CAP3-4 Comunicaciones

Bibliografa
Comunicaciones Mviles
Fuente: Prof. Magda El Zarki Dept. of ICS-UC, Irvine
Comunicaciones Fijas
MASTER UNIVERSITARIO EN SISTEMAS FERROVIARIOS

Sptima edicin.
edicin Curso 10
10-11.
11 Mdulo 1: Sealizacin y Sistemas Informticos
Fuente: William Stalling Data and Computer Communications
Comunicaciones en el mundo
ferroviario:
GSM-R y TCN
Comunicaciones en el mundo ferroviario

Fuente:TCN (Train Communications Networking)
Sadot Alexandres Fernndez

1
Modelo OSI: Fundamentos de comunicaciones fsicas
Agenda
1 sesin: Modelo OSI: Fundamentos de comunicaciones fsicas
2 sesin: Comunicaciones en el mundo ferroviario
(Cap 1-2)
Comunicaciones por aire (wireless)

Comunicaciones por cable (wired)
(Cap 3-4)
GSM-R
TCN (Train Comunication Network)
Cpitulo 3:GSM
3:GSM-R
R
Sistema
GSM y GSM-R. Caractersticas

Requisitos de la red GSM-R
Nuevos retos y escenarios
Evolucin
E ol cin del sistema GSM
GSM-R
R
GSM: introduccin
GSM-R: introduccin
GSM es formalmente Groupe Spciale Mobile (1982), aunque,

actualmente, es Global System for Mobile Communication
Pan-European standard ETSI (European Telecommunications
Standardization Institute).
Introduce los servicios celulares digitales esenciales en tres
fases (1991, 1994, 1996) a travs de sus administraciones en
Europa.
Europa
Hoy en da, estos servicios GSM dan cabida a ms de 500
millones de usuarios en ms de 150 pases.
El problema
Introduce las funciones caractersticas operacionales

definidas para el entorno ferroviario por las
especificaciones EIRENE (European Integrated
Railway Radio Enhanced Network) y MORANE (Mobile
Radio for Railways
y Network in Europe).
p ) Para voz,,
sealizacin, informacin crtica
GSM-caractersticas bsicas
Comunicaciones
Soporte para voz y servicios de datos
Total movilidad
Acceso internacional a travs de un SIM
Conectividad total
Sistema de localizacin a travs de nmero nico
Alta capacidad
Eficiencia en frecuencia, optimizacin de celdas
Alta calidad
En audio a altas velocidades (automocin/ferroviario)
Funciones
F
i
de
d seguridad
id d
Control de acceso, autenticacin, etc.
La coexistencia de ms de 20 sistemas de
sealizacin y de control aumento en costes de
p
de seguridad,
g
, falta de
mantenimiento,, problemas
interoperabilidad.
Directiva de Interoperabilidad 96/48/CE
del 23 de julio de 1996 emitida por el Consejo Europeo
g no es un sistema p
perfecto!!!
Sin embargo,
No hay cifrado de datos de usuario en el ltimo tramo.
Menor ancho de banda que RDSI (64 kbit/s).
Slo algunos perfiles de roaming son accesibles.
Alta complejidad del sistema
sistema.
Ciertas incompatibilidades.
ERTMS (European Rail Traffic Management System)

= GSM-R
GSM R + ETCS (European Train Control System)
El Sistema Global de Comunicaciones Mviles para

Ferrocarriles (Global System for Mobile
Communications for Railways) es un sistema de
para la explotacin
p
ferroviaria basado
comunicaciones p
en el estndar GSM de radio pblica.
GSM-elementos de red
GSM-arquitectura genrica
GSM es una WAN de tipo PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)

OMC, EIR,
AUC
Componentes:
MS (estacin mvil)
BS (estacin base)
MSC (centro de conmutacin)
LR (registros de localizacin)
HLR
GMSC
NSS y
OSS
VLR
Subsistemas:
RSS ((subsistema
b i t
d radio):
de
di ) cubre
b aspectos
t de
d radio
di aspects
t
NSS (subsistema de red): cubre el seguimiento y handover
OSS(subsistema de operacin): gestin de red
MSC
VLR
Red fija
MSC
BSC
BSC
RSS
GSM: Interfaz de radio - TDMA/FDMA
10
GSM-R: Interfaz de radio - TDMA/FDMA

921-925 MHz
19 canales (200 kHz)
downlink
935-960 MHz
downlink
876-880 MHz
uplink
890-915 MHz
uplink
E t t
Estructura
de
d frame
f
GSM
tiempo
tiempo
F
Frame
GSM-TDMA
GSM TDMA
1
F
Frame
GSM-TDMA
GSM TDMA
5
4 615 ms
4.615
4 615 ms
4.615
Slot de tiempo GSM (rfaga normal)

espacio
de guarda
tail
3 bits
Slot de tiempo GSM (rfaga normal)
datos de usuario
S Training S
datos de usuario
tail
57 bits
1 26 bits 1
57 bits
espacio
de guarda
espacio
de guarda
tail
3 bits
546.5 s
577 s
11
user data
S Training S
datos de usuario
tail
57 bits
1 26 bits 1
57 bits
espacio
de guarda
546.5 s
577 s
12
GSM: capas de protocolo/sealizacin
Um
Abis
MS
GSM: procedimiento de llamada
BTS
BSC
1: calling a GSM subscriber

2: forwarding call to GMSC
3: signal call setup to HLR
4, 5: request MSRN from VLR calling
station 1
6: forward responsible
MSC to GMSC
7: forward call to current MSC
8, 9: get current status of MS
10, 11: paging of MS
12, 13: MS answers
14, 15: security checks
16, 17: set up connection
MSC
CM
CM
MM
MM
RR
RR
BTSM
RR
BTSM
LAPDm
LAPDm
LAPD
LAPD
radio
radio
PCM
PCM
BSSAP
BSSAP
HLR
SS7
SS7
PCM
PCM
3 6
PSTN
GMSC
10
VLR
14
15
MSC
10 13
16
10
BSS
BSS
BSS
11
11
11
11
12
17
MS
16/64 kbit/s
64 kbit/s /
2.048 Mbit/s
13
GSM: procedimiento llamada desde mvil
14
GSM: Handoffs
1, 2: connection request
3 4: security check
3,
5-8: check resources (free
circuit)
9-10:
9 10 sett up call
ll
GSM usa MAHO ((mobile assisted hand-off).

) Las medidas de
intensidad de la seal son enviadas a la BS desde el mvil.
El MSC decide cundo hay que hacer un cambio de celda e

informa de la nueva BS y el mvil.
Cundo el mvil conmuta de celda a una nueva BS se enva

una serie de rfagas cortas para ajustar la temporizacin
(recalculando el tiempo entre BS) permite as, a la nueva BS
sincronizar con el receptor el tiempo de los nuevos
mensajes.
VLR
3
6
PSTN
GMSC
7
MSC
8
2
MS
1
10
BSS
15
16
GSM: tipos de handover
GSM: Seguridad
1
MS
MS
MS
MS
Servicios de seguridad
Acceso de control/autenticacin de identidad de abonado

usuario SIM (Subscriber Identity Module): PIN (personal identification
number)
Confidencialidad de identidad del abonado

Voz y datos encriptados en la seccin aire (posterior a la autenticacin)
- Confidencialidad de datos de Sealizacin y datos de abonado

BTS
BTS
BSC
BTS
BSC
Identidad temporal TMSI

(Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
Asignacin nueva en cada location update (LUP)
Transmisin cifrada
BTS
BSC
MSC
Hay 3 algoritmos especificados en GSM
MSC
17
GSM: Servicios de datos II
secreto:
secreto :
A3 y A8 disponible
en Internet
se pueden usar
algoritmos ms
robustos
A3 para autenticacin (secreto, interfaz abierta)

A5 para cifrado de voz (estandar)
A8 para generacin de claves (secreto, interfaz abierta)
18
GSM-R: planificacin
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

Conmutacin de paquetes
Uso de slots libres si hay datos por enviar
(p.e., 115 kbit/s usando 8 slots temporalmente)
Estandarizado en 1998
ventaja: paso previo a UMTS, ms flexible
desventaja: se requiere de ms inversin
GPRS elementos de red
GSN (GPRS Support Nodes): GGSN and SGSN
GGSN (Gateway GSN)
Guarda una estrecha relacin con el estndar GSM para comunicaciones mviles,
sin embargo aunque se trata de protocolos muy similares GSM-R incluye algunas
caractersticas especficas para las comunicaciones en ferrocarril.
ferrocarril La eleccin del
sistema GSM-R se debe fundamentalmente a parmetros econmicos:
Economas de escala de GSM.
Multitud de proveedores de terminales y servicios.
Universalidad.
Homogeneizacin del sistema de telecomunicaciones a nivel nacional e
internacional.
internacional
Inversin en una sola tecnologa.
Tecnologa GSM Actual y a Futuro: sistema ampliamente implantado y en
fase de implementacin que garantiza su no obsolescencia o reduccin.
Unidad de interworking unit entre GPRS y PDN (Packet Data

Network)
SGSN (Serving GSN)
GR (GPRS Registro)
Soporta el MS (localizacin, seguridad, etc)

Direcciones de usuario
19
20
GSM-R: planificacin
GSM-R: funcionalidades
Segn EIRENE el sistema GSM-R :
Aplicaciones ferroviarias
Comunicacin entre controlador y maquinista
Control de trenes
Maniobras
Mantenimiento de vas
Comunicaciones ferroviarias auxiliares
Comunicaciones locales en estaciones
Comunicaciones de larga distancia
Aplicaciones ferroviarias
Servicios para pasajeros
Base para ERMTS
Operacin ferroviaria
Numeracin funcional
Filtrado por matriz de accesos
Numeracin posicional
A
Aspectos
t de
d operacin
i fferroviaria
i i
Llamadas de alta prioridad
Teltronic
GSM-R se encarga de la transmisin de voz y datos entre el tren y las

instalaciones fijas. Los niveles 1 y 2 ya se encuentran en operacin
comercial. El nivel 3, el de mxima capacidad debido a que permite
cantones mviles, el objetivo es que sea operativo hacia 2020.
Otros servicios de telecomunicacin

Llamadas de grupo,
grupo Llamadas de difusin
difusin, Llamadas de emergencia
21
GSM-R: prestaciones
22
GSM-R: criterios de planificacin I
Segn EIRENE el sistema GSM-R debe cumplir :
CANALES de RADIO
Ancho de banda: 4Mhz
Tiempo de establecimiento de la conexin extremo a extremo < 5 seg

seg.
Tiempo de conexin de una llamada de emergencia < 2 seg.
Probabilidad de fallo en el establecimiento de la conexin < 10-3
Probabilidad de desconexin < 10-4
Tasa de error de bits para el canal de trfico < 10-4 durante el 90 % del tiempo
Retardo extremo a extremo mximo/datos: 700 mseg.
Retardo extremo a extremo medio/datos: de 400 a 500 mseg.
Retardo extremo a extremo medio/voz: 90 mseg
mseg.
Retardo de un mensaje de texto (SMS) < 30 seg el 95% de los mensajes
Velocidad de transmisin datos: entre 9,6 Kbps 4,8 Kbps y 2,4 Kbps
Probabilidad de prdida de la conexin durante el handover < 10-4
Duracin mxima del handover (tiempo de corte de la comunicacin): 300 ms.
Tiempo mximo para indicar la perdida de conexin < 1 seg
Canales de radio: restringido a 19 (espaciados 200HKz.)

Celdas vecinas, usar canales alternos
La asignacin de canales por celdas lleva un criterio de este tipo:
-Separacin
Separacin mnima de un canal entre canales de una misma celda para
evitar interferencia cocanal.
-Separacin mnima de un canal entre canales de celdas adyacentes para
evitar la interferencia adyacente.
Se utiliza el BER como medida de caracterizacin de error en la misma celda y
celdas vecinas, tal que la interferencia cocanal y adyacente admisible sea de 9
dB.
dB
Cobertura del 95% del tiempo en el 95% del rea

rea.
23
24
GSM-R: criterios de planificacin II
GSM-R: criterios de planificacin III
Ejemplo, usando los canales pares, celdas con la misma frecuencia tienen una
separacin de 8 celdas
Enlace descendente 921925 MHz (921,2 921,4 921,6 924,8) total 19 canales
Enlace ascendente 876 880 MHz (876,2 876,4 876,6 879,8) total 19 canales
Ch0
Ch1 Ch2
Ch1
Ch3 Ch4
Ch5
Ch5
Ch6 Ch7
Ch8 Ch9 Ch10 Ch11 Ch12 Ch13 Ch14 Ch15 Ch16 Ch17 Ch18
Ch9
Ch13
Ch17
Ch3
HO (handover) es ms frecuente y debe de ser soportado hasta velocidades de

hasta 500 km/h para dar robustez a posibles cortos de enlace y dar un QoS alto
(calidad de servicio). HAY DOS SOLAPES POR CELDA..
Es necesario un estudio de trfico de llamadas y su tipo, para asegurar el QoS.
Estudio para cada caso de planificacin, dimensionando, canales, trfico de datos,
y transmisores activos por celda.
25
GSM-R: criterios de planificacin IV
El clculo del trfico se hace usando Erlangs ( = * H ), donde , es el nmero

de intentos de conexin y H, la duracin media de la conexin. Considerando
trenes por celda, llamadas y la probabilidad de bloqueo* (1% en el aire y 0,1% en
tierra) considerado en EIRENE.
Transmisores
Canales voz
Sealizacin
Erlangs
(aire) 1%
Erlangs (tierra)
0,1%
2,501
0,762
14
7 352
7,352
5 446
5,446
21
12,84
10,11
* El Erlang es una unidad adimensional utilizada en telefona como una medida estadstica del volumen de trfico
* Probabilidad de bloqueo = se define como la probabilidad de que una llamada entrante no pueda ser cursada y se pierda.
GSM-R: criterios de planificacin V
CONEXIN ENTRE ESTACIONES BASE
ANTENAS
La mejor solucin es una red en anillo,

anillo protegiendo posibles cadas del sistema.
sistema
Se utiliza al igual que en GSM, canales E1 (32 canales de 64Kbs) cableados de
forma redundante.
Es necesario dimensionar y calcular el nmero y tamao de estos anillos.
Solapamiento
S l
i t entre
t celdas
ld
d unos 500 m (6
de
segundos a 300 km/h) suficiente para llevar a
cabo el traspaso de la comunicacin en curso de
una celda a la siguiente.
(enlace E1)
(a MSC)
BSC
26
27
Dimensionamiento de celdas y BS
Altura, azimuth, tipo de antenas y
verticalidad
ti lid d (tilt).
(tilt)
Potencia de salida de transmisores.
Ancho de haz.
portadoras. Esto determina el
Nmero de p
nmero de conexiones simultneas que se
pueden establecer.
Redundancia
28
GSM-R: criterios de planificacin V
GSM-R: retos y problemas
ANTENAS
NUEVOS ENTORNOS HOSTILES A LAS COMUNICACIONES !!
Las
L celdas
ld en GSM-R
GSM R son elpticas,
l ti
bi
bisectoriales
t i l y redundantes
d d t con requisitos
i it
de cobertura lineal, con un ngulo de antena especfico para adaptarse al ferrocarril
(trincheras de vas,) por lo general, son de entre 20-65, frente la cobertura
omnidireccional (celdas trisectoriales u omnidireccionales) y ngulo de antena de
entre 6 a 10. Se utilizan tambin 1,2,3 o 4 transmisores por BTS.
Diseo EMC. Los equipos de telecomunicaciones que se ubican en las

proximidades de lneas de catenaria, son sensibles a los efectos perturbadores
producidos por altas tensiones (unos 25kV).
En el caso de los tneles de pequeo recorrido (<2)km se cubren desde el exterior

con antenas
t
especiales
i l apuntando
t d all interior
i t i del
d l tnel.
t l En
E otro
t caso, usando
d cable
bl
radiante y estaciones repetidoras en el interior, consiguiendo niveles mnimos de
70 dBm en la antena receptora del tren (-85 dBM en abierto). Cuidado con el retardo
en repetidores
p
!!!..
Otro posibles efectos perjudiciales:

- Zonas de trincheras
- Viaductos
- Tneles
- Zonas de cobertura compleja (pasos elevados, marquesinas en estaciones,
etc.)
* En GSM, el retardo mximo permitido de las seales entre una estacin base y una estacin mvil es, segn
especificaciones, 116,5 s, que se corresponde con una distancia mxima de 35 Km va radio y 23 Km va fibra
ptica
29
GSM-R: nuevos conceptos
GSM-R: resumen comparativo

Frecuencias
Aplicaciones nuevas al GSM estandar
GSMR
876.2 a 915 MHz (up)
921.2 a 960 MHz (down)
Red GSM-R de doble capa.

Equipamiento redundante de lneas, fuentes y sistemas
Conexin de la estaciones base en anillos con ruta alternativa.
p
diferentes p
para cada capa
p yp
por recorridos q
que no se
Uso de fibras pticas
solapan en ningn punto. La solucin de cobertura en tneles est basada en
estaciones base y repetidores de fibra ptica.
En contrapartida el sistema puede quedar limitado con el crecimiento de
servicios.
30
31
TETRA
B1- 410 a 420 MHz ,B2 - 420 a 430
MHz
B1- 870 a 876 MHz, B2 - 915 a 921
MHz
B1- 450 a 460 MHz ,B2 - 460 a 470
MHz
B1- 385 a 390 MHz, B2 - 395 a 400
MHz
Espaciamiento de canal
200 kHz
25 kHz
Modulacin
GMSK
DQPSK - (QAM v2)
Tasa del smbolo
270.833 smbolos/s
36 kbit/s
Bits por smbolo
Formato de acceso
TDMA -FDMA
TDMA -FDMA
Nmero de canales (por

portadora)
8 slots por TDMA frame

(4.615 ms) 148 bits por
time
slot, equivalente a 577 s
4 time slots por TDMA frame (56.67

ms)14.167 ms por time slot
Datos
Voz
9,6Kbps (14,4Kbps)
Digital
g
((13Kbps)
p )
28,8Kbps (QPSK), 269Kbps (64QAM)

Segn
g codec
32
Wire Train Bus
Cpitulo 4:TCN
This is the train bus standardized by IEC
for interconnecting rail vehicles
WTB:
MVB:
Wire Train Bus

Multifunction ehicle Bus
33
Train Communication Network
Wire Train Bus

trunk cable
WTB Structure
end
d node
d
jumper
34
i t
intermediate
di t node(s)
d ( )
end
d node
d
trunk cable
node
node
data rate:
1'000'000 bit/second
data period:
25 ms
covered distance:
860 m
number of devices:
32 nodes
node
jumper cable
terminators
(inserted)
+-
configuration:
experience:
2 channels
inauguration assigns each node its address and orientation

"inauguration"
based on DB-bus, FS-ETR450 and SBB Huckepack
+-
b controllers
bus
t ll
+-
+-
b controllers
bus
t ll
1 channel active
terminators
(inserted)
+-
+-
b controllers
bus
t ll
1 channel active
-+
-+
b controllers
bus
t ll
2 channels
distance:
860 m (22 UIC vehicles) and supports up to 32 nodes.
medium:
shielded, twisted wire pair at 1 Mbit/s with Manchester II encoding
control:
one master (any node may become back-up master)
link protocol: standard HDLC (IEC 3309) controllers.

35
36
Train Bus Node
UIC Cable
For the purpose off train inauguration, each node has two independent
channels, a main and an auxiliary (HDLC) channel
A 12-wire cable installed in all international coaches.
bus switch
direction 1
direction 2
5
8
Kb
Rt1 Kt1
Rt2 Kt2
terminator
switches
6
7
3
9
4
12
transceivers
encoder
decoder
encoder
decoder
auxiliary
channel
10
11
Manchester
encoder/decoder
Current assignment:
p
input
p circuit
Power amplifier
Telephone connection train guard-engine driver
Remote control of end stage
Remote control for priority announcements
Remote control of door closing
Switching on of train lightning
Switching off of train lightning
Common negative wire
Cable screening
Advantage: smooth transition with older coaches

pair of wires,, bandwidth,, exposure,
p
, wiring.
g
Problems: how to free a p
direction
commutator
main
channel
1-2:
3-4:
5-6:
7-8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
DB coaches use wires 9,10,11 and 12

for overriding the emergency brake.
HDLC
controllers
SNCF, BB, SBB, ...

twist the wires the other way
5
5
8
One channel is connected to each direction in an end node

37
6
7
38
WTB Wiring
WTB Redundancy
The WTB provides physical layer and bus mastership redundancy.
redundancy
Uses jumper cables or automatic couplers between vehicles.

Fritting (voltage pulses) is used to overcome oxydation of contacts
Si
Since
th
there are normally
ll ttwo jjumpers, th
the wiring
i i iis b
basically
i ll redundant:
d d t
WTB cable
Line B
Line B
classic
UIC
lines
1
jumper
classic
UIC lines
Line A
WTB node
Slave
Slave
Slave
01
02
03
04
05
Li
Line_A
A
vehicle
jumper
WTB node
Line A
Slave
redundant nodes
WTB node
vehicle
Master
Line_B
The WTB medium is basically redundant.
A node sends on both lines simultaneously.
A node receives from one line, but monitors the other line.
A signal quality supervision controls switchover.
top view
UIC jumper cable
There may be more than one node per vehicle (e.g. in locomotives)
In case of master failure, another node can take over as master.
The labelling of the redundant lines (A or B) applies to one vehicle only.
In applications where the master is tied to certain applications (strong master),

its neighbour node can act as reserve master.
The UIC specified a new cable ( 18 pole) compatible with the 13

13-pole
pole UIC connector
39
40
WTB transmission technology
WTB Signal Encoding

F
Frames
use the
th HDLC format
f
t (ISO 3309)
3309), encoded
d d as a M
Manchester
h t signal.
i
l
node
node
Signals
node
time
Data
Framing
conduction vehicle
((not equipped,
q pp
no p
power or damaged
g node))
Clock
WTB is designed to cover 860 m with 22 vehicles (max. 32 nodes) without repeaters
to address retrofit passenger (conduction only) vehicles and short freight trains.
Line
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
time
Signal attenuation is high (20,0 dB at 1 MHz), reflections occur in the jumper cable
preamble
Signal levels must be kept low to reduce electromagnetic emission

To overcome oxydation on contacts, a fritting pulse is applied to clean the contacts
when vehicles are put together.
16 bits
Frame
0..1024 bits
preamble flag DD LC SD SZ
destination device
logical link control
source device
li k d
link
data
t size
i iin octets
t t
41
WTB Telegrams
flag
16
CRC
link data
flag idl
time
HDLC enhanced by "SZ" field to

increase Hamming Distance
42
The WTB is controlled by one node acting as a master.
Slave Frame
(response)
(broadcast)
DD LC SD SZ
The master polls the other (slave) nodes regularly for process data.
up to 1024 bits of process data
The individual period depends on the vehicle type.

(for instance, traction vehicles are polled more often than passenger coaches)
* LC SD SZ NT NV
time
destination
device
B t
Between
periodic
i di phases,
h
th
the master
t polls
ll th
the slaves
l
ffor possible
ibl message d
data.
t
source
device
A slave requests to transmit message data by raising a flag during the periodic poll:
up to 1024 bits of message data
Message Data
DD LC SD SZ
DD LC SD SZ FN FF ON OF TC
logical
link
control
final node
final function
origin node
origin function
transport data
25 ms
ti
time
message
transport
control
20 3 4 5
25 ms
2
20 6 7 9
urgent
less urgent
e.g. traction vehicles e.g. coaches
DD LC SD SZ
43
urgent
e.g. traction vehicles
8
time
flag
DD LC SD SZ
idling
WTB Medium Access
Master Frame
(request)
polled master
device device
frame
data
flag
message from 7
44
Wire Train Bus

Topography:
T
h
Medium:
auto-configurable
t
fi
bl b
bus
electrical: shielded, twisted wire pair
Covered distance:
860 m, total 32 devices
Communication chip
standard HDLC controller

Statistical Digital Signal Processor for decoding
Multifunction Vehicle Bus
Processor participation
dedicated communication processor recommended
Medium redundancy:
fully duplicated for availability
Signalling:
Manchester II + delimiters
G
Gross
data
d t rate
t
1 0 Mbit/
1,0
Mbit/s
Response Time
Basic Period
typical 100 s
Address space
This is the data bus standardized by IEC

for interconnecting standard equipment
on-board rail vehicles
25 ms
6 bits
Frame size (useful data) 1024 bits (variable)

Integrity
HDLC Frame Check Sequence + Manchester + Size
Inauguration
allocation of addresses, node orientation
topography distribution
Master redundancy
fast inauguration
45
Multifunction Vehicle Bus in Coaches
Multifunction Vehicle Bus in Locomotives

standard communication interface for all kind of on-board equipment
radio
46
power line
passenger
information
doors
cockpit
light
Train Bus
Train Bus
diagnosis
Vehicle Bus
Vehicle Bus
air conditionning
brakes
power electronics
motor control
covered distance:
data rate
delay
medium
number of stations
status
1'500'000 bits/second
0,001 second
twisted wire pair, optical fibres
up to 255 programmable stations
up to 4095 simple sensors/actuators
> 600 vehicles in service in 1998
seat reservation
power
brakes
track signals
> 50 m for a 26 m long vehicle
< 200 m for a train set
diagnostics and passenger information require relatively long,

but infrequent messages
47
48
MVB Covered Distance
MVB Physical Media
The MVB can span several vehicles in a multiple unit train configuration:
OGF
EMD
ESD
Train Bus
optical fibres;
(2000 m)
shielded, twisted wires with transformer coupling;
(200 m)
wires or backplane with or without galvanic isolation.
(20 m)
repeater
node
MVB
Media are directly connected by repeaters (signal regenerators)

All media operate at the same speed of 1,5 Mbit/s.
The number of devices under this configuration amounts to 4095.
star coupler
MVB can serve as a train bus in trains with fixed configuration, up to a distance of:
optical links
optical links
rack
> 200 m (EMD medium or ESD with galvanic isolation) or

> 2000 m (OGF medium).
rack
sensors
twisted wire segment
49
MVB Topography
50
ESD (Electrical Short Distance) RS485

Interconnects devices over short distances (- 20m) without galvanic separation
Bus
Administrator
Node
EMD Segment
Device
devices with short distance bus
devices
devices
Device
Device
Train Bus
Based on proven RS-485 technology (Profibus)

Main application: connect devices within the same cabinet
cabinet.
Device
Terminator
terminator/
biasing
Repeater
p
ESD Segment
section
Ru
(390)
Device
device 2.. n-1

TxS RxS
device N
TxS RxS
terminator/
biaising
+5V
Repeater
Device
device 1
TxS RxS
Device
OGL link
Data_N
Rm
(150)
Repeater
Rd
(390)
ESD Segment
Device
Device
Device
GND
Device
Data_P
equipotential line
Bus_GND
segment length
all MVB media operate at same speed,

speed segments are connected by repeaters
repeaters.
51
52
ESD Device with Galvanical Isolation

shield connected to
connector casing
EMD (Electrical Medium Distance) - Single Line Attachement

Connects up to 32 devices over distances of 200 m.
optocouplers
cable IEC 1158-2 line transceivers can be used

used.
Standard 120 Ohm cable,
galvanic
barrier
protection
circuit
device
+5V el
TxF
0V el
TxF'
prottective earth
TxS''
transceiver
transformer
shield
power
cable
shield connected to
connector casing
device casing
connected to
supply ground
DC/DC
converter
EMD Device with Double Line Attachment
MVB Repeater: the Key Element

A repeater is used at a transition from one medium to
another.
Bus_Controller
slave
B.Data_P
A1. Data_P
A1. Data_N
A2
1
B1. Data_P
B1. Data_N
B2. Data_N
B2. Data_P
(RS 485)
Connector_2
slave
( d d t)
(redundant)
bus
administrator
EMD segment
g
(transformer-coupled)
The repeater:
A1. Data_N
A1. Data_P
Line_A
Line_A
Line B
Line_B
Line B
Line_B
decodes and reshapes the signal (knowing its shape)

recognizes
g
the transmission direction and forward the frame
detects and propagates collisions
Carrying both redundant lines in the same cable eases installation

it does not cause unconsidered common mode failures in the locomotive environment
(most probable faults are driver damage and bad contact)
encoder
Connector_1
B2
de
ecoder
ESD segment
B1
slave
B.Data_N
A1
repeater
e
encoder
transceiver B
slave
d
decoder
transceiver A
A.Data_N
54
bus
administrator
A.Data_P
bus section 2
bus section 1
53
device
bus
controller
+Vcc
Data
GND
Main application: street-car and mass transit
TxS
male
female
2 x 9-pin Sub-D connector
R
RxS
RS 485
transceiver
RxS'
+5V
Transformer coupling to provide a low cost, high immunity galvanic isolation.
55
56
MVB Class 1 Device
MVB Repeater
duplicated segment
Line_A
Line_B
A B
repeater
board bus
decoder
encoder
bus
controller
decoder
Line_A
(single-thread
optical link)
direction
recognizer
g
MVB
redundant
bus pairs
( S )
(ESD)
decoder
encoder
decoder
Line_B
(unused for singlethread)
device
address
register
device
status
recognizes the transmission direction and forward the frame

decodes and reshapes the signal (knowing its shape)
jabber-halt circuit to isolate faulty segments
detects and propagates collisions
increases the interframe spacing when it becomes smaller than 3 s
can be used with all three media: ESD, EMD and OGF
includes the End Delimiter in the direction fibre to trafo, removes it the other way
handles
h dl redundancy
d d
(t
(transition
iti between
b t
single-thread
i l th d and
d double-thread)
d bl th d)
input/
output
(monomaster)
Class 1 or field devices are simple connections to sensors or actuators

actuators.
They do not require a microcontroller.
They do not participate in message data communication.
Th Bus
The
B Controller
C t ll manages both
b th th
the iinput/output
t/ t t and
d th
the b
bus.
57
RS 485
drivers/
receivers
analog
or
binaryy
MVB Class 2-3 Device
58
MVB Class 4-5 Device
A B
private
RAM
t ffi store
traffic
t
application
processor
p
Class 4 devices present the functionality of a Programming and Test station

Class 4 devices are capable of becoming Bus Administrators.
EPROM
MVB
redundant
bus pairs
(ESD)
To this effect, they hold additional hardware to read the device status of the
other
th d
devices
i
and
d tto supervise
i th
the configuration.
fi
ti
Bus
Controller
They also have a large number of ports, so they can supervise the process
data transmission of any other device.
shared
local RAM
RS 485
drivers/
receivers
device
status
Class 5 devices are gateways with several link layers (one or more MVB, WTB).
local
input/
output
Class 2 and higher devices have a processor and may exchange messages.
The device classes are distinguished by their hardware structure.
Class 2 devices are configurable I/O devices (but not programmable)

The Bus Controller communicates with the Application Processor through a
shared memory,
memory the traffic store,
store which holds typically 256 ports
ports.
59
60
MVB Distance Limits
MVB Manchester Encoding
Th di
The
distance
t
is
i limited
li it d by
b the
th maximum
i
allowed
ll
dreply
l d
delay
l off 42,7
42 7 s
between a master frame and a slave frame.
repeater
data
repeater
master
1 10 100 0 10 11 11 10 1
remotest
data source
clock
repeater
delay
frame
propagation delay
(6 s/km)
max
signal
t_ms < 42,7s
repeater
delay
t_source
t_ms
0 123 45 67 8
9-bit Start Delimiter
frame data
8-bit check
sequence
end
delimiter
The Manchester-coded frame is preceded by a Start Delimiter containing

non-manchester signals to provide transparent synchronization.
The reply delay time-out can be

raised up to 83,4 s for longer
distances
(with reduced troughput).
repeater
delayy
t_s
t_sm
time
61
distance
62
MVB Telegrams
MVB F_code Summary
Process Data
Master Frame
Master Frame (Request)
F_code address
Slave Frame (Response)
port
F=
0 7 address
0..7
4 bits 12 bits
time
16, 32, 64, 128 or 256 bits of Process Data

256 bits of Message Data
Master Frame
F = source
12 device
destination prot
device ocol
4 bits 12 bits
Supervisory Data
Master Frame
source
size FN FF ON OF MTC transport data
device
final node
final function
origin node
origin function
decoded
by
hardware
time
message
tranport
control
Slave Frame
port
F=
8-15 address
4 bits
12 bits
16 bits
time
Telegrams are distinguished by the F_code

F code in the Master Frame
Slave Frame
source
dataset
Message
g Data
request
63
size
response
destination
16
single
32
device
64
Process_Data
subscribed
128
(application
subscribed
as
256
-dependent)
as
source
logical
Process_Data
reserved
reserved
reserved
d
all
devices
sink
all devices Master_Transfer
Master
16
Master_Transfer
Master
device
General Event
General_Event
>= 1devices
>
16
Event Identifier
Event_Identifier
Master
10
device
reserved
11
device
reserved
12
device
Message_Data
single device
256
Message_Data
selected device
13
group
Group_Event
>= 1devices
16
Event_Identifier
Master
14
device
Single_Event
single device
16
Event_Identifier
Master
15
device
Device_Status
single device
16
Device_Status
Master or monitor
64
Master Operation
MVB Fault-tolerance Concept
The Master performs four tasks:
Transmission Integrity
MVB rather stops than provides false data.
The probability for an undetected transmission error (residual error rate)
is low enough to transmit most safety-critical data.
1) Periodic Polling of the port addresses according to its Poll List

2) Attend Aperiodic Event Requests
This is achieved through an extensive error detection

scheme.
3) Scan Devices
De ices to ssupervise
per ise config
configuration
ration
Transmission Availability
4) Pass Mastership ordently (last period in turn)

basic period
sporadic phase
periodic
phase
h
supervisory
phase
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 SD
MVB continues operation is spite of any single device error. In

particular, configurations without single point of failure are possible
particular
possible.
basic period
sporadic phase
event
phase
h
????
1 2
9 SD
guard phase
This is achieved through a complete duplication of the physical layer.
event
phase
supervisory
phase
periodic
phase
h
Graceful Degradation
? ? ? ? EV
guard phase
The failure of a device affects only that device, but not devices which
do not depend on its data (retro-action free).
1 2
ti
time
The Administrator is loaded with a configuration file before becoming Master

65
MVB Basic Medium Redundancy

data
The physical medium may be fully duplicated to increase availability.

Principle: send on both, receive on one, supervise the other
control
device
parallel bus logic

receive register
send register
66
MVB Medium Redundancy
Th b
The
bus iis d
duplicated
li t d ffor availability
il bilit ((nott ffor iintegrity)
t it )
address
Configurability
Complete replication of the physical layer is not mandatory.
When requirements are slackened, single-thread connections may
be used and mixed with dual
dual-thread
thread ones
ones.
BA
AB
repeater
repeater
p
bus controller
device
optical link A
encoder
selector
signal quality report
optical link B
decoder decoder
A
transmitters
device
repeater
repeater
device
receivers
bus line B
bus line A
l t i l segmentt X
electrical
A frame is transmitted over both channels simultaneously.

The receiver receives from one channel and monitors the other.
Switchover is controlled by signal quality and frame overlap.
One frame may go lost during switchover
electrical
l t i l segmentt Y
Duplicated and non-duplicated segments may be connected

67
68
MVB Master Redundancy
MVB Transmission Integrity (1)
A centralized bus master is a single point of failure.

To increase availability, the task of the bus master may be assumed by one of
several Bus Administrators
The current master is selected by token passing:
Double signal inversion necessary to cause an undetected error, memoryless code

Clock
Data
token passing
bus
administrator
1
1) Manchester II encoding
bus
administrator
3
bus
administrator
2
current bus
master
slave
device
slave
device
slave
device
slave
device
125ns
BT0.5
address
BT1.0
70
3) A check octet according to TC57 class FT2 for each group of up to 64 bits,
provides a Hamming Distance of 4 (8 if Manchester coding is considered):
-15
(Residual Error Rate < 10
under standard disturbances)
9
BT = bit time
ti
= 666
ns
time
BT1.5
69
MSD
125ns
reference
edge
To check the good function of all administrators, the current master offers
mastership to the next administrator in the list every 4 seconds
seconds.
16 (33)
Manchester II symbols
125ns
Master Frame
2) Signal quality supervision

Adding to the high signal-to-noise
signal to noise ratio of the transmission
transmission, signal quality
supervision rejects suspect frames.
slave
device
If a bus administrator detects no activity, it enters an arbitration procedure. If

it wins, it takes over the master's role and creates a token.
size in bits
4
12
violations
Start Delimiter
slave
device
Line Signal
Bus
slave
device
Frame
MD = Master frame Delimiter
CS
CS = Check Sequence 8 bits
4) Different delimiters for address and data against single frame loss:
respond within
1 3 s < t
1.3
< 4.0
4 0 s
ms
MSD ADDRESS a CS
SSD
respond within
4 s < t <1.3
<1 3 ms
sm
DATA (a)
CS
MSD ADDRESS b CS
time
useful (total)
size in bits
Slave Frame
9
16 (33)
SSD
16
2 bytes
CS
9
32 (49)
SSD
64 (81)
128 (153)
256 (297)
SSD
5) Response time supervision against double frame loss:

8
4 bytes
CS
> 22 s
MSD ADDRESS a CS
64
8 bytes
CS
SSD DATA (a) CS
> 22 s
MSD ADDRESS b CS
SSD DATA (b) CS

time
DATA
accept if 0.5s < t_mm < 42.7 s
64
6) Configuration check: size at source and sink ports must be same as frame size.
repeat
p
1,, 2 or 4 x
1,3 ms
SD = Slave frame Delimiter
32
mm
71
72
MVB Safety Concept
MVB Summary
Data Integrity
Topography:
Medium:
Very high data integrity, but nevertheless insufficient for safety applications
(signalling)
Increasing the Hamming Distance further is of no use since data falsification
becomes more likely in a device than on the bus.
C
Covered
d di
distance:
t
Data Transfer
critical data transmitted periodically to garantee timely delivery.
obsolete data are discarded by sink time supervision.
error in the p
poll scan list do not affect safety.
y
Communication chip
Processor participation
Device Redundancy
Redundant p
plant inputs
p
A and B transmitted by
y two independent
p
devices.
Diverse A and B data received by two independent devices and compared.
The output is disabled if A and B do not agree within a specified time.
Availability
Availability is increased by letting the receiving devices receive both A and
B. The application is responsible to process the results and switchover to the
healthy device in case of discrepancy.
73
bus (copper),
(copper) active star (optical fibre)
copper: twisted wire pair
optical: fibres and active star coupler
OGF 2000 m, total
OGF:
t t l 4096 d
devices
i
EMD: 200 m copper with transformer-coupling
ESD: 20 m copper (RS485)
dedicated IC available
none (class 1), class 2 uses minor processor capacity
Interface area on board
20 cm2 (class 1), 50 cm2 (class 2)
Additional logic
RAM, EPROM , drivers.
Medium redundancy:
fully duplicated for availability
Signalling:
Manchester II + delimiters
Gross data rate
1,5 Mb/s
Response Time
typical 10 s (<43 s)
Add
Address
space
4096 physical
h i l devices,
d i
4096 llogical
i l ports
t per b
bus
Frame size (useful data) 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 bits
Integrity
CRC8 per 64 bits, HD = 8, protected against sync slip
74

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Bibliografa

MASTER UNIVERSITARIO EN SISTEMAS FERROVIARIOS

Fuente: William Stalling Data and Computer Communications

Comunicaciones en el mundo ferroviario

Sadot Alexandres Fernndez

Modelo OSI: Fundamentos de comunicaciones fsicas

Modelo OSI: Fundamentos de comunicaciones fsicas

1 sesin: Modelo OSI: Fundamentos de comunicaciones fsicas

2 sesin: Comunicaciones en el mundo ferroviario

Comunicaciones por aire (wireless)

GSM y GSM-R. Caractersticas

Modelo OSI: Fundamentos de comunicaciones fsicas

Modelo OSI: Fundamentos de comunicaciones fsicas

GSM es formalmente Groupe Spciale Mobile (1982), aunque,

Modelo OSI: Fundamentos de comunicaciones fsicas

Introduce las funciones caractersticas operacionales

Modelo OSI: Fundamentos de comunicaciones fsicas

ERTMS (European Rail Traffic Management System)

Modelo OSI: Fundamentos de comunicaciones fsicas

El Sistema Global de Comunicaciones Mviles para

Modelo OSI: Fundamentos de comunicaciones fsicas

GSM es una WAN de tipo PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)

Modelo OSI: Fundamentos de comunicaciones fsicas

GSM: Interfaz de radio - TDMA/FDMA

Modelo OSI: Fundamentos de comunicaciones fsicas

GSM-R: Interfaz de radio - TDMA/FDMA

Slot de tiempo GSM (rfaga normal)

Slot de tiempo GSM (rfaga normal)

Modelo OSI: Fundamentos de comunicaciones fsicas

Modelo OSI: Fundamentos de comunicaciones fsicas

GSM: capas de protocolo/sealizacin

GSM: procedimiento de llamada

1: calling a GSM subscriber

Modelo OSI: Fundamentos de comunicaciones fsicas

GSM: procedimiento llamada desde mvil

Modelo OSI: Fundamentos de comunicaciones fsicas

GSM usa MAHO ((mobile assisted hand-off).

El MSC decide cundo hay que hacer un cambio de celda e

Cundo el mvil conmuta de celda a una nueva BS se enva

Modelo OSI: Fundamentos de comunicaciones fsicas

Modelo OSI: Fundamentos de comunicaciones fsicas

GSM: tipos de handover

Acceso de control/autenticacin de identidad de abonado

Confidencialidad de identidad del abonado

- Confidencialidad de datos de Sealizacin y datos de abonado

Identidad temporal TMSI

Hay 3 algoritmos especificados en GSM

Modelo OSI: Fundamentos de comunicaciones fsicas

GSM: Servicios de datos II

A3 para autenticacin (secreto, interfaz abierta)

Modelo OSI: Fundamentos de comunicaciones fsicas

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

Unidad de interworking unit entre GPRS y PDN (Packet Data

SGSN (Serving GSN)

Soporta el MS (localizacin, seguridad, etc)

Modelo OSI: Fundamentos de comunicaciones fsicas

GSM-R se encarga de la transmisin de voz y datos entre el tren y las

Otros servicios de telecomunicacin

Modelo OSI: Fundamentos de comunicaciones fsicas

GSM-R: criterios de planificacin I

Segn EIRENE el sistema GSM-R debe cumplir :

Tiempo de establecimiento de la conexin extremo a extremo < 5 seg

Canales de radio: restringido a 19 (espaciados 200HKz.)