8/2/2010

1
Sesin 3- Estabilidad: Introduccin y
el Mtodo de Diseo Directo (DAM)
Pandeo Local
El pandeo local no
disminuye la resistencia si
la seccin es compacta
( )
2
2
2
12 1
c
cr
k E
F
b
t

=
| |

|
\
8/2/2010
2
Pandeo Local
Valores de k
c
para pandeo local
( )
( )
2
2
2
cr y
2
2
2
12 1
Para el ala de una seccion I en acero:
E = 29000 ksi
= 3.14159
= 0.3
Caso D, = 1.277
= 0.7
Caso E, = 0.425
F = 0.7 F
12 1
(0.7)(3.14159)
12
c
cr
c
c
c
c
cr
k E
F
b
t
k
k
k
k E b
t F
b
t

=
| |

|
\

| |
= =
|
\
| |
=
|
\ ( )
2
1 (0.3) (0.7)
AISC = 1.0perfiles laminados
0.95
AISC = 0.95pefiles soldados
Y
Y
E
F
b E
t F

| |
=
|
\
Pandeo Local
El valor de
c
para llegar a la fluencia es 1.0; si se desea llegar a la capacidad
plstica, de
c
es 0.46-0.58 para placas (y 0.17 para columnas)
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
12 1
12 1
c
cr
y
cr
c
y c
k E
F
b
t
F
F b
F t k E

| |

| |
= =
|
\

8/2/2010
3
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
12 1
12 1
0.951
Para = 0.46 y = 0.7
0.38
c
cr
y
cr
c
y c
c
c
y
c c
y
k E
F
b
t
F
F b
F t k E
k E b
t F
k
b E
t F

=
| |

|
\

| |
= =
|
\
| |

|
\
| |

|
\
Pandeo Local
Pandeo Global
J. Gere, Strength of Materials, 5
th
Ed., Brokee/Cole
8/2/2010
4
Pandeo de
elementos esbeltos
Pandeo Global
J. Gere, Strength of Materials, 5
th
Ed., Brokee/Cole
Lnea A: comportamiento ideal elstico curva de L. Euler
Lnea B: comportamiento elstico ideal con grandes deformaciones
Lnea C: comportamiento ideal elstico con imperfecciones iniciales
Lnea D: comportamiento inelstico con imperfecciones y grandes deformaciones
8/2/2010
5
Aspectos Fundamentales
Pandeo de columnas perfectas:
2
min
2
L
EI
P
c

=
gyration of radius
length
inertia
modulus
2
min
=
=
= =
=
r
L
Ar I
E
A L
EI
A
P
f
c
c
2
min
2

= =
average stress
on the cross section
P
c
( )
y c c
F F
r L
E
A
I
L
E
F = |

\
|
=
2
2
min
2
2

y
F
E
r
L
2
min

= |

\
|
ratio s slendernes = r L
Aspectos Fundamentales
8/2/2010
6
Longitud Efectiva
( ) ( )
2
2
2
min
2

r KL
E
F
KL
EI
P
c c

= =
K = factor de longitud efectiva
Columnas Cortas vs. Esbeltas
+ = P M M
i
P = secondary moment (max at mid-height)
SHORT Columns: if P < 5%(M
total
)
8/2/2010
7
Imperfecciones Iniciales
Imperfecciones iniciales = L/1000
Esfuerzos
Residuales
Los esfuerzos residuales tiene
el mismo efecto en le
comportamiento elstico que
las imperfecciones iniciales;
el mismo efecto ocurre si la
relacin esfuerzo-
deformacin unitaria no es
elasto-plastica
8/2/2010
8
Curvas de Estabilidad
SSRC Gudide , 6
th
Ed., R. Ziemian (ed.)
Curvas de Estabilidad AISC
Salmon et al. , 5
th
Ed., Pearson/ Prentice-Hall
8/2/2010
9
Valores de K (1)
CASO 1: Sin deformaciones laterales apreciables
Vigas flexibles=1
Vigas rigidas 0.5
K

=

=

=
g g g
c c c
L I E
L I E

Vigas rgidas Vigas flexibles

Arriostramiento lateral
Riostras diagonales, muros de
cortante u otros sistemas
equivalentes que proporcionan
estabilidad lateral en su plano.
Valores de K (2)
Sin deformaciones laterales Con deformaciones laterales
8/2/2010
10
Valores de K (3)
CASO 2: Con deformaciones laterales apreciables
Vigas flexibles >10
Vigas rigidas 1.0
K

=

=

1. Behavior is purely elastic.

2. All members have constant
cross section.
3. All joints are rigid.
4. For columns in frames with
sidesway inhibited, rotations at
opposite ends of the
restraining beams are equal in
magnitude and opposite in
direction, producing single
curvature bending.
Valores de K (3)
CASO 2: Con deformaciones laterales apreciables
5. For columns in frames with
sidesway uninhibited, rotations at
opposite ends of the restraining
beams are equal in magnitude and
direction, producing reverse
curvature bending.
6. The stiffness parameter L P/EI of all
columns is equal.
7. Joint restraint is distributed to the
column above and below the joint in
proportion to EI/L for the two
columns.
8. All columns buckle simultaneously.
9. No significant axial compression
force exists in the girders.
En general, ninguna de estas 9 condiciones existen en estructuras reales
8/2/2010
11
Cuales son los valores de K en estos casos?
21
M
o
m
e
n
t
-
r
e
s
i
s
t
i
n
g

f
r
a
m
e
Moment-resisting frame
B
r
a
c
e
d

F
r
a
m
e
Braced Frame
K = ?
!Encontrar K es muy complicado!
22
8/2/2010
12
Efectos de Estabilidad
(a) Comportamiento con
efectos de segundo orden
(b) Comportamiento con
incremento en esbeltez
Se debe asegurar la estabilidad para la estructura como un todo y
para cada uno de sus elementos. El anlisis deber considerar los
efectos que sobre la estabilidad de la estructura y sus elementos
tiene cada uno de los siguientes factores:
(1) las deformaciones por flexin, cortante y carga axial en los
miembros, y cualesquier otras deformaciones que
contribuyan a los desplazamientos de la estructura;
(2) los efectos de segundo orden (incluyendo los efectos P y
P );
(3) las imperfecciones geomtricas;
Estabilidad: Requerimientos Generales
AISC 2010
8/2/2010
13
(1) la reduccin de la rigidez de los miembros por efectos de
comportamiento inelstico; y,
(2) las incertidumbres en la rigidez y la resistencia.
Todos los efectos dependientes de las cargas debern ser
calculados para las combinaciones de cargas mayoradas.
Se permite cualquier mtodo racional de diseo por estabilidad
que considere todos los factores enumerados arriba
Estabilidad: Requerimientos Generales
AISC 2010 (cont.)
Metodos Permitidos
El mtodo de diseo por anlisis directo, que consiste
en el clculo de las resistencias requeridas de acuerdo
con el numeral X.X y el clculo de las resistencias de
diseo de acuerdo con el numeral Y.Y, se considera
vlido para todo tipo de estructuras.
Mtodos Alternos El mtodo de la longitud efectiva
y el mtodo de anlisis de primer orden, que se
presentan en el numeral Z.Z, son vlidos como
mtodos alternos en lugar del mtodo de anlisis
directo para estructuras que satisfagan las limitaciones
que en dicho numeral se establecen.
8/2/2010
14
Importante
Todo el material utilizado en este curso es difundido de
acuerdo con las normas estadounidodenses para uso
didctico (good faith / fair use for academic purposes
[USA: 17 USC 504(c)(2)]).
Este material no debe ser utilizado en el campo
profesional ni puede ser copiado y distribuido fuera del
mbito de este curso.
Cualquier uso indebido es responsabilidad del usuario y
no de el presentador.
Cualquier error u omisin no es responsabilidad del
presentador.
Flexural, Axial & Shear Deformations
Included where important by modeling the
corresponding component flexibilities in the
analysis
e.g.,
Member or panel zone shear deformations
Connection deformations
Diaphragm deformations
Column or brace axial extension & shortening
28
8/2/2010
15
All Component Limit States
Member axial resistance (P
c
)
Flexural buckling about the x-axis
Flexural buckling about the y-axis (sym. members)
Torsional buckling (sym. members, in some cases)
Torsional-flexural buckling (y-axis flexure + torsion,
singly-sym. members)
Constrained-axis torsional buckling
Member flexural resistance (M
c
)
Lateral-torsional buckling
Flange local buckling
Tension flange yielding
Connection resistances
Panel zone resistance etc.
29
Second-Order Effects
30
8/2/2010
16
P- effects

31
B
2
= 1/(1 P
H
/R
M
HL) R
M
= 0.85
P- and P- effects
(P- influences )
= B
2

H
(max. 2
nd
-order lateral displacement)

H
= HL
3
/ 3EI (max. 1
st
-order lateral displacement)
M
max
= HL + P = B
2
HL
(max. 2
nd
-order moment)
32
8/2/2010
17
P- and P- effects
Recommendation: Select & thoroughly benchmark
software packages that provide
general purpose second-order analysis capabilities
Then use these capabilities for final design of anything beyond
basic frames
P
P

33
2nd-Order Analysis with ASD Loads
Component force
Applied
Load
W
2
W
1
R
1
R
2
W
2
/ W
1
=
R
2
/R
1
>
Due to 2
nd
-order effects, calculated internal forces are NOT
proportional to applied loads
34
8/2/2010
18
2nd-Order Analysis with ASD Loads
Component force
Applied
Load
1.6W
ASD
W
ASD
R
ASD
R
1.6ASD
Analyze
Divide
by 1.6
When using an explicit 2
nd
-order analysis:
factor loads x 1.6 run analysis divide results by 1.6
When using amplifiers (e.g., B
1
& B
2
): simply
include 1.6 in the load term of the amplifier, i.e., P
nt
, = 1.6
35
Geometric Imperfections (
o
&
o
)
The ELM handles these effects implicitly by
reducing the beam-column resistances via:
The AISC column strength curve +
Calculated column effective lengths (KL ) or
flexural buckling loads (F
e
)
with the exception of a new minimum
o
/L effect
(orlateral load requirement) for gravity-only load
combinations
The DM handles these effects on the overall
resistance explicitly, by:
Including a nominal out-of-plumbness (base value
o
=
L / 500)
in the structural analysis
36
8/2/2010
19
Stiffness Reductions
due to inelasticity, including residual stress effects
The ELM handles these effects implicitly, via the use
of:
The AISC column strength curve +
Calculated column effective lengths (KL ) or
flexural buckling loads (F
e
)
The DM handles these effects on the overall
resistance explicitly, by:
Factoring all stiffness contributions nominally by 0.8
Reducing flexural stiffnesses by an additional
b
=
4 (1 p) p for p > 0.5 (p = P
r
/P
y
)
in the structural analysis
37
Uncertainty in Stiffness & Strength
The ELM handles this consideration via
The or factors (LRFD or ASD)
The DM handles this consideration via
The or factors (LRFD or ASD)
The reduction factor of 0.8 applied to the nominal
elastic stiffness
38
8/2/2010
20
Section C1 of the 2005 Specification
All methods of design must consider :
Flexural, shear and axial deformations
(in all components)
All component limit states
Second-order effects (P- and P- effects)
Geometric imperfections (P-
o
and P-
o
effects)
(member out-of-plumbness & out-of-straightness)
Stiffness reductions due to inelasticity (and
corresponding increases in deformations), including
residual stress effects
Uncertainty in stiffness & strength
39
Base AISC Design Methods
Attribute Effective Length
Method (ELM)
Direct Analysis Method
(DM)
Analysis Type Second-order
elastic
(1)
Second-order
elastic
(1)
Nominal out-of-plumbness
(or Notional Load) in the
analysis
None
(2)

o
/L = 0.002 (or 0.002Y
i
)
Effective Stiffness in the
analysis
Nominal 0.8 * Nominal, except
EI
eff
=0.8
b
EI if P
r
> 0.5P
y
Axial Strength P
n
P
n
based on KL
(3)
P
n
based on L (no K)
(P
n
=QP
y
in some cases)
(1)
Includes first-order elastic analysis with amplifiers
(2)
Minimum of
o
/L = 0.002 (or 0.002Y
i
) required for gravity-only combinations
(3)
K = 1 allowed when sidesway amplification < 1.1
8/2/2010
21
Required Forces & Beam-Column
Interaction Checks
P
r
/P
c
+ 8/9 (M
r
/M
c
) = 1
P
r
/2P
c
+ M
r
/M
c
= 1
Effective Length Method Direct Analysis Method
Modular Frame Example

Exterior columns: W12x65
Interior columns: W8x31
Beams: W24x62
Beam span lengths: 40 ft
Story height: 20 ft
Unfactored Loads: D = 1.0 kip/ft
S = 1.2 kip/ft
W = 10 kips
LRFD Load Combinations:
LC1: 1.2D + 1.6S
LC2: 1.2D + 0.5S + 1.6W
F
y
= 50 ksi
E = 29,000 ksi
42
8/2/2010
22
Fraction of design load corresponding
to U.C. = 1.0, leeward beam-column
LC1 LC2
Direct Analysis 1.18 0.95
Effective Length 1.05 0.81
Modular Frame Example
ELM
ELM
DM
DM
Modular Frame Example
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 100 200 300 400
M
r
(ft-kips)
P
r

(
k
i
p
s
)
P
n(KL)
Effective Length
Direct Analysis
Plastic Zone
Analysis

c
P
y
= 860 kips
Reqd Forces & Str. Chks, Critical Leeward Beam-Column, LC2
17 % more
strength
118 % greater
moment
44
8/2/2010
23
Summary: DM vs. ELM
Both methods are legitimate
The DM gives a more accurate answer in general
The DM is more sensitive to the 2nd-order
analysis accuracy
Both P- and P- effects must be captured accurately
The ELM requires some restrictions to control its
lack of accuracy for certain structure types:
Minimum
o
/L = 0.002 or lateral load of 0.002Y
i
for
gravity-only load combinations

2nd
/
1st
< 1.5
45
Required # Elements/Member
Criteria:
5 % accuracy in member end displacements and
internal member max nodal displacements
5 % accuracy in the norm of the member end
rotations
3 % accuracy in maximum internal forces
P
r
/P
cr
up to 0.66
Comprehensive range of member end conditions
46
8/2/2010
24
Required # Elements/Member
Caveats:
The element internal moments must be
determined using the (M
1st
+ P
2nd
) method
discussed previously
The specified requirements are based on the
Best achieveable theoretical solutions
Worst-case conditions for a given category
The actual accuracy also depends on
Solution algorithms
Various implementation details
Similarity to the worst-case condition (P/P
eL
, specific
member end rotational and lateral restraints)
47
Required # Elements/Member
Definitions
= element length
L = member length
s = spacing of sampling points, where
element internal moments are evaluated
48
8/2/2010
25
Required # Elements/Member
Cubic Displacement-Based Elements (e.g.,
Mastan, ETABS, SAP, GT-Strudl)
End-loaded members with sidesway unrestrained
One element/member is sufficient
Non-sway members
Two elements/member are sufficient
Note: to avoid the need for element internal (M
primary
+ P
2nd
) calculations, one must satisfy P/P
e
< 0.02
49
Ex. Cubic Element Implementation
Mastan2 Version 3
Accompanys the textbook
McGuire, Gallagher and Ziemian (2000),
Matrix Structural Analysis, 2
nd
Ed., Wiley
Available free of charge from
www.mastan2.com
50
8/2/2010
26
Required # Elements/Member
P- Elements
Generally, many more elements are required per
member
51
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
P
r
/P
eL
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
Table 3. Non-Sway
Table 2. Sway, Top & Bottom Restraint
Table 1. Sway, SS Base
Member Subdivision Requirements
For
P
r
/P
eL
up to
Required
number
of elements
Smallest
P
r
/P
cr
at error limit
0.05 1 0.20
0.12 2 0.50
0.17 3 0.68
52
Table 1:
Sidesway-Unrestrained Members with Simply-Supported Bases,
P- Elements
8/2/2010
27
First-Level Benchmark Problems
53
Case End Conditions and Loading
1

H
M1
Pr
Pr

2

H
M1
M1
Pr

Pr

3


M1
Pr Pr
w

4


Pr
Pr
M1 M1
M2
w

5


Pr
Pr
M1
w

First-Level Benchmark Problems
54
Case First-Order Second-Order
M
1
P
cr
M
1

1
3
3
HL
EI
HL
4
eL
P

( )
( )
3
3
3 tan 2 2
3 2
u u HL
EI u
(

(
(


tan 2
2
u
HL
u
(
(


2
3
12
HL
EI

2
HL

eL
P
( )
3
3
3 tan
12
u u HL
EI u
(
(


tan
2
HL u
u
(
(


3
4
5
384
wL
EI

2
8
wL
P
eL
( )
2
4
4
12 2sec 2
5
384 5
u u
wL
EI u
(
(
(


( )
2
2
2 sec 1
8
u wL
u
(
(


4
4
384
wL
EI

2
12
wL
4 P
eL

( )
4
3
12 2 2cos sin
384 sin
u u u wL
EI u u
(
(


( )
2
2
3 tan
12 tan
u u wL
u u
(
(


5
4
192
wL
EI

2
8
wL
2.05P
eL

(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(

|
|

\
|

u u
u u u
u u
u EI
wL
2 tan
1
2
1
) 1 )(sec (tan
) 2 sec 2 (
6
192
2
4
4

(
(
(
(
(

|
|

\
|

u u
u
u u wL
2 tan
1
2
1
) (tan 2
8
2
2

Notes: For all cases:
2
2 eL
EI
P
L

= ,
2
r
eL
P
u
P

=
For case 4: First-order:
2
2
24
wL
M = , Second-order:
( )
2
2 2
6 sin
24 sin
u u wL
M
u u
(
=
(