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Osteotomía Sagital de Rama Mandibular en CX Ortonagtica PDF
Osteotomía Sagital de Rama Mandibular en CX Ortonagtica PDF
Resumen: La Osteotoma Sagital Bilateral de Rama Mandibular (OSBRM) Abstract: Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy represents the most fre-
representa la tcnica ms frecuentemente utilizada en Ciruga Ortognti- quent surgical procedure being used in Orthognathic Surgery. Since
ca. Desde su aparicin ha sido modificada tanto en diseo, extensin e ins- Obwegeser first described has been modified in design, extension
trumentacin. Se hace un recuento de algunas modificaciones y en esa and instrumentation. With a revision of the most important modi-
perspectiva, se explica la tcnica que el autor utiliza. Se revisan las venta- fications, this paper describe the technique being used by the aut-
jas, desventajas, y las posibles complicaciones intra y post operatorias hor. Advantages, disadvantages and probable complications are
con relacin a la Tcnica. also mentioned.
Palabras clave: Osteotoma sagital; Ciruga ortogntica. Key words: Sagital split osteotomy; Orthognathic surgery.
Introduccin Introduction
Desde que Hugo Obwegeser describe la Osteotoma Sagital Bila- Since Hugo Obwegeser described bilateral sagittal split
teral de Rama Mandibular (OSBRM) en 1955,1 ha habido muchas modi- ramus osteotomy (BSSROM) of the mandible in 1955,1 there
ficaciones para este procedimiento quirrgico que es sin lugar a dudas have been many modifications of this surgical procedure,
la tcnica quirrgica ms utilizada en Ciruga Ortogntica. Los ms which undoubtedly is one of the surgical techniques most
importantes aportes y modificaciones han sido los de Gregorio Dal often used in orthognathic surgery. The most important con-
Pont, que en 1961,2 quien sugiere hacer llegar la osteotoma hacia ante- tributions and modifications have been made by Gregorio
rior llevndola por el cuerpo mandibular hasta la altura del segundo Dal Pont, who in 19612 suggested that the osteotomy be
y primer molar, donde descenda verticalmente hasta el borde basilar. extended forward, then taken through the mandibular body
De esta manera aumentaba la superficie de contacto, lo que en teo- to the height of the second and first molars, and from there,
ra mejoraba la cicatrizacin y otorgaba a la tcnica mayor versatilidad, vertically downward to the basilar edge. This increased the
pues permita todo tipo de rotaciones a favor o en contra de los pun- contact surface, which theoretically improved and enhanced
teros del reloj y mayores retrocesos o avances mandibulares. Esto era the versatility of the technique because it made possible all
muy importante en esos tiempos en que era justamente esta osteoto- sorts of clockwise and counterclockwise rotations and for-
ma la llamada a resolver todo tipo de problemas esqueletales, sin recu- ward and backward mandibular displacements. This was
rrir al maxilar (Figs. 1 y 2). important at the time because this osteotomy was used to
En Febrero 1977, Bruce Epker,3 publica tal vez la ms significativa de resolve many kinds of skeletal problems without resorting to
las modificaciones de la tcnica, hacindola mucho ms verstil, prede- maxillary surgery. (See Figures 1 and 2).
cible y fcil. En ella ya no es necesario llegar hasta el borde posterior de In February 1977, Bruce Epker3 published what may
la rama mandibular, slo por encima y detrs de la espina de Spix; el be the most significant modification of the technique, which
borde inferior del cuerpo ha de ser abordando lo ms perpendicular posi- made it much more versatile, predictable, and easy to per-
form. This modification eliminates the need to continue
the cut to the posterior edge of the mandibular ramus, it is
Prof. Asociado Ciruga Bucal y Mxilo Facial. Facultad de Odontologa, Univ. de Chile. only necessary to bring it forward and up behind the Spix
Santiago de Chile, Chile
spine; the lower edge of the body must be approached as
Correspondencia: perpendicularly as possible and completely transected, to
Av. Kennedy 5735. Torre Poniente guide the surgical fracture through the lower alveolar canal.
Oficina 407. Las Condes This can be done using osteotomes to split the ramus pro-
Santiago, Chile
L.A. Quevedo Rojas Rev Esp Cirug Oral y Maxilofac 2004;26 15
evita tener que manipularlo. Una vez abier- tex. The cut continues in a
ta las ramas, es importante recordar la straight line that crosses the
necesidad de despegar la insercin del retromolar trigone and then
msculo pterigoideo en la cara interna de goes outwards, continuing
la rama, como lo sugiere Epker, y asegu- with an equally straight line
rarse de evitar causas de dao neurolgi- along the external face of
co al reponer los fragmentos entre s (Figs. the mandibular body
8 a 13). towards the lower rim,
La fijacin interna rgida ha sido un avoiding angular cuts. The
aporte extraordinario para la OSBRM. An full depth of the saw should
cuando durante los primeros aos hubo enter the retromolar trigone
muchos que preconizaron evitar la utiliza- zone from the beginning of
cin de placas y/o tornillos para fijar los the vertical line and per-
segmentos, pues en su opinin ello impli- pendicularly. When the cut
caba problemas articulares tmporo man- reaches the distal part of the
dibulares, cada vez ms la literatura y auto- last molar in the mouth, the
res de la tcnica abandonan el uso de saw should be withdrawn
alambres a favor de fijacin interna rgida. enough to avoid damaging
Sea con la utilizacin de placas y tornillos the vasculonervous
mono corticales o el uso de tornillos bicor- mandibular package. The
ticales, pues ambas tcnicas proveen una angle should be more tan-
inmovilizacin adecuada de los segmen- gential to the bone as the
tos (fijacin rgida), especialmente para los cut progresses to the later-
efectos de la posicin del cndilo mandi- al wall of the mandibular
bular en la fosa articular; la tcnica debe Figura 6. Fotografa con la Visualizacin de los tringulos para ubicar la body, where it should form
cumplir con importantes requisitos para espina de Spix. an angle of approximately
evitar alteraciones en la articulacin tm- Figure 6. Photograph showing the triangles to locate the Spix spine. 50 with the basilar edge.
poro mandibular. When the saw reaches
the basilar edge, it is invert-
ed to cut the mandible
Indicaciones upward, maintaining a 50
slant and making sure that
En la actualidad, con certeza podemos the edge is completely cut,
decir que la Osteotoma Sagital Bilateral thus guiding the surgical
de Rama Mandibular est indicada cada fracture needed to split the
vez que se requiera alguna movilizacin ramus. Using the reciprocal
esqueletal mandibular al nivel de la rama saw in this way, the ramus
mandibular. Esto se traduce en que la can generally be split more
OSBRM es til en casos de avances y retro- easily and lateral to the
cesos mandibulares, a los cuales se puede alveolar canal, leaving the
imprimir cualquier tipo y grado de rota- nerve, or at least its distal
cin, tanto a favor como en sentido con- segment, in the canal,
trario a las agujas del reloj. Tambin esta where we can avoid manip-
indicada para movimientos verticales pos- ulating it. Once the rami are
teriores, tanto cuando se requiere seguir split, it is important to
el movimiento de intrusin posterior del remember to separate the
maxilar, en un caso de ciruga bimaxilar, insertion of the pterygoid
como cuando el movimiento es el opues- muscle from the medial face
to, aunque ello es bastante menos fre- of the ramus, as Epker sug-
cuente por razones biomecnicas. En el gests, and to take care to
sentido transversal, por cierto que es la tc- avoid causes of neurological
nica de eleccin para casos de asimetra damage when realigning
mandibular, en los que se requiere des- Figura 7. En mandbula seca se aprecia que la espina se encuentra a la the fragments.
altura de la unin de los dos tringulos superiores.
plazar el arco mandibular hacia delante en Figure 7. In a clean jaw it is observed that the spine is at the height of the Rigid internal fixation
un lado y hacia atrs en el otro. junction of the two upper triangles. has been an extraordinary
18 Rev Esp Cirug Oral y Maxilofac 2004;26 Osteotoma sagical de rama mandibular en ciruga ortogntica
Figuras de 8 a 13. Esta secuencia de figuras muestra la tcnica relatada en el texto. Relacin con espina de Spix y ngulo de ataque (8). Diseo recto vertical
por el borde inferior (9 y 10). Corte sin ngulos rectos a nivel de cuerpo y en el borde inferior con una angulacin de aproximadamente 50 y con transaccin
completa del borde inferior (11, 12 y 13).
Figures 8-13. This sequence of figures shows the technique described in the text. Relation with Spix spine and angle of approach (8). Vertical straight design along the
lower rim (9 and 10). Cut with no right angles in the body and lower edge at an angle of approximately 50 and complete transection of the lower rim (11, 12, and 13).
Cada vez que aplicamos una tcnica quirrgica en diferentes casos advance in BSSROM. Even though many authors recom-
y situaciones, tenemos que adaptarla a los requerimientos del caso. Ello mended avoiding the use of plates and/or screws to fix the
es especialmente importante en el caso de utilizar la OSBRM en movi- segments in the early years, because it was thought that this
mientos asimtricos de la mandbula, en los que el grado de divergencia would originate problems in the temporomandibular joints,
de las ramas mandibulares puede hacer que se produzcan rotaciones reports in the literature and by specialists in the technique
indeseables de los segmentos proximales, pudiendo ocasionar inade- indicate that they are abandoning the use of wires in favor
cuadas resultados estticos por asimetras a nivel de cuerpo mandi- of rigid medial fixation with an increasing frequency. Whether
bular, o lo que es peor, provocar alteraciones funcionales de la articu- plates and monocortical screws or bicortical screws are used,
lacin tmporo mandibular. since both techniques adequately immobilize the segments
(rigid fixation), particularly when securing the position of the
mandibular condyle in the articular glenoid fossa, the tech-
Ventajas de la OSBRM nique must satisfy certain important requirements to pre-
vent problems in the temporomandibular joint.
Entre las mltiples ventajas de la OSBRM, realizada segn lo men-
cionado, las ms notables son 1) La gran versatilidad de sus indicacio- Indications
nes, 2) La posibilidad de utilizar fijacin interna rgida para unir los frag-
mentos osteotomizados, con las innumerables ventajas que ello signifi- At present, we can certainly say that bilateral sagittal
ca y 3) La ausencia de complicaciones quirrgicas derivadas de viabili- split ramal osteotomy of the mandible is indicated when-
dad de los segmentos, estabilidad de los segmentos o cicatrizacin sea. ever skeletal mobilization of the mandibular ramus is required.
L.A. Quevedo Rojas Rev Esp Cirug Oral y Maxilofac 2004;26 19
Desventajas de la OSBRM This means that BSSROM is useful in cases requiring forward
or backward repositioning of the mandible, to which any
Estas se refieren principalmente al grado de exigencia de la tcnica type or degree of rotation, whether clockwise or counter-
y que no implica dificultad tcnica para realizar los cortes seos o sepa- clockwise, can be added. It is also indicated for posterior ver-
rar las ramas, sino especficamente en el respeto de la posicin condilar tical repositioning, as a complement to posterior intrusion
de cada uno de los segmentos proximales mandibulares. La experien- of the maxillary in the case of bimaxillary surgery, or for the
cia del cirujano es la mejor manera de evitar complicaciones al respec- opposite movement, although this is less common due to
to pero, por otro lado, no podemos aceptar que dicha experiencia deba biomechanical reasons. In a cross-sectional direction, it is
venir por el proceso de ensayo y error. Es por eso que debemos insistir the technique of choice for cases of mandibular asymmetry,
en que, antes de realizar una OSBRM como la descrita en este artcu- in which the mandibular arc has to be moved forward on
lo, con fijacin interna rgida, el cirujano debe tener suficiente entrena- one side and backward on the other side.
miento en el uso de placas y tornillos. Adems, es altamente deseable Whenever a surgical technique is applied in different
que tenga manejo de planificacin ortodncica quirrgica, lo que impli- cases and situations, it must be adapted to the requirements
ca el uso de articuladores semi ajustables y manejo de tcnicas de des- of the case. This is especially important in cases in which
programacin neuro muscular y toma de registros en relacin cntrica. BSSROM is used in asymmetrical jaw repositioning, in which
Esto ltimos para poder planificar, realizar ciruga de modelos y con- the degree of divergence of the mandibular rami can cause
feccionar sus splints o frulas quirrgicas en relacin cntrica mandi- unwanted rotation of the proximal segments, which may
bular, que es el punto de partida de toda planificacin y la mejor mane- produce undesirable aesthetic results due to the asymmetry
ra de tratar a las articulaciones tmporo mandibulares. of the mandibular body or, what is worse, functional alter-
El mtodo o tcnica de fijacin rgida propiamente dicha en sus ations of the temporomandibular joint.
detalles, escapa al objetivo de este artculo y de seguro ser motivo de
alguna publicacin ulterior. Advantages of BSSROM
Sin embargo, no podemos dejar de conside- may not be accompanied by malposition of the condyle in the mandibu-
rarlo, pues aparece en pacientes que han teni- lar glenoid fossa, or may even be due to it. If the cause of the malocclu-
do Ciruga ortogntica y especficamente la sion is condylar distraction, which is the most likely, the author recom-
osteotoma que nos preocupa. mends re-operation to reposition the proximal segments, as necessary.
Otherwise, the functional stability of any short-term or intermediate-term
treatment would be at risk. If occlusal disturbances coexist with an ade-
Bibliografa quate condylar position, it is recommended that the orthodontist evalu-
ate the possibility of performing dental mobilizations to achieve objective
1. Trauner R, Obwegeser H. Zur Operationstechnik Bei functional occlusion, which is no more than a mutely protected organic
der Progenie und anderen Unterkieferanomalien. Dtsch occlusion. If feasible, this is the route to take, even though it involves pro-
Zahn-Mund-Kieferheilk 23 (1955-56) 1. longing postoperative orthodontic treatment time.
2. Dal Pont Giorgio. J Oral Surg. Anesth & Hosp.D. Serv Delayed malocclusion. In this case we should think about the presence of
Vol. 19. En. 1961. a problem of skeletal stability. Stability in orthognathic surgery is relat-
3. Epker N. Bruce. Modifications in the sagittal osteotomy ed, more than to the type of fixations used, to the structural and func-
of the mandible. J Oral Surgery 1977 Vol. 35. tional integrity of the temporomandibular joints and to the final occlu-
4. Bell H. William. Biological basis for modification of the sion and its functionality. Occlusal instability, which is of inorganic char-
sagittal ramus split operation. J Oral Surgery Mayo 1977 acteristics and produces deflective or premature contacts without canine
Vol. 35. and anterior guides, is the main factor in orthodontic and, ultimately,
5. Wolford L. The Mandibular Inferior Border Split. J Oral skeletal stability in patients who have undergone orthognathic surgery.
Surgery 1990;48:92-4. This instability is not attributable to BSSROM. On the other hand, the
6. Quevedo L, Ruiz J, Figueroa L. Tcnica Quirrgica de structural integrity of the temporomandibular joint is specifically related
Ciruga Ortogntica para Ortodoncistas. Parte II. Rev to progressive condylar resorption, avascular necrosis, condylar lysis, or
Chil Ortodoncia 1989;6:31-5. the preferred designation. This complication usually appears in patients
7. Quevedo L, y cols. Esttica Facial para el Cirujano Mxi- who have undergone BSSROM as a single or combined technique and in
lo Facial. Rev Dental de Chile 1991;82:36-40. young women who have a predisposing biochemical (hormonal) and bio-
mechanical component. If it occurs, condylar resorption causes a loss of
skeletal height, which translates into an anteriorly open bite that is pro-
portional to the degree of condylar resorption. In the case of unilateral
resorption, which is infrequent, an asymmetrical component toward the
affected side can be expected. Nothing has been published that estab-
lishes a cause-effect relation between BSSROM and the appearance of
condylar resorption. Nevertheless, we cannot ignore it because it appears
in patients who have undergone orthognathic surgery and, specifically,
the osteotomy that concerns us.