Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
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FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA
DE BIENES NACIONALES
2003
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FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA
DE BIENES NACIONALES
EN GEOMENSURA
2003
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A mis padres
Jos e Ins
Por todo el amor y esfuerzo entregado en pos de mi felicidad.
A toda mi familia
Ale y Marco, Mauricio, Abuelos y tos, por creer en mi.
A Coyailn
Fiel compaera en los momentos difciles y por toda su ayuda y amor entregados.
Dedico este trabajo, tambin, a todas aquellas personas que en algn instante de
mi paso como estudiante de esta universidad, formaron parte de momentos
inolvidables de felicidad y tristeza, diversin, trabajo y estudio, Pilar, Mayte,
Carolas, Karina, Tania, Pato, Claudio, Chino, Daniel, Lorena, y muchos ms. A los
que me acompaaron y acompaan en mi formacin como deportista y
montaero, amigos para toda la vida, Andrs, Pilar, Mauricio, Luchos, Pepe,
Jorge, Zetor, Alberto, y a todos los integrantes de la rama de Andinismo de la
USACH.
Especial dedicacin para los que ya no estn con nosotros en vida, pero siempre
los he sentido a mi lado.
Claudio, maestro y amigo, sin ti no hubiese conocido la belleza de las alturas.
Sergio (Rambo) y Max, los duros de la montaa.
Rodrigo (Pelao), el ms noble.
Abuelita Elsa, el regalo ms grande, contigo aprend sobre la bondad y las cosas
simples de la vida que nos hacen felices, tu risa y alegra siempre estarn
conmigo.
Agradecimientos:
RESUMEN
obtener los parmetros de una proyeccin TM que utilice un solo huso en Chile
conclusiones finales.
NDICE GENERAL
1. Introduccin.......................................................................................... 1
1.1. Antecedentes.............................................................................. 1
1.8. Metodologa................................................................................. 7
2. Marco terico.......................................................................................... 8
2.2. Cartografa...................................................................................15
2.2.3. Deformaciones............................................................................. 18
2.3.1. Generalidades............................................................................ 33
Tissot.......................................................................................... 47
2.4.1. Generalidades............................................................................ 54
2.4.3. Datos.......................................................................................... 56
3. Desarrollo............................................................................................. 62
3.2. Generalidades............................................................................ 63
GPS....................................................................................... 93
Bibliografa.. 115
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1.1.- ANTECEDENTES
central que por no tener distorsin tendr un factor de escala igual a 1 a todo lo
largo de l.
es el lmite entre las zonas 30 y 31. Chile continental, por su ubicacin geogrfica,
que aplica un factor de escala (Ko) de 0,9996, por lo tanto, el cilindro tangente,
central y las deformaciones en los bordes del huso llegan a ser del orden de
1/1.000 (1m/km). Para que los valores numricos de las coordenadas en cualquier
1
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Meridiano Central, y se les asigna los valores Falso Este (FE) de 500.000 m y
hemisferio Sur. La cuadrcula ortogonal UTM est formada por las paralelas a las
Existe una serie de puntos entre dos husos consecutivos en la que existe
una duplicidad de las coordenadas UTM, esta lnea es la del meridiano existente
entre dos husos consecutivos. En el caso de Chile esto ocurre sobre el meridiano
posiciones geogrficas.
2
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coberturas de un huso (extendiendo el huso) a otro para tener una visin general,
el ideal sera contar con un solo huso de tal manera que toda la informacin
Continental extendiendo ms all de los 6 el actual huso UTM, para lo cual ser
generarn a lo ancho del huso, desde el meridiano central, entre las lneas de
secancia y fuera de ellas. Una vez obtenido los parmetros para el nuevo huso se
3
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Geogrfica.
moderna tecnologa.
ptimo pero con el que se pudo actualizar casi la totalidad del terreno fiscal.
4
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millones de hectreas aprox.) del cual casi el 50% es rea silvestre protegida
que exige el Manual de Normas Tcnicas, el cual tambin obliga que toda la
5
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Continental.
Determinar los parmetros del nuevo sistema TM, tales como Factor de Escala
6
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OBTENER
cumplimiento de los fines propios del Ministerio. Bajo esta definicin el Ingeniero
no solo beneficia a esta institucin del Estado, lo cual ya es un aporte, sino que
tambin a todas las instituciones y personas que deseen desarrollar esta rea.
sistema.
3.- METODOLOGIA
detalle. Para ello se utilizarn las frmulas generales del Modelo Matemtico de
7
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sobre la superficie terrestre deben ser soportados por algn sistema de referencia.
tato, se debe acomodar una superficie de forma tal que se asemeje al geoide y
partir de la rotacin de una elipse en torno a su eje menor (b), es decir, el elipsoide
b
f2 f1
x
a
La elipse es el lugar geomtrico de todos los puntos tal que la suma de sus
distancias a dos puntos fijos de ella es constate. Estos dos puntos fijos son
llamados focos (f1 y f2), siendo adems a el semieje mayor y b el semieje menor.
mayor y menor.
8
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pas o regin, existiendo incluso elipsoides de carcter global, para esto bastar
definir sus dimensiones. En Chile, los elipsoides de referencia usados son los
siguientes:
siguientes condiciones:
9
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geoide). Se asume que geoide y elipsoide coinciden (altura geoidal 0). Es de uso
Una de las estaciones se elegir como origen. Con las observaciones se elegir la
10
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la vertical. En este caso podr haber una altura geoidal. Estos datums se pueden
la latitud 4330 S)
ocanos y atmsfera.
Orientacin:
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ecuatorial.
derecha).
geocntrico.
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otro:
por N en otras bibliografas, pero para evitar confundirla con la Gran normal se
- h es la altura elipsoidal.
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SUPERFICIE
TERRESTRE
h
H
GEOIDE
hG
ELIPSOIDE
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2.2.- CARTOGRAFIA
clculo las coordenadas de los puntos del plano correspondientes a los situados
en dichas superficies.
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que se llama globo terrestre, sin embargo, para pasar de este elipsoide al plano se
Proyeccin.
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P() P(x,y)
P1(1) P1(xy1)
P2(2) P2(xy2)
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2.2.3.- DEFORMACIONES
K S'/ S (2.5)
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K A A' / A (2.6)
o anamorfosis angular.
perpendiculares (Figura 2.4), sus imgenes en el plano sern dos curvas OGo y
OHo que en general no sern geodsicas del plano (no son rectas) ni
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sobre OHo en OG1, en este caso OHo coincidira con OGo en OH1 (las dos
plano las transformadas correspondientes han sido OG1 y OH1, el ngulo que
inicialmente era agudo se ha vuelto mayor de /2, lo cual indica que ha habido un
Go G'o
H'o
Ho G'1
O O
G1
H'1
H1
superpuestos). Esta elipse cuyos ejes tienen por valor adr y bdr es la llamada
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como imagen los C y D : es decir los ejes de elipse corresponden por tanto a las
Y=g
r
bd O
X=f
adr
O' P '
Evidentemente la escala local K ser variable en funcin de la direccin
OP
O'C '
considerada, pasando por un mximo K1 a y por un mnimo
OC
estudiar las alteraciones superficiales o angulares, en este caso dadas por las
21
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alteracin angular es nula para el par formado por las direcciones principales y
slo para ellas, salvo que la representacin sea conforme, demostrndose que su
dS ' a b dr 2
superficial, su magnitud es la siguiente: ab .
dS dr
2 2
E d E 1 f g
h y del paralelo
d
2 2
Gd 1 f g
k ; pasando por las expresiones
N cos d N cos
a las ecuaciones:
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2 2
2 1 g 1 f 1 f 1 g
( a b) (2.7)
N cos N cos
2 2
2 1 f 1 g 1 g 1 f
(a b) (2.8)
N cos N cos
direcciones principales.
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sobre el que puede aplicarse sin que las anamorfosis inherentes al proceso
habr que estudiar hasta qu extensin se puede considerar aplicada sin que las
que marca el campo del sistema, en el sentido de que si se proyecta una distancia
1 1 1
terreno es ; sobre su campo debe aplicarse K '1 K , de ah el nombre
E E E
incertidumbre prxima a 1/2000 quiere decir que se est en el lmite del campo de
1 1
K C 1.0005 1 K 'C K C 1 (2.9)
2000 2000
desarrollos).
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mapa. La comparacin de referencia suele hacerse entre lneas tales que una no
1
haya sufrido deformacin (lnea de secancia k=1) y otra s. De forma que si es
E
la escala general de la representacin, sta slo se cumplir para las lneas del
primer tipo ya que para las segundas, deformadas, la relacin que hay que aplicar
1 1
sera K , siendo K el mdulo de deformacin lineal, escala local y ms
E' E
1
frecuentemente factor de escala y la escala real de la representacin por su
E'
1 1
5cm y K 1.002, 5cm 1247.5m y no 1250 m. A veces si la
E ' 24950
escala.
25
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En aquellos casos en que los ejes de la elipse de Tissot son tales que en
ocurrir que en cada punto la escala local es idntica en todas las direcciones
conservara los ngulos. Esto significa (Figura 2.6) que si se consideran dos
tangentes T1 y T2 formando un ngulo tal que cualquiera que fuesen las curvas
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Ed 2 Fdd Gd2
transformar antes la expresin de K2 dada por .
M 2 d 2 N 2 cos 2 d
Md M 2d 2
Como tg , dividiendo por N 2 cos2 d2 resultar que:
N cosd tg 2
Etg 2 2 Ftg 2 G
2
2
2
K M Mr r ; (r radio del paralelo de latitud )
2
tg 1
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E G E G E G
2 2
2
K 2
r 2 tg 1 0 tg M 2 r 2 M r
tg 2 M 2
1
F 2F 4F
Mr Mr M 2r 2
E G
2
2
tg1 tg 2 1 y tg1 tg 2 M r
F
Mr
0
sern de la forma , o dicho de otra forma, como la ecuacin ha de satisfacerse
0
F 2 E G F F
tg 2 2 tg 0 0
Mr M r Mr r
E G E G
y 2 2 0, 2 2 y F 0
M r M r
E G
Las expresiones 2
2 y F 0 son las condiciones de
M N cos 2
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ambos corchetes han de anularse al ser los dos positivos (elevados al cuadrado).
2 2
1 f 1 g 1 g 1 f
a b2
0 ( o que h = K , es decir,
M N cos M N cos
1 f 1 g 1 g 1 f
M N cos y M N cos ecuaciones tambin conocidas
f 1 g g 1 f
cos y cos , con (R = 1).
M
(esfera) o Isomtrica (elipsoide) definida por la relacin d d , es
N cos
Md
d Md N cosd (iguala el diferencial del meridiano al del
N cos
1
d d .
cos
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d
Resulta que Lntg , para el elipsoide se
0
cos 4 2
Md e 1 esen
obtendra N cos Lntg Ln
0 4 2 2 1 esen
g g f f
y , considerando la expresin de
d M g g M f f M
y ,
d N cos N cos N cos
sustituyendo las expresiones halladas para los dos primeros miembros resultara:
M f g M M g f M
y
N cos N cos N cos N cos
f g g f
y entonces las nuevas ecuaciones de
conformidad sern:
f g g g
y
los dos miembros de las condiciones, con relacin a en la primera y con relacin
a en la segunda:
2f 2g 2f 2g
, 2 por cumplirse la igualdad de Schwarz ( 2as
2
2f 2g
derivadas cruzadas) 0 g . Se trata de una ecuacin en
2 2
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frmula anloga, pero las funciones que contienen estarn ligadas a g1 y g 2 por
funcin f y g deben ser reales, la funcin g 2 no puede ser arbitraria una vez
que haya fijado la g1 : si se elige para g1 una funcin real, g 2 ser la misma
geodesia, puesto que all son bsicos los clculos en lo que intervienen los
ngulos siendo esa la causa que limita estudiar slo este tipo. Ahora bien, aun en
este supuesto hay que aplicar una correccin sobre el plano, ya que si ABC es un
el plano. Se sabe que se conservan los ngulos de las tangentes y que para
aplicar las frmulas de trigonometra plana hay que hallar el tringulo rectilneo. De
depende de cada sistema siendo tal que la suma algebraica de las seis que hay
que aplicar ser igual al exceso esfrico del tringulo (se conservan los ngulos).
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de coordenadas, con todos los clculos necesarios, se realizara con las frmulas
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2.3.1.- GENERALIDADES
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Figura 2.8.- Deformacin producida en la proyeccin a medida que se produce una separacin en
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del elipsoide, pero referida cada una al meridiano central del huso respectivo y al
para cada uno de los husos, sin ms que particularizar la longitud geodsica del
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La proyeccin es conforme.
Las expresiones de transformacin son las mismas para cualquier huso, pero
artificio de Tissot, es por este motivo que el meridiano central de cada huso es
menor que 1. Esto se traduce en que el cilindro deja de ser tangente, como lo es
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Por el hecho de que haya que utilizar diferentes husos en algunos casos,
habr ciertas situaciones extremas, cuando se trabaja en el lmite entre dos husos,
PLANAS
g f g f
(2.10) y (2.11)
siendo x f , e y g ,
Md
= latitud isomtrica = N cos (2.12)
0
Identificando el par (x,y) con la imagen A del punto A del elipsoide a su vez
en ese campo, son necesarias y suficientes para que las funciones g y f con
h h i g , i f , z (2.13)
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punto es singular), es decir, existir otra funcin tambin compleja, H, que efecte
H z H y ix i (2.14)
conforme que por medio de la funcin analtica h pasa del elipsoide al plano. Al
2
dh i d 2 h
z h , n i ... (2.15)
d 2! d 2
2 II 4 IV
y h , 0 h h ... (2.16)
2! 4!
3 III 5 V
x h I h h ... (2.18)
3! 5!
impuesta al meridiano central del huso, alteracin lineal nula (Figura 2.10). si la
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0 , 0 y y y y0 se tendr z z z0 y 0 , con lo
dz 2 d 2 z 3 d 3 z
z h ... (2.19)
d 2! d 2 3! d 3
d z 2 d 2 z 3 d 3
H z z ... (2.20)
dz 2! dz 2 3! dz 3
resultar:
y ix a1 i a2 i a3 i ...
2 3
(2.21)
i b1 y ix b2 y ix b3 y ix ...
2 3
(2.22)
1 d n y ix 1 d n i
siendo: an (3.13) y bn (2.23)
n! d i n n! d y ix n
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1 d n y ix 1 d n 1 d n
an (2.24), anlogamente bn (2.25)
n! d i n n! d n n! d n
Md
Ahora bien, teniendo en cuenta que: d Md , d y que
N cos
N
1 e' cos 2 1 2 , donde: e' cos
2
siguientes:
d Md
a1 N 0 cos 0 (2.26)
d Md
N 0 cos 0
1
a2 N 0 cos 2 0tg 0 (2.27)
2
1
a3 N 0 cos3 0 1 tg 2 0 0
6
2
(2.28)
1
a3
24
2
N 0 cos4 0tg 0 5 tg 2 0 90 40
4
(2.29)
1
a3
120
2 2
N 0 cos5 0 5 18tg 2 0 tg 4 0 140 580 tg 2 0 ... (2.30)
1
a7
720
2 2
N 0 cos6 0tg 0 61 58tg 2 0 tg 4 0 2700 3000 tg 2 0 ... (2.31)
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1
b1 (2.32)
N 0 cos 0
tg 0
b2 2
(2.33)
2 N 0 cos 0
2
1 2tg 2 0 0
b3 3
(2.34)
6 N 0 cos 0
b4
2
tg 0 5 6tg 2 0 0 40
4
(2.35)
4
24 N 0 cos 0
b5
5 28tg
2
0
2 2
24tg 4 0 60 8tg 2 00 ... (2.36)
5
120 N 0 cos 0
b6
61 180tg 2
0
2 2
120tg 4 0 460 48tg 2 00 ... tg 0
(2.37)
6
720 N 0 cos 0
transformacin:
Clculo de la convergencia.
Escala local.
Reduccin a la cuerda.
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GEODSICAS A TM
0 0 ; 0 0 y zr yr y0 y y
y ix a1i a2 i a3 i a4 i ...
2 3 4
(2.37)
De manera que si se introduce en ellas los valores antes obtenidos para los
3
x N cos N cos3 1 tg 2 2
6
(2.40)
5
N cos5 5 18tg 2 tg 4 14 2 58tg 2 2 ...
120
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3 4
y N cos 2 tg N cos 4 tg 5 tg 2 9 2 4 4
2 24 (2.41)
6
N cos 6 tg 61 58tg 2 tg 4 27 2 330tg 2 2 ...
720
S m Arco de meridiano
huso y como eje de las abscisas la transformada del Ecuador geodsico (Figura
Cualquier otro punto del huso tendr con respecto al mismo un incremento de
evidente que:
estar al oeste del meridiano central del huso y por tanto le corresponder una
coordenada x negativa .
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negativa.
NorteTM FN K 0 y (2.42)
EsteTM FE K 0 x (2.43)
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2 dS '2 dx 2 dy 2
K (2.44) (r = radio de curvatura del paralelo)
dS 2 M 2 dy 2 r 2 d2
K 0 dx 2 dy 2
2 2
K 0 dS '2
K2 (2.45) o bien,
dS 2 M 2 dy 2 r 2 d2
2
dy
1
K2 dx 2
dx
2
2 (2.46)
K0 d 2 Md 2
r 1
rd
dy Arcomeridiano Md
cot gt , cot g C , sustituidos en la expresin anterior:
dx Arcoparalelo rd
K2 dx 2 1 cot g 2t K dx sen C
(2.47) o sea, (2.48)
K0
2
r 2 d2 1 cot g 2 C K0 d drsent
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K
Como la transformacin es conforme es independiente del acimut C , de
K0
modo que si C dS paralelo constante. Y como t
2 2
K dx 1 dx sec
. Sustituyendo el valor de
K0 d r cos d r
dx 2
N cos N cos3 1 tg 2 2 ...
d 2
dx 2
1 cos 2 1 tg 2 2 pero sen ...
rd 2
2
sec 1 1 2 sen 2 ...
2
K 2 2
1 cos 2 1 tg 2 2 sen 2 , para as obtener K en funcin de
K0 2 2
coordenadas geodsicas:
2
K K 0 1 cos 2 1 2 (2.49)
2
x x2
como: ... , 2 2
N cos N cos 2
x2
K K 0 1 2
1 2 (2.50)
2N
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ARTIFICIO DE TISSOT
el central del huso, ste debera ser automecoico y con distorsin lineal nula en el
para pasar a ser secante. La consecuencia es que aparecern dos lneas con
central, y el meridiano central continua siendo una lnea automecoica pero con un
tipo:
K K0 K ' (2.51)
escala sin artificio de Tissot en los extremos del huso se puede expresar por:
K ' 1 (2.52)
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Dando a Ko el valor K 0 1 , el factor de escala, aplicando el artificio de
2
2
K K 0 K ' 1 1 1 1 (2.52)
2 2 2 2
1 a 1 .
2
Dado que K para el meridiano central es igual a la unidad, el valor del factor de
Este artificio tiene como consecuencia que las deformaciones sean nulas en
ciertas lneas que no coinciden exactamente con meridianos pero son prximas a
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Sean dos puntos A y B situados al este del meridiano central del huso, si se
de la cuerda AB.
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B
dS
S1 (2.53)
A
K1
B
dS
S2 K (2.54)
A 2
K1 K 2 entonces:
S1 S 2
vuelve su concavidad hacia el meridiano central del huso (figura 2.13). La misma
demostracin se puede aplicar para una geodsica situada al oeste del meridiano
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Las lneas geodsicas que corten el meridiano central del huso, invertirn el
sentido de su curvatura a uno y otro lado del meridiano, sabiendo que dicha
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uso
etc.
obtenido en el SIG.
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diversas reas.
2.4.1.- GENERALIDADES
informacin geoespacial.
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representaciones del mundo real a partir de las bases de datos digitales, esto se
informacin para el anlisis, como lo son, por ejemplo, la unin de mltiples bases
de datos (join, links) con cartografa digital, obtenindose como resultado datos
georeferenciados y enlazados.
convierte en una valiosa herramienta para analizar fenmenos que tengan relacin
para manejo grfico no es suficiente para ejecutar las tareas que requiere un SIG
desarrollar un SIG.
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Los SIG y los CAD tienen mucho en comn, dado que ambos manejan los
grandes, que un sistema eficiente para CAD puede no ser el apropiado para un
SIG y viceversa.
2.4.3.- DATOS
Los datos geogrficos y tabulares pueden ser adquiridos por quien implementa el
SIG integra los datos espaciales con otros recursos de datos y puede incluso
informacin geogrfica.
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Esta es, una coleccin de datos acerca de objetos localizados en una determinada
elementos. Tal nmero identificador aparece tanto en los atributos grficos como
software de un sistema SIG. Los objetos geogrficos son organizados por temas
elementos que simplemente son agrupados por lo que ellos representan. As por
ejemplo, en una categora dada, ros y carreteras, aun siendo ambos objetos lnea,
estn almacenados en distintos niveles por cuanto sus atributos son diferentes.
57
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universales con las que se representan los objetos grficos, as: un punto se
coordenadas, un polgono como una serie de lneas y una rea como un polgono
propsitos.
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mapa y los atributos estn enlazados, permitiendo acceder a los atributos a travs
escoger una proyeccin que conserve esa propiedad. ArcView brinda una amplia
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transformen sus datos originales (metadatos) con otra aplicacin (extensin que
proyeccin cartogrfica estn los datos cuando aade un tema, lo cual permitir
aadir elementos a una vista incluso si la fuente de los datos utiliza distintas
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proyeccin utilizada por la imagen o cuadrcula, de modo que sea posible alinear
los datos en grados decimales con los datos de la imagen trama. Las imgenes y
una vista. Es necesario conocer entonces los datos especficos de grilla y datum
metadatos intentan responder a las preguntas quin, que, cuando, donde, porqu
y cmo, sobre cada una de las facetas relativas a los datos que se documentan.
computadora.
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para mostrar el territorio de manera integrada, con los problemas que ello
conlleva. Para trabajar con coordenadas planas UTM a lo largo de todo Chile, la
de secancia), hacia los bordes. Bajo este contexto se propone una proyeccin TM
integral para tener una visin general del territorio chileno y un aporte al rea de la
geodesia y la cartografa.
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lmite, como sera el caso de extender el huso 19 al 18, alejndose mucho ms del
oeste, para el huso NTM de 8, cuatro grados a cada lado del meridiano central, y
as lograr abarcar a todo Chile continental, por lo que el meridiano central ser el
En la proyeccin NTM, por ser el factor de escala menor que 0.9996, las
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todo esto con el propsito de unificar datos para relacionar distintos proyectos.
direccin este-oeste, es siempre inferior a 900 km, por eso se adopt como origen
que los extremos del huso tomaran como valores mnimo 256.000m y mximo
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sea como FALSO NORTE NACIONAL tome el valor 7.000.000m suficiente para
cubrir el territorio nacional continental, que es la zona que interesa. El origen por lo
FNN=7.000.000 metros.
de Tissot para reducir las deformaciones en los extremos de los husos, de esta
valor de 0,9996 (UTM). Esto se tradujo en que el cilindro dej de ser tangente para
pasar a ser secante. Sin embargo, an cuando se modific el valor del factor de
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escala la proyeccin no dej de ser una proyeccin del tipo TM, es decir, mantuvo
y con una adecuada eleccin del factor de escala del origen del sistema K0, se
estudio.
K K0 K '
2
K K 0 1 cos 2 1 2
2
reemplazando,
2
K K 0 1 cos 2 1 e' 2 cos 2 (3.1)
2
Tissot implica reducir a la mitad la deformacin en los extremos del huso. El factor
de escala sin artificio de Tissot en los extremos del huso se puede expresar por:
K ' 4 1
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Dando a Ko el valor K 0 1 , el factor de escala, aplicando el
2
2
K 4 K 0 K ' 4 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
pasar de 1 a 1 .
2
Dado que K para el meridiano central es igual a la unidad, el valor del factor
tendr finalmente:
2
k ' 4 , 40
o o 1 cos 2 1 e' 2 cos 2 1 1,001436 entonces:
2
0,001436
1
k0 1 1 0,0007178 1 0,99928
2 1390
Este artificio tiene como consecuencia que las deformaciones sean nulas en
meridianos pero son prximas a los meridianos como se ilustra en la figura (3.1).
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N -29'
+29'
Secancia_husoMBN
Lineas de Secancia
Borde del Huso
Mnima deformacin
Mnima deformacin
Chile
Paises
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siguientes:
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Las frmulas particulares para la proyeccin NTM, sern las mismas que se
en sentido Este Oeste y Norte Sur, es decir , cmo vara el factor de escala y se
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a2 (a 2 b 2 )
b a (1 f ) ; c ; e' 2
b b2
V 2 1 e' 2 cos 2
c c
M ; N
V3 V
c
R
V (V V ) cos 2
3
c
R M N ; P N cos
V2
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Con:
b: semieje menor.
e: 2a excentricidad.
N: Gran Normal.
R: radio medio.
K K 0 (1 a8 2 a10 4 ) (3.3)
1
a8 cos 2 (1 e' 2 cos 2 )
2
1
a10 cos 2 (4 (9 28e' 2 ) cos 2 42e' 2 cos 4 )
24
donde:
K0 = 0,99928
Ejemplo
vrtice de coordenadas:
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Nombre: Arica
Datum: WGS 84
Elipsoide: WGS 84
Latitud: -182850,4233
Longitud: -701955,5468
proyeccin NTM.
Se calcular entonces
1955,5468
a8 = 0,452486923
a10 = 0,155728566
esto significa una variacin de 0,6585 metros por kilmetro ( 0,99934 1 1000 ).
2
K K 0 1 cos 2 1 2
2
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es
K K 0 1 b8 X 2 b10 X 4 (3.4)
1
b8
2R 2
1
b10 1 4e' 2 cos 2 1
24 R 4
Con:
1 180
1 Y
R
X
E FE
K0
Y
N FN
K0
Ejemplo:
5.850 m, pero se partir del conocimiento de las coordenadas NTM del vrtice.
Norte = 4.957.157,22 m
Este = 770.490,70 m
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X = 70.541,49
Y = -2.044.314,68
1824,6
luego,
b8 = 1,23571E-14
b10 = 2,60671E-29
Los clculos mostrados se utilizan para distancias menores de 100 km. Para
1 1 1 4 1
(3.5)
k 6 k A kM kB
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D NTM
D ELIPSOIDAL (3.6)
K
DUTM D
NTM
K UTM K NTM
K NTM
luego, D NTM DUTM (3.7)
K UTM
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hacia los bordes del huso, k > 1, y hacia el meridiano central, K < 1. La mxima
de entrada:
0 71
4
0
expresiones:
Para (3.1)
2
1 K 0 1 cos 2 1 e' 2 cos 2
2
1
2 1 2 cos 2 e' 2 cos 4
K0
1
2 1
2 K0
cos e' cos 4
2 2
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1 K0
2
K 0
(3.8)
cos 2 e' 2 cos 4
Para (3.3)
1 K 0 (1 a8 2 a10 4 )
1
1 a8 2 a10 4
K0
1 K0
a10 4 a8 2 (3.9)
K0
Ecuador:
K =1
0 cos 0 1
1 K0
2
K 0
, con K0 = 0,99928 (3.10)
1 e'2
180
0.037833724 radianes /
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2,167713 209,6'
E -6849,8'
O -7309,6'
Para (3.10)
a8 = 0.503369748
a10 = 0.212264706
reemplazando:
1 0,99928
0,24 0,5 2 (3.11)
0,99928
1
(3.8) es una funcin (y = f(x)) de la forma y . Al graficar, con los valores
cos x
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Variacin de con K = 1
15
10
0
0
0
0
-5 f(fi)
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-10 -f(fi)
-15
Latitud
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reemplazando queda:
2
K 0,999281
2
1 e' 2 (3.13)
1.00200
1.00150
1.00100
1.00050
K 1.00000
0.99950
0.99900
0.99850
0.99800
-71.0
-71.5
-72.0
-72.5
-73.0
-73.5
-74.0
-74.5
-75.0
K con respecto
Longitud al MC
Se observa que K tiene un crecimiento parablico a medida que se aleja del MC.
K
-71.0 0.0 0.99928
-71.5 -0.5 0.99932
-72.0 -1.0 0.99943
-72.5 -1.5 0.99962
-73.0 -2.0 0.99989
-73.5 -2.5 1.00024
-74.0 -3.0 1.00066
-74.5 -3.5 1.00116
-75.0 -4.0 1.00173
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Cabe mencionar que los valores de K al Este del MC son los mismos.
K 0,99928 1 8 cos 2 1 e' 2 cos 2 (3.14)
1.00100
K 1.00000
0.99900
0.99800
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
Latitud K en el borde
del huso
Sur. Mximo con mnimo con Los datos obtenidos son los
siguientes:
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cos2 K
0 1.00000000 1.0017316
-5 0.99240388 1.0017129
-10 0.96984631 1.0016572
-15 0.93301270 1.0015663
-20 0.88302222 1.0014431
-25 0.82139380 1.0012913
-30 0.75000000 1.0011156
-35 0.67101007 1.0009214
-40 0.58682409 1.0007147
-45 0.50000000 1.0005017
-50 0.41317591 1.0002890
-55 0.32898993 1.0000829
-60 0.25000000 0.9998898
-65 0.17860620 0.9997155
-70 0.11697778 0.9995651
-75 0.06698730 0.9994432
-80 0.03015369 0.9993534
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Variacin de K en funcin de y
1.002000
1.001500
1.001500-1.002000
1.001000
1.001000-1.001500
1.000500
K 1.000000
1.000500-1.001000
0.999500 1.000000-1.000500
0.999000 0.999500-1.000000
0
0.998500 -20
-40 0.999000-0.999500
0.998000
-60 Latitud
0.998500-0.999000
-75.0
-74.0
-73.0
-72.0
-71.0
-80
-70.0
-69.0
-68.0
-67.0
0.998000-0.998500
Longitud
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Los valores de K obtenidos para el sentido Oeste del MC son los siguientes:
Cabe recordar que las deformaciones son simtricas a ambos lados del MC. Esto
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HUSO 19:
1.001000 1.000800-1.001000
1.000800
1.000600-1.000800
1.000600
1.000400 1.000400-1.000600
1.000200 1.000200-1.000400
1.000000
K 0.999800
1.000000-1.000200
0.999600 0.999800-1.000000
0.999400
0.999600-0.999800
0.999200 -20
0.999000 -29 0.999400-0.999600
-38
0.998800
-47 Latitud 0.999200-0.999400
-72.0
-71.0
-70.0
-69.0
-56 0.999000-0.999200
-68.0
-67.0
-66.0
Longitud 0.998800-0.999000
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Valores estadsticos:
HUSO 19 EXTENDIDO:
1.005000
1.004000
1.004000-1.005000
1.003000
1.003000-1.004000
1.002000
1.002000-1.003000
K 1.001000
1.001000-1.002000
1.000000
1.000000-1.001000
0.999000
-20
0.999000-1.000000
0.998000
-29 0.998000-0.999000
0.997000 -38
-75.0
-47 0.997000-0.998000
-74.0
-73.0
-72.0
-71.0
-56 Latitud
-70.0
-69.0
-68.0
-67.0
Longitud
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HUSO 18 EXTENDIDO
1.010000
1.008000
1.008000-1.010000
1.006000
1.006000-1.008000
1.004000
1.004000-1.006000
K 1.002000
1.002000-1.004000
1.000000
0.998000
1.000000-1.002000
0.996000 -20 0.998000-1.000000
-29
0.994000 -38 0.996000-0.998000
-47 Latitud
-75.0
-74.0
-73.0
0.994000-0.996000
-72.0
-71.0
-56
-70.0
-69.0
-68.0
-67.0
Longitud
Valores estadsticos
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1.002000
1.001500
1.001500-1.002000
1.001000
1.001000-1.001500
1.000500
1.000500-1.001000
K 1.000000
1.000000-1.000500
0.999500
0.999000
0.999500-1.000000
0.998500 -20 0.999000-0.999500
-29
0.998000 -38 0.998500-0.999000
Latitud
-75.0
-47
-74.0
-73.0
0.998000-0.998500
-72.0
-71.0
-56
-70.0
-69.0
-68.0
-67.0
Longitud
Valores estadsticos:
Los datos estadsticos nos dicen claramente que el nuevo sistema entrega una
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Los parmetros del sistema NTM sern aplicados a los modelos genricos
Para el ejemplo se har uso de cuatro vrtices IGM solicitados por el MBN
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Datum : SAD 69
PARAMETROS DE ENTRADA
(Elipsoide)
a f
6378160 0.003352892
b c e2
6356774.719 6399617.225 0.006739661
Ko MC
0.99928 -71
FN 7000000
FE 700000
DATOS DE
ENTRADA
52.03'24'',555 71.25'00'',618
Latitud fi longitud
-52.0568 -71.4168
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CALCULO DE
FACTOR DE
ESCALA
a8 0.18952021
a10 -0.009896036
-0.416838333
K 0.99929002
Arco de Meridiano
A 1.005052625 111133.3488
B 0.005063232 16038.95495
C 1.06281E-05 16.83348992
D 2.08219E-08 0.021986052
E 3.93275E-11 3.11448E-05
F 6.55534E-14 4.15311E-08
B -5769686.0780
Y -5769768.0985
X -28591.4135
Coordenadas NTM
N 1234386.13
E 671429.17
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geodsicas:
520329,2624
720021,1490
se ingresaron los datos de una sesin con cinco estaciones con los respectivos
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donde tambin se pueden observar los valores del factor de escala K para cada
Grid System
Name: NTM
Zone Parameters:
Longitude of Central Meridian = 07100'00.00"W
Scale factor at Central Meridian = 0.999280 m
Longitude of the grid origin = 00000'00.00"W
Latitude of grid origin = 0000'00.00"N
False easting (m) = 700000.000 m
False northing (m) = 7000000.000 m
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DATOS DE
ENTRADA
52.03'29'',262 72.00'21'',149
Latitud fi longitud
-52.0581 -72.0059
K 0.99933837
N 1233865.61
E 631058.57
Estos valores coinciden en su totalidad con los calculados por el software, por lo
es el caso del Arc View, con el cual se convertirn coberturas de Chile continental
a la proyeccin NTM.
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librera de ejemplos en los que se encuentran los Temas requeridos (figura 3.6) .
Figura 3.7
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Se puede apreciar cmo se deforma la gratcula a medida que nos alejamos del
huso.
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una vista (mapa), se deben generar tablas con los datos correspondientes a las
lados del MC. Luego, en arcview, se ingresan como temas de punto asignndoles
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N
# ## ### # ### ## #
# ## ### # ### ## #
# ## ### # ### ## #
# ## ### # ### ## #
# ## ### # ### ## #
# ## ### # ### ## #
L -80 # ## ### # ### ## #
# ## ### # ### ## #
L -60
# ## ### # ### ## #
# ## ### # ### ## #
# ## ### # ### # # #
# ## ### # ### ## #
# ## ### # ### ## #
# ## ### # ### ## #
# # # ### # ### # # #
# # # ### # ### ## #
# ## ### # ### ## #
# ## ### # ### # # #
# # # ### # ### # # #
# # # ### # ### ## #
# ## ### # ### # # #
# # # ### # ### # # #
# # # ### # ### ## #
# # # ### # ### # # #
# # # ### # ### # # #
# # # ### # ### # # #
# # # ### # ### # # #
# # # ### # ### # # #
# # # ### # ### # # #
# # # # ## # ### # # #
# # # ### # ### # # #
# # # ### # ### # # #
# # # # ## # ## # # # #
# # # ### # ### # # #
# # # ### # ## # # # #
# # # # ## # ## # # # #
# # # ### # ### # # #
# # # # ## # ## # # # #
# # # # ## # ## # # # #
# # # # ## # ## # # # #
# # # # ## # ## # # # #
View5
Chile.shp # 0,99975 # 0,9994 # 1
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a medida que se aleja del MC, que es la nica columna de puntos que permanece
recta ya que siempre el valor de K ser Ko = 0,9996. En este caso la vista no esta
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N 5500000 5500000
5000000 5000000
20
20
4500000 4500000
4000000 4000000
30
3500000 3500000
30
3000000 3000000
2500000 2500000
40
40
2000000 2000000
1500000 1500000
50
1000000
50 1000000
500000 500000
50
60
-1000000 -500000 0 500000 1000000 1500000
100 60 90 80 70 60 50
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archivo en una vista como tema. El programa analiza los Metadatos del archivo y
(figura 3.15)
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Por ltimo, el programa solicita un nombre y una ruta para guardar el nuevo
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LOS BAJOS
#
2450000 2450000
PARAGUAY
#
FRUTILLAR
#
#
FRUTILLAR BAJO
LAGO LLANQUIHUE
COLEGUAL
#
LLANQUIHUE
#
PUERTO
#
VARAS
LOS MAITENES #
# NUEVA BRAUNAU
2420000 2420000
ALERCE
#
LAS QUEMAS
#
GUAY
#
CHICO
2410000 2410000
SAN ANTONIO
510000 520000 530000 540000 550000
10 0 10 Kilometers
Escala 1:250.000
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4.1.- ANLISIS
-80, y entre las longitudes -67 y -75. Los valores obtenidos para la proyeccin
NTM son:
K precisin Distorsin
K0 0,99928 1:1.389 -0,72 metros por kilmetro
Kmximo 1,00173 1:578 1,73 metros por kilmetro
Kpromedio 0,99979 1:4.762 -0,21 metros por kilmetro
K precisin distorsin
K0 0,9996 1:2.500 -0,40 metros por kilmetro
Kmximo 1,00098 1:1.020 0,98 metros por kilmetro
Kpromedio 0,9999 1:10.000 -0,10 metros por kilmetro
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extensiones de terreno.
K precisin distorsin
K0 0,99928 1:1.389 -0,72 metros por kilmetro
Kmximo 1,00152 1:658 1,52 metros por kilmetro
Kpromedio 0,99986 1:7.143 -0,14 metros por kilmetro
K precisin distorsin
K0 0,9996 1:2.500 -0,40 metros por kilmetro
Kmximo 1,0047 1:213 4,70 metros por kilmetro
Kpromedio 1,0006 1:1.667 0,60 metros por kilmetro
clculos, son los valores de latitud y longitud extremas del territorio, pero no est
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poco homognea. Si se desprecian gran parte de estos valores, fuera del territorio
NTM:
K precisin distorsin
Kpromedio 0,999845 1:6.666 -0,15 metros por kilmetro
K precisin distorsin
Kpromedio 1,00033 1:3030 0,33 metros por kilmetro
ntegra, es decir como valor mximo de 1,5 metros por kilmetro. Esto implica
distorsin.
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para determinar la escala exacta que se debe utilizar para obtener una distancia
medida en diferentes regiones del mapa, de forma que si 1/E es la escala general
para las otras habr que aplicar el factor de escala correspondiente a ese punto,
-74
-73
-72
-71
-70
-69
-68
-67
1:249.650-1:249.700
Longitud 1:249.600-1:249.650
1:249.550-1:249.600
1:249.500-1:249.550
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Las lneas que conservan la escala (K=1, secancia), a medida que se alejan
Hacia los polos esta distancia tender a infinito (ver frmulas 3.8 y 3.9, seccin
3.5.3). En el lmite del territorio Nacional, alcanza los 346. Por lo tanto tiene un
polos.
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4.2.- CONCLUSIONES
momento de entregar una evaluacin del nuevo sistema se resume que ste no
genera deformaciones mayores a 1,5 metros por kilmetro y que en promedio son
coordenadas en los lmites del huso UTM, sin la necesidad de forzar las
coordenadas o extender un huso, sino que generando una zona ms amplia con
transformacin de distancias.
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proyeccin, es decir, meridiano central, ancho de huso que integre la totalidad del
partir de all calcular el factor de escala para el meridiano central Ko, y por ltimo
Los clculos realizados fueron hechos en planillas de clculo Excel, las que
rpida en tablas de doble entrada, programando una sola celda y copiando para
deformacin lineal y la escala, y algo muy importante, cmo estn trazadas las
lneas automecoicas.
recomienda:
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referencia.
uso interno, en este caso del MBN, o general de Chile, este trabajo representa un
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BIBLIOGRAFA
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