Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Tratamiento quirrgico de
las luxofracturas de la columna
cervical inferior
Cruz Garca O,1 Lpez Flores G,2 Acosta Rivas C,3
Fernndez Melo R,2 Mora AF,4 Vazquez Cruz A,3 Salas Rubio H4
RESUMEN
El presente trabajo retrospectivo es el resultado de la revisin del tratamiento quirrgico de 40 lesionados (35 hombres
y cinco mujeres) que sufrieron luxofracturas del raquis cervical inferior, con un periodo de observacin mnimo de un
ao despus de haber sido tratados quirrgicamente. Se analiza el mecanismo de produccin, la etiologa, el tipo de
lesiones, la localizacin, el status neurolgico y las conductas seguidas en cada caso particular, tomando en cuenta para
esto escalas y criterios de manejo y pronsticos actualizados. La lesin ms frecuente fue la luxacin vertebral, 16 (40%)
pacientes y en segundo lugar el estallamiento del cuerpo vertebral en ocho (20%). Siendo el segmento C5 - C6 el ms
lesionado y el cuerpo de C5 donde ms lesiones seas coincidieron. Se realizaron 45 intervenciones quirrgicas, de ellas
35 por va anterior, ocho por va posterior y en dos pacientes se us la va combinada anterior-posterior en un solo
tiempo. Se hicieron en total cinco reintervenciones. La evolucin posquirrgica, tanto neurolgica como radiolgica,
fue favorable en un alto por ciento, sin ninguna complicacin neurolgica imputable a la ciruga. Se analizan las
complicaciones ms frecuentes encontradas en su tratamiento.
Palabras clave: columna cervical, luxacin vertebral, luxofractura, raquis cervical inferior, ciruga.
Rev Mex Neuroci 2004; 5(2): 104-111
104
INTRODUCCIN
Las lesiones traumticas del raquis cervical inferior suelen acompaarse de efectos neurolgicos de
trascendencia. La imprecisin en el diagnstico ha sido
la causa ms frecuente de tratamientos tardos o
inapropiados que culminan con la muerte del individuo o con secuelas que deterioran significativamente
su calidad de vida.1 Se admite que anualmente en
una poblacin de un milln de habitantes se producen 50 nuevos casos de lesin medular traumtica.
De ellos, 72% son individuos menores de 40 aos, con
una mortalidad global que oscila entre 5 y 20%.2
tema, con el fin de mejorar la calidad en la atencin mdica, unificar criterios y consolidar los avances que en este sentido hemos logrado.
M AT E R I A L Y M T O D O
Al ser atendidos en nuestro centro, los pacientes fueron fsica y neurolgicamente examinados,
priorizndose el tratamiento de las lesiones con
compromiso vital en relacin con las lesiones
espinales. La inmovilizacin de la columna cervical
fue la regla. Las radiografas lateral, anteroposterior
y la va transoral se realizaron bajo la supervisin
mdica.
La historia clnica incluy un modelo de base
de datos que nos permitiera a posteriori el
anlisis de la informacin obtenida y su comparacin con trabajos de otros autores.
Los datos registrados son los siguientes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Edad.
Sexo.
Etiologa de la lesin.
Tratamiento prehospitalario de acuerdo con si
se realiz o no y si ste fue efectivo, teniendo
en cuenta la inmovilizacin y el transporte sanitario adecuado.
5. Tiempo transcurrido entre el accidente, la recepcin y el tratamiento definitivo.
6. Mecanismos de produccin de la lesin y tipo
de lesin vertebral (clasificados segn el sistema de Allen).7
7. Clasificacin del tipo de lesin neurolgica (utilizamos la escala de Frankel.8
8. Evaluacin de la inestabilidad basados en los criterios de White y Panjabi9 y Denis.10
9. Resultado del uso de la traccin externa.
10.Proceder quirrgico realizado.
11.Complicaciones.
12.Evaluacin clnica y radiolgica a los seis meses.
Todos los pacientes incluidos en este trabajo presentaban lesiones inestables neurolgicamente o
por radiologa, apoyados por el criterio de inestabilidad referido por Denis10 y White y Panjabi9 aplicados a los estudios radiolgicos.
En 100% de los casos se utiliz traccin cervical
con estribo de Crutchfield.
Despus de la reduccin externa se procedi a
realizar la descompresin interna y la estabilizacin
del segmento inestable o la reduccin interna y estabilizacin, en caso de que la primera no se obtuviese por el mtodo de traccin cervical con estribo.
En la va anterior utilizamos lminas tipo Senegas
de la Firma AO con tornillos de 3.5 mm tanto de
cortical como de esponjosa y sustituimos la tcnica
habitual de perforar y labrar el canal de rosca con
Rev Mex Neuroci 2004; 5(2)
105
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Tabla 1
Lesiones asociadas al trauma cervical
Fractura de clavcula
Conmocin cerebral
Contusin cerebral
Quemaduras
Herida del cuero cabelludo
Fractura del peron
2
8
3
1
1
1
por otros autores, donde la primera causa es el accidente de trnsito15-17 (Figura 2). Pensamos que en
nuestro caso se debe a la cercana ubicacin del centro a las playas. Las lesiones asociadas ms frecuentes fueron la conmocin y contusin cerebral. No
hubo ningn caso, como se refiere en otros trabajos, con lesin a otro nivel del raquis1,2,11 (Tabla 1).
La atencin prehospitalaria, cuando se realiz,
fue deficiente en todos nuestros pacientes. Esto conllev a que tres de los pacientes en escala Frankel
clase A, al ingreso, presentaran al inicio slo dolor
cervical y la cuadripleja se instal, secundariamente por una inadecuada manipulacin. La admisin
de los lesionados se realiz antes de las 6 horas, en
seis (15%) pacientes; de las 6 a las 24 horas se admitieron en nuestro hospital ocho (20%) pacientes que
ya haban recibido los primeros cuidados en centros de primera asistencia. En los restantes 26 (65%)
su ingreso se realiz despus de las 24 horas debido al traslado desde otras provincias (p < 0.05) o
bien porque fueron ingresados inicialmente en otros
centros y en algunos casos porque el diagnstico se
realiz tardamente o por una inadecuada utilizacin de las escalas y criterios de inestabilidad, trayendo como consecuencia la clasificacin de lesiones como estables, existiendo en s una inestabilidad
franca. La intervencin quirrgica fue llevada a cabo
antes de las 6 horas en cuatro pacientes, entre las 6
y las 24 horas en tres pacientes y despus de las 24
horas en el resto de los casos. Es criterio unnime
que la descompresin y estabilizacin debe reali-
zarse antes de las 6 horas inmediatas al traumatismo, sobre todo si existe dao neurolgico y se desea obtener alguna recuperacin. La prolongacin
del tiempo y la forma de evacuacin elev el ndice
de reducciones parciales, del dao medular y de la
morbilidad neurolgica (Figura 3). Programas como
el PHTLS (Pre-Hospital Trauma Life Support) se crearon con el fin de evitar las consecuencias catastrficas del manejo inadecuado de esta etapa.18
El dao anatmico inicial estuvo representado
en 16 (40%) pacientes por la luxacin vertebral
como lesin nica; en ocho pacientes (20%) por el
estallamiento del cuerpo vertebral y el restante 40%
estuvo conformado por la asociacin de las lesiones anteriores en combinacin con el resto de las
lesiones encontradas (Tabla 2). El segmento C5-C6
fue el ms frecuentemente daado en caso de luxacin vertebral y el cuerpo de C5 el ms vulnerable
(mayor nmero de estallamiento, aplastamiento
anterior y fracturas lineales) (Figuras 4 y 5). Otros
autores coinciden con nosotros y relacionan las lesiones con las caractersticas biomecnicas a este
nivel.14
12
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C7-D1
35
25
15
10
5
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0-6 h
6-24 h
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> 24
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C4-C5
C3-C4
Tabla 2
Lesiones vertebrales
Luxacin vertebral
Estallamiento del cuerpo vertebral
Luxacin con dislocacin facetaria
Aplastamiento anterior cuerpo vertebral
Aplastamiento anterior ms luxacin
Luxacin ms afectacin columna posterior
Fractura lineal del cuerpo con o sin aplastamiento
Luxacin con engatillamiento ms afectacin columna posterior
Luxacin ms fractura lineal del cuerpo
Estallamiento ms afectacin columna posterior
Fractura lineal del cuerpo ms luxacin y afectacin columna posterior
16
8
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
Rev Mex Neuroci 2004; 5(2)
107
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
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a a a a a a a a a a a
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a a a a a a a a a a a
< 10
10-20
Das
a a a a a a
a a a a a a
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a a a a a a a a a a a
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a a a a a a a a a a
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a a a a a a a a a a
a a a a a a a a a a a
a a a a a a a a a a
a a a a a a a a a a a
a a a a a a a a a a
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a a a a a a a a a a a
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> 20
Reduccin total
Reduccin parcial
No reduccin
articular bilateral con fractura salvadora del arco (evidente en el estudio tomogrfico), con Frankel clase
D a su llegada al centro y en el cual no se logr su
reduccin por el sistema de traccin externa. En los
dos casos se realiz corpectoma por va anterior,
injerto seo y fijacin con lminas y tornillos.
En nuestro trabajo no obtuvimos diferencia entre el uso de tornillos uni o bicorticales en cuanto a
rigidez biomecnica se refiere, gracias a la fortaleza que nos brinda la tcnica autoperforante.
Tippets20 y Traynelis21 coinciden en que para lograr
una gran firmeza en la sujecin del tornillo debe
utilizarse la cortical posterior del cuerpo o comprimir con el expansor de su cabeza el tejido seo adyacente. Nosotros compactamos la esponjosa alrededor de todo el tornillo como variante de esta
ltima opcin. Es difcil valorar cun efectivo es uno
u otro mtodo cuando se trata de anlisis de la experiencia en que participaron varios cirujanos empleando diferentes tcnicas y portadores de desiguales habilidades. No aconsejamos extremar el
ngulo del tornillo en direccin craneal porque esto
represent en nuestra casustica la causa comn de
extrusin. Aunque nuestra serie no es comparativa
entre el abordaje posterior y anterior, preferimos
el uso de la va anterior con fusin sea y artrodesis
con placa y tornillos como mtodo de
descompresin de las lesiones del raquis cervical y
slo ante determinada indicacin usamos la va
posterior.22,23 Los casos operados por va posterior
presentaron mayor ndice de no alineacin, de rechazo al material de osteosntesis, que estuvo representado por el nico paciente en que existi la
necesidad de retirar el sistema de fijacin por esta
causa; del ndice complicaciones, teniendo en cuenta que los seis casos operados por va posterior en
primera intencin, les correspondi 25% del total de
complicaciones que existieron para toda la serie, del
ndice de reintervenciones al corresponder a esta va
tres de las seis realizadas. Sutterlin24 realiz un estudio experimental sobre la biomecnica de los diferentes tipos de fijacin-fusin cervical, hallando en
controles progresivos seriados que la instrumentacin
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a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
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a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a aa a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
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Clase A
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Clase B
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Clase C
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Clase D
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Clase E
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
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Clase A
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Clase B
Clase C
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Clase D
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Clase E
tervencin quirrgica, un paciente transita a la clase B y de los otros cinco, tres pasaron a la clase C y
dos a la clase D a los seis meses. El paciente que se
encontraba en clase B ascendi a la D y los dos que
se encontraban en la clase C alcanzaron la clase D.
En esta ltima clase dos de ellos no presentaron
variacin neurolgica y un paciente pas a clase E.
En los pacientes operados en Frankel clase E no hubo
variacin neurolgica posterior a la ciruga. Podemos sealar que se mantuvieron igual, sin mejora
del status neurolgico, tres (7.5%) pacientes, que
en cuatro (10%) la operacin slo conllev a una
mejora parcial del cuadro neurolgico con un ascenso en la escala al nivel inmediato superior y en
otros seis (15%) la mejora fue notable con ascenso
en dos o ms niveles en la escala de Frankel. Es de
destacar que en 24 pacientes sin dficit neurolgico
inicial, la operacin no produjo secundariamente
dao alguno (Figura 10).
El porcentaje de la mortalidad global de la serie
fue de 7.5, correspondiente a tres pacientes fallecidos en los primeros 30 das posteriores a la intervencin quirrgica, todos pertenecientes a la clase
A de Frankel, que representa 30% en este grupo.
En dos pacientes la causa directa de la muerte fue
la sepsis respiratoria, aadida a la lesin medular
transversa con shock medular y en un tercer caso
por un tromboembolismo pulmonar en las primeras horas despus de operado. Si se considera que
el ndice de mortalidad global oscila entre 5 y 20%
en las diferentes series revisadas, dependiendo sta
del nivel lesionado (mayor en los segmentos superiores) y del estado neurolgico a la admisin, podemos decir que nuestros resultados son aceptables.1,2,25-29
Las complicaciones representan un aspecto relevante y controversial del tratamiento de las lesiones de la columna cervical, sobre todo en aquellos
grupos donde se opta indebidamente por el tratamiento conservador prolongado;30 13 de nuestros
pacientes fueron objeto de una o ms complicaciones, lo que representa 32.5% del total de operados. Ebraheim reporta 36% de casos complicados
Rev Mex Neuroci 2004; 5(2)
109
Tabla 3
Complicaciones
Dolor en el lecho de extraccin del injerto
Sepsis de la herida quirrgica
Escara de decbito
Sepsis urinaria
Sepsis respiratoria
Angulacin del raquis posterior a la operacin
Hernia discal del espacio adyacente fusionado
Lesin duramadre
Rechazo al sistema de fijacin
Fractura de tornillo
Expulsin del tornillo
Fstula esofgica
Disfagia por profusin del injerto
Pseudoartrosis
en su trabajo sobre instrumentacin espinal cervical anterior en 25 pacientes. Se plantea que las complicaciones neurolgicas, durante y despus de la
operacin, no deben de exceder 1%.1,3 No existi
empeoramiento neurolgico en ningn caso de
nuestro estudio. Hubo cervicobraquialgia en ocho
pacientes, que desapareci con tratamiento mdico. En dos de ellos, en estudios posteriores, se demostr hernia discal en espacios adyacentes al nivel fusionado. La sepsis de la herida quirrgica fue
la 2a. complicacin ms frecuente (seis casos) y cur
en todos los pacientes con tratamiento mdico.
Sepsis a otro nivel ocurri en 11 casos y disfagia
transitoria en dos. La lesin de la duramadre se produjo en dos ocasiones, una por va anterior y otra
por va posterior, sin gran trascendencia. Dolor crnico en el sitio de extraccin del injerto ocurri en
10 pacientes. Sealamos un caso de fstula esofgica
en un paciente que fue operado en dos ocasiones
anteriores por va antero-lateral izquierda, en otro
centro, sin que se lograra la reduccin de la luxacin, fue intervenido en nuestro hospital por va
antero-lateral derecha sin ninguna complicacin
transoperatoria (Tabla 3).
CONCLUSIONES
Un elevado por ciento de los pacientes operados
fue tratado inicialmente equivocadamente de forma
conservadora, o su recepcin y traslado se realiz tarda e ineficazmente, esto conllev a elevar el ndice
de no reducciones, al aumento del dao neurolgico
secundario y de la mortalidad encontrada en nuestra
serie, esto demuestra la necesidad de un desarrollo y
perfeccionamiento del sistema de atencin primaria
al paciente politraumatizado, particularmente aquellos lesionados que presenten dao medular y de la
necesidad del uso sistemtico de las escalas de Allen,
Denis, White y Panjabi que nos permiti a nosotros
de forma efectiva seleccionar aquellos pacientes tri110
10
6
5
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
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