Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
97 - 112 (2011)
INGENIERA ELCTRICA
Resumen
Las aplicaciones prcticas, tales como la incorporacin de un nuevo enfoque terico en la definicin de estrategias de
compensacin instantnea y promediada para filtros activos de potencia en sistemas polifsicos y la descripcin de un
indicador global para la evaluacin de la calidad de potencia, son introducidas en este articulo. Para alcanzar estas
aplicaciones, una teon'a generalizada de la potencia instantnea aplicada en sistemas no-sinusoidales, polifsicos y
asimtricos es propuesta. El tensor de potencia instantnea se define en incin del producto tensorial entre los
vectores de tensin y corriente. Adems, resultados simulados son incluidos.
Palabras clave: Compensador Activo de Potencia, Teora de Potencia Instantnea, Sistemas Polifsicos, Producto
tensorial
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
97
1. Introduction
There is an ever increase of nonlinear loads
connected to electrical systems, where the
injection of harmonic currents cause distortion of
the voltage waveform complicating the analysis of
electromagnetic phenomena. The traditional
power theory based on the concept of the average
value can not fully describe the electrical
phenomena under these conditions. Therefore, the
difficulty of defining a theory that describes the
power for nonsinusoidal, unbalanced and
multiphase systems entices researchers around the
worid (Depenbrock et al, 2003; Czamecki, 2004;
Morsi & El-Hawary, 2007; Leon & Cohen, 2008).
On the other hand, the physical meaning of the
components of the instantaneous and apparent
power in electrical systems is a topic that has been
studied for many years and is still being studied
today. Considerations such as harmonic effects
and the imbalance of electrical signals in the
power components in multiphase systems are
currently under discussion and have originated a
great deal of theories.
Theories about the transfer of power in multiphase
systems have emerged since last beginningcentury (Depenbrock, 1993). These theories show
no constrains on the number of stages and the
numbers of wires in the power systems. More
recently, Willems, 1992 extends the instantaneous
reactive power theory proposed by Akagi et al,
1984 to multiphase systems. In all these theories
the authors propose the decomposition of the
current in two orthogonal components. The first
component is derived from the concept of
instantaneous active power; while the second
component is calculated as the complement to the
previous component in order to obtain the total
current. Therefore these theories do not present a
formal definition of reactive power in multiphase
systems.
Dai et al, 2004 proposed an altemative to define
the concept of reactive power in multiphase
systems which later is formalized (Salmern &
Herrera, 2009). This new approach defines the
instantaneous reactive power from the definition
of the exterior product in terms of the tensor
98
Py = a
(5)
(6)
(2)
vv
-Q)Load
Pij
=V
(7)
llvlf
(g) h
M
M
v
'
"^l'i
V2'',
M
vj,
M O
V/2 L
(3)
(8)
V-V
V-V
V-V
(9)
Where,
vector:
Moreover, in a system of three-phase and threewire or four-wire, where the phases are identified
by a-b-c, the instantaneous power tensor in R^ is
expressed as:
Vh'c
b a
Vja
f h
(4)
Vjc
99
V,,
w iivf
V -V
V.J..
(12)
iivir
M o
M
I
(18)
llvlP
llvlP
Consequently,
and in Ec. (11 ) by is the instantaneous susceptance
tensor:
(13)
1?"
(19)
Moreover, Ec. (19) satisfies the orthogonality
concept, in other words.
V.-''
= tr
(20)
r\
T-7-r
.\Ti,
.X
.j tV
i iV
-VI
=0
such that.
(15)
3.2 Orthogonal decomposition of the power
tensor
The decomposition of the instantaneous power
tensor is obtained by applying the tensor product
of the voltage vector on Ec. (9), thus:
100
as:
s^^p'+q^
(22)
(27)
V-V
(23)
-^Jl
(24)
Where,
vv
/, f
. \
(29)
(25)
V-V
s=
(30)
(31)
The block diagram ofthe control strategies for the
determination of APF reference compensation
currents is shown in Figure 2, where the
compensation objectives selector block was
implemented.
101
Q aa
Figure 2: Bioclc diagram of the contro strategies for determination ofAPF reference current.
102
(j)
BrMg Rectifief
12 pulsa
Three Windings
Transiomier
Compensation
Strategy
Active Power
Fmers
103
an i f'i- ! '
a) i
(bl S
{') '.
104
'me|s|
Timelil
105
Factor
U MJ
If [A]
THDi [%]
dPF
P[kW]
Se [kVA]
PF
4oad
1.650
1.631
15.20
0.710
119.8
170.8
0.702
pm
1.169
1.156
15.18
1.000
119.8
121.0
0.989
'p<OR)
'ji(OA/OI}
1.303
1.291
13.59
0.895
119.8
134.9
0.887
1.291
1.291
0.000
0.896
119.8
133.6
0.896
]>(OA/II9
1.156
1.156
0.000
, 1.000
119.8
119.8
1.000
(32)
THD, = max
(33)
(34)
The terms relating to power concepts in the Table
2 are based on the new definitions of power,
proposed by the IEEE Working Group on
Nonsinusoidal Situations as collected in the IEEE
Standard 1459-2000 (Emanuel, 2004).
using
106
= m2Lx{THD,,UF,QF)
(35)
where, the ^^^^ is the current harmonic in the phasek ik=a, b, c), I, and I, are the fundamental negative
and positive sequence components and 0,^^ is the
fundamental reactive power of phase-A^.
(37)
(39)
"i '
(*ai)
(40)
where v/ is the voltage vector with a single
fundamental positive-sequence component and
G ,ij,,,i, is the equivalent conductance of the ideal
power system.
In this paper, the power quality assessment
approach proposed based on the instantaneous
power tensor theory has been applied to a threephase, four-wire system. The analyzed electrical
network is similar to the one presented in Figure 8.
The electrical network was simulated in ATPEMTP. In addition, the DF^ index is in contrasted
against the GI index. For comparison proposes.
107
Ra
(b)
(a)
Ra
La
ASO
BP
IC ^ 18 V lA r
(c)
(d)
Figure 9. Three-phase loads connected in the studied example: (a) ideal load, (b) disturbing load #I (unbalanced),
(c) disturbing load #2 (inductive) and (d) disturbing load #3 (nonlinear).
108
Ideal
V rv 1
al
220 ZO"
220 Z-120
220Z-240
Ideal
rmsJ
V rv
Distorted
Load
#1
2.67
1.32
1.32
1.32
JmH]
Fundamental
201Z0
220Z-120
220Z-240
<.[mH]
4 (fundamental) [
/ (5 harmonic)
L (7'^'' harmonic) \
3*^ harmonic
35.07 Z0
46.21 Z0
46.21 Z0
Disturbing
#2
1.17
1.17
1.17
2.53
2.53
2.53
#3
107Z5r
63Z76"
33Z-2"
Table 4: Summary of Simulated Cases
Case
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Source
Switch S-1
on
on
on
on
off
off
off
off
Switch S-2
off
off
off
off
on
on
on
on
Switch S-3
on
oft"
off
Disturbing load
Switch S-4
off
on
off
Switch S-S
off
off
on
on
on
on
on
off
off
on
off
on
off
off
on
off
on
on
(e)
Figure 10. Voltage and current waveform for the case H: (a) PCC voltage, (b) PCC current, (c) ideal load current,
(d) unbalanced load current (e) inductive load current and (f) nonlinear load current.
109
Ingenieriay
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
PCC
UFl'/o]
33.08
0.25
0.24
17.93
31.71
3.17
2.95
17.62
Disturbing load
QF\Vo\
0.00
32.93
0.01
20.75
0.00
32.07
-10.29
15.81
THD,\'/\
0.23
0.89
59.73
21.92
3.45
10.20
62.35
28.32
UF[%\
QFl%\
100.00
0.25
0.22
27.93
100.00
3.03
3.38
29.10
0.00
81.52
0.03
33.25
0.00
80.74
-37.80
26.37
6. Conclusion
The introduced mathematical tool proposes a way
to calculate the instantaneous power components
and the current decomposition in an active and a
reactive component, based on a formal definition
of reactive power in multiphase electric systems.
This new formulation also allows the definition of
instant compensation objectives in -phase
systems, based on the fact that the expression for
the instantaneous reactive power in multiphase
systems is known thanks to the orthogonal
decomposition of the power tensor. This new
approach allows the reduction of constmction
Case
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
110
GI 1%)
33.08
32.93
19.80
20.75
31.71
32.07
18.34
17.62
FDp^ 1%)
33.07
31.90
19.57
29.16
40.13
40.19
28.41
32.53
, ,
'
GI 1%)
100.00
81.52
59.73
33.25
100.00
80.74
62.35
29.10
Disturbing load
FD [V.\
100.00
80.48
59.38
47.11
105.70
84.65
82.66
49.02
ll-t
.scalar product
\ector product
tensor product
norm
transpose!
instantaneous
instantaneous
uistantaneous
instantaneous
instantaneous
utstantaiieous
instantaneous
\oltage \ector
cunent \ ector
acti\e power
reacti\e power
coiuluctance tensor
susceptance tensor
power tensor
C z a r n e c k i , L. S. ( 2 0 0 4 ) . On Some
Misinterpretations of the Instantaneous Reactive
Power p-q Theory. IEEE Transaction on Power
f/ecran/c 19(3), 828-836.
Dai, X., Liu, G., & Gretsch, R. (2004).
Generalized Theory of Instantaneous Reactive
Quantity for Multiphase Power System. IEEE
Transaction on Power Delivery 19(3), 965-972.
Dell'Aquila, A., Marinelli, M., Monopoli, V. G., &
Zanchetta, P. (2004). New Power-Quality
Assessment Criteria for Supply Under
Unbalanced and Nonsinusoidal Conditions. IEEE
Transaction on Power Delivery \9{'i), 1284-1290.
Depenbrock, M., Staudt, V., & Wreder, H. (2003).
A theoretical investigation of original and
modified instantaneous power theory applied to
four-wire systems. IEEE Transaction on Industry
Applications 39(4), 1160-1167.
Dqjenbrock, M. ( 1993). The FBD-Method, A Generally
Applicable tool for Analyzing Power Relations. IEEE
lr(- ) trace
()
V
/
/'
q
^,
6|
J.?
8. References
Ill
Instantaneous
Power Tensor Theory:
Improvement and Assessment of the Electric
Power Quality. In Proceedings of the 14th
Intemational Conference on Harmonics and
Quality of Power (ICHQP), Bergamo, Italy, pp. 1 Willems, J.L. (1992). A New Interpretation of the
A k a g i - N a b a e Power C o m p o n e n t s for
Nonsinusoidal Three-phase Situations. IEEE
Transactions on Instrumentation
Measurement A\{A), 523-527.
112
and
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