om ~ Grammar F Conditionals 2; (third) ral tuations in the past and Ifthe chemist had been open, | mould have bought some axpn ‘ir unreal past results. (= The chemist wasn't open, so | didn’t buy any aspirm ) If hadn't listened to you, | would have cooked the chicken for too jong. (= Ilistened to you, so | didn't cook the chicken for too tong.) ithe had seen the doctor, he wouldn't have been ill for such @ long time. % (= He didn't see the doctor, so he was ill for a tong, time.) f | you hadn't eaten a giant pizza, you wouldn't have been sick! (= You ate a giant pizza, so you were sick.) We can also use could and might instead of would, depending on the meaning, {yeu had eaten a giant pizza, you might have been sick! “{=Its possible, but not certain, that you would have been sick.) 7 Mary had told me she was coming, | could have cooked a nice meal. * Would have been able to cook a nice meal.) third conditional is the only conditional that refers to the past. Hthad had a headache, | would have taken an aspirin. (= inthe past) use past simple in the second conditional, but that does not refer to the past. ¥Hihad a headache, | would take an aspirin. ( = now or generally) For more information on the second conditional, see Unit 28. ze 121_- Grammar val Reported speech © Reported speech Use To report what someone else said Form Direct speech present simple ‘Twant to build a new house,’ said il present continuous _We are making a dress,’ they said. present perfect continuous ‘Thave been drawing all day,' said Debbie. past simple ‘Jim made a card for me yesterday,’ Amy said. past continuous: Example My dad said that ithe’d written 2 song. Reported speech le Sisad she wanted to build a new house. ‘past continuous : “They said they were making a dress. yast perfect continuous Pebble sad she had been drawing all dey past perfect simple famy said im had made a card for her the day befor. past perfect continuous Tina said she had been writing a poem. ‘Iwas writing a poem,’ said Tina. — will would ‘Iwill make you a scarf,’ my grandma said. My grandma said she would make me a scar, amv/is/are going to was/were going 10 __ "They are going to make a new one.’ said Joe. _Joe said they were going to make anew one. can could ‘Tean draw quite well’ Emma sz. Emma said she could draw quite well. must / have to had to “You have to visit the fashion show,” she said. ‘She said we had to visit the fashion show. may ‘might ce ‘Imay visit the White House next week, said Polly. TEE Polly said she might visit the White House the folowirg we We often have to change other words apart from the verb form. pronouns time and place | = he/she «here = = Vimeftheyfhem = snow = = they © tomorrow = = them « tonight = = his/her = my/their x there # next week — the following wee then/at that moment « yesterday — the day before the next day « last week = the week before that night © ago = before «We only make tense changes when the reporting verb i Pana «= We don't change the past perfect simple and the past perfect continuous 7 thad seen the picture before.’ = He said he had seen th + We also don't change would, should, could and might. pete bere ¥ 1 might take up painting,’ — She said she might take up painting, We can use verbs lke apologise, deny, pro 7 Jen apologised for losing the picture. ¥ He denied breaking the statue. ¥ Terence promised to help me decorate the house. 130 ise, refuse and suggest in reported speech. ¥ Charlotte refused to it me see her 2 v My dad suggested going to an art g2l€"YGrammar Conditionals 1: (zero, first, second) a ‘© Introduction ditional > Some sentences with the word if are called conditional sentences. aaa With every conditional sentence, there are two parts: a situation and the result ofthat situation ttis the | situation that starts with if. 5 There are different types of conditional sentence, depending on what the situation is. + When we start the sentence with if, we separate the situation and the result with a comma, If you jon a gym, I'l join too. + When we start the sentence with the result, we don't use a comma. ¥ Til jom too if you jon @ gym. ero condition: if + present simple, present simple Use Example =u General or scientific facts | people eat too much, they often get fat. St COM th a if + present simple, wil + bare infinitive fs i Use Example Real or likely situations in the present or future and | their results: Pos + Wie can also use other modal instead of wl, depending onthe meaning, ¥ If you get some rest, you might feel better tomorrow. + We can also use an imperative instead of will to gwve mstructions 7 Ifyou don't feel well, go home! ‘you take these pils, you'll start to feel better very soon. Use Example ‘Impossible or unlikely situations in the If my legs were I present or future and their results onger, ! would be a much faster une! SS We can also use the second condtona to gue advice. W oo this. I were you .. is more formal than i was you... 5° M Phrases If were you... oF I was you 1 i were you. | would eat less chocolat. (mare fora Y It was you, Td eat less chocolate! (more informa)