x]sf] lyof] . cyjf egf}
s]xL lbgk"j{ afg]Zj/l:yt h;f{asf] 3/df k'Ubf pgn] ;'tL;'tL cfgf] bflxg] xft dnfO{ lbPsf lyP . d}n]
klg df}gtfd} pgLnfO{ d]/f] bflxg] xft lbPsf] lyP . To;kl5 pgn] d]/f] xftdf cfgf xft hf]]8]sf lyP .
Toltv]/ pgsf cfvfel/ cf;' 6nknfPsf lyP . pgsf] cg'xf/sf] k|ltljDa d]/f cfvfdf 7f]lsPkl5 ]l/
d]/f cfvf klg /;fPsf lyP . Toltv]/ pgL af]Ng vf]lh/x]sf lyP, t/ pgsf] jfSo k'm6\g ;s]sf] lyPg .
To;}n] d Psf]xf]/f] elg/x]sf] lyP a'af a'afn] s]xL eGg}kb}{g . xh'/n] eGg vf]lh:o]sf] s'/f d}n] a']sf]
5' . d]/f] ;+jfbkl5 pgn] d]/f] xft g} sl;/x], ;dfO/x] / tflg/x] . Tof] ;+jfb / b[Zo e"df d'df,
zs'Gtnf lbbL / OlGb/f klg 5]paf6} x]l//x]sf lyP . To; lbgsf] Tof] 38L g} h;f{a;usf] d]/f] zf/Ll/s,
dfgl;s / efjgfTds ;DaGwsf] clGtd lbg lyof] . To;/L xfdLdfsf] bf]xf]/f] ;DaGw ;lsPsf] lbg lyof]
@)^) ;fn k'; !% ut] . To;kl5 d}n] pgnfO{ hltkN6 e]6], Psf]xf]/f] dfq} x]/], Psf]xf]/f] dfq} af]n] /
Psf]xf]/f] dfq} 5f]P . To;} j]nfb]lv h;f{asf] jfSo d}n] slxNo} ;'Gg kfOg .
h;f{asf] l:ylt cToGt} lrGtfhgs lyof] . pgsf] pkrf/df v6]sf 8fS6/xn] klg qmdzM xft
lSg yfn]sf lyP . oL 36gfaf6 h;f{anfO{ labfO ug'{kg]{ d]/f] dfgl;stf klg tof/ x'g] qmddf lyof] .
To;}n] klg OlGb/f / d lbgx' h;f{asf] cg'xf/ x]g{ afg]Zj/ k'UYof} . t/ PSsfl; o;/L d}n] uf]/vk'/
lx8\g'kg]{ afWotfn] d To;lbg a;sf] ofqfel/ klg h;f{ak|lt g} s]lGb|t lyP .
h;f{ak|ltsf] d]/f] efjgfn] ubf{ d]/f] cg'xf/df }n]sf] lrGtfsf efjx b]v]/ s~rgh\3fn] dnfO{
;f]w]sf] lyof] s] ;f]r]sf] a'af < d}n] p;nfO{ eg]sf] lyP e"kfndfg a'afnfO{ To:tf] cj:yfdf 5f]l8of] .
b]jL u'? h;f{an] pQ/fo0f klv{:o]sf] h:tf] 5 eGy] . eLid lktfdxn] klg To:t} ;fOtdf b]xTofu u/]sf
lyP /] . h;f{asf] ;f; s;/L / slxn];Ddsf] nflu cl8/x]sf] 5 eGg]af/] g} d]/f] dgdf s'/f v]ln/x]sf] 5 .
Toltj]nf d]/f s'/f ;'g]kl5 s~rgh\3f k|Zgf]Q/ljxLg ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5 lgs} a]/;Dd p klg df}g g}
a;]sf] lyof] / p;sf] cg'xf/df klg lrGtfsf nx/ b]lvGy] . Toltv]/ Ps;'/df lx8]sf] a;df xfd|f] cfcfg}
;'/ afl6Psf] b]lvGYof] .
To; j]nfsf] a;ofqfdf d]/f] lbdfu ljleGg ljifonfO{ af]s]/ e'6e'l6/x]sf] lyof] . Psflt/ ;f] lbgsf]
/flt;Dddf klg uf]/vk'/ k'Ug ;lsPg eg] ef]ln laxfgsf] /]n 5'6\g] / csf{lt/ s]{/ sf7df8f} k'Ubf
h;f{anfO{ e]6\g kfOG5 ls kfOb}g eGg] lrGtfn] dnfO{ u|:t kf/]sf] lyof] . Tolt dfq xf]Og ;'gf}nLaf6
uf]/vk'/ k'Ug] a; cyjf cGo ;af/L kfOG5 jf kfOb}g eGg] ts{ljts{df klg d]/f] dg To;j]nf hf]ltO/x]sf]
lyof] . To;f] t a; gkfP tfklg xfdLn] To;} /ft hLk, sf/ jf Eofgdf eP klg ;'gf}nLaf6 uf]/vk'/
k'Ug}kYof]{ . ;fgfvfn] df]6/ cyjf hLksf/df r9]/ hfbf To; 7fpdf k|foM ;w} n'6kf6 x'g] u/]sf] a]xf]/fsf]
ljj/0f klg To;avt d]/f] lbdfudf plk|m/x]sf] lyof] . xfdLn] klg hLkdf r9\g'k/]5 / PsfGtdf nu]/ n'6f]

10
eg] s] ug]{ eGg] sfNklgs qf;n] klg d]/f] Xbo kf]ln/x]sf] lyof] . jf:tjdf xfdL To;}lbg uf]/vk'/ k'Ug
;s]gf} eg] of] ck{6sf] lx8fO cyjf egf} ;\s6do ofqfsf] Ps sf}8L d"No klg x'b}gYof] . o:tf a]xf]/f
d]/f] dgdf a; r9]b]lv g} cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ul//x]y] . slt;Dd eg] a;leq lgs} 7"nf] :j/df lxGbL uLt
alh/xbf klg tL uLtsf u]8f d]/f] dgdf l5/]sf] dnfO{ cg'e"lt lyPg .
uh'/Ldf vfgf vfgsf nflu a; /f]s]sf] j]nf klg dnfO{ sf]{ nfu]sf] lyof] . t/ klg w}o{wf/0fdf g}
d s]lGb|t x'g vf]lh/x]y] . To;} ;dodf a;af6 cf]n]{/ d}n] 8fOe/nfO{ ;f]w]sf] lyP u'?hL xfdL e}/xjf
slt ah] k'U5f} xf]nf < Toltv]/ 8fOe/n] eg]sf lyP k'Ug t ;ftcf7 ah]lt/ k'Ug'kg]{ xf] t/ af6fel/
r]s x'G5 . To;dfly cfh kfr ljBfyL{ ;\u7gn] lbp;f] tLgb]lv rf/ ah];Dd rSsfhfd ug]{ /] .
8fOe/sf v;|f s'/fn] uf]/vk'/ l56} k'Ug] d]/f] dgsf] k|of;df c;ntfsf afbn d8fl/g yfn]sf lyP .
/flt slt ah];Dd e}/xjfaf6 ;'gf}nL k'Ug] df]6/ kfOG5 < d]/f] xtfl;Psf] :j/df 8'a]sf] k|Zg ;'g]/
8fOe/n] pQ/ lbPsf lyP lxhf]cfh cf7 ah]kl5 Toxf df]6/ u'8\b}gg\ . Toltv]/b]lv Toxf so"{ nfUg
yfN5 . Toltj]nfsf 8fOe/sf ;+jfbn] d]/f] 5ftLdf ]l/ csf]{ e"sDk uPsf] lyof] .
dnfO{ a;df ofqf ug{ Tolt dg kb}{g . eTs]sf ;fu'/f ;8sdf yf]qf a;sf] ofqf Psflt/ 8/dbf]{ t
5b}5 eg] csf{lt/ 8fOe/ lah'nLkfgLsf] pGdfbdf nfk/afx eOlbg] x'gfn] klg lxhf]cfh a; r9\g' /
cfTdxTofsf] k|of; ug'{ dnfO{ p:t}p:t} nfU5 .
dnfO{ ;w} sf7df8f}b]lv e/tk'/;Ddsf] af6f]df a;ofqf ug{ lgs} 8/ nfUYof] . d Toxf hfg}kof] eg]
klg k|foM /fd|f] df]6/sf] aGbf]a:t u/]/ g} hfg] uy]{+ . clg cfk'mn] /f]h]sf] To; uf8Laf6 ;xh ofqf ubf{
uf8Lsf ofnaf6 b]lvg] k|s[ltsf ljljw :jkxdf eg] d w'dwfd /dfpg] uy]{+ . t/ To; lbgsf] a;
slt yf]qf] lyof] / slt gof lyof] Tof] d]/f] rf;f]sf] ljifo g} ag]g . clg ofqfsf cjlwdf a;aflx/sf
k|fs[lts ;+;f/;u klg d]/f] rf;f] g} /x]g . Tolt dfq xf]Og ef]ln laxfg} 5f]/fsf] /]n 5'6\g] 8/, /flt
;'gf}nLb]lv kfl/kl6\6 u'08fxn] b'Vv lbg] 8/ / h;f{asf] xfnt lbdfudf hf]l8bf cGo ljrf/x d]/f]
lbdfudf c6fPsf] dnfO{ yfxf klg ePg . Toltv]/ d]/f] lbdfu h]h:tf] l:yltdf bf}8] tfklg d}n] dfgl;stf
agfpb} 5f]/fnfO{ eg]sf] lyP 5f]/f ef]ln /]n 5'6f] eg] l;6 kfP klg gkfP klg t cfOtjf/sf] /]ndf
hfg" . d rf/lbg t;u} uf]/vk'/d} a:5' . ToltGh]n t kl9/xg" . d]/f s'/f p;sf] sfgdf k:tfgk:t} p
cflQP/ af]n]sf] lyof] d]/f] dfl;s k/Lf 5'6\5 lg 5f]/fsf] pQ/ ;'g]kl5 ]l/ d]/f] dgdf kL8fsf] uf7f]
kf/]sf] lyof] . To;f] t Toltv]/ d]/f] dg / dl:tis h'g cj:yfdf eP klg To;j]nf d}n] p;nfO{
dgf]j}1flgs v]n rflx v]nfO/xg'k/]sf] klg lyof] . zfob lktfsf] cleefjsTjk lhDd]jf/Lsf] jxg ug{
rflx To;avt klg d ;hu g} lyP .
To;lbgsf] a; rflx clt tLj| ultd} bf}l8/x]sf] lyof] . To;}n] xfdL lg/fzfn] 5f]Kg vf]h]sf] cfzfdf
g} eP klg a'6jn k'u]sf lyof} . a'6jndf k'Ubf ;fsf] kf}g] ;ft alh;s]sf] lyof] . a'6jnsf] a;:6fG8
k'u]kl5 a; klg /f]lsof] . Toxf w]/}h;f] dfG5] To; a;af6 aflxl/Psf lyP . lrof vfg] lx;fadf c? ofqL
lg:s]sf] s~rgh\3fn] cg'dfg sf6]5 Sof/], To;}n] p;n] dnfO{ eg]sf] lyof] a'af ef]s nfUof], xfdL
klg s]xL vfcf} g 5f]/f;lxt d klg vfhf vfg aflx/ lg:s] . To;}j]nf vnf;Ln] d]/f] sfgdf cfP/ g/d
zAb fNof] pm Tof] Eofg ;Lw} ;'gf}nL hfG5 tkfO{+xnfO{ xtf/ 5 eg] To;}df hfg'xf];\, l56} k'Ug'x'G5 .
k};f klg ltg'{kb}{g d Toxf uP/ elGbpnf . vnf;Lsf] s'/f ;'g]kl5 xfd|f] vfhf vfg] s'/f klg ;]nfof] .
vnf;Ln] g} 5f]/fsf b'O{j6f Aofux sf]l/og Eofgdf r9fOlbof] . Eofg klg ;]tf], /fd|f] / gof lyof] . xfdL
klg b\u kb}{ l56} ;'gf}nL k'U5f} eg]/ Eofgsf l;6df a:of} .
geGb} s]xL l5gd} Eofg lx8f] . Eofg lx8]sf] s]xL a]/d} /f]lsg yfNof] . ca d}n] klg a'] Tof] t
a'6jnb]lv e}/xjf;Dd hfg] nf]sn uf8L kf] /x]5 . To;}n] ca cfh ;'gf}nLdf k'Ug kfOb}g eGg] kL/n] d]/f]
d'vdf lr6lr6 k;Lgf cfO/x]sf] lyof] . jf:tjdf a'6jnaf6 e}/xjf;Dd k'Ug kof{Kt ofqL gkfPsf]n] a;sf]
vnf;Ln] xfdL s]xLhgfnfO{ klg a;aflx/ lgsfn]sf] /x]5 . To;}n] Toltv]/ d]/f] dg / dl:tis ux|'uf] x'g
yfNof] . h] xf];\, aL;f} 7fpdf /f]Qm} eP klg kf}g] cf7lt/ Eofgn] xfdLnfO{ e}/xjfsf] a;kfs{ k'ofOlbof] .
To;kl5 d}n] xtf/xtf/ Pp6f hLk l/hj{ u/] / xfdL tTsfn} ;'gf}nLlt/ nfUof} . ;'gf}nL k'Ubf /ftsf] cf7
alh;s]sf] lyof] .
;'gf}nLdf k'u]kl5 eg] d]/f] dg s]xL zfGt eof] . lah'nLaQL an] tfklg ;'gf}nLnfO{ x':;'n] 5f]k]sf]
lyof] . clg xfdL klg df}gtfdf g} l/Szfaf6 l;dfgfkf/ ug]{ t/v/df nfUof} . g]kfn sf6]kl5 ef/tLo
k|x/Ln] ;w} rf/kfr 7fp hlt hfr uy]{ t/ Tof] ;f hf8f]n] ubf{ xf]nf s'g} klg k|x/L hfr ug{ cfPg .
To;}n] xfdL l/Szfaf6 cf]nL{ ;/f;/ uP/ ldgL a;df k:of} . ;'gf}nLaf6 uf]/vk'/ k'Ug] Tof] ldgL a; g}
clGtd /x]5 eGg] klg xfdLn] yfxf kfof} . ldgL a; r9]kl5 d]/f] dgaf6 x'Nofxf, n'6]/f / u'08fx :jfQ}
x/fP/ uP . x'gt Toxf ldgL a; klg Tolt ljZjf;gLo dflgbf] /x]g5, t}klg To;kl5 n'l6g] 8/ x/fO{ d
lgw{Ss g} eP .

11
 a;df a;]kl5 s~rgh\3f ;f/} v'zL b]lvof] . Toltsf] Jojwfg, Toltsf] ef]s / Toltsf] Unflgsf]
j]nf klg p;sf] cg'xf/ pHofnf] lyof] . a;leq r9]kl5 p pT;fxsf s'/fdf d;u afl6b} lyof] . d p;nfO{
l;6df a;fP/ s]xL vfg]s'/f kfOG5 ls eg]/ a;af6 cf]n]{+ . Toltv]/ bf]sfgx k|foM aGb g} eO;s]sf
lyP . Pp6f lrofk;ndf s'v'/fsf] k"mn rflx /fv]sf] /x]5 . To;kl5 rf/cf]6f pl;lgPsf k'mn / Ps l;;L
kfgL af]s]/ d a; r9] . d}n] v'6\6f xfNbfgxfNb} a; klg lx8f] . clg xfdLn] a;leq} ulb} k'mn vfof} .
To;/ft uf]/vk'/df k'u]kl5 xf]6ndf ;'Tg kfOg] sNkgf d}n] ug{ ;s]sf] lyOg . lsgeg] a;sf]
lx8fOsf] tfnn] xfdL cfwf /ftdf klg uf]/vk'/ k'Ug] l:yltdf lyPgf} . af6f]df x':;' nfu]/ af6f] g}
b]lvb}gYof] . o; ljifodf s'/f lg:sbf s~rgh\3f eGYof] a'af /]n:6]zgdf a;]/ eP klg /ft sf6f}nf
lg s]sf] kL/ lng' jf:tjdf ;'gf}nLdf k'u]kl5 s~rgh\3fsf] sf7df8f}b]lv x/fPsf] ;a} xf]z 6'\uf]df
ls{;s]sf] b]lvGYof] . d eg] Toxf klg 8/n] sqmSs} k/]sf] lyP . lsgeg] s'lx/f]n] af6f] g} b]lvb}gYof] .
o:tf] cgsG6f/ /ftdf 8fOe/ aa'/f]n] rflx s'g cfvfn] ;8s b]v]/ a; s'bfpb} xf]nf x] eujfg\ cfh
uf]/vk'/ k'Ug ;lsPnf s] < d]/f] dg 8/n] u|:t eP/ o:t} lvr8L ksfpbf] lyof] . t}klg d}n] 5f]/f;u
af]Ng / 76\6f ug{ 5f8]sf] lyOg . xfdL b'j} afa'5f]/f lhGbufgLsf ljleGg uuf ul//x]sf] j]nf /flt !@
ah]cufl8 g} xfd|f] ofqf lglb{i6 7fpdf k'u]sf] lyof] . uf]/vk'/ k'u]kl5 eg] xfdL aNn /dfof} . To;kl5 xfdL
:6fG88{ xf]6ndf ;'Qf /flt Ps alh;s]sf] lyof] . Gg} clgbf] g} /ft latfP/ xfdL laxfg kfr ah]
/]n:6]zg hfg] tof/Ldf lyof} . To; lbgsf] /]nsf] udg laxfgsf] 5 ah]af6 lbp;f] Ps ah]df kl/jlt{t
ePsf] a]xf]/f k|j]z9f]sfsf] l:qmgdf ePsf] ;do;fl/0fLdf xfdLn] k9f} . clg ]l/ xfdL s]{/ xf]6nd}
k'Uof} .
/]nsf] gof ;do;fl/0fLadf]lhd lbp;f] Ps ah] xfdL /]n:6]zg k'Uof} . s~rgh\3f klg cfgf]
cf/lt 8Aafsf] cfgf] ;L6df a:of] clg s]xL a]/d} /fKtL;fu/ PS;k|]; uf]/vk'/af6 r]GgfO{t{ nfUof] .
s~rgh\3fnfO{ labfO lbPsf] 0fdf d]/f cfvf ;fpg] /Ln] leh]sf b]lvP . s~rgh\3fsf] afOafO{df
d]/f] xftn] k|To'Q/ lbO/x]sf] lyof] . clg /]n Ps} l5gdf s'lx/f]leq k:of] To;kl5 d Toxfaf6 lgGofp/f]
cg'xf/ nufP/ PSn} cfgf] uGtJolt/ s]{sf] lyP .
d h'g t/Lsfn] e}/xjfaf6 uf]/vk'/ k'u]sf] lyP To;} t/Lsfn] ]l/ uf]/vk'/af6 7"nf] a;f/f ;'gf}nL
s]{sf] lyP . e}/xjf k'u]/ ;j{k|yd d a;kfs{ g} nfu] . Toxf k'Ugf;fy d}n] ef]lnkN6sf] Po/a;sf] l6s6
lng vf]h] t/ ef]lnkN6 cyf{t\ df3 b'O{ ut] lrtjg aGb x'g] eg]/ d]/f] l6s6 sfl6Pg . d ]l/ c;f];df
8'a] / a;kfs{ 5]psf] xf]6nlt/ nfu] . To;a]n'sL d u'?sf] l;lk|G;]; xf]6ndf uP/ ;'t] .
xf], Toltv]/ d;u df]afOn klg lyof] . jf:tjdf 5f]/fnfO{ hxfh r9fP/ 3/ s{g] g} d]/f] nIo
lyof] To;}n] d}n] df]afOn rfh{/ af]Sg] s'/f klg lyPg . rfh{/ t s] bft dfg] a'?; / tf}lnof;Dd klg
d;u lyPg . ;fy} d]/f] df]afOndf Aof6L klg ;lsg] qmddf g} lyof] . o;}n] cfk'mnfO{ rflxPsf] j]nf dfq d
df]afOn cg uy]{+ / s'/f 6'\ufPkl5 t'?Gt} l:jr c ul/xfNy] . To;} /Ltn] /flt cf7 ah] l;lk|G;];
xf]6naf6} OlGb/f;u klg d]/f] jftf{ ePsf] lyof] .
ef]lnkN6 laxfg} ;f9] cf7 ah] d}n] OlGb/fnfO{ df]afOnaf6} eg] cfh lrtjg aGb /] d ef]ln dfq}
Po/a;d} cfp5' . d}n] s'/f ;Qmfg;Qm} OlGb/fn] elgg\ e"kfndfg a'af v:g'eof] uP /flt ;f9] afx|
ah] . OlGb/fsf s'/fn] d PSsfl; y'r'Ss} eP, eSsflgP, /f]P . Toltv]/ d]/f] Xbosf] kx/f Kof6\6} k'm6f] /
dleq j]bgfsf] 5x/f 5'6f] . To;kl5 d OlGb/f;u klg af]Ng ;lsg . d}n] h'g pT;fxdf OlGb/fnfO{
df]afOn u/]sf] lyP d}n] tTsfn} j]bgfn] /GylgP/ df]afOnsf] l:jr c u/] . To;kl5 d ;/f;/ a'4
Po/sf] sfof{no k'u] .
cfh hxfh cfpnf < d}n] xtfl;Psf] k|Zg u/]kl5 /d]z bfxfnsf] pQ/ cfPsf] lyof] vf]O lxhf]
klg k|yd p8fg ePg . cl:t t s'g} p8fg g} ePg . cfh t 3fd nfUnf h:t} 5, x]/f} Tof] lgf]
;+jfbaf6 klg d]/f] dgleq s]xL cfzf eg] hfu]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 s/La ;f9] gf} ah];Dd d hxfhs}
sfof{nodf a;] . clg sf7df8f}af6 hxfh cfpg] ;\s]t kfPkl5 d}n] bz{g l3ld/]sf] ;xof]udf l6s6 klg
agfP . xftdf l6s6 af]s]/ hxfh kf] cfp5 ls cfpb}g eGg] sNkgf ub}{ d ljdfg:ynlt/ nfu] .
ljdfg:yn k'Ug]lalQs} d}n] yfxf kfP, a'4 Po/ sf7df8f}af6 lxl8;s]sf] /x]5 .
sf7df8f}af6 cfPsf] a'4 Po/ e}/xjfdf 7Ls P3f/ tL;df cjtL0f{ eof] . To;sf] s]xL a]/d} ToxL
hxfh sf7df8f} p8\g] tof/Ldf k'u]kl5 c? ofqL;u} d klg ljdfgleq r9] . To;lbg ljdfg hlt g}
csfl;P tfklg d]/f] dg hdLgdf g} y]rfl/Psf] lyof] . ljdfgaf6 pQ/L f[\vnfdf lxdb[Zox klg b]lvGy],
t/ Toltv]/ d]/f] dg h;f{adf g} s]lGb|t lyof] . o;cl3sf ;a} ofqfdf tL lxdf[\vnfsf b[Zodf d /dfpg]
uy]{+ t/ To;lbg dnfO{ ltgn] s'g} cfgGb lbg ;s]gg\ . Tolt dfq xf]Og, To;lbg To; ljdfgofqfdf dnfO{
sf7df8f} k'U5' ls k'lUbg eGg] 7"nf] 8/ klg lyof] . lsgeg] e"kfndfg h;f{a slxn]sfxL cfgf] czQm
j[4fj:yfaLr lg/flzP/ d;u eGg] uy]{ afa' d d5'{ xf]nf a"9f] klg eO;s] . d hafdf eGy] a'af
sf] klxnf d5{ s;nfO{ yfxf / < klxnf d d/] eg] dl/xfn] / a'af g} clu nflu:of] eg] d afr'Gh]n
12
a'afsf] oz, sLlt{ / dlxdf }nfO/xG5' . csf]{ s'/f sltko JolQmn] cfk'm o; nf]saf6 hfbf cfk'mn]
cToGt} dfof / ljZjf; u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ ;fy} nfg] u/]sf] 36gf klg To;38L d]/f] ;Dgfdf cfO/x]sf]
lyof] . To;} klg ljdfgofqfel/ d}n] h;f{x]a / daLrsf] 3lgi7tf, ljZjf; / dfof dfq} ;lD/x] .
lqe'jg ljdfg:yndf ljdfgsf] cjt/0f ePkl5 d x'OlsP/ cfo{3f6 k'u] . df]afOnaf6 OlGb/f;u
;Nnfx ePadf]lhd OlGb/f cfo{3f6sf] ;3f/df dnfO{ klv{/x]sL lyOg\ . Toltj]nf 5f]/L cg's[ltsf klg
OlGb/fs} 5]pdf pleO/x]sL lyOg\ . cg's[ltsf klg laxfg} OlGb/f;u} h;f{asf] 3/df k'u]sL /lx5g\ .
Toxfaf6 zjofqfdf pgLx cfdf5f]/L klg k}bn} cfo{3f6 k'u]sf /x]5g\ . d cfo{3f6 k'Ubf OlGb/fsf xftdf
rflx b'O6f dfnf lyP . Pp6f dfnf d}n] lnP . Toxfb]lv lrtf:yn k'Ug] af6f]df dnfdLxsf] eL8 lyof] .
Tof] eL8 lr/]/ d lrtf eP7fp k'u] OlGb/f d]/f] kl5kl5 lyOg\ . Toltj]n} h;f{anfO{ hutaGw' bfOaf6
bfuaQL lbOb} lyof] . d}n] klg h;f{asf kfpdf dfnf r9fP / clGtd bz{g u/] . OlGb/fn] klg To;} ul/g\ .
To;sf] s]xL a]/d} h;f{asf] lrtfsf] cfuf] bGSof] . Pp6f sd{jL/, wd{jL/ / bfgjL/ JolQmsf] z/L/ v/fgL
x'g] qmddf cfuf] blGs/of] . xfdL bfx;+:sf/cjlwe/ cfo{3f6d} a:of} . h;f{asf] lrtf kvflnof] .
hutaGw' bfO, nf]saGw' bfO, b]zaGw' bfO / bLgaGw' efOn] skfn vf}/]/ ]qjf;sf] k|f/De u/] . h;f{asf]
ef}lts rf]nfsf] lj;h{g eO;s]sf] kL8fbfos ;To;u d}n] klg ;Df}tf u/] .
h;f{asf 5f]/fxsf] kl5kl5 c? dnfdL;fydf kz'klt cfo{3f6af6 xfdL h;f{asf] lgjf;:yfg
aGw'lgjf; afg]Zj/ k'u]sf lyof} . cfgf] k|f0flk|o kltsf] ljof]udf lj/lx0fL ePsL e"df d'dfsf] a]xf]zk|fo
cj:yf b]v]kl5 d]/f] kL8f g} a9]sf] lyof] . t/ of] ;To ;xg'afx]s csf]{ pkfo klg t 5}g eg]/ d}n] klg
cfgf] dgnfO{ s7f]/ kf/]sf] lyP .
aGw'lgjf;df s]xL ;do latfPkl5 xfdL klg cfgf] lgjf;lt/ k}bn} nfu]sf lyof} . h;f{asf] lgwgdf
d}n] klg d]/f] skfn vf}/g'k5{ h:tf] dnfO{ nfUof] . /utsf] ;fOgf]df s'g} tf/tDo gldn]sf] eP klg
e"kfndfg a'af;u d]/f] dfg; lktfs} ;DaGw lyof] . jf:tjdf xfdLaLr afa'5f]/fs} ;DaGw lyof] . df}lvs
dfq xf]Og, h'g;'s} n]v/rgfdf klg h;f{a dnfO{ 5f]/} eGg] uy]{ d pgnfO{ a'af g} eGg] uy]{+ . jf:tjdf
h;f{a / d]/f] w]/} dtf] klg ldNYof] . Tolt dfq xf]Og, pgL d]/f ;+/s klg lyP . d]/f] b'Mv, cfkt\, ljkt\ /
cK7f/f]df pgL 3fd eP/ d]/f] lz/dfly e'mlNslbGy] . h;f{asf] sxL vf]Ng gldNg] dg klg d]/f] ;fd'Gg]
vf]lng] uYof]{ . ;fRr} xf], pgL d]/f lkt[t'No cleefjs lyP . Tolt x'bfx'b} klg pgL d]/f] v"a} cfb/ uy]{ .
To;}n] d}n] cfgf] cfTd;Gt'li6 / cfgf dfg; lktfsf ;Ddfgsf] nflu pgsf] lgwgdf ;f]xLlbg skfn /
h'uf fn]sf] lyP .
h;f{asf] bfx;+:sf/ ePsf] To; /ftel/ dnfO{ 56k6L g} eO/of] . To;j]nf OlGb/fn] klg d;u g}
clgbf] /ft latfPsL lyOg\ .
df3 tLg ut] laxfg gf} aHg'cl3sf] s'/f] xf] OlGb/f / d s~rgh\3fs} s'/f u/]/ sf]7fdf al;/x]sf
lyof} . 5f]/f] klg ca Psb'O{ 306fdf r]GgfO{ k'Unf uf]/vk'/b]lv r]GgfO{;Ddsf] ofqfsf] u0fgf ub}{ d
OlGb/fnfO{ elg/x]sf] lyP . lsgeg] Toltv]/ /]n uf]/vk'/af6 r]GgfO{ lx8]sf] rf}jfnL; 306f hlt eO;s]sf]
lyof] . xfdL To;} ljifodf ljrf/ljdz{ ul//x]s} j]nf cyf{t\ laxfg gf} ah] s~rgh\3fn] f]g uof]
a'af d /fd|/L r]GgfO{ cfOk'u] . clxn] d :6]zgaf6} af]Nb} 5' . d}n] rflx Toltj]nf 5f]/f;u la:dft g}
cf]sNg k'u] 5f]/f d}n] lxhf] e"kfndfg a'afsf] lgik|f0f b]x dfq 5'g EofP . a'af t Ps ut] g}
v:g'eP5 .
dw'ks{ -@)^) r}t_

)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

6fps] lxdfn
d ;fnaf/Laf6 Onfd lx8\g] j]nfdf d]/L cfdfn] km]l/ dnfO{ eg]sL lyOg\ kms{+bf klg dnfO{ d'v
b]vfP/ hf x} < af6fel/ d d]/L cfdfsf ;+jfb uld/x]sf] lyP . 8f= u0f]z e08f/L klg af6fdf 3l/3l/
dnfO{ ;fnaf/Ldf hf]lt/xGy] . pgn] ;fnaf/Lsf] a;fOsf] qmddf d]/L cfdfsf] hLjgsf s]xL cWofo k9\g
kfPsf lyP . To;}n] pgL d]/L cfdf, bfh', efph", efO / a'xf/Lsf ljifodf PsPs zAb s'lb/x]sf x'Gy] .
jf:tjdf @)%% ;fnsf] d\;L/ @% / @^ ut] hDdf b'O{ lbgsf] nflu dfq 8f= u0f]z e08f/LnfO{ lnP/ d
d]/f] 3/ fkf zlgZr/]sf] ;fnaf/L k'u]sf] lyP . @& ut] laxfg} cfdf / d]/f cfvf /;fpbf/;fpb} xfd|f]
df]6/ xfd|f] 3/kl/;/af6 lgl:s;s]sf] lyof] .
xfd|f] ofqf Onfdlt/ al9/x]sf] lyof] . d]/f cfvfx gof Onfd x]g{ pT;'s eO/x]sf lyP . @)@%
;fnkl5 d To; 7fpdf k'u]sf] klg lyOg . To;}n] klg xf]nf d}n] d]/f ldq bfO 8f= u0f]z e08f/LnfO{ Onfd
hfg]af/] ljz]if x'6x'6L nfPsf] lyP . u0f]z e08f/Ln] klg d]/f cfsf\Iffdf ;xL yflklbPkl5 dnfO{ klg

13
Onfd x]5'{ eGg] cfTdljZjf; s]xL lbgcl3b]lv al9;s]sf] lyof] . To;f] t cfh;Dd 8f= e08f/Ln] d]/f
k|:tfjxsf] v08g u/]sf] dnfO{ yfx} 5}g . 8f= tf/fgfy zdf{n] xfdLdfemsf] k'nsf] sfd u/] tfklg cfh
8f= e08f/L d]/f lgs6td JolQmTjdf ulgPsf 5g\ . ;Ltf/fd k|1fk|lti7fgsf ;+:yfks ;b:odf klg 8f=
e08f/L /x]sf lyP . o;} k|;\udf 8f= e08f/Ln] hutaGw' sfsL{;u eg]sf lyP yfx} glbO{ ;Ltf/fd
k|1fk|lti7fgdf dnfO{ ;b:o /flvPsf] lyof] . xf] jf:tjdf d}n] 8f= e08f/Lsf] dg lht]/ g} ;f] ;+:yfdf
ljgf;"rgf sfo{sf/L ;b:osf] nflu ljz]if kxn u/]sf] lyP . d}n] nuftf/ ;\ut ubf{ e08f/Laf6
5f]6s/Ldf s] kfP eg] pgL O{dfgL x'g\ . a;\, pgsf] ljifodf d}n] O{dfg g} kfP . x'gt ;'zLnf lbbL
-u0f]zkTgL_ 8f= ;'zLnf sf]O/fnf klg gO k|sfzgsL ;b:odf cfa4 l5g\ . lsgeg] Tof] bDktL g} dnfO{
dg k5{ . To;}n] o;kfln s]xL ufp7fpsf] e|d0fsf] qmddf u0f]z bfO / d]/f] z/L/ hf]l8Psf] xf] . u0f]z
bfOsf] Pp6f afgL dnfO{ s] dg kYof]{ eg] pgL leqL kn] slxNo} l/;fpb}gy] . csf]{ s'/f pgL s]xL
em8\u] eP tfklg v'n:t dgsf s'a]/sf kdf d}n] pgnfO{ lrlg;s]sf] lyP . csf{sf] gvfg], csf{nfO{
;xof]u ug]{ / c?k|lt dl/d]6\g] afgLn] ubf{ d u0f]z bfOdfly dl/d]6]sf] x' h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5 .

a'waf/]nfO{ ;n{Ss} gfl3;s]kl5 d /ldtf x]g{ Jo:t eP . 8f= e08f/L a/fa/ To; af6fdf
lxl8/x]sf x'bf pgsf] nflu bf]xf]ofO /dfOnf] nfu]sf] lyPg Sof/] t/ dnfO{ To; 7fpsf] agf]6n] gzfdf
8'afpg yfln;s]sf] lyof] . xfdL r9]sf] df]6/ qmdzM af6f] pSnb} lyof] . gfua]nL af6f], k|To]s
y'Dsfy'Dsfdf /fd|f/fd|f 3/ b]lvGy] . psfnf] r9\g yfn]kl5 af6f]sf 5]p5]pdf clDn;f] g} clDn;f]sf tftL
e]6\l6Gy] . af6f]el/ dgf]x/ k|fs[lts b[Zo ylkb} hfgfn] hlt r9f] Tolt /dfOnf] nfUYof] .
k|foM af6fel/sf 5]p5]pdf s]/fsf af]6, dfln\uf] / clDn;f]sf a'6f kfOGy] . ;fgf;fgf r6\6 k/]sf
8f8fsf y'Dsfjl/kl/ / kfv}el/ lrofsf ;Dd k/]sf af]6 x]bf{ of] ;do glatf];\ eGg] klg cg'e"lt x'GYof] .
vf; u/]/ sGofd k'u]kl5 Toxfsf] ef}uf]lns agf]6n] dnfO{ cfkmGt agfO;s]sf] lyof] . u0f]z e08f/L
Onfdsf kfr gfdL rLhxsf] gfp e6fpg / tL s'/f bf]xf]ofpg Jo:t lyP / d pgn] eg]sf kfr
rLhxsf gfp -cb'jf, clDn;f], cn}rL, cfn' / cf]ng_ ;'Gb} lyP eg] d]/f cfvfx Toxf b]lvPsf
h\unleq lrnfpg], plt;, b'lwnf], uf]a|] ;Nnf], dn]tf], kmn]tf] cflb vx s]nfpg xtfl/Psf lyP . vf;
u/]/ sf]na' eGg] 7fpaf6 b]lvPsf cufl8sf ;'l/nf / wf/] 8f8fdf nZs/} uf]a|] ;Nnfx plePsf]
dgf]df]xs lrqx w]/} a]/;Dd d]/f] 5ftLdf 6fl:;Psf 6fl:;Ps} eP . j]nfj]nfdf b]lvPsf lxdfnosf
b[Zoxn] To;j]nf dnfO{ Pp6f gf}nf] ;+;f/df pEofO;s]sf] lyof] .
af6f]jl/kl/ a;x, df]6/x / df]6/;fOsnx la;fOPsf x'Gy] . w]/}h;f] a;xdf jgef]h eGg]
t'nx 6fluPsf x'Gy] . clwsf+z lszf]/, lszf]/L, o'jf / o'jtLx gfrufgdf Jo:t b]lvGy] . jf:tjdf Toxf
pkl:yt b[Zox x]b}{ Ps} l5g eP klg ;f+;fl/s Joyf, j]bgf / kL8faf6 d'Qm ePsf] cg'e"lt d
;ufln/x]sf] lyP . Toltv]/ cfxf s:tf] dL7f] jftfj/0f, s:tf] nf]enfUbf] 0f / s:tf] /fd|f] ;do eGg]
sNkgfn] dnfO{ sNkfO/x]sf] lyof] .
kxf8sf] /demd, slnnf] 3fdsf] tfk / v'nf 7fpsf] b[Zofjnf]sg, d]/f] lglDt Tof] ;f/} /dfOnf] If0f
lyof] . xs{6]ahf/af6 b]lvPsf uf]a|] ;Nnf] Pj+ kfl/kl6\6sf] cGt' / cGt'af6 cfvf gla;fO{ psfnf] x]b}{ hfbf
b]lvg] kz'kltgu/sf] b[Zon] dnfO{ To;j]nf ;fRr} d'Uw agfO;s]sf] lyof] . t/ dnfO{ Tof] 7fp o:tf] /fd|f]
5 eg]/ cfh;Dd s;}n] klg eg]sf] lyPg, d}n] klg g]kfndf o:tf] ;'Gb/, zfGt / /dfOnf] 7fp x'G5 eGg]
sNkgf;Dd klg u/]sf] lyOg .
To; 7fpdf lx8\g'sf] csf]{ ljz]iftf 5 . rf/cfnLb]lv Onfd;Ddsf] af6f] g} /fd|f] lyof] . df]6/
;nnn ;nnn lrlKn/x]sf] lyof] . To; 0fdf d}n] cfk'mnfO{ lgs} v'zL kfP . zfob s'g}j]nf d d]/L
cwf{\lugL OlGb/fnfO{ ]l/ klg Nofpg ;kmn x'g]5' eGg] cfzfdf d]/f] dg cfk'm;u} PsfGt ul//x]s]f lyof] .
d]/f] sNkgfn] ;'Gb/tfsf] cg'dk b[Zo jl/kl/ r'Dbfr'Db} df]6/ emG8} lkmSsn k'Ug cfl6;s]sf] lyof] .
lkmSsnaf6 k"j{lt/ df]6/ df]l8bfgdf]l8b} a/af]6] eGg] 7fp cfpbf] /x]5 . a/af]6] d]/f] nflu glhs}
lyof], lsgeg] Tof] a/af]6]df 8f= tf/fgfy zdf{sf] 3/ lyof] . a/af]6] k'u]kl5 d]/f] cfu|xdf 8f= u0f]z e08f/L
klg prflnb} 8f= tf/fgfy zdf{sf] cfugdf k'u] . s'g} lbg 8f= tf/fgfy zdf{ / d ldNbf dnfO{ pgn]
a/af]6] k'ofpg] jfrf u/]sf lyP, t/ pg}n] lrgfPsf 8f= e08f/L;u nfu]/ d pgsf] lgjf;:yfgdf k'u]sf]
lyP . lxhf]cfh d;u tf/fgfy bfO 6f9f eP tfklg To;lbg ]l/ pgL d;u} ePsf] ddf Nsf] ufl;Psf]
eg] lyof] .
8f= u0f]z e08f/Ln] 8f= zdf{sf efO t]hgfy zdf{sf] pkxf/sf] lrofsf kf]sf emf]nfdf xfn]kl5
xfdL u0f]z /l;ssf] 3/ vf]Hb} sfhLsf]7L nfUof} . u0f]z bfOsf] 3/df k'Ubf pgL a]tsf] s';L{df Ogfd]n bNg]
sfddf nfu]sf lyP . Ps}rf]l6 cfgf] cfugdf df?lt Eofg b]v]kl5 pgL klg 5Ss kb}{ xfdL5]p cfOk'u] .
jf:tjdf To; j]nf u0f]z bfOsf ;a} yf]s O{iof{ nfUg] vfnsf lyP . s:tf] lrl6Ss k/]sf] 3/, 3/sf sf]7f,

14
sf]7fsf rf]6f jl/kl/ s:tf] /fd|f] 7fp, ;Nn};Nnf, w"kL g} w"kL / uf]a|] ;Nn} uf]a|] ;Nnf blIf0flt/sf
8f8fdf glhs} lkmSsnahf/af6 klZrdlt/ lgs} 6f9f Onfdahf/ / pQ/lt/ lrofaf/L ndtGg eP/ ;'t]sf]
7fpn] Tof] Pp6f :juL{o cg'e"lt k}bf ug]{ 7fp nfUbYof] . bfh' u0f]z /l;ssf] 3/cfugdf g} k"j{lt/sf
8f8fdf 6fl:;Psf ;Nnf]sf vx To;}To;} nxnxfO/x]sf b]lvGy] .
u0f]z /l;ssf] ;Lk, hfu/ / pT;fxaf6 :yflkt u0f]zdxn ;fRr} ;kgfsf] b/af/ nfUYof] . To:tf]
k|s[ltn] ;';lHht 7fp, To:tf] df};d ePsf] avt / To:tf] 3/df a:g kfpg' klg dnfO{ efUo g} xf] h:tf]
nflu/x]sf] lyof] .
jf:tjdf u0f]z /l;s d]/f dg kg]{ ;fyL bfO x'g\ . dnfO{ pgsf] uLt dg k5{, lgaGw dg k5{,
;\uLt dg k5{, :j/ dg k5{ . clg tL ;a}eGbf dnfO{ pgL g} dg k5{ . s:tf] lzi6tf 5 u0f]z bfOdf
;fRr} xf] d}n] of] s'/f c? w]/}nfO{ klg elg;s]sf] 5' . Tolt dfq xf]Og pgL d]/f Pp6f k|]/s JolQmTj klg
x'g\ . d}n] cfgf] hLjgofqfsf] qmddf /l;s bfOaf6 cgluGtL k|]/0ff klg lnO;s]sf] 5' . ToxL d]/f] k|]/s
JolQmTjsf] 3/cfugdf a;]/ xfdLn] b[Zofjnf]sg ub}{ lrof vfPsf lyof} .
lrofkfg ;s]/ xfdL kz'kltgu/lt/ nfUof} . kz'kltgu/sf] ahf/df k'Ug]lalQs} xfd|f] e]6 lkmSsn
xfO :s"nsf k|wfgfWofks bf}nt/fh kf08];u eof] . pg}sf] ;f}hGodf xfdL l;dfgf sf6]/ ef/tlt/ k:of} .
s]xL cf]n]{/ s]xL pSn]kl5 xfdL kmf6s k'Uof} . kmf6ssf] pQ/df l7\u cufl8 plePsf] s~rgh\3fn] dnfO{
To;}To;} d'Uw t'Nofpg yfNof] . jf:tjdf dnfO{ dg kg]{ lxdfn, dnfO{ dg kg]{ gfp / d]/f] Gof;|f] d]l6lbg]
7fp ToxL s~rgh\3f lyof] . clg To;}j]nf d}n] kf08]nfO{ eg] d}n] d]/f] 5f]/fsf] gfp s~rgh\3f g}
/flvlbPsf] 5' lg
kmf6saf6 k"j{, pQ/ / blIf0fsf k|foM ;a} efux 5n{\u} b]lvbf /x]5g\ . To;} kfvfaf6 xfdLn]
bfhL{ln\usf] ldl/s x]/]sf lyof}, v;f{ / 6fOu/lxn klg b]v]sf lyof} . To; 7fpdf xfdLnfO{ al;/x" }
nfu]sf] lyof] . t/ ;don] xfdLnfO{ Toxfaf6 lkmg]{ ;\s]t ul/;s]sf] x'bf xfdL ;LdfIf]qnfO{ 5f8\g]
d]nf]d];f]df h'l6/x]sf lyof}+ . To;j]nf d eg] Toxfsf dfG5]n] s~rgh\3f;u 6fl:;Psf] s'Des0f{nfO{
glrg]sf] b]Vbf 5Ss kl//x]sf] lyP . To;} k|;\udf bf}nt/fh kf08]n] klg eg]sf lyP o; lxdfnnfO{
s~rgh\3f rflx eG5g\ t/ Tof] 6fps] lxdfnnfO{ rflx s'Des0f{ eg]sf] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g .
s]xL ;do b]lvPsf b[ZoxnfO{ cfvfel/ uf7f] kfb}{ latfP/ xfdL Onfdlt/ emof} . lkmSsn;Dd
u0f]z /l;s klg ;fy} lyP . lkmSsndf pgL cf]n]{kl5 xfd|f] df]6/ klZrdlt/ xflgof] . To;kl5 8f= e08f/L
/ d s]xL ;do;Dd /l;s bfOs} ljifodf 5nkmndf hDof} . Psflt/ u0f]z /l;ssf] 3/sf] agf]6 /
f[\uf/n] d]/f] dg lkmSsn a;f}a;f}df g} nf]lePsf] lyof] eg] csf{lt/ Onfdsf] dgf]/d b[Zon] d]/f] dg
v'zLn] prflnO/x]sf] lyof] .
ljleGg jfbljjfb ub}{ 5]pleQf / 8f8fjfl/ / kfl/sf b[Zo x]bf{x]b{} dfO{vf]nfdf xfdL k'lu;s]sf
lyof} . To;j]nf d}n] @)@% ;fnlt/ gfs 7f]lsPnf h:tf] af6f]sf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] lyP . To;j]nf xfdL
kxf8 3/ hfg] qmddf laxfg} emfkfsf] zlgZr/]af6 6f6 lx8\bf ;femlt/ Onfd8f8fdf k'UYof} . Toltv]/
h\unL / psfnf] af6f]df s}of}kN6 d]/f lszf]/ lk8'nf a6fl/Psf -afpl8Psf_ lyP . To:tf 36gf To;j]nf
d]/f] dfg; k6ndf tfhf eP/ cfP . To;j]nf dnfO{ Onfdahf/ ;kmf nfUYof], ;'Gb/ nfUYof] / dgf]df]xs
nfUYof] . dnfO{ o;kflnsf] Onfdahf/ km'\u p8]sf] em}, pbfl;Psf] em} / PsfGt em} nfUof] . jf:tjdf oL
b'O{ leGg sfnsf Onfdahf/sf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] d plxn] lx8]/ k'u]sf] Onfd / clxn] df]6/df k'u]sf]
Onfddf leGgtf kfOg' :jfefljs g} xf] .
;fem emdSs} kl/;s]sf] lyof] . xfdL ;f]wLvf]hL km"nuf5Ll:yt ;flxTosf/ w/0fL uf}tdsf]
lgjf;:yfg k'Uof} . uf}td k|n];sf klg Onfd] cWoIf /x]5g\ / Onfdsf] dx]Gb|/Tg SofDk;sf k|d'v klg
/x]5g\ . To; 7fpdf pgnfO{ lj/f]wL l;4fGtjfbLx klg ;Ddfg ubf{ /x]5g\ . pgsf] kl/>d, pgsf] lxDdt
/ pgsf] kf}/vnfO{ sfw yfKg]sf] ;\Vofdf Toxf clgsfn k/]sf] /x]g5 . w/0fL uf}tdnfO{ d}n] hLjgdf
k|ydk6s e]6]sf] eP klg pgL d;u v'n]/} k|:t't eP .
xfd|f] /ft latfpg] aGbf]a:t SofDk;s} cltlyu[xdf eO;s]sf] lyof] . t/ xfdL w/0fL uf}tdsf
3/df k'Ug]lalQs} gh/aGb x'g k'Uof} . uf}tdsf] l9kL klg dnfO{ uu6fsf] c7fO h:t} nfUof] . To;}n]
xfdLn] cfgf emf]nLt'DaL klg ToxL lemsfof} . s]xL ;dodf w/0fLkTgL ldq uf}tdaf6 efG;fsf] nflu cfu|x
cfof] . vfgfsf] kl/sf/af6 d cflQO;s]sf] lyP . To;dfly To; 3/df 8f8'sf 8f8' o" v'jfObf] /x]5 . To;}
k|;\udf u0f]z e08f/Ln] eg]sf lyP klxnfklxnf d vfgf;u laxfg Ps dfgf o" vfGy] / a]n'sf Ps
dfgf vfGy] . 8f= e08f/Lsf ;+jfb;u} pgsf] efudf o"sf] 8f8' ahfl/g] uYof]{ . jf:tjdf ldq uf}tdsf
xft klg v's'nf /x]5g\ . pgL kfx'gfkf;f, Oi6ldq / s'ns'6'Da eg]kl5 x'?Ss} x'bL /lx5g\ . uf}tdbDktLsf]
dL7f] :jfut vfP/ xfdL To;/ft wlds'~hdf a;]sf lyof} . ;fRr} eGg] xf] eg] o;/L dL7f] vfP/,

15
cf/fdbfoL kdf ;'t]sf] t d]/f] :d[ltdf zfob o:t} s]xL 3/ dfq xf]nfg\ . To:tf lj/nfsf]6L 3/dWo] Tof]
wlds'~h klg :yflkt x'g k'Uof] .
@)%% d\;L/ @* ut]sf] s'/f] xf], laxfg} xfdL -w/0fL uf}td, 8f= e08f/L / d_ aGw'lgjf; k'Uof} .
cyjf egf} ljZjaGw' k|;fO{sf] 3/df uof} . dnfO{ To; k'/fgf] 3/df a;]/ kmf]6f] lvRg dg nfUof] / aGw'
efO / d a;]/ 8f= e08f/Laf6 kmf]6f] lvrfof} . efO aGw' / a'xf/Lsf] Toltv]/sf] cfltYo klg d]rLsf] emgf{
h:t} snsn lyof] . t/ cfgf] Jo:ttf k|:t't ub}{ xfdL Toxfaf6 rf8} labf x'g'k/]sf] lyof] .
xfdL dx]Gb|/Tg SofDk;df k'Uof} . kb\dsGof SofDk;sf em} kf]zfs nufPsf 5fqxn] Psk6s
dnfO{ k'gM sf7df8f} k'u]sf] cg'e"lt lbPsf lyP . To; SofDk;sf] Pp6f ljz]iftf dnfO{ s] nfUof] eg] Toxf
Pp6f /fd|f] k':tsfno :yflkt eO;s]sf] /x]5 . To;j]nf d}n] Toxf d]/f] hLjgofqf, cfTd;dk{0f, aofg /
cIf/sf] k|bz{gL pkxf/ lbPsf] lyP . To;j]nf d]/f] cIf/sf] k|bz{gLgfds lgaGw;\u|x k':tsfnosf] zfob
@)&@& gDa/df bflvnf ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
To; k':tsfnosIfdf k|foM ;Dk"0f{ ;flxTosf/sf t;aL/ 6fluPsf lyP . tLdWo] dx]Gb|sf] t}nlrq
klg /x]5 . ;fy} dx]Gb|sf] lgs} 7"nf] /\uLg kmf]6f] klg lyof], cfsif{s / gf}nf] klg b]lvGYof] . t/
k':tsfnoejg r'lxg] ePsf] a]xf]/f ;'g]kl5 dnfO{ To; k':tsfnoleq k:tf s]xL tLtf]sf] cg'ej klg
ePsf] lyof] . jf:tjdf Onfd h:tf] 7fpdf tLg xhf/ ljBfyL{n] cWoog ug'{ eg]sf] lgs} dxjk"0f{
dflgG5 . k':tsfnosIfdf ;+jfb rNbf Toxfsf hfuL/bf/af6 d}n] ljBfyL{sf] klg tYof\s lnO;s]sf] lyP .
SofDk;b]lv s]xL k/ nu]/ xfdLnfO{ To; 7fpsf] b[Zo b]vfpg w/0fL uf}td ;lqmo lyP .
jfl/kfl/sf 8f8fkfvf s]nfpb} uf}td eGg] uy]{ o; Onfd lhNnfdf v/n] 5fPsf 3/ st} 5}gg\, oxf
;a}lt/sf 3/df l6g 7f]lsO;s]sf 5g\ . jf:tjdf Toxfsf kfvfel/ klg 3/x ;]tfDd] g} b]lvGy] .
Onfdahf/sf] :kz{ 5f8]/ xfdL k'gM lkmSsn lx8\g] d]nf]d];f]df lyof} . w/0fL uf}tdsf] xftsf] Gofgf]
:kz{n] eg] dnfO{ lgs} a]/;Dd 5f]O/x]sf] lyof] . af6f]el/ klg d 8f= e08f/LnfO{ wlds'~hsf] ljifodf
b]pl;/L/fd elg/x]sf] lyP . pgL klg w/0fL uf}tdsf] k|;\udf drLdrL af]ln/x]sf x'Gy] . s/La Ps
306fkl5 xfdL r9]sf] Eofg sfhLsf]7L lkmSsndf k'u]sf] lyof] .
lbp;f]sf] !@ alh;s]sf] lyof] . cl3Nnf] lbgsf] zt{aGbLcg';f/ xfdL vfgf vfg lkmSsnl:yt
u0f]z /l;ssf] 3/df k'lu;s]sf lyof} . /l;s bfOsf] 3/af6 sfl/Gbf lgSng]lalQs} d}n] eg] P /fO{ efO
of] :juL{o 7fp 5f]8]/ st} glx8\g'xf];\ x} < d]/f] s'/f ;'g]/ /fO{ efO af]n] d t /fO{ xf]Og, a:g]t kf] x' .
clg u0f]z /l;s xf:t} af]n] oL efO xfd|} ef]hk'/sf dfg; a:g]t x'g\ .
aflx/ rf}/df 3fd tfKt} xfdLn] vfgf vfof} . To;j]nf xfdLdfem ljljw ;flxlTos rrf{kl/rrf{
eP . o; 7fpdf k'gM ;flxlTos sfo{qmd ug]{ s'/fsf] lgisif{df xfd|f] vfgkfg klg ;ls;s]sf] lyof] . /l;s
bfOsf] 3/sf] gSzf x]/]/ d a/fa/ 6f]nfpg] uy]{+ . jf:tjdf Tof] 3/, Tof] 7fp / To; jftfj/0f dnfO{
lkmSsnjf;L agfpg pBt eO;s]sf lyP .
u0f]z /l;s klg emfkf hfg] lg0f{o eof] . xfd|f] df]6/ klg :6f6{ eof] . To;kl5 d cl3Nnf] l;6df
a;] / hf]/u0f]z kl5Nnf l;6df lyP . km]l/ ToxL lxhf]s} lrNnf] af6f], lxhf]s} lrNnf] lrofaf/L / lxhf]s}
lrNnflrNnf 8f8fkfvf x]b}{ xfdL cf]ln{/x]sf lyof} . xfd|f] df?lt Eofg ;'n'n'n' s'lb/x]sf] lyof] . 8]9 306f
lat]sf] rfn} kfOPg, xfdL emfkfsf] latf{df]8 k'lu;s]sf lyof} .
dw'ks{, -@)%^ c;f/_

)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

x]lnsK6/ r9\g] /x/

cfh klg laxfg}b]lv cfsfz w'Dd lyof] cfhsf] k[YjL;u} d]/f] dg klg w'Dd lyof] . To;j]nf d]/f]
dgel/ ljleGg k|;\usf s'/fx v]ln/x]sf lyP . df};dsf] /Lt h]h:tf] eP tfklg lglb{i6 ;dodf
lqe'jgljdfg:yn k'Ug] lx;fadf xfd|f] 5nn 6'\luPsf] lyof] . To;} qmddf laxfg ^ ah] d]/f bfh'
;Ltf/fd k|;fO{n] cfgf] kh]/f] 6f]o6f :6f6{ u/] . ;Ltf/fd k|;fO{sL cfdf d}gfb]jL k|;fO{;lxt xfdL d'lQmgfy
hfg] l;nl;nfdf 3/af6 lg:s]sf lyof} .
x]lnsK6/ r9\g y'k|} ofq'x ljdfg:yndf hDdf eO;s]sf /x]5g\ t/ df};dsf] u8a8Ln] xfdL
x]lnsK6/ p8\g] 7Ls ;doaf6 jl~rt eO;s]sf lyof} .
x]lnsK6/ r9\g] ;Gbe{n] To;lbg d]/f] :d[ltdf bz jif{cl3sf] k|;\un] k'gM 5f]Psf] lyof] . @)$@
;fnsf] s'/f] xf], tfTsflns hn;|f]t tyf s[lifdGqL 8L=kL= clwsf/Ln] To;j]nf dnfO{ x]lnsK6/ r9fpg]

16
cfZjf;g lbPsf lyP . To;j]nf clwsf/Lljgf dnfO{ x'b}gYof] / dljgf clwsf/LnfO{ x'b}gYof] . To;38L
pgL tLgdxLg] cGtl/d dlGqd08nsfnsf zlQmzfnL dGqLxdWo] Ps lyP . pgsf] sfo{sfndf d
cj}tlgs ;xof]uL egf} jf ;Nnfxsf/ egf} k|foM pgL;u} x'Gy] . x'gt To;eGbfcl3 / kl5 klg d cfgf
xftdf ;'Ggf af]s]/ pgL;u k|foM hf]lQO/x]sf] x'Gy] .
hn;|f]t tyf s[lifdGqL clwsf/Ln] dnfO{ cl3Nnf] lbg eg]sf lyP ef]ln laxfg ;f9] 5 ah] g} oxf
cfOk'Ug" x} xfdL x]lnsK6/df k"jf{~rnsf] c?0f hfg'k5{ . dGqLsf s'/fn] d b\u k/] . To; /ftel/ v'zLn]
dnfO{ lgb|f klg nfu]g . x]lnsK6/ r9\g] /x/ k"/f x'g] d]/f] ;kgf klg ljkgfdf kfGtl/t x'b} lyof] . clg
ef]lnkN6 laxfg} d lglb{i6 ;doeGbf cfwf 306f klxn] g} cyf{t\ 5 ah] dlGqlgjf; k'nrf]s k'u]sf] lyP . d
xtf/xtf/ dlGqlgjf;sf] tnfdfly r9\b} lyP . To;j]nf dGqf0fL cyf{t\ rGb|f lbbL :s]/ af]n]sL lyOg\
g/]Gb|hL pxf t ;f9] kfr ah] g} Po/kf]6{ hfg'eof] . jf:tjdf To;lbg Tof] ;+jfb d]/f] nflu cToGt}
clk|o eof] . dnfO{ x/]s Psb'O{ 306fdf f]g ul//xg] 8L=kL= clwsf/Lsf] dk|ltsf] ckdfgsf] sf8f To;lbg
klxnf]kN6 d]/f] 5ftLdf k;]sf] lyof] . t/ To;j]nf d}n] k|fKt u/]sf] ckdfg la;]{/ d x]lnsK6/ r9\g] /x/n]
s}bL x'g'k/]sf]df dfq b'Mlvt lyP .
0
To;lbg klg cfsfz}el/ sfnf] afbn d8fl/Psf] b[Zon] d'lQmgfy hfg kfOb}g xf]nf eGg] sNkgf d]/f]
dgel/ a]hf]8n] 5tf5'Nn eO/x]sf] lyof] . To;0f Po/kf]6{df plebf klg k'gM @)$@ ;fnsf] 8L=kL=
clwsf/Ldf{t x]lnsK6/ r9\g] ;kgf af]s]/ dlGqlgjf; uPsf] k"j{:d[lt d]/f] 6fpsf]el/ 5d5d alh|/x]sf]
lyof] . t/ s]xL ;dokl5 cfsfz p3|g] qmdn] ddf s]xL pT;fx knfof] . s]xL a]/df cfgf kfOnf
x]lnsK6/df /fVg kfpbf To;lbg ddf xif}{xif{sf] nx/ k}bf ePsf] lyof] . dGqLn] x]lnsK6/ r9fpg] r:sf
nufPsf] Ps bzskl5 To;lbg d}n] x]lnsK6/ r9\g] cj;/ kfPsf] lyP . @)%@ ;fnsf] ebf} @) ut]
cfsfzdf k'u]/ klg d 8L=kL= clwsf/LnfO{ g} ;lD/x]sf] lyP .
d klxnf]kN6 x]lnsK6/ r9]sf] lyP . d x]lnsK6/df tLgb]lv ;fthgf;Dd a:g], jl/kl/ zLz}zLzf
b]lvg], leqaf6 aflx/ 5n{\u} b]lvg] x]lnsK6/sf] kl/sNkgfdf x]lnsK6/leq k;]sf] lyP . t/ d
x]lnsK6/leq k;]kl5 PSsfl; dnfO{ yf]qf] ldlga; r9]h:tf] nfu]sf] lyof] . :s"nsf h:tf sf7sf
nfdfnfdf a]Gr ePsf 7fpdf uP/ a:tf dnfO{ crDd} nfu]sf] lyof] . xjfO{hxfhsf h:tf ofn eP
tfklg ofnaf6 aflx/ Rofpg kfnf] kv{g'kg]{ x'bf] /x]5 . d}n] klg kfnf] kv]{/ x]lnsK6/sf] ofnaf6 aflx/L
hut\ x]/]sf] lyP .
d}n] To;}j]nf yfxf kfP Tof] x]lnsK6/ /l;ofdf ef/L af]Sbfaf]Sb} yf]qf] ePkl5 g]kfn Po/j]hn]
lnhdf g]kfn NofPsf] /x]5 .
aflx/L /\un] s]xL /fd|f] b]lvP tfklg To;sf] leqL efu eg] yf]qf] ldlga; h:tf] lyof] . leq a;]kl5
g st} ;dfpg] 7fp, g /fd|/L v'6\6f 6]Sg] 7fp, g a:g] 7fpdf u2f, g 9Nsg] 7fp jf:tjdf To;lbg
dnfO{ cfk'm :s"n] s]6fs]6L eP} nfu]sf] lyof] .
x]lnsK6/df d]/f sfG5f sfsf kgf/fo0f k|;fO{sL h]7L >LdtL wgdfof k|;fO{ klg lyOg\ . d]/L
sfsL wgdfof k|;fO{, ;Ltf/fd bfO / pgsL cfdf d}gfb]jL k|;fO{ Pj+ d cfsfz] dfu{df jftf{nfk ul//x]sf
lyof} . cfsfz cWof/f] lyof], jftfj/0f 8/nfUbf] lyof] / ;do s]xL vt/gfs b]lvPsf] lyof] . To;j]nf d}n]
b'O{ lbgcl3 b]v]sf] ;kgfn] d]/f] dgdf cfwLx'/L rNg yfln;s]sf] lyof] . ;f]xLlbg lzjs'df/ z'Snfn] klg
dnfO{ eg]sf lyP To;lbg x]lnsK6/ r9\g' clgi6sf/s / cz'e 5 . pgn] ;f] lbgsf] ofqf /2 u/fpg
w]/} hf]8 lbPsf lyP . t/ d}n] /ft /x] cu|fv knfp5 eGg] lx;fadf x]lnsK6/ rflx t'?Gt} rl9xfNg]
jftfj/0fsf] nflu ank|of]u u/]sf] lyP . To;}n] ;f] lbg g} xfd|f] ofqf klZrd nfu]sf] lyof] . xfdL r9]sf]
x]lnsK6/ ljleGg b[Zofjnf]sg ubf{ub}{ sf7df8f}af6 p8]sf] s/La k}tL; ldg6df kf]v/f ljdfg:yndf
cf]n]{sf] lyof] . To;kl5 Po/ xf]:6]h /l;og gful/s lg;]n jf\v af]n]sL lyOg\ df};d v/fa ePsf]n]
xfdL kf]v/fdf cf]n]{sf xf} . xfd|f ;xofqL clwjQmf ;'zLn kGt, pgsL kTgL s'd'bf kGt, 8L=jL=
kf08]nufot hDdf 5AaL;hgf ofqLx x]lnsK6/af6 cf]Nof}{+ . clg xfdL k|foM Ps} 7fpdf a:g] qmddf
ljdfg:ynklZrdkl6\6 Pp6f rf}tf/f]df k'Uof} . Toxf Pp6f 7"nf] ofDd k/]sf] zdLsf] v /x]5 / To;
af]6sf] ]bdf kGcf]6f hlt s';L{ /flvPsf /x]5g\ . xfdL klg ToxLsf s';L{df a:of} .
xfdL a:tfga:t} ;a}lt/ cGwsf/ } sfnf] x'g yfln;s]sf] lyof] . 3fd gnfu]/ sfnf] lbg eP tfklg
To;j]nf xfdL udL{n] ps';d's'; ePsf lyof} . To;3l/ d]/f cfvf kf]v/f pkTosfjl/kl/sf 8f8fdf dfq
t}gfy x'g] uy]{ . x]bf{x]b}{ j]nfj]nf tL 8f8fx s'lx/f]n] 9kSs} 9flsGy], j]nfj]nf xn'sfxn'sf s'lx/f] b]lvGYof]
eg] j]nfj]nf 5f\u} pHofnf] x'g] klg uYof]{ .
xfdL s/La laxfg cf7 ah]b]lv rf/ 306f;Dd kf]v/f xjfO{ d}bfgdf /x]sf lyof} . kfOn6xn]
To;j]nf df};dsf] v/faLn] kf]v/faf6 d'lQmgfy ghfg] lg0f{o ul//x]sf lyP . pgLxsf] lgisif{ lyof]

17
d'lQmgfydf cjt/0f ug{ g;lsg] lsl;dn] s'lx/f] nfu]sf] 5 . To;}j]nf d}n] eg]sf] lyP 7Ls 5, xfdL
d'lQmgfy lx8]sf xf}, hfcf} NofG8 ug{ ;lsPg eg] d'lQmgfyjl/kl/ 3'dfP/ x]lnsK6/ sf{pg'xf];\ .
To;j]nf d]/f s'/fn] ;a}hgf xf:g yfn] . ;a} ofq'xn] d]/f] s'/f ;b/ u/]kl5 xfdL k'gM x]lnsK6/df k:of} .
h\un}h\unaf6 d'lQmgfy;Ddsf] cfsfz] ofqfdf d eg] j]nfj]nfdf k|s[ltsf /fd|f/fd|f cfljisf/ r'ld/x]sf]
lyP . ]l/ k}tL; ldg]6 cfsfzdf lx8]kl5 d'lQmgfy]qdf x]lnsK6/ k'Uof] . To; j]nf;Dddf To; 7fpdf
klg df};d ;f eO;s]sf] /x]5 .
d'lQmgfy]qsf] x]lnKof8df x]lnsK6/ /f]lsbf 3fdsf kfOnfx To; ]qnfO{ :jfut ul//x]sf lyP .
jl/kl/ xl/ofnL b]lvg] rf}/}rf}/n] 9flsPsf] 8f8fkfvfnfO{ d]/f cfvf cufnf] xfNb} lyP eg] d]/f uf]8f eg]
d'lQmgfydlGb/ hfg] eof r9\gdf Jo:t lyP . x]lnKof8af6 s/La kfr ldg]6 pSn]kl5 xfdL
d'lQmgfydlGb/ k'u]sf lyof} .
k|foM ;a}hgfn] n'uf vf]n] . d klg s6\6' dfq nufP/ clu a9] . nZs/} /x]sf wf/fxaf6 ;\nf]
kfgL l//x]sf] x]bf{ dg g} zfGt, ;\nf] / lgisn'if nfUYof] . jf:tjdf wf/faf6 au]sf] kfgLsf] /ldtf
x]bf{x]b}{ dnfO{ Toxfsf Ps ;o cf7 wf/fdf qmd};u g'xfpg] OR5f hfu]sf] lyof] . klxnf] wf/faf6 6fpsfdf
kfgL yfk'Gh]n, bf];|f] wf/fdf uP/ plepGh]n / t];|f] wf/f z/L/df vGofpGh]n;Dd dnfO{ cfgGb nflu/x]sf]
lyof] . s/La kRrL;cf]6f wf/fdf 6fpsf] la;fpg yfn]kl5 5AaL;f} wf/fdf 6fpsf] t];f{pg dleqsf] hf]z
;dfKt eO;s]sf] lyof] . To; j]nf;Dddf lxp h:t} lr;f] kfgLn] d]/f] 6fpsf] s6Ss eO;s]sf] lyof] . ;fy}
d]/f] ;f/f z/L/ Gg} a/df kl/0ft eO;s]sf] cg'e"lt ddf hld;s]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 xftsf ch'nLdf
kfgL yfKt} d}n] z/L/df 5fKg'k/]sf] lyof] . s/La krf;cf]6f wf/fsf] kfgL xTs]nfdf /fv]kl5 xft klg
s6Ss} sfl6Psf] } nfUof] . clg To;kl5 eg] d}n] wf/fdf 5'b} Ps b'O{ yf]kf kfgLn] z/L/ 5fKt} Ps ;o
cf7 wf/fdf :gfg ug]{ ;\sNk k"/f u/] . Ps ;o cf7 wf/f 5f]O;s]kl5 d c//f] eO{ Psl5g ToxL
pleO/x] .
n'uf ]/f/ u/]/ d dlGb/leq k;] . d'lQmgfy eujfg\sf k'hf/L b'O{hgf o'jtL lyP k"m6L u'? /
pkn 7s'/L . ltgLx s]xL 5'rL h:tf klg b]lvGy] . t/ klg pgLxn] c?xnfO{ eGbf dnfO{ y'k|} Wjhf,
ktfsf / k"mndfnfx lbPsf lyP . h'g k"mndfnf / Wjhfktfsfx d}n] sf7df8f}, lj/f6gu/ / fkf;Dd
k'ofPsf] lyP . Toxfaf6 NofOPsf zflnu|fdx c} d}n] k"hf ug]{ 7fpdf cjl:yt 5g\ .
;a}hgf k"hf ;s]/ lx8\bf klg d]/L sfsL wgdfof k|;fO{ k"hf ul//x]sL lyOg\ . d sfsLnfO{ kv]{/
dlGb/leq} al;/x]sf] lyP . To; j]nf;Dddf x]lnsK6/ pl8;s]sf] /x]5 . /l;og kfOn6n] Ps 306fsf] Dofb
lbPsf] lyof], t/ sfsLsf] lgs} k"hf;bf{d / nfdf] k"hfljlwn] ubf{ sfsLsf] nflu Tof] ;do ckof{Kt lyof] .
To;j]nf ;Ltf/fd bfh'sf] lgoGq0fn] ubf{ x]lnsK6/ xfdLnfO{ af]Sg k'gM Toxf cf]n]{sf] lyof] . To;kl5
s'lx/Ld08n l5b}{ xfd|f] ofqfn] kf]v/f xjfO{d}bfg e]6]sf] lyof] . df};dsf] u8a8Ln] To;j]nf x]lnsK6/ k'gM
kf]v/f cf]n]{sf] lyof] . xfdL lbp;f]sf] tLg ah] kf]v/f k'u]sf lyof} . kf]v/f k'lu;s]kl5 eg] 6Lsf 6feN;
PG8 6';{sf ahf/Joj:yfks clgn/Tg t'nfw/ v'zL ePsf b]lvGy] / Toxf pgn] xfdL ;a}nfO{ vfhfkfgL
v'jfPsf lyP .
kf]v/faf6 sf7df8f}k|:yfgsf] nflu cfsfz] dfu{ 7Ls lyPg . To;}n] bfh' ;Ltf/fd k|;fO{, ;'zLn
kGt, s'd'bf kGt / d ]jftfnlt/ nfUof} . ;'zLn kGt g]kfnsf Vofltk|fKt clwjQmf t 5b}lyP t/ pgsL
kTgL s'd'bf klg Pp6L ;/n / ;f}Do gf/Lsf kdf k|:t't lyOg\ . pgLdf cf8Da/ Ps /QL klg
b]lvb}gYof] . To;}j]nf s'd'bf kGtn] xfdLnfO{ eg]sL lyOg\ d]/f dfdf kf]v/fsf] OlGhlgol/ SofDk;df
k|d'v x'g'x'G5 . kf]v/f 3'dfOlbg d pxfnfO{ cg'/f]w u5'{ . To;adf]lhd s'd'bf kGtsf dfdf-kf]v/f
OlGhlgol/ SofDk;sf k|d'v_n] xfdLnfO{ ]jftfnjl/kl/ 3'dfPsf lyP . Toxf ;'zLn kGtsf] ;f}hGodf
t;aL/x klg lvlrPsf lyP . t/ tL t;aL/x cfh;Dd d]/f xft k/]sf 5}gg\ . h] xf];\, To; j]nfsf]
To; 0fn] dnfO{ cfgGb k|bfg ul//x]sf] lyof] .
aNnaNn cfsfz p3|]nfp3|]nf h:tf] ePsf] lyof] . xfdL ;a}hgf xjfO{d}bfgdf e]nf eof} . clg k'gM
xfdL x]lnsK6/leq k:of} . a]n'sf % ah] kf]v/faf6 x]lnsK6/ sf7df8f}sf] nflu lx8f] . x]lnsK6/ lx8\g]
qmddf g} ]l/ cfsfzdf sfnf] afbn y'k|g yfln;s]sf] lyof] . k'gM af6fdf sfnf] s'lx/f]n] 9fSbf x]lnsK6/
clu a9\g g;s]sf] efg eO/xg] uYof]{ . t/ j]nfj]nf s]xL pHofnf] klg b]lvbf x]lnsK6/ vl; t gxfNnf
h:tf] klg nfUYof] . hlthlt x]lnsK6/ clu a9\5 ToltTolt lzjs'df/ z'Snf lr6lr6 k;Lgf sfl8/x]sf
x'Gy] . To;j]nf pgL ?b|fsf bfgf ug]/ cfgf ljleGg dGqsf] k|of]u ul//x]sf lyP . pgsf] cg'xf/nfO{
Wofgdf /fv]/ d}n] pgnfO{ eg] P bfO ca dl/b}g . clg pgn] k;Lgf k'5\b} eg]sf lyP cfh ofqf
ug]{ lbg g} lyPg . cfhsf] lbg ofqf ugf{n] ljgafwf kg{ ;SYof] . t/ 7fp7fp / j]nfj]nf x]lnsK6/
cjt/0f ug'{k/]sf]n] v8\uf] 6of] . To;kl5 klg pgL cfvf lrDn]/ bfgf ulg/x]sf lyP . Toltv]/ lzjs'df/
z'SnfnfO{ d}n] d'vn] lh:sfP tfklg d]/f] dg klg ;\s6sf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf] lyof] . d klg 8/n] leqleq}
vl:s/x]sf] lyP .

18
 To;;do d]/f] x]lnsK6/ r9\g] /x/ d]l6O;s]sf] lyof] . lsgeg] To; lbgsf] ofqf g} 8/}8/n] el/Psf]
lyof] . t/ h]h:tf] l:yltdf xfdL d'lQmgfy k'u] tfklg Tof] 0f xfdL ofq'sf] nflu lr/:d/0fLo 36gf aGg
k'u]sf] lyof], lsgeg] d}n] To;lbg x]lnsK6/ r9\g kfPsf] lyP . d]/f bfh' ;Ltf/fd k|;fO{sf] pbf/ efjgfn]
ubf{ g} d}n] To;lbg d'lQmgfy eujfg\sf] bz{g ug{ kfPsf] lyP . jf:tjdf d]/f] x]lnsK6/ r9\g] bzf}
jif{cl3b]lvsf] wf]sf] klg To;}lbg k"/f ePsf] lyof] . x]lnsK6/ r9\g] d]/f] /x/ / x]lnsK6/ rl9;s]kl5sf]
d]/f] xfnt dgdgdf s]nfpbf s]nfpb} x]lnsK6/n] xfdLnfO{ sf7df8f}df la;fPsf] lyof] . x]lnsK6/n] lqe'jg
cGt//fli6o ljdfg:ynsf] e'O 6]s]kl5 Toxf a;]sf ;a} ofqLsf cg'xf/df nfnLu'/f; k'mn]sf] b]lvof] . Tof]
yf]qf] x]lnsK6/n] sf7df8f}sf] xjfO{d}bfg 6]Qmf a]n'sf % ah]/ $) ldg]6 uO;s]sf] lyof] . x]lnsK6/
sf7df8f} pkTosfdf k|j]z x'b}v]l/ g} d]/f] dg l;dnsf] e'jfeGbf xn'\uf] eO;s]sf] lyof] .
;dli6 -@)%^ h]7, c;f/_

)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

u'jf o:t} xf]

@)%) k"; @& ut] cyf{t\ k[YjLhoGtLsf] lbgsf] s'/f] xf] .
8f= /fdk|;fb kf]v/]n / d sfnLk|;fb l/hfnsf] k|tLfdf lyof} . 7Ls !! ah] 8f= kf]v/]nsf] 3/df
l/hfnsf] klg k|j]z eof] . l/hfnsf] cfudg b]v]/ 8f= kf]v/]n / d 3/aflx/ lg:sg] t/v/df nfUof} . clg
To;} ;dodf kfj{tLn] lrof NofOk'ofOg\ . xfdL 3/sf] aflx/L a}7sdf a;]/ lrof ;'Sof{pg yfNof} .
To;lbg xfdL lj/f6gu/sf] hxfh r9\g] lx;fadf lyof} . egf} Tof] j]nf xfd|f] ofqf k"jf{~rnsf] nflu
lglZrt eO;s]sf] lyof] . clg To; ofqfdf ;lDdlnt x'g d klg /fdk|;fb kf]v/]nsf] lgjf; aa/dxn
k'u]sf] lyP .
x'gt /fdk|;fb kf]v/]nsf] lgjf; d]/f] nflu gf}nf] lyPg . jf:tjdf sf7df8f}df d}n] cfGt 7fg]sf
s]xL JolStTjxdf 8f= /fdk|;fb kf]v/]n klg ky]{ . To;}n] d kf]v/]nsf] 3/df jf/+jf/ uO/xGy] . pgsf] Tof]
eJo dxndf k'u]kl5 dnfO{ To;}To;} /dfOnf] nfUg] uYof]{ . lsgeg] aa/dxnsf] /fdzf]egfdlGb/ snfTds
z}nLn] ag]sf] 3/ lyof] . /fd|f/fd|f /fh:yfgL l;\udd{/n] 3/sf ljleGg sIf ;lhPsf lyP . jf:tjdf Tof]
3/ a]Un} /f}gsn] a]l/Psf] 5 . egf} To; 3/nfO{ cfg} df}lnstfsf] k|ltljDa dfGg ;lsG5 . k};fjfnfn]
agfPsf] 3/df vf; u/]/ df}lnstf e]l6b}g . o; 3/sf] agf]6 x]bf{ 8f= /fdk|;fb kf]v/]n / lghsL kTgL
zf]egf kf]v/]nsf] ;/;Nnfx, ldx]gt / kf}/vn] /fdzf]egfdlGb/sf] eJo lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] } dnfO{ nfU5 .
8f= /fdk|;fb kf]v/]n, sfnLk|;fb l/hfn / d lglb{i6 ;dodf /fdzf]egfdlGb/af6 lgSNof} . xfdL
lx8\g] ;fOtdf 3/sf] d"nb}nf]sf] ;3f/df kfgLn] el/Psf snz /flvPsf lyP / tL snznfO{ "nn]
lssfp ul/Psf] lyof] . To;j]nf xfdL aflx/ lg:sg] qmddf 7"nf7"nf ;'Gtnfsf bfgf 8f= /fdk|;fb
kf]v/]nsL wd{kTgL zf]egf kf]v/]nn] xfd|f xftxftdf /flvlbOg\ . clg To;}j]nf d}n] xftdf ;'Gtnfsf] ;u'g
af]St} af]n]sf] lyP efph"sf] /Lltl/jfh t k"/} ;gftgL lxGb' wfld{s k/Dk/fsf] g} /x]5 . d}n] olt
eGg]lalQs} zf]egf efph" klg d';'Ss} xf:t} af]n]sL lyOg\ c afa' dnfO{ wd{sd{df g} ljZjf; 5 .
xfdL 7Ls ;dodf g} lqe'jgljdfg:yn k'Uof} . Toxf k'u]/ klg xfdL s/La Ps 306f latfpg ljleGg
udf e'Ng yfNof} . lbp;f] !@=#) ah] sf7df8f}af6 lj/f6gu/sf] xjfO{hxfh r9\g xfdL !!=#) ah] g}
ljdfg:yn k'u]sf lyof} . To; Ps 306fsf] ;do To;lbg xfd|f] nflu nfdf] ePsf] lyof] . ;do latfpg
To;j]nf xfdL ljleGg 6Lsfl6Kk0fLdf klg cndlnof} . Toltn] dfq ;do g;lsPsf]n] xfdLn] j]nfj]nf
otfplt kfOnf klg rfNg] u/]sf lyof} .
xfdL lqe'jgljdfg:ynsf] oflqsIfdf aNnaNn Ps 306f 6xn]sf lyof} . To;}j]nf sIfleqsf] yf]qf]
dfOsn] xfd|f] sfgsf] hfnL g} '6fpg] u/L 3f]if0ff uof] cfh ljz]if sf/0fn] zfxL g]kfn jfo';]jf
lgudsf] sf7df8f}lj/f6gu/sf] hxfh c? cfwf 306f l9nf x'g] a]xf]/f ofq'xdf cjut u/fp5f} .
To;lbg sf]{nfUbf] kdf xfd|f] Ps 306f t lalt;s]sf] lyof] . To;df klg ]l/ cfwf 306f
ylkPkl5 ;f/f ofqLxnfO{ zfxL g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf] gLot;u l/; p7\g' t :jfefljs} lyof] . clg
To;}j]nf d'v v'DRofP/ sfnLk|;fb l/hfn klg af]n] pb\3f]if0f ug]{ snf ghfg]sf dfG5]n] pb\3f]if0f ubf{
o:t} rsf]{ / g/dfOnf] :j/ sfgdf cfP/ 7f]lsG5 .
sfnLk|;fbsf] af]Ng] kfnf] ;lsPkl5 d klg cfgf] k|ltlqmof JoSt ub}{ af]n]sf] lyP jf:tjdf
ljdfg:ynsf] o; sIfdf ;a} xjfO{ ;+:yfsf] Pp6} JolStn] pb\3f]if0f ul/g'kg]{ kl/kf6L x'g'kYof]{ . To;f]
ePdf PsPsl5gsf pb\3f]if0fsf rsf{, tLtf / c;Eo :j/x ;'Gg'kb}{gYof] . d]/f s'/f ;lsPkl5 8f=

19
/fdk|;fb kf]v/]nn] klg 6fpsf] xNnfP/ sfnLk|;fb bfOsf / d]/f s'/fnfO{ ;dy{g hgfPsf lyP . jf:tjdf
zfxL g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud vfln pb\3f]if0fn] dfq v:s]sf] lyPg . To; ;+:yfsf] :t/ lbgk|ltlbg cf]n{g]
k|d'v sf/0f s] lyof] eg] Toxfaf6 b]zleq kl/rflnt hxfhx slxn] klg 7Ls ;dodf p8\b}gy] .
xjfO{ d}bfgdf cfvf 8'nfP/ aNnaNn csf]{ Ps 306f laTof] . To;kl5 xfdL zfxL g]kfn jfo';]jf
lgudsf] ljdfgdf r9f} . s/La %% ldg]6sf] p8fgkl5 xfdL r9]sf] ljdfg lj/f6gu/ xjfO{ d}bfgdf
cf]Nof]{ .
xjfO{ d}bfgdf cf]n]{/ xfdL tLg}hgf ;/f;/ ;f] ljdfglgudsf] l6s6sfpG6/df k'Uof} . sd{rf/Lsf]
nfk/afxL / cg'zf;gxLgtfn] ubf{ Toxf xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] ef]lnkN6sf] sf7df8f} ltL{l6s6df ;do n]vfpg
Gg} @% ldg]6 pleg'k/]sf] lyof] . jf:tjdf zfxL g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf] ljdfg ;dodf t slxNo}
p8\b}gg\ eGg] s'/f t yfx} lyof] . t}klg sd{rf/L dfq /fd|f eOlbP klg dga'fp s]xL af6f] rflx x'GYof] .
To;lbg klg lj/f6gu/ xjfO{ sfof{nosf] sfpG6/df t}gfy ePsf sd{rf/Laf6 xfdL tLg}hgf lvGg klg
ePsf lyof} .
h] xf];\, kf}g] tLg ah]lt/ xfdL uf]N5f cu{gfOh]zgsf] ;f}hGodf k|fKt ePsf] df?lt e]g r9]/ fkf
nfUof} . s/La $=#) ah] xfd|f] df]6/ x'lQP/ bdsahf/ k'lu;s]sf] lyof] . t/ To;lbg bdsahf/df hgtf
/ k|x/LaLrsf] le8Gtn] d]nf nflu;s]sf] /x]5 . k'ln;sf uf]nL / 8G8f nfu]/ To;j]nf Toxf s]xL dfG5]
n8]sf lyP eg] s]xL k'ln;nfO{ klg hgtfn] 9'\uf xfg]/ 3fOt] agfPsf lyP .
xfdL k'Ubf bdsahf/ Psflt/ c>'Uof;sf] d':nf]n] 5f]lkPsf] lyof] eg] csf{lt/ k|x/Lx xjfO{ fo/
ul//x]sf lyP . To; b[Zon] xfdL ctfln/x]sf lyof} . jf:tjdf Tof] cfsl:ds b[Zo x]/]/ xfdL /ge'Nn k/]sf
lyof} . To; 36gfn] ubf{ Psflt/ sfnLk|;fb l/hfn cfh ca lj/f6gu/} Ssf}{+ elg/x]sf lyP eg] csf{lt/
8f= /fdk|;fb kf]v/]n eg] lglb{i6 :yfgdf g} hfg'k5{ eGg] c8fgdf plePsf lyP . d eg] cGof}nleq
ps';d's';df lyP .
To;lbg bdsahf/df 36]sf] 36gf Hofb} g/dfOnf] lyof] . Pp6f k|x/L c;O nf]s]Gb| >]i7 eGg]
gfpsf] JolStsf] s/fdtn] ubf{ To;lbg bdsahf/df wghgsf] lgs} Iflt ePsf] lyof] . To; 36gfdf
k|x/Lsf] uf]nLaf6 rf/hgf JolSt 7x/} ePsf lyP eg] cGo ;fthgf uf]nLsf] k|xf/af6 9n]sf lyP .
;DejtM tL ;fthgf klg d/] xf]nfg\ . lsgeg] tL ;fthgf JolStsf] cj:yf clt lrGtfhgs lyof] .
c;O nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ >]i7 eGg] JolSt bdsyfgfsf yfg]bf/ /x]5g\ . u:tL ug]{ qmddf /flt s/La bz
ah]lt/ pgL cfgf] 8f;lxt bdsahf/l:yt ofbgf xf]6ndf k'u]sf /x]5g\ . ofbgf xf]6nsL dflnSgL
ljwjf /lx5g\ / pgsf] pd]/ klg s/La c6\7fO; jif{sf] /x]5 . tL ljwjfsf] gfp d}ofb]jL uf}td /x]5 . ltg}
d}ofb]jLnfO{ t;f{P/ /;/ ug{ nf]s]Gb|n] cfgf] 8fnfO{ To; :yfgdf k'ofPsf /x]5g\ . To;}n] To;j]nf
nf]s]Gb| >]i7sf] ;d"xn] d}ofb]jL uf}tdsf] xf]6ndf k|j]z ub}{ eGof] P olt /flt;Dd s]sf] k;n vf]n]sf] <
nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ >]i7sf] k|ZgnfO{ d}ofb]jLsf d':sfgn] ;';lHht af]nLn] To;kn pQ/ lbof] ca kfrhgfn]
eft vfg afsL 5 . eft plDn/x]sf] 5 . ca l56\6} bf]sfg aGb u5f}{+ c;O ;fx]a
nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ >]i7x To;j]nf lah'nL ;a{tn] l6nl6n eO;s]sf /x]5g\ . To;}j]nf >]i7n] cfgf]
;/sf/L z}nL lgsfn]/ d}ofb]jLnfO{ v';'Ss} eg]5g\ d k'ln;xnfO{ u:tLdf k7fp5', clg ltdL / d Pp6f
sf]7fsf] PsfGtdf a;f} . d}of df]/L ltdL /fd|L 5f} / kf] To;kl5 d}ofb]jLnfO{ klg l/; p7]5 . clg
pgn] klg c;Osf sfg rs{g] u/L af]ln5g\ t]/L df alhof To;kl5 lah'nL ;a{tsf] dft b]vfpb}
Pp6f k|x/Ln] d}ofb]jLsf] ;f/L prflnlbP5 / nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ >]i7n] rflx r'nfdf plDn/x]sf] eftsf] df8
d}ofb]jLsf] u'Ktf\udf fNb} eg]5g\t /f8Lsf]===xfdLnfO{ sfd gnfu]kl5 xfdLnfO{ o;sf] s] dxj 5 /
nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ >]i7sf] cjfl~5t, cdof{lbt / cdfgjLo Jojxf/af6 d}ofb]jL uf}td ToxL 9ln5g\ .
d}ofb]jLsf] z/L/ e'Odf 9n]kl5 nf]s]Gb| >]i7xn] klg rDd6 s;]5g\ . t/ ;+of]ujz To;}j]nf To; 7fpdf
dfG5]x klg e]nf x'g yfn] . :yfgLo afl;Gbfxaf6 d}ofb]jL uf}tdnfO{ tTsfn} c:ktfn klg k'ofOP5 .
c;O nf]s]Gb| >]i7sf] dftsf] k|ltn:jk xfdL s/La 9]9 306f bdsahf/d} /of} . ToxL a;]/
xfdLn] k|x/L / hgtfsf] df/fdf/ x]of} . To; j]nf;Dddf rGb|u9L / lj/f6gu/af6 klg y'k|} k|x/Lx bds
cfO;s]sf lyP . t/ ;don] Gsf dfg{ yfn]kl5 d]/f] 5ftLdf lr;f] k:g yfNof] . clg 8f= kf]v/]n /
l/hfnsf] ;xdlt dfu]/ d ;\3if{n] Jo:t ;8ssf] 3'Orf]df l5/] . To; 7fpdf k'u]/ d}n] Pshgf k|x/L
lg/LIfs;u xfd|f] ofqfsf] ljj/0f / xfd|f] kl/ro lbP . k|x/Ln] d]/f s'/fnfO{ dfGotf lbb} eg] nf}
tkfO{+xsf] df]6/ Nofpg'xf];\ .
To;kl5 sfnLk|;fb l/hfn, 8f= /fdk|;fb kf]v/]n / d df?ltEofgdf r9f} . To;j]nf xfd|f] ;'/Iffy{
s/La kRrL;hgf aGb"swf/L k|x/L xfd|f] df]6/sf] clu / s/La kRrL;hgf k|x/L kl5 lyP . Gg} kfr
ldg]6;Ddsf] af6f]df k|x/Ln] k}bn lx8]/ xfd|f] df]6/nfO{ c;'/lIft 7fpaf6 ;'/lt hUufdf lsgf/f

20
nufOlbPsf lyP . jf:tjdf To; kfr ldg]6d} To;j]nf s/La kRrL; /fpG8 xjfO{ fo/ rln;s]sf]
lyof] . egf} xfdLnfO{ Tolt af6f] s6fpg dfq} k|x/Ln] Toltljlw uf]nL rnfP/ hgtfnfO{ t;f{Psf lyP .
clg To;eGbf clu k8\sfOPsf uf]nLsf] t s'/} 5f8f} . To;j]nf bdsahf/ a]?t, n]agfg cyjf Oh/fOn
h:tf] lyof] .
xfdLn] bdsahf/ t kf/ uof} . t/ To;kl5 xfd|f] df]6/ rf/kfg] df]8 eGg] 7fpdf k'uL laUof] .
To; 7fpdf s'g} 3/ lyPg . xfdLdWo] s;};u ;nfO{;Dd klg lyPg . cWof/f] 7fpdf To;/L df]6/ lau|]sf]n]
xfdLnfO{ To;j]nf lgs} gdL7f] cg'e"lt eO/x]sf] lyof] . clg To;}j]nf k"j{af6 Pp6f df]6/;fOsn cfof] .
d}n] Tof] df]6/ ;fOsn /f]s] . To;kl5 s]xLl5g df]6/;fOsnsf] nfO6 u'?hLn] eg]sf] 7fpdf k'ofOlbg d}n]
df]6/;fOsnrfnsnfO{ cg'/f]w u/] . u'?hLn] lgs} a]/;Dd 6\jfs6\jfs / 6's6's u/] tfklg df]6/ ag]g .
To;kl5 xfdL g\ g/dfOnf] dfg]/ ;8sd} ple/of} . To;}j]nf Pp6f df]6/;fOsn klZrdaf6 cfof] . d}n]
Tof] df]6/;fOsn klg /f]s] . df]6/;fOsnsf ;af/ /x]5g\ vu]Gb| k|;fO{ . d}n] vu]Gb|nfO{ eg] dnfO{
lrGof} < clg To;j]nf d}n] 8f= kf]v/]n / l/hfn;dIf cg'/f]w u/] d o; df]6/;fOsnd} latf{df]8 uP/
df]6/ agfpg] ld:qL lnP/ cfp5' .
elth vu]Gb| k|;fO{n] df]6/;fOsn x'OSofP/ latf{df]8 k'ofP . latf{df]8df d]/f] bfO e/t/fh k|;fO{ /
efO u\uf/fh k|;fO{ df]6/;fOsn;lxt xfdLnfO{ klv{/x]sf /x]5g\ . clg d}n] xfdL l9nf cfpg'k/]sf] oyfy{
ljj/0f lbb} eg] oxf df]6/ agfpg] ld:qL kfOb}g < d]/f s'/f ;'g]/ e/t bfO xf:t} af]n] clxn] t
ld:qLx bf? vfP/ d:t ePsf x'G5g\ . e/tbfOsf s'/f ;lsg]lalQs} u\ufn] Pp6f ;+jfb vGofof]
bfh' s'df/ k|wfgnfO{ df]6/ agfpg cfp5 . s'df/sf] 3/df hfpm g . d]/f] efO u\ufnfO{ k5fl8 /fv]/
d}n] xL/f] xf]G8f s'df/ k|wfgsf] b}nf]df k'ofP . To;j]nf s'df/ eb|k'//f]8df a;]sf /x]5g\ . clg Psl5gkl5
efO u\ufn] s'df/nfO{ NofP/ df]6/;fOsnsf] k5fl8 /flvlbP . s'df/nfO{ lnP/ d k'gM rf/kfg] df]8 k'u] .
s'df/ k|wfgn] 5f]O;s]kl5 df?lt Eofgn] cfgf] ;SsnL k k|:t't uof] . clg s'df/n] g} Eofg xfs]/
xfdLnfO{ latf{df]8 k'ofP .
latf{df]8b]lv xfdL ;/f;/ xfd|f] 3/ ;fnaf/L uof} . ;fnaf/L latf{df]8b]lv s/La rf/ lsnf]ld6/
k"j{blIf0fdf kg]{ Pp6f ufp xf] . of] ufp zlgZr/] If]qdf k5{ . ;fnaf/L hghflt, d;fn, Pdfn], sf\u|]; /
:jtGq ljrf/sf ;a} hgtf Ps} l9Ssf ePsf] Pp6f gd"gf ufp xf] . To;lbg s/La /flt cf7 ah] xfdL
;fnaf/Ldf k'u]sf lyof} . To;}j]nf ufpsf ;f/f dfG5] w'l/{P/ xfd|f] 3/df cfPsf lyP . tL ;a} JolStxsf
xftxftdf "nsf u'R5f / dfnf lyP . To;/ft pgLxn] klx/fOlbPsf] dfnfn], sfnLk|;fb l/hfn / 8f=
/fdk|;fb kf]v/]nsf 3f6L 5f]lkPsf lyP . jf:tjdf To;/ft klg Toxf zlgZr/] ufp ljsf; ;ldltsf
cWoIf xl/ /fgfsf] g]t[Tjdf ufpn]x e]nf ePsf lyP . xl/ /fgf h'g bnsf eP tfklg c? ;a} bnsf
ljrf/wf/f /fVg] dfG5] klg Toxf cfPsf lyP . clg Toxf pkl:yt ;a} JolStxsf] d}n] PsPs ub}{ 8f=
kf]v/]n / sfnLk|;fb l/hfn;dIf kl/ro lbP . d]/f s'/f ;lsPkl5 8f= kf]v/]n ub\ub x'b} af]n]
ljrf/wf/f h]h:tf] eP tfklg ;a}aLr cfTdLotf /x]5 . kf]v/]nsf] s'/f lgv|]kl5 d]/f h]7f bfh' lji0f'eSt
k|;fO{n] eg] xh"/ o; 7fpsf hgtfsf] Pscsf{aLr clt /fd|f] ;dbf/L 5 . ef]6 h]h]df xfn] tfklg
oxfsf hgtfn] d'vn] Pscsf{sf] lj/f]w ug]{ u/]sf 5}gg\ .
d]/f] sfG5f] efO u\ufn] 6]lnlehg x]g{ /fv]sf] Aof6Laf6 cfugdf lah'nL afn]/ To;lbg xfd|f] 3/nfO{
klg ;fh;Hhfn] /dfOnf] kf/]sf /x]5g\ . To;dfly cfugsf] l8ndf cfuf] afn]/ dfG5]x al;/x]sf lyP .
clg ToxL cfuf] tfk]/ a;]sL t'n;f k|wfgnfO{ d}n] cltlyo;fd' af]nfP / eg] xh'/ oL alxgL oxL
kNnf] 3/sL x'g\ . t'n;f k|wfg eg]sL log} x'g\ . h"8f]s/ft]df oL g]kfnk|yd ePsL x'g\ / ;fs{df rflx t];|f
ePsL lyOg\ . t'n;fk|ltsf d]/f s'/f;u} t'n;fsf] d':sfg klg ;a}sf df 5tf5'Nn eO/x]s} lyof] . clg
To;}j]nf aln/fh O\gfd af]n] efGhf afa'n] h;/L t'n;fsf] j0f{g ug{'eof] o:tf k|ltefnfO{ /fi6n] klg
r]Kg] k|of; ug{'kof] lg 8fS6/ afa' O\gfdsf s'/f ;'g]/ l/hfn bfO / 8fS6/ lz/ xNnfO/x]sf lyP .
cfugsf] l8ndf cfuf] blGs/x]sf] lyof] . 3/cf]l/kl/sf gl/jn / ;'kf/Lsf 7"nf7"nf af]6 cfuf]sf]
pHofnf]n] /dfOnf b]lvGy] . To;}j]nf d}n] gl/jnsf] kfgL vfg] dg;fo JoSt u/] . clg s]xL ;dokl5
z\s/ / ;\udn] vaf6 gl/jn f/L Unf;df gl/jnsf] kfgL /fv]/ NofOk'ofP . To;kl5 d]/L cfdfn]
xfd|f] gl/jnsf] j0f{g ub}{ xfdLdf Unf; /flvlbOg\ . jf:tjdf To;lbg d]/L cfdf ;f/} /dfPsL lyOg\ .
vfgkfg ;s]/ ;'Tg xfdL 3/sf] tnfdf r9f} . To;j]nf /ftsf] P3f/ alh;s]sf] lyof] . clg d]/f]
df{O;df 7'NbfOn] kfg agfOlbP . kfgsf kft klg xfd|} af/Ldf nufOPsf lyP / ;'kf/L klg xfd|} 3/sf
lyP . To;j]nf kfg vfbfvfb} d]/f sfg tftf x'g yfn]sf lyP . cf'nfO{ kfg vfgaf6 cnUu /fVg rfxg]
sfnLk|;fb bfOn] klg Tof] b[Zo b]v]kl5 cfk'mnfO{ /f]Sg ;s]gg\ . To;j]nf pgn] kfg Ps rf}yfO dfq vfP .
t/ 8f= kf]v]n eg] kfg vfg lgs} cu|;/ eP . Psl5gkl5 kf]v/]nn] lgwf/el/ k;Lgf lgsfn]/ eg]
dnfO{ t l/u6f kf] nfUof] . kf]v/]nsf s'/f ;'g]/ 3/sf ;a} ;b:o unnn xf;] . xf:g] nx/ yfldPkl5 d]/L
cfdf af]lng\ oxfsf] kfgn] dft nufp5 eG5g\ . t/ ;a} oxLsf] kfg vfG5g\ . cfdfsf] af]Ng] kfnf]

21
;lsPkl5 d]/f 7'NbfO af]n] u'jf kfg eg]sf] o:t} xf] . jf:tjdf xfd|f] 3/sf] kfgdf To; If]qsf ;a} dfG5]
nf]lePsf klg 5g\ . lsgeg] Tolt :jflbnf] / Tolt v/f] kfg Toxf cGoq kfOb}gYof] . To;lbg uufd}
xfdLn] /ftsf] afx| ahfPYof} .
dw'ks{ -@)%& h]7_

)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

;]tf hlt lrlgof

e/tk'/ / u}8fsf]6 hfg] eGg]af/] OlGb/f / d]/f] ;Nnfx eO;s]sf] lyof] . 8f= afndfgl;+x sfsL{sf]
xfdL 3'Dg hfg]ljifos ;f}xfb{df xfdLn] 5ftf cf]9fPsf lyof} . To;}n] xfdL lglb{i6 ;dodf sf7df8f}af6
e/tk'/ SofG;/ c:ktfnsf] NofG8q'mh/df r9f} . xfdL 3/af6 lg:sbf cfsfz p3|]sf] dfq xf]Og, 3fd
nfu]sf] klg lyof] . To;j]nf lqk'/]Zj/ gf3]kl5 PSsfl; df};ddf kl/jt{g cfpg yfNof] . Toltv]/;Dddf
df};ddf kl/jt{g x'g] qmdn] pu| k lng yfn]sf] b]lvof] . sn\sL sf6]kl5 x'/L, atf; / x'G8/Ln] cTofP
tfklg gfu9'\ufaf6 klZrd cf]n]{kl5 rflx df};d ]l/ /fd|f] eof] . To;kl5 lrtjgsf] e/tk'/ k'u'Gh]n
xfdLn] /fhgLlt, ;flxTo / hghLjgsf ljifodf u ub}{ 7fp7fpsf /fd|f/fd|f b[Zokfg klg ul/;s]sf
lyof} .
e/tk'/ 6]s]kl5 ddf ;'/fsf] Pp6f cfef; k}bf eO;s]sf] lyof] . lsgeg] k[YjL/fhdfu{ d]/f] nflu
Pp6f 8/dbf]{ ;8s lyof] . To;}n] Tof] ofqf ;lsPkl5 d 9'Ss eO;s]sf] lyP . d]/f] dg pd\udf
nx/fO/x]s} j]nf xfdL r9]sf] df]6/n] e/tk'/sf] SofG;/ c:ktfnsf] kl/;/ 6]ls;s]sf] lyof] . Toxf k'Ugf;fy
OlGb/f 5Ss k/]sL lyOg\ / d klg 5Ss} k/]sf] lyP . jf:tjdf e/tk'/sf] SofG;/ c:ktfnsf] ]qleq
k'u]kl5 xfdLnfO{ ljb]z k'u]} nfu]sf] lyof] . To;}j]nf d}n] 8f= k|sfz/fh Gof}kfg]nfO{ eg]sf] lyP zfob
g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / /fd|f] c:ktfn oxL xf]nf . Toltv]/ d]/f cfvf /fd|f/fd|f ejgn] ;';lHht SofG;/
c:ktfnnfO{ r'ld/x]sf lyP . To;}j]nf d]/f] dg rflx af]ln/x]sf] lyof] 3/x t /fd|f 5g\, 7fp klg /fd|f]
5, t/ SofG;/ nfu]s} dfG5] t oxf cfp5g\ lg SofG;/ ljifosf] s'/f] dgdf v]nfpbf v]nfpb} /fhs'df/
pk|]tLn] xfdL r9]sf] df]6/sf] a|]s nufP . To;kl5 xfdL c:ktfnsf] la/fdL a:g] cltlyu[xsf] Ps tnfdfly
k'Uof} . lx/0o ef]hk'/] cfgL hLjg;\lugL pld{nf >]i7sf] pkrf/fy{ To;} tndf al;/x]sf /x]5g\ . pld{nf
>]i7 :tgSofG;/sf] pkrf/fy{ Toxf cfPsf] klg Toltv]/ xKtflbg eO;s]sf] /x]5 . ;fRr} xf], Tolt /fd|f]
7fpdf To:tf hl6n la/fdLx e]nf ePsf] b[Zo xfdLn] @)^) ;fnsf] j}zfv !! ut] x]/]sf lyof} .
jf:tjdf SofG;/;DaGwL /f]usf] ljifodf dnfO{ slxNo} ;f]wvf]h;Dd klg ug{ dg nfUb}gYof] . To;}
kl/j]zdf lx8\bflx8\b} ]l/ pld{nf efph"sf] ljifodf d]/f] dgdf tfkqmd a9\g yfln;s]sf] lyof] . cfk'mn]
dg k/fPsf dfG5]nfO{ SofG;/ gfpsf] /f]un] 5'bf dfq klg dgdf b'Mv nfUg' :jfefljs} lyof] . Toltv]/
To:t} k|sf/sf] b'Mv d}n] klg v]k]sf] lyP .
c:ktfnsf] cltlyu[xdf lxpsf] cfu|xdf xfdLn] lrofrd]gf klg u|x0f uof} . lx/0o ef]hk'/] /
pld{nf >]i7 zfob d]/f] nflu dfq geP/ c?xsf] nflu klg lzi6frf/sf gd"gf dflgG5g\ . jf:tjdf
pgLxsf] dfG5]k|ltsf] ulx/f] ;b\efjgfn] ubf{ xfdL ;f]Wb}vf]Hb} pgLxnfO{ e]6\g pgLx a;]sf]
cfjf;u[xdf k'u]sf lyof} . Toltv]/ pgLx a;]sf] cfjf;u[xsf sf]7fx klg pgLx a:g] sf7df8f}sf]
k'tnL;8ssf] 3/ } ;lh;hfp b]lvGy] . c:yfoL g} eP klg pgLxsf] Tof] jf;:yfg ljz]if ;f, ;'U3/
/ Jojl:yt klg b]lvGYof] .
lx/0o bfO / pld{nf efph";usf] nfdf] jftf{kl5 xfdL Toxfaf6 labf x'g] qmddf nfUof} . aflx/ df]6/
r9\g] j]nfdf d}n] pld{nf >]i7s} ljifodf lh1f;f /fVt} 8f= k|sfz/fh Gof}kfg]nfO{ Pp6f k|Zg ;f]w]sf] lyP
efph"sf] of] /f]u la;]s x'G5 t < d]/f] k|Zgdf 8f= Gof}kfg] af]n]sf lyP SofG;/ eGg] zAbcg';f/ of] /f]u
;f/} ;fdfGo dflgG5 . o; /f]uaf6 pxfnfO{ s'g} hl6ntf cfpb}g . 8f= Gof}kfg]sf u'lnof s'/fn] d]/f]
efjgfdf ]l/ pT;fxsf] kf/f] r9\g yfn]sf] lyof] .
d pld{nf >]i7sf] /f]u;DaGwL sNkgfdf 8'Ab} hfbf xfdL r9]sf] df]6/ c:ktfnsf] k|zf;sLo ejgdf
cfOk'lu;s]sf] lyof] . Toxf df]6/ /f]Qmfg/f]Qm} xfdLn] 8f= lbnaxfb'/ g]jf/ / lghsL 5f]/L 8f= ;'hftf
>]i7;u aftlrt ug{ kfof} . rGb|snf g]jf/;u d]/f] lbbLefOsf] ;fOgf] ePsf] / lbbLsf gftfn] legfh' /
efGhL klg xfd|f] 3/df cfpg]hfg] qmd rln/x]sf]n] xfdLdf ;f}xfb{ 5b}lyof] . To;dfly k|b]zdf e]63f6 x'bf
cs}{ cfgGb k}bf x'g] t eOxfNof] . To;}n] Toltv]/sf] 5f]6f] e]63f6df klg nfdf] dfof a]/]/ xfdL lx8]sf
lyof} . Toxfaf6 vf; u/]/ 8f= ;'hftf;usf] aNntNnsf] labfOkl5 xfdL c:ktfnsf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs 8f=
sfsL{sL kTgL zlnGbf sfsL{sxf lrofgf:tfsf] nflu sfsL{ cfjf;u[x k'u]sf lyof} .

22
 xfdL zlnGbfsf] lrofkfgdf e'Nof} tfklg Toltv]/ d]/f] dg c:ktfn]qdf g} lxl8/x]sf] lyof] .
Toxfsf] /dfOnf] b[Zosf] cufl8 d]/f] nflu Tof] lrofgf:tf klg Tolt d"Nosf] x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . jf:tjdf
slxn]sfxL dfG5]sf] dgn] u'lnof]nfO{ klg tLtf] dfGbf] /x]5 / gdL7f]nfO{ klg kl/l:yltn] dL7f] 7fGg'kbf]{
/x]5 . vf; u/]/ To;lbg d]/f] dg / dl:tis c:ktfnsf] k|To]s afo ultljlwdf s]lGb|t x'g k'u]sf] lyof] .
e/tk'/sf] SofG;/ c:ktfnsf] kl/;/ k'Ug]lalQs} c:ktfn]q / sd{rf/L cfjf;u[xsf] ]q d]/f] nflu plQs}
dgf]/~hgsf] ljifo ag]sf] lyof] . lsgeg] c:ktfn]qleqsf] 3/lgdf{0f, ;/;fO / afuau}rfn] d]/f]
dgnfO{ ToxL al;/x" kf/]sf] lyof] . Toxfsf 3/x klg ;a} Ps}gf;l;t 78fOPsf lyP / tL ;a} /fd|f
klg lyP . c:ktfnsf] xftfleqsf cfwf hlt 3/x rLg;/sf/n] agfOlbPsf] /x]5 . rLgf/f agfOPsf
3/x ;]tf] /\udf cfwfl/t lyP eg] g]kfnf/f agfOPsf 3/x /ftf 5fgfsf lyP . t/ tL b'j} k|sf/sf
3/ hh;n] agfP tfklg ;a} 3/x p:t}p:t} lyP . cyjf egf} g]kfnf/f agfOPsf 3/x klg rLgff
agfOPsf } x]l//x" nfUg] vfnsf g} lyP . To;lbg tL 3/x x]/]/ dnfO{ uj{ klg nfu]sf] lyof] . Toxfsf]
jftfj/0f x]/]kl5 g]kfnLx klg slt ;d /x]5g\ eGg] nfu]sf] lyof] / xfd|f] ldq /fi6 rLgn] g]kfnL
hgtfnfO{ s:tf] /fd|f] pkxf/ lbPsf] /x]5 Tof] klg x]g{ kfOof] . sf7df8f}af6 bzf}k6s of] af6f] cf]xf]/bf]xf]/
ubf{ klg e/tk'/sf] SofG;/ c:ktfn x]g{af6 d 7luPsf] /x]5' . OlGb/fn] klg Toltv]/ dnfO{ elg/x]sL
lyOg\ o:tf] /fd|f] 7fp t x]g}{ eg]/ eP klg cfpg'kg]{df xfdL t af6f]df k/]sf] 7fpdf klg cfvf lrDn]/
lx8\bf /x]5f} . ghfGg'eGbf 7"nf] s'/f s] kf] /x]5 t .
SofG;/ c:ktfnsf] 5f]6f] 3'dfOdf b[Zofjnf]sfgfy{ d}n] w]/}kN6 j/k/sf /fd|f/fd|f 3/xlt/ cfvf
3'dfPsf] lyP . To;kl5 xfdL xfd|f] jf;:yfglt/ nfu]sf lyof} . To;lbg rf/ 306f df]6/df Psf]xf]/f] lx8\bf
klg xfdLdf yfs]sf] cg'e"lt 5b}lyPg . xfd|f] ;/;Nnfxadf]lhd To;}lbg laxfg !! aHg'cl3 NofG8q'mh/
OlGb/f / dnfO{ lng 36\6]s'nf] cfPsf] lyof] . jf:tjdf ;f]xLlbg xfdL lrtjgl:yt e/tk'/sf] SofG;/
c:ktfnsf] 5f]6f] kl/qmdfkl5 cltlyu[xdf klg k'u]sf lyof} . c:ktfnsf] cltlyu[x rflx gjnk/f;Lsf]
u}8fsf]6df cjl:yt /x]5 . ck/f0f rf/ ah] cltlyu[xdf xfd|f] k|j]z x'g]lalQs} c:ktfnsf cWo 8f=
'jk|;fb zdf{;u xfd|f] e]6 ePsf] lyof] .
e/tk'/ SofG;/ c:ktfnsf] cltlyu[x gfpsf] cfjf;]q :jod\ Pp6f /d0fLo :yndf cfa4 /x]5 .
gf/fo0fL gbLsf] lsgf/df cjl:yt ;f] cfjf;u[xdf kfOnf /fVg]lalQs} xfdLnfO{ stf xf] stf cTofw'lgs /
ljlzi6 prfOsf] ClifdlGb/ k'u]} nfu]sf] lyof] . To;dfly gbLdf k'u]/ Ps ch'nL kfgL pefPkl5 t
lhGbuLsf] Pp6f ;fgf] 0f g} :juL{o sNkgfdf ufl;Psf] kfOof] . gbLdf k'Ug]lalQs} d}n] d]/f lbj\ut
afa'nufot ;D]hlt d]/f cfGt lkt[xnfO{ hn r9fPsf] lyP . h\un} h\unsf] aLrdf 6fl;Psf]
cfjf;u[xsf] jl/kl/ htf v'6\6f xfn] klg ;Grf] h:tf], pT;fxL h:tf] / pd\uL h:tf] nfUg] uYof]{ .
;fkv gbLdf kfgL 5'g k'Ubf cfjf;u[xsf sfl/Gbf 8Da/axfb'/ k'gn] dnfO{ eg]sf lyP /ft k/]kl5 oxf
af3 -lrt'jf_ kfgL vfg cfpg] u5{g\ . To; ;+jfbn] ]l/ d]/f] dgnfO{ Psflt/ 8/n] xNnfOlbof] eg]
csf{lt/ d]/f] dgleqsf] dhf cfgGbn] do"/ } gfRg yfn]sf] lyof] .

h:tf];'s} ef}lts pGgltnfO{ klg dgsf] cGwljZjf;n] eTsfpg a]/ nfpbf] /x]g5 . h:tf];'s} b'Mv
klg dgn] rfx]g eg] Tof] l6ls/xg ;Qmf] /x]g5 / ;'vnfO{ dgn] u|x0f ug{ ;s]g eg] s/f]8f} ?lkofsf] klg
d"No x'bf] /x]g5 To;} u/L olt /fd|f] 7fpdf d]/f uf]8f rflnP tfklg d]/f] dg rflx SofG;/sf] dxfdf/Ldf
efl:;O/x]sf] lyof] . jf:tjdf ;fg}b]lv d}n] SofG;/ Pp6f lgsf] gx'g] /f]u xf] eGg] s'/f ;'Gb} cfPsf] lyP .
xf], clxn] SofG;/df k|foM s'g} hl6ntf 5}g eG5g\, t/ ;fg}df el/Psf] 8/n] d]/f] dgdf SofG;/ Pp6f
;a}eGbf 8/nfUbf] /f]u aGg k'u]sf] 5 . SofG;/ nfu]kl5 dfG5] afRt}g, ;fg}df d]/f] dgdf efl:;Psf] of]
sLnf] slxNo} xNng ;s]g, slxNo} eflRrg ;s]g / slxNo} k'mSng ;s]g . To;}n] SofG;/ c:ktfnsf]
cltlyu[xdf a;]sf] 0fdf klg d cGwljZjf;sf] l;dv]tdf efl:;O/x]sf] lyP .
u}8fsf]6sf] SofG;/ c:ktfnsf] cltlyu[xdf xfd|f] nflu vfgf / jf;sf] pQd k|aGw lyof] . Toltv]/
laxfga]n'sf gf/fo0fL gbLsf] lsgf/df uP/ 6xNg', 3'Dg' / a:g' csf]{ lal;{g;Sg' /dfOnf] dflgGYof] . dWodf
gbLsf] l8ndfly s';L{ nu]/ n]vfk9L ug'{ xfd|f] nflu csf]{ /dfOnf] sfo{ lyof] . b'O{ lbgsf] a;fOd} xfdL
cltlyu[xj/k/sf 7fpdf klg 3'ld;s]sf lyof} . jNnf]kNnf] 3/, dlGb/ / k;nxdf cfjthfjtsf] qmddf
:yfgLo afl;Gbfxn] xfdLk|lt rf;f] klg /fv]sf lyP . To; qmddf Toxfsf dfG5]sf ;xh k|Zg klg d]/f]
nflu c;xh eP . Toxfsf dfG5]n] kl/rosf] qmddf dnfO{ ;f]w]sf lyP sxf a:g'ePsf] 5 < pm k/
c:ktfnsf] cltlyu[xdf a;]sf] 5' d pQ/ ofSg] uy]{+ . SofG;/df < ]l/ k|Zg ah|GYof] . pQ/sf]
qmddf c eGbfgeGb} tL ;+jfbn] d]/f] dg 9Ss k'mNYof] . u}8fsf]6df k'u]kl5sf] PsPs 0fn] ;\u|x u/]/
/fv]sf] /dfOnf]nfO{ To:tf ;+jfbn] jf/+jf/ layf]lnlbg] uYof]{ . jf:tjdf SofG;/ eGg] /f]usf] pkrf/ ;'ne
5 egL d}n] hlt;'s} a']sf] eP klg of] zAb ;'Gb}df d /Gylgg k'Uy] . d]/f] efjgfdf afNosfnb]lv afr]sf]
To; zAbnfO{ d}n] d]/f] dgaf6 hlt ofSg vf]h] tfklg To; dfdnfdf d slxn] klg ;n x'g ;lsg .

23
To;}n] ToxL ljifo dgdf v]nfP/ Toltv]/ d /fd|f] / g/fd|f] cy{df 8'a'NsL dfl//x]sf] lyP . jf:tjdf
hLjgdf oL ;Dk"0f{ s'/f ldl;P/ g} lbgkl5 /ft cfp5 / /ftkl5 lbg cfp5 eGg] nfUg yfNof] . To;
cltlyu[xsf] klg /fd|f]kl5 g/fd|f] / g/fd|f]kl5 /fd|f] cfpg] sNkgfn] dnfO{ jf/+jf/ ;'D;'DofO/of] . olt
x'bfx'b} klg SofG;/ c:ktfnsf] kl/;/ / SofG;/ cltlyu[xsf] ]q d]/f] dgdf al;/of] / Tof] 7fp d]/f
cfvfaf6 slxNo} gwf]Og] uf9f c} uf9f clg g\g} uf9f eO{ c\lst eO/of] .
u}8fsf]6df e]6\6fOPsf tLtfdL7f ;+:d/0f af]s]/ d}n] d]/L lk|of OlGb/fnfO{ cl3 nufP . To;kl5 xfdL
e/tk'/ cfof} / Toxfaf6 a; r9]/ e}/xjf k'Uof} . e}/xjfdf xfdLnfO{ kv]{/ /0faxfb'/ zfx al;/x]sf lyP .
zfxsf] xfdLk|ltsf] :g]xnfO{ dgleq kf]sf] kfb}{ OlGb/f / d zfxlgjf; k'u]sf lyof} .
ul/df -sflQs @)^)_

)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

k"jf{~rnLo lzv/x
cfh laxfg} OlGb/fsf] d'xf/ dlng b]lvof] . d klg dg gnfuL dg gnfuL lj/f6gu/ hfg] t/v/df
lyP . jf:tjdf sxL st} 3'Dg hfbf dnfO{ To:tf] lg/fzf k|foM x'b}gYof], t/ cfh lsg xf] s'lGg laxfg}b]lv
d]/f] z/L/ To;}To;} ef/L eO/x]sf] lyof] .
laxfg} s~rgh\3fn] klg dnfO{ cufnf] dfl//of] . 5f]/fsf] cflTds Jojxf/n] ]l/ d]/f] dg g}
s:tf]s:tf] eO/of] . cyjf egf} To;38L dnfO{ dL7f] / tLtf] Ps}rf]l6 vfPh:tf] nfUof] . Psl5gkl5
:s"n hfg] j]nfdf s~rgh\3fn] ]l/ dnfO{ ;dfof] / d]/f] ufnfdf / cf]7df DjfO vfof] . To; 0fsf]
p;sf] Jojxf/df d]/f] d'v df}g lyof], t/ d]/f 5ftL / cfvf af]ln/x]sf lyP . To;38L 5f]/fsf cfvfdf klg
l;dl;d] kfgL lyof] .
d ljdfg:yn lx8\g] t/v/df lyP . OlGb/f ;'s;'sfO/x]sL lyOg\ . To;j]nf d]/f] sn]hLsf kqx
klg qmdzM pwfl/g] qmddf lyP . OlGb/f df}gtfdf g} ljjn b]lvlGyg\ . dfgf} Toxf Ps hf]8L k|]dL /
k|]ldsfsf] la5f]8sf] ?bg lyof], dfld{s Joyf lyof] / cgdf]n ;do lyof] . OlGb/f;u c\sdfn ubf{gub}{
aflx/ d}n] 8fOe/ cfPsf] ;"rgf kfP bfO nf]sdfgl;+x sfsL{sf] ;f}hGodf dnfO{ ljdfg:yn k'ofpg df]6/
cfO;s]sf] /x]5 .
lgs]ltsf, ;\ud, ch'{g / gf/fo0f klg d;u} df]6/df r9]sf lyP . ljdfg:ynsf] sfpG6/df k'u]kl5
lgs]ltsfnfO{ d}n] ;f]w]sf] lyP ca afO; lbgdf d s{G5' To; j]nf;Dd ltdLn] s] ug'{k5{ < d]/f]
k|Zgdf 5f]/L lgs]ltsf af]n]sL lyO{ cflQP/ nl8;s] s07fu| u5'{ . xf]Og 5f]/L Tolt dfq xf]Og ltdLn]
bLks h\ud bfO / Go" jh|frfo{ efO;u ;\uLt l;ls;Sg' klg k5{ . d]/f] cfb]zdf 5f]/Ln] ;xif{
:jLs[ltsf] d'G6f] xNnfPsL lyO{ . clg ;a};u labfaf/L lnO{ d ljdfg:ynsf] k|f\u0fdf k'u]sf] lyP .
Toltv]/ d dgdg} lgs]ltsfn] dg k/fPsf] d]/f] uLt u'gu'gfpb} lyP
cflQP/ nl8;s] tntn} l/;s]
ltd|f] tfkdf knkn leqleq} dl/;s] .
d}n] @)%% ;fn d\;L/ @! ut] ;f]djf/ a'4 Po/df klxnf]kN6 v'6\6f xfn]sf] lyP . d}n] a'4 Po/sf]
lgs} rrf{ ;'lg;s]s} lyP . a'4 Po/sf] Tof] ljdfg gof, l56f] lx8\g] / cf/fdbfoL 5 eGg] xNnf d}n]
;'lg;s]sf] lyP / To;j]nf klg d]/f sfgdf ltg} s'/f u'gu'g ul//x]sf]n] d slNk/x]sf] lyP .
d ljdfgsf] eof pSn]/ leq k;] ;fu'/f] 7fpdf Pp6f s';L{ /flvPsf] /x]5 . To; l;6df dfG5]
al;/x]sf lyP . dnfO{ nfUof] of] Soflag xf] . To;kl5 clns k5fl8 uP . Toxf klg To:t} 7fp ;fu'/f] b]v]
/ Toxf klg ofqL al;/x]sf lyP . jf:tjdf cToGt} ;fgf] rf}8fO ePsf] ;f] ljdfgdf b'j} ofnlt/
Pp6fPp6f l;6 /x]5g\ . 7fp ;fu'/f] eP tfklg dnfO{ /dfOnf] nfUof] . jf:tjdf To; ljdfgsf] afo efu
h:t} leqL efu klg cToGt} nf]enfUbf] b]lvGYof] . Tof] ljdfg Pp6f nfdf] ;f]tf]sf] 5]p5fpdf s';L{ /fv]h:t}
nfUof] . jf:tjdf Tof] ljdfg lrl6Ss k/]sf] lyof] .
o; ofqfdf d}n] 68\sf/f] kdf lxdfnosf b[Zox cf/fd;fy x]g{ klg kfP . G8} cfwf 306fsf]
cfsfz] ofqfdf d}n] g]kfnsf cgluGtL k"jf{~rnLo lzv/x rflx b]v] t/ d}n] vf; u/L uf}/Lz\s/,
;u/dfyf, s~rgh\3f / s'Des0f{nfO{ dfq lrg]sf] lyP . To;}n] d}n] y'k|} lxdlzv/x/nfO{ s]nfO/x] tfklg
oL rf/ lzv/x;u eg] d dhf dflg/x]sf] lyP . clg ;u/dfyfsf] t'ngfdf d]/f] cfg} s'Des0f{ /
s~hgh\3f dfq dnfO{ vf; u/L nf]EofO/x]sf lyP . jf:tjdf lxdfnsf jf/kf/sf tL f[\vnfxdWo] d
s'Des0f{ / s~rh\3f;u dfq ;'kl/lrt lyP .

24
 lxdfnosf] ;jf{\uL0f b[Zo x]/]sf] s]xL ;do;Dd s'Des0f{nfO{ d]/f cfvf 7Dofpg] k|of; ul//x]sf
lyP . To; b[Zodf d kfyLe/fsL b]jL vf]lh/x]sf] lyP . To;j]nf kfyLe/fsL b]jL5]p5fpsf 8f8fx e]6\g
d]/f cfvfx tlGs/x]sf lyP . To;f] t d}n] kRrL; jif{cl3b]lv g} kfyLe/fsL b]jL b]Vg 5f8]sf] lyP .
To;j]nf s'Des0f{df cfvf k'Ug'eGbfcufl8 s~rgh\3f / s'Des0f{nfO{ l;/fgL ag]sf] lgs} 7"nf] kxf8
kfyLe/fsf] b[Zo gx]/]sf] d]/f] lbg x'b}gYof] . t/ cfsfz] dfu{, Tof] klg s}of} 6f9faf6 kfyLe/fsf] 8f8f b]Vg'
;Dej klg lyPg . To;}n] d]/f cfvfsf gfgLx Psf]xf]/f] s'Des0f{df g} 7f]lSsO/x]sf lyP, t/ cGtlt/
t'jfnf]n] To;nfO{ klg qmdzM 9fSg] k|of; ul//x]sf] lyof] . s]xL ldg]6kl5 hxfhn] lj/f6gu/sf]
ljdfg:ynnfO{ s'lNr klg xfNof] . lj/f6gu/sf] Gofgf] e'O 6]s]/ d sfpG6/lt/ al9/x]sf] lyP .
hg/n e"kfndfgl;+x sfsL{sf] lgb]{zgn] aGw'lgjf;af6 dnfO{ lng ljdfg:yndf df]6/;lxt
nfnaxfb'/ a:g]t cfOk'u]sf /x]5g\ . aGw'lgjf;df hutaGw' bfO / c~h' efph"sf] ;f}xfb{sf] cfltYo klg
kfOof] . aGw'lgjf;sL efG;fclws[t lji0f'dfof a:g]tsf] d]hdfgn] To; 3/df kfx'gfkf;fx dSv gkg]{ s'/}
lyPg . Tolt dfq xf]Og To;lbg d}n] hutaGw' bfOsf] /fhgLlts hLjgsf] s]xL efu klg e]6]sf] lyP .
cyjf To;lbg d}n] hutaGw' bfO / c~h' efph"af6 hutaGw' bfOsf] hLjgsf ljljw 36gf ;'Gg kfPsf]
lyP . tLdWo] Pp6f k|;\usf] pNn]v oxf ug{ dnfO{ dg nfu]sf] 5 .
@)#% ;fnlt/sf] s'/f /x]5 . To;j]nf hutaGw' sfsL{ lj/f6gu/ gu/k~rfotsf] j8fgDa/ b'O{sf
cWo /x]5g\ . To;avtsf] cfgf] hglk|otfn] ubf{ pgL k|wfgk~rdf p7\g] ePsf /x]5g\ . To;j]nf
hutaGw' bfOsf ;fy} eQmaxfb'/ yfkfn] klg cfgf] gfp k|wfgk~rdf btf{ u/fPsf /x]5g\ . clg yfkfn]
rflx dft[sf afa'nfO{ eg]5g\ tkfO{+sf] r'gfpsf] nflu d bf}8w'k u5'{, t/ hutaGw'nfO{ cfgf] gfp ltf{
u/fOlbg'xf];\ . ;f]xLadf]lhd dft[sf afa'n] klg hutaGw' bfOnfO{ eg]sf /x]5g\ d}n] lht] eg] d
k|wfgdGqL algxfN5' / d ltdLnfO{ dfggLo agfp5' clxn] ltdL rflx k|wfgk~rdf gp7 . gfp ltf{
n]pm . dft[sf afa'sf] ;Nnfx / cg'/f]wdf hutaGw' bfOn] gfp ltf{ lnP5g\ . eQmaxfb'/ k|wfgk~r
eP5g\ / dft[sf afa'n] klg /fli6o k~rfotsf] ;b:odf lht]5g\, t/ To;avt k|wfgdGqL rflx ;"o{axfb'/
yfkf eP5g\ .
hutaGw' bfOnfO{ d}n] o; ljifosf] ljZn]if0f ub}{ eg]sf] lyP >L % dxf/fhflw/fhaf6 dft[sf
afa'nfO{ k|wfgdGqL lgufx x'g] lyof] Sof/] t/ d hgtfaf6 lht]/ cfp5' eg]/ pgn] cfg' 5bfvfb}sf]
/fli6o k~rfotsf dgf]gLt dfggLo kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbP/ cfP . To;}n] @)#^ ;fndf /fli6o k~rfotsf
dgf]gLt dfggLo ;"o{axfb'/ yfkf g} k|wfgdGqL eP . d]/f] Tof] s'/f hutaGw' bfOn] klg :jLsf/]sf lyP .
aGw'lgjf;df a:tf /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / Jofjxfl/s s'/fx k|foM eO/xg] u5{g\, t/ d rflx
slxn]sfxL PsfGt 7fpdf uP/ klg k9\g, n]Vg / ;f]Rg dg k/fpg] u5'{ . To;}n] d]/} df{O;df dsnfn
sfsL{n] Toxf PsfGt sf]7fdf g} d]/f] a:g] k|aGw ldnfPsf lyP .

clxn] d aGw'lgjf;sf] t];|f] tnfsf] ;a}eGbf bl0fsf] sf]7fdf al;/x]sf] 5' . oxL d]/f] Pp6f ;fgf]
sf]7f 5 . o; sf]7fdf a;]/, o;} sf]7fdf ;'t]/ / o; sf]7fd} p7]/ d OlGb/fnfO{ g} ;lD/x]sf] 5', lsgeg]
cfheGbf 7Ls b'O{ jif{cufl8 OlGb/f / d aGw'lgjf;df s/La 8]8 dxLgf a;]sf lyof} . To;j]nf OlGb/f
a;]sf] sf]7f, vf6, s';L{, 6]a'n ;a} log} lyP . clg o;} sf]7fdf a;]/ OlGb/fn] ljZjfldq pkGof; ;'? /
;dfKt u/]sL lyOg\ .
To;j]nf OlGb/f o; sf]7fdf a;]/ slt /dfPsL lyOg\ / o; sf]7fd} a;]/ slt f]qmfPsL lyOg\ clg
/f]PsL klg lyOg\ . ltgn] To;j]nf o; sf]7fdf a;]/ h]h] u/]sL lyOg\ cfh d 7Ls ToxLToxL ul//x]sf] 5' .
cfh d}n] vfln OlGb/fn] } ljZjfldq rflx n]Vg ;lsg, t/ cfh d o;} sf]7faf6 s]xL ;flxTosf/xnfO{
OlGb/fsf] ljZjfldq eg] afl8/x]sf] 5' .
3'o]qf] -@)%% k";, df3_

)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

/]nsf] /dfOnf]
d}n] ;j{k|yd @)@( ;fndf /]n r9\g] cj;/ kfPsf] lyP . Toltv]/ dx]Gb|/fhdfu{ alg;s]sf] lyPg
To;}n] sf7df8f}af6 fkf hfg xjfO{hxfh r9\g'kYof]{ cyjf /]n g} r9\g'kYof]{ . To;} qmddf d]/f bfh'
uf]kfns[i0f k|;fO{sf] g]t[Tjdf To;j]nf hf8f]sf] 5'6\6Ldf d klg fkf hfg eg]/ sf7df8f}af6 jL/u~h x'b}
/S;f}n k'u]sf] lyP . To;;do uf]kfn bfOs} ;+/0fdf d]/f elth sgs / lghsL kTgL OGb|f0fLnufot
;'dg, ;Ltf / d /S;f}naf6 /]n r9]/ unulnof;Dd k'u]sf lyof} . To; j]nfsf] /]nofqfs} ]/f]df

25
uf]kfns[i0f bfOn] d]/f] 7f8f] / ckl/is[t af]nLrfnL ;'wfg'{kg]{ ;Nnfx dnfO{ lbPsf lyP . d h:tf]
p/G7]pnf], v/f] / cfk'mnfO{ cfg} dgsf s'a]/ 7fGg] cNnf/]sf] nflu To; j]nfsf uf]kfns[i0f k|;fO{ eGg'
Pp6f kyk|bz{s g} dflgGy] . jf:tjdf d}n] 5f]6f] ;dodf klg ;Eotf, u'0f / lzi6tfsf] nfdf] kf7 Toltj]nf
uf]kfn bfOaf6 g} klg k9]sf] lyP . To;}sf/0f klg d}n] uf]kfns[i0f k|;fO{nfO{ ;w} d]/f Pp6f k|]/s
JolQmTjsf kdf klg u|x0f u]sf] 5' .
/]n r9\g] k|;\usf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] fkf hfg] ;Gbe{afx]ssf ljleGg ;doxdf klg d]/f]
/]nofqfsf 0fx eO/x] . /]n r9\g'sf] /dfOnf]n] ubf{ d}n] ljleGg ;dodf /]nf/f ef/tsf ljljw 7fp
3'Dg kfPsf] klg 5' . /]n r9\g'sf] ;a}eGbf /dfOnf] t cfk'mcfk'm ldn]/ s]xL bnan;lxt Pp6f ay{df a:g'
g} xf] eGg] d}n] cg'ej u/]sf] 5' . o;/L kfr;fthgfsf] Pp6f ;fgf] ;d"xf/f g} /]nofqf ug]{ xf] eg] lgs}
/dfOnf] klg x'bf] /x]5 .
/]n r9\g] /x/eGbf klg sfdljz]ifn] ]l/ @)%( ;fnsf] c;f]h !* ut]sf] Psflaxfg} OlGb/f,
cg's[ltsf / d sf7df8f}af6 lg:s]sf lyof} . To;} qmddf xfdL e}/xjf x'b} ef/tsf] pQ/k|b]zl:yt
uf]/vk'/lt/ nfu]sf lyof} . Toltv]/ xfdLn] uf]/vk'/ h\zgaf6 lqa]Gb|d\;Dd k'Ug] /]n r9]sf lyof} .
To;j]nf xfd|f] Pp6f dfq p2]Zo blIf0fef/tsf] tfldngf8'l:yt r]GgfO{df cWoog/t 5f]/f] s~rgh\3fnfO{
e]6\g' g} lyof] .

OlGb/f uf]/vk'/df /flt !@ ah] ;'t]/ laxfg tLg ah] g} p7]sL lyOg\, tfGt' klg To;}j]nf p7]sL
lyOg\ / d klg bzkG ldg]6kl5 p7]sf] lyP . uf]/vk'/sf] :6fG88{ xf]6ndf tLg 306f ;'lt;Sbf klg d]/f]
6fpsf] b'v]sf] b'v]s} lyof] . laxfg OlGb/f p7\tf klg d l;6fdf]n vfP/ lgwf/df leS; bln/x]sf] lyP .
xfdL laxfgLsf] kfr ah]cl3 g} /]nsf] l8Aafdf k'lu;s]sf lyof} . /]nleq k;]/ l;6df a:tfga:t}
cg's[ltsf af]n]sL lyOg\ sqfsqf l;6 Toltv]/ d}n] pgsf] ;+jfbnfO{ k|To'Q/ lbPsf] lyP a;sf b'O{
l;6 a/fa/ /]nsf] Ps l;6 x'G5 . xfdL /]n r9]sf] s]xL ;dokl5 /]nn] klg cfgf] ult lng yfn]sf]
lyof] . /]n ;':t/L lx8\g yfn]s} j]nf 5f]/L cg's[ltsfn] eg]sL lyOg\ Kn]g lx8\bf klg yfxf kfOG5, df]6/
lx8\bf klg :6f6{ ePsf] ;'lgG5 t/ 6]g t lx8]sf] yfxf g} gkfOg], crDd To;f] t cg's[ltsfn] To;eGbf
clu klg /]n r9]sL lyOg\ .
xfdL r9]sf] /]n la:tf/}la:tf/} lx8\b} qmdzM hf]8tf]8sf ;fy xflsO/x]sf] lyof] . Toltv]/ ofnaf6
aflx/ x]bf{ s]xL dfG5] cfgf]cufl8 Pp6f nf]6f /fv]/ e'Olt/ x]/]/ a;]sf b]lvGy] . To:tf b[Zo x]/]/
cg's[ltsf ]l/ af]n]sL lyOg\ logLxsf] 3/df zf}rfno 5}g ls s] xf] < To:tf gf\uf b[Zox /]n
bf}l8/xbf klg xfdLn] b'O{ 306f hlt b]v]sf lyof} . sxLsxL t tLghgf dfG5] tLglt/ s]{/ a;]sf klg
b]lvGy] . Toltv]/ pgLxsf] u'bf/n] Pscsf{sf] u'bf/sf] cjnf]sg u/]sf] } b]lvGYof] . jf:tjdf To:tf
b[ZoxnfO{ d]/f] dgn] klg krfpg] ;fx; u/]sf] lyPg . uf]/vk'/af6 lx8]b]lv g} laxfgLsf] :jR5
xfjf;u;u} xfd|f cfvfxn] To:tf cZnLn b[Zox klg clgjfo{ kdf cjnf]sg ug'{kl//x]sf] lyof] .
nvgp gk'u'Gh]n To:tf b[Zox cfSsne'mSsn cfO/xGy] . bz alh;s]kl5 xfdL r9]sf] /]n nvgp k'u]sf]
lyof] .
nvgpdf s]xL a]/sf] lj>fdkl5 /]n ]l/ cfg} w"gdf s]lGb|t x'g yfNof] . To;kl5 xfdL cyf{t\
OlGb/f, cg's[ltsf / d klg uufdf hf]l:;O/x]sf lyof} . dWofgsf] vfgkfg ;s]kl5 rflx OlGb/fn]
;'Tg] cfzo JoQm ul/g\ . ;fy} cg's[ltsfn] klg /]ndf ;'Tg'sf] dhfdf cfk'mnfO{ ;dflxt ug]{ tTsfn} of]hgf
agfOg\ . xfdL tLghgfs} ;Nnfxadf]lhd cfdf5f]/L rflx ;'Tg cfcfgf l:nk/df rl9 klg xfn] .
dflyNnf]kl6\6sf] Psflt/sf] l:nk/df OlGb/f d:tn] lgbfPsL lyOg\, csf{lt/sf] l:nk/df cg's[ltsf
lgbfPsL lyOg\ . OlGb/fnfO{ rflx ;'Tg kfP k'luxfN5 . pgL ;'t]kl5 Ps} l5gdf 3'g{ klg yflnxflN5g\ .
To;j]nf Toxf h:tf];'s} xf]xNnf eP tfklg OlGb/fnfO{ Tolt;f/f] /s kb}{g . To;dfly To;38L P;
f]/sf] ;f] l8Aafdf xfdL cToGt} zflGtdo l:yltdf lyof} . lsgeg] To;j]nf To; l8Aafdf xfdL tLghgf
dfq} lyof} .
OlGb/f / cg's[ltsf lgbfP tfklg d ofnaf6 b]lvg] ;'g;fgsf f6x x]/]/ al;/x]sf] x'Gy] .
Toltv]/ d cfk'm;u af]Ng] dfG5] ge]6]/ 3l/3l/ 9f]sfdf hfGy] / la:tf/} 6fpsf] lgsfn]/ aflx/kl6\6 x]y]{+ .
v]tLkftLsf] /dddf 3l/3l/ d cfk'mnfO{ e'nfpg] klg uy]{+ . /]nsf] 9f]sfaf6 6fpsf] aflx/kl6\6 lgsfn]/
x]bf{ j]nf df}sfdf /]nsf] jf/kf/ b]lvg] klg uYof]{ . To;dfly clns 3'DtL ePsf] 7fpdf To;/L x]bf{ /]n ;k{
lx8]sf] } ;nnn au]sf] b]lvGYof] . xfdL r9]sf] /]n clt nfdf] klg lyof] . 9f]sfdf pleP/ x]bf{ k5fl8kl6\6
klg lgs} nfdf /]nsf l8Aaf b]Vy] / cufl8 klg Tolt g} nfdf l8Aaf b]Vy] . o; lx;fadf xfdL /]nsf] aLr
efult/ a;]sf lyof} . /]nsf] To; b[Zon] dnfO{ /dfOnf] klg nfUg] uYof]{ . To;} /dfOnf]df afl6bfafl6b} d
3l/3l/ s~rgh\3fnfO{ ;Dg k'Uy] . clg d]/f] 5ftLel/ 5f]/fsf] ;Dgfn] Ps}rf]l6 cfwLx'/L d8fl/g
26
yfNYof] . To;} qmddf sf7df8f}af6 lx8\g'cl3Nnf] lbg OlGb/fn] s~rgh\3fsf] Od]n k9]/ dnfO{ ;'gfPsf] d
;DGy] d clt efUodfgL 5f]/f] /x]5' h;nfO{ e]6\g b;}df d]/f cfdfa'afx r]GgfO{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ .
sfgk'/ k'u]kl5 xfdL r9]sf] ay{df b'O{ aRrf;lxt Ps bDktL ylkof] . pgLx klg k|foM lgbfO/x]sf
x'Gy] . d kfn}kfnf] pgLxsf cg'xf/df klg b[li6 lbg k'Uy] . cf7hgfsf] dtf ePsf] ay{df gfgL s]6fs]6L
hf]8\bf Toltv]/ xfdL ;fthgf ofqL ePsf lyof} . x'gt uf]/vk'/af6 sfgk'/;Dd oL l8Aafleq xfdL
tLghgf dfq} lyof}, t/ sfgk'/af6 tL rf/hgf klg xfd|f] ay{sf vfnL l;6xdf cfa4 x'g k'u] . pgLx
/]nsf] l8Aafleq k:b}b]lv pgLxk|lt d]/f] efjgfdf rflx t'jfnf] nfu]sf] lyof] . lsgeg] pgLxn] ;'?d}
f]x/df a;]/ esfes h]/Lt/sf/L vfPsf] d}n] b]lv;s]sf] lyP . Toxf pgLxsf] f]x/L z}nLn] dnfO{ jfSs
agfPsf] lyof] . To;}n] d}n] pgLxnfO{ O\lut ub}{ ;f/} f]x/L /x]5g\ eGg] zAb cf]sn]sf] lyP . Toltv]/
l:nk/af6 p7]/ OlGb/f af]n]sL lyOg\ s]6fs]6Lx ePkl5 o:t} x'G5 . d]/f] ljrf/df rflx pgLxsf]
:jefj} f]x/L lyof] . s]6fs]6L eP klg Tolt crfSnL t x'b}g lg eGg] d]/f] wf/0ff lyof] .
d}n] f]x/L 7x/fPsfdWo] k|d'v dfG5] rflx cfk'm gfuk'/df hfuL/] 5' eGYof] . vf]O p;sf] s:tf]
hfuL/ lyof] p;sf] ;fdflhs lzi6tf eg] k'm6]sf] sf}8Lhltsf] klg lyPg h:tf] dnfO{ nfUof] . /]n
r9\g]lalQs} p;n] cfgf] leh]sf] s6\6' klg d]/f] l;6dfly ;'sfPsf] lyof] . atf;n] Tof] s6\6' f/]sf] eP
d]/} 6fpsf]df klg kg{ ;SYof] . To;n] leqL uGhL klg To;} u/L ;'sfPsf] lyof] . Toltv]/ d}n] sNkgf u/]sf]
lyP o;sL :jf:gLn] klg s6\6' nfpg] u/]sL eP o;} uyL{ xf]nL . p klg lgbfpgs} nflu hGd]sf] h:tf]
lyof] . p;sL :jf:gL klg cfsfzlt/ x]/]/ jfjf ub}{ lyO{ . To;j]nf d cfgf cfvfx p;sL :jf:gLsf]
5ftLaf6 cGt} a6fg{ vf]Hy] . t/ k|foM e'mlSsP/} eP klg 3l/3l/ d]/f] cfvf p;s} :jf:gLsf 5ftLdf g}
7f]lsg k'Uy] . jf:tjdf cfgf] z/L/ sk8fn] 9fSg klg Tof] cfOdfO{ ;d lyOg . pgLxsf cf7bz jif{sf
b'O6f 5f]/f klg k|foM lgbfPsf g} x'Gy] . To;}n] Toltv]/ cToGt} ultzLn kdf lxl8/x]sf] /]n klg d]/f]
nflu z"Go nfUYof] .
p/fO{df k'u]kl5 OlGb/f pl7g\ / To;kl5 d klg ;'Tg dflyNnf] l:nk/df r9] . uf]/vk'/df cl3Nnf]
/flt lgb|f gk'u]/ d klg lbp;} ;'Tg dfly r9]sf] lyP . t/ Toltv]/ d lgbfpg nfUbfgnfUb} 6L6L l6s6
r]s ug{ xfd|f] ay{df cfPsf] lyof] . To;j]nf OlGb/fsf] sf]6fOn] d h'?Ss} p7]sf] lyP . To;kl5 d}n]
bf]xf]ofP/ ;'Tg] s'/f klg ePg / dnfO{ lgb|f nfUg] s'/f klg ePg . d}n] k'gM ;'Tg c;dy{tf hgfPkl5
OlGb/f ;'Tg ]l/ dflyNnf] l:nk/df r9]sL lyOg\ . jf:tjdf Toltv]/ xfdL kfnf] afw]/ ;'Tg] uYof}{+ .
/]nofqfsf] s'/f] ug]{ xf] eg] OlGb/f ;'t]/ / k9]/ slxn] klg c3fplbglyg\ g} eg] klg x'G5 .
o;kflnsf] ofqfdf klg pgsf xftdf 8f= xl/j+z /fo aRrgsf] cfTdsyf lyof] . pgL Tof] lstfa k9]/
j]nfj]nfdf tfGt'nfO{ of] nfOg k9 t elGyg\ / j]nfj]nf To; lstfaleqsf /f]rs ;To, tYo / cGo
syfx dnfO{ klg ;'gfpg] uly{g\ .
ef/tsf nfdf /]nofqfdWo] zfob uf]/vk'/b]lv r]GgfO{;Ddsf] ofqf klg Ps xf]nf . /fKtL PS;k|];
n]lvPsf] of] /]n g} ef/tsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] af6f] -lqa]Gb|d\;Dd_ hfg] /]n xf] eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . olt nfdf]
af6f]sf] /]n r9\bf h'g;'s} dfG5]nfO{ klg /dfOnf] nfUg ;S5 . lsgeg] o:tf] ofqfdf ljleGg k|sf/sf dfG5]
e]l6G5g\ / ljleGg k|sf/sf 7fp b]lvG5g\ . /]nleq k;]kl5 slthgf;u ldqtf ufl;G5, cfTdLotfk"0f{
Jojxf/sf] cfbfgk|bfg x'G5 / Pscsf{;u 3lgi7tf x'bf 7]ufgfsf] cfbfgk|bfg klg x'G5 . Tolt dfq xf]Og
Pscsf{df vfgkfgsf] cfbfgk|bfg klg x'g] u5{ . t/ /]naf6 cf]n]{kl5 To;/L e]l6Psf / cfTdLotf afl8Psf
dfG5]nfO{ ToxL la;{g'kg]{ klg x'bf] /x]5 . of] a]xf]/f ofqfsf] lj8Dagfk"0f{ lgolt /x]5 . /]nofqfdf o:tf] /Lt
;fdfGotof rln g} /xg] /x]5 . nfdfnfdf ofqfx o;/L g} rln/xbf /x]5g\ .
/]nleq lxh8fxsf] eL8n] klg csf]{ /dfOnf]sf] ;f]tf] vf]lnbf] /x]5 . lxh8fx lbp;f]sf] ofqfdf
ofqLsf l;6l;6df k|foM cfO/xbf /x]5g\ . nf]Ug]dfG5]nfO{ ;'D;'Dofpg' pgLx cfgf] st{Jo 7fGbf /x]5g\ .
pgLxnfO{ k};f glbbf jf rf/ cfgf, cf7 cfgf k};f dfq lbbf klg cZnLn zAb vfd]/ dgk/L ufnL ubf{
/x]5g\ . k};f gkfpbfsf] avtdf t]/f] 3/ v/fgL xf];\ eg]/ ;/fKg] t pgLxsf] y]uf] g} x'bf] /x]5 . k};f
dfu]/ cfgf] sfd ;lsPkl5 pgLxdWo] gf/LTjsf] :jkaf6 jl~rt t/ cfk'mnfO{ :jf:gLdfG5] b]vfpg
g?rfpg] lxh8fx rflx zf}rfno k:tf /x]5g\ . Toxf uP/ ;f/L ]/]/ n'\uL nufpg], rf]nf] ]/]/ ;6{
nufpg], cf]7sf nfnL k'5\g] / 5ftLaf6 b'O6} an lgsfn]/ f]nfdf /fVg] pgLxsf] sfd x'bf] /x]5 .
pgLxsf] Tof] rl/q b]v]/ dnfO{ crDd nfu]sf] lyof] . clg pgLxsf] Tof] /x:o d}n] a]Unfa]Un} t/Lsfn]
OlGb/f / cg's[ltsfnfO{ klg atfPsf] lyP .

dnfO{ /]n r9\g'sf] csf]{ dhf s] lyof] eg] /ft k/]kl5 lgb|f klg /fd|/L nfUbf] /x]5 . /flt j]nfj]nf
8f8f 8'8' / v8f v'8' u/]sf] cfjfhn] s]xL :s] klg ]l/ lgbfOxfNg] k|j[lQ g} d]/f] nflu
dhfsf] s'/f] lyof] . To;}n] laxfg p7\g]lalQs} d OlGb/fnfO{ eGy] s:tf] lgb|f nfu]sf] xf] s'lGg sf]qmfdf

27
lzz' lgbfpg' / /]ndf jo:s lgbfpg' dnfO{ p:t}p:t} nfUof] . o:tf] xf]xNnfsf] ofqfdf klg ;kgf b]Vg klg
k'u]5' . lgb|fs} s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] cg's[ltsf a]n'sf bz ah] ;'lTyg\ eg] laxfg cf7 ah] dfq p7\g] uly{g\ .
x'gt cl3Nnf] r/0fdf xfdL r]GgfO{ hfbf s~rgh\3f klg To;/L g} lgbfpYof] . p;nfO{ klg lgb|f To:t}
lk|o nfU5 .
To;f] t o;eGbf cl3Nnf k6sxdf ofqf ubf{ d olt /fd|/L lgbfpg ;lQmgy] . lbp;f] Tolt lgb|f
nfUb}g t}klg d lbp;f] l;ltldlt ;'lTbg . efUodf gn]lvPkl5 ;'Tg dg nfUb}g, ltdLnfO{ cfgf] nflu eg]
;do x'b}g, lbp;f] vfgf vfPkl5 Ps}l5g eP klg kN6g'k5{ eg]/ dnfO{ OlGb/f jf/+jf/ eGg] uly{g\ . dnfO{
lbp;f] ;'Tbf w]/} sfd lat]h:tf] nfUYof] . cfgf] afgLn] ubf{ g} cl3Nnf]kN6 r]GgfO{ hfbf klg /]ndf dnfO{
lbp;f] lgb|} nfu]g . /ftsf] vfgfkl5 ;a} ;'Tg nfu]kl5 d klg tNnf] ay{df cf]5fg nufP/ lgbfpg]
k|oTgdf nfUy] . rsdGg cGwsf/n] JofKt /ftsf] ;dodf /]n eg] j]nfj]nfdf l;6L ahfpb} bf}l8/x]sf]
x'GYof] . j]nfj]nf v8fv8fsf] cfjfh cfpgf;fy d h'?Ss p7]/ ofnaf6 aflx/ x]g{ nfUy] . Toltv]/
d p7]kl5 k|foM s~rgh\3f klg p7]/ d;u ;f/ ldnfpYof] . To; r/0fdf /]naflx/ x]bf{ htftt} cGwsf/}
cGwsf/ x'GYof] st} s'g} lah'nLaQL k'u]sf] ufp eP o;f] aQLsf] Nofse'mn's b]lvGYof], gq cGwsf/ dfq
e]6\l6GYof] . o:tf] cGwsf/df /]nn] cfgf] af6f] s;/L b]V5 xf]nf af6f] la/fP/ /]n lnuaf6 cf]n]{/ v]tlt/
kf] hfg] xf] ls oqf] 7"nf] / nfdf] nfd} nfdn] ag]sf] /]n Tolt ;fgf b'O6f nfdsf kftfdf ;'/]nL v]Nb}
lx8]sf] 5, x] eujfg\ xfd|f] ofqf t ;n xf]nf < To;38L dnfO{ /]nn] lnu 5f]8\5 ls eGg] z\sf /
pkz\sfn] a]g{ yfNYof] . jf:tjdf ;'?;'?df d /]ndf lglZrGt eP/ /flt lgbfpg ;lQmgy] . t/ cfgf
;xofqLx lgl:qmL;fy ;'t]sf] b]Vbf d dfq} lsg lrGtfn] lk/f]lng] eg]/ d cfk'mnfO{ klg a]lqm kfg{
vf]Hy] . x'g klg d]/f] eo eg]sf] d[To'sf] eo xf], b'3{6gfsf] eo xf] . s] Tof] eo cfhsf] ;+;f/df /]nofqfdf
dfq} 5 / < lxhf]cfh t xfd|f kfOnfkfOnf / 0f0f ;Defljt b'3{6gfsf] ;fdgf ul//x]s} x'G5g\ . To;}n]
d}n] /]nofqfsf] qmddf cfk'mleq pAh]sf efjgfsf t/\unfO{ cf}n] x/0f u/]sf] lyP . d o:t} xfjfbf/L
sNkgfdf 8'la/x]sf] j]nf ]l/ Psk6s OlGb/fn] d]/f] dgsf] kf]v/Ldf 9'\uf xfg]sL lyOg\ of] hLjg xf],
o;nfO{ /dfOnf] dfg]/ ef]Ug'k5{, dg eg]sf] cf}n] tof/ ug]{ xf], ltdL c;lhnf]nfO{ ;lhnf] ;Dg ;S5f},
g/dfOnf]nfO{ klg /dfOnf] agfpg ;S5f} . d pgsf s'/fdf t'?Gt} ;os8f ;o g} ;xdt x'Gy] . To;}n]
ud]/ x]bf{ lhGbuLsf y'k|} /dfOnf 0fdWo] dnfO{ /]nofqf lgs} /dfOnf] nfUYof] .

/]n r9]kl5 cfgf] hgwgsf] /fy{ v"j} rgfvf] x'g'k5{ . of] ofqLsf] k|d'v bfloTj xf] . xfd|f] l8Aafsf]
gfuk'/] ;d"x laxfg # ah] cf]n{g] lx;fadf ePsf]n] To; ;dodf d}n] hfuf /xg' st{Jo g} lyof] . a]n'sf g}
OlGb/fn] eg]sL lyOg\ oL dfG5]x jbdfz 5}gg\ xf]nf . Toltv]/ d}n] dgdg} ljrf/ u/]sf] lyP oL
hlt;'s} abdfz eP klg xfd|f] Aofu / ;'6s]z s'Ss'/ afWg] ;f\nfn] Ps} 7fp afw]/ lrlgof ;frf] nufPs}
5' . h:t} jL/ rf]/n] klg Pp6} 8\sfdf oL tLgcf]6f ;fdfg p7fpg t ufx|} knf{ c?nfO{ bf]if
nfpg'eGbf cfgf] ;ts{tf sfod /fVg' a]z egL d tLg ah]b]lv g} hfu|fd a;]sf] lyP . Toltv]/;Dd
gfuk'/] ;d"x hfg] ;do eO;s]sf] lyPg . ld/ld/] x'g'eGbf cl3 $ ah] dfq /]n gfuk'/ k'u]sf] lyof] / aNn
Toxfaf6 pgLx aflxl/Psf lyP . ofqfdf tL To;/L labf ePsf]df d}n] xif{ k|s6 u/]sf] lyP . lsgeg]
ltgLx cToGt} f]x/L lyP . tLg dxLgfcl3 s~rgh\3f;lxt OlGb/f / d r]GgfO{ hfbf xfd|f] ay{df
s]/nfsf hf];] / pgsL alxgL ;]lngf lyP . xfdL uf]/vk'/ h\zgb]lv g} kl/lrt eO;s]sf lyof} . /]ndf
a;]b]lv af6f]el/ xfd|f] ;DaGw 306fk|lt306f g} ljsl;t x'b} uPsf] lyof] . jf:tjdf xfd|f] /]nofqfdf
xfdLdf slt cfTdLotf a9]5 eg] r]GgfO{df xfdL 5'6\tf pgLx b'j}hgfn] ;f/} la:dft dfg]sf lyP .
pgLxnfO{ 5f8\g'kbf{ xfdL klg Tolt g} lvGg ePsf lyof} . pgLx 5'l6;s]kl5 klg xfdL w]/} lbg;Dd
pgLxs} s'/f ul//x]sf lyof} . jf:tjdf /]nofqfdf e]l6Psf s'g}s'g} dfG5] t ;Dg of]Uo klg x'bf
/x]5g\ . o;sf] k|df0f xfd|f] nflu hf];] / ;]lngf eP .
gfuk'/] kl/jf/ /]naf6 lg:s]kl5 ay{leq xfdL ]l/ tLghgf dfq eof} . To;kl5 dnfO{ s]xL xn'\uf]
ePsf] cg'e"lt klg ePsf] lyof] . laxfg} OlGb/fsf] ;f}hGodf sfutLkfgL vfPkl5 d a|]sf:6:jk o"Ro"/f
vfg nfu] eg] OlGb/f / tfGt' la:s'6 vfg yfn] . sf7df8f}df g} OlGb/fn] tLg s]hL Ro"/f o"df df]n]sL
lyOg\ . /]nofqfdf vfgsf] nflu xfd|f] 5'6\6} Aofu lyof] . To;nfO{ xfdL SoflG6gAofu eGYof} . xfd|f]
SoflG6gAofu ld7fO{, sfh', abfd, nk"mn / crf/;rf/n] el/Psf] lyof] . xfdLn] cf]5fpg] tGgf, cf]9\g]
9fsf / l;/fgL klg 3/}af6 af]s]sf lyof} . To; AofunfO{ xfdL l:nlk Aofu eGg] uYof}{+ . To;} u/L xfdLn]
nfpg] n'ufx ;'6s]zdf /fv]sf lyof} . oL ;a} rLh hf]8\bf xfdL;u alnofalnof b'O6f Aofu / Pp6f
ux|'uf] ;'6s]z lyof] .
3/ 5f8]/ st} hfg}k5{ eg] Toxf OlGb/f x'g'k5{ eGg] d}n] a']sf] lyP . pgL;u 3/aflx/ uPkl5
vfgkfg / zogdf tndfly kb}{g . jf:tjdf pgL To;j]nf Pp6f s'zn u[lx0fL x'lG5g\, ;dfh;]jL x'lG5g\ /
Pp6f cleefjs klg x'lG5g\ . pgsf] To; j]nfsf] Jojxf/n] 5]p5fpsf c? cfOdfO{xn] klg pgsf] O{iof{

28
kf] u5{g\ ls h:tf] dnfO{ nfUYof] . d]/f] nflu /]nofqf Pp6f cfgGbsf] ofqf 7xg]{ sf/0f klg OlGb/fsf] ;]jf
g} xf] . pgL d]/f] nflu /]nxf]:6]h g} nflU5g\ . jf:tjdf /]n r9]b]lv gcf]n]{;Dd pgL k|foM slxn] sljtf
;'gfpl5g\, slxn] syf ;'gfpl5g\ / slxn] ;+:d/0fx ;'gfpl5g\ . pgn] ;'gfpg] tL ljifox cfk'mn]
n]v]sf dfq geO{ c?sf g} a9L x'Gy] .
o;kfln klg xfd|f] cfg} SoflG6gAofudf ljleGg k|sf/sf vfg] s'/fx eP tfklg j]nfdf}sfdf
cg[s[ltsf cDn]6 vfg] OR5f hfx]/ ug]{ uly{g\ . t/ dnfO{ o;/L v'nf a]Rg NofOPsf vfg] s'/f vfg dg
kb}{gYof] . To:tf j:t'x hxftxL gvfg] d}n] k|:tfjgf u/]sf] klg pgn] a']sL lyOg\ . dxf/fi6 /fHosf]
aNxf/ zfx eGg] 7fpdf /]n /f]lsPkl5 d}n] g} cg's[ltsfnfO{ k|:tfj /fv]sf] lyP tfGt' otf cfpm t, of]
cG8f ksfpb} 5 . o;/L ksfpb} u/]sf] tftf] cDn]6 rflx vfP x'G5 . tfGt'n] v'zL x'b} To; 7fpdf b'O6f
lk; kfp/f]6L;u cDn]6 vfPsL lyOg\ . uf]/vk'/b]lv r]GgfO{ k'Ubf;Ddsf] 7fp7fpsf :6]zgdf cfO;lqmd
vfg' t cg's[ltsfsf] sfo{tflnsf h:t} lyof] .

/]nleqsf] vfgf klg xfdLnfO{ Ps k|sf/n] dL7f] g} nfUYof] . Toxfsf] lrof rflx ;f/} gdL7f] x'GYof]
t/ eft, /f]6L, bfn / t/sf/L eg] Ps k|sf/n] :jflbn} x'GYof] . Toltv]/ xfdLn] cfgf] ofqfdf k|foM /]ns}
eft vfof} vfhf eg] xfdL cfg} vfGYof} / a]n'sfsf] vfgf klg cfg} vfGYof} .
/]nleq s]xL vfg'kbf{ /]n lx8]kl5 dfq} vfg] uYof}{+, lsgeg] /]n /f]lsbf d'lglt/sf] b'u{Gw / f]x/n]
ubf{ Toxf lufn] ofKk} 5f]Kg] klg uYof]{ . jf:tjdf lufn] vfg]s'/fxdf cfqmd0f ubf{ g} To:tf vfg]s'/f
u|x0f ug}{ g;lsg] x'Gy] . olt x'bfx'b} klg k|foM gAa] k|ltzt ofqLx /]n /f]lsPsf 7fpdf klg dhfn]
vfg]s'/fx vfO/x]sf x'Gy] . To:tf 7fpsf] b'u{Gw / lufsf] b[Zon] dnfO{ eg] c;lhnf] nfUg] uYof]{ .
pQ/k|b]z, dxf/fi6 cfGk|b]zb]lv tfldngf8';Dd xfd|f] /]n s'lb/xbf xfdL /fd|f/fd|f b[Zobz{g ug{
klg r's]sf lyPgf} . Toxfsf] xl/ofnL b]v]/ cg's[ltsf klg dSv k/]sL lyOg\ . af6fdf b]lvg] ;'Gb/
7fpxsf] j0f{g ub}{ pgL elGyg\ s:tf] xl/ofnL g} xl/ofnL jf:tjdf tL xl/ofnL klg k|foM ljleGg
nk"mnxaf6 3]l/Psf x'Gy] .
nvgp, sfgk'/, f;L, ef]kfn, gfuk'/ eGg] 7fpx klg /]nf/f hlt b]lvGy] xfdLn] Tolt g} dfq
x]/]sf lyof} . ;flt/ ljhofaf8f k'Ubf lah'nLsf] /ddn] ljhoaf8f zx/ cfsif{s b]lvGYof] . ;fy}
Toxfsf] gbL klg Pp6f cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb|ljGb' g} dflgGYof] . jf:tjdf To;avt ljhofaf8f k'u]kl5 dleq
eg] cs}{ pT;fx cfPsf] lyof] . lsgeg] Toxfaf6 ;ft} 306fdf xfdL r]GgfO{ k'Ub} 5f} eGg]df d]/f] dg
ufl;Psf] lyof] .
o;kflnsf] /]nofqf d]/f] nflu /dfOnf] g} lyof] . af6f]el/ OlGb/f tfGt'nfO{ sljtf ;'gfpg / lstfa
k9\g g} pBt x'lGyg\ . d jl/kl/sf b[Zoxdf g} cfvf nDsfO/x]sf] x'Gy] . 7fp7fpsf ;dtn e"lddf
6f9f6f9faf6 klg /fd|f/fd|f / 7"nf7"nf r6\6fgx b]vf ky]{ . /fd|/L x]bf{ tL r6\6fgx 3/ h:tf b]lvGy] .
dfgf} Toxf klg csf]{ Pp6f ;fgf] zx/ lyof] . To:tf b[Zox d OlGb/f / cg's[ltsfnfO{ klg b]vfpg] uy]{+ .
/]nleqsf ;'Tg], vfg], a:g] / zf}rfno cflbsf] ;'Joj:yfn] ubf{ dnfO{ /]n klg Ps k|sf/sf] 3/ h:t}
nfUg] uYof]{ . slxn]sfxL rflx f]x/L dfG5]sf rdTsf/n] ubf{ zf}rfno l5g}{ ;lsb}gYof] . csf]{ ay{ / csf]{
ay{ ub}{ vf]Hb} hfbf eg] ;f zf}rfno klg e]l6\6g ;SYof] . /]ndf Po/ slG8zg l8Aaf klg kfOGYof] . To;
k|sf/sf l8Aafx rflx k|foM w]/} ;f klg x'GYof] . t/ tL l8Aaf w]/} dxuf x'bf xfdL bf];|f] >]0fLdf g} r9]sf
lyof} . To;j]nf cg's[ltsfnfO{ b]vfpg dfq eP klg d}n] Po/ slG8zgsf] l8Aafleq rflx pgnfO{
k'ofPsf] lyP . pgnfO{ d}n] /]nleqsf] efG;fsf]7f klg b]vfPsf] lyP . To;j]nf pgL klg elGyg\ ;fRr}
/]n eGg' t 3/ h:t} kf] x'bf] /x]5 t .
/]nleq k;]kl5 Toxf cs}{ ;+;f/sf] cg'e"lt x'g] ubf]{ /x]5 . Toxf leq l5/]kl5 xNnb}, ulb} /
lgbfpb} eP klg k|foM lglb{i6 ;dodf g} lglb{i6 7fpdf k'lug] kl/kf6L x'G5 . To; /Ltcg';f/ g}
uf]/vk'/af6 /]n r9]/ k}tfnL; 306fdf xfdL klg r]GgfO{ k'u]sf lyof} . cyjf egf} xfdL uf]/vk'/af6 /]n
r9]sf] kl;{kN6sf] laxfg ;f9] b'O{ ah] xfd|f] uGtJodf cf]n]{sf lyof} . To; cjlwdf xfdLn] b'O{ xhf/ tLg
;o rfnL; lsnf]ld6/ af6f] l5rf]ln;s]sf /x]5f} .
ul/df -r}t @)%(_

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