iptâteǽr BibxYt …b„ ÃaiÆdk bó¼bad

-ibpåb

캡anu Ÿdwyar pr, pãkáitr drkar Ÿn† pur›xek| baba Hwyar pr, pãkáitet pur›x
Abai®t| narI† smó» ÃaiytÔ iney, sÇ»anek manux kret paer| Ÿs† jnY pur›xek pãitFa
mUûàt pãman kret Hy, s„saer ba pãkáitet tar ˆpeZaigta VeC|
*******************************************
buiÁjIib Hwyar smsYa Aenk| pãTmt, ifk fak sitY kTa blel, …kFa
A„eSr kaeC Vpin buÁ™jIib| iÃtIyt, na buJet parel, Bab …b„ fƒaF
raKet Hy ŸbaÁajIibr| tâtIyt, ÷rict pãgitSIltar Ÿkaran AnYedr jnY|
inejr jnY Ÿkaraenr Vyat§ela Vlada-ifk Hjrt mHÚmedr kayday!

…r perr dayFa Vera bR day-smaej duàbl ŸSãnIr peQ klm Dra| duàbl
ŸSãnIr peQ na ilKel buiÁjIib Hwya Zay na| pãitBar Baer duàblek sbl
kra-buiÁjIibedr ŸbHeó» óùan pawyar seàba‡káñ pibº kàm| Ÿs† jnY Vpin
Vemirkay Takar jnY Vk™il-bak™il kr›n, mDYpãaecY Zara Taek taedr
pãit nak isƒFkan, ikǼ ŸlKar smy Vpnaek Vemirkar ibr›eÁ† ilKet
Heb- n†el buiÁjIibk™el Vpin bãatY! …Fa AbSY Vemirkar jnYw Baela|
ŸZ gntǽ Zt ŸbSI iberaiDta gãHn ker, Ÿs† gntǽ tt ŸbSI Si¹¡SalI|
karN ŸsKaen AeFakaerkSn ba ióùitóùapkta smajek Vera ˆÊt ker|

narIbaedr ŸQeºw kTaFa KaeF| ba–alI narIbadI maen narI duàbl AtYacairt
bel PƒYas PƒYaes kaÊa| AàTa‡ stYanusÉan ny, narI duàbl bel smebdna!

baó»b stY He¬C …† Zaiǽk Zueg, …mn ikCu kaj Ÿn† Za narI pareb na, ba
pur›exr ŸTek Karap kreb| AàTa‡, ýpaàm bYaeªk …eta ýpaàm gi¬Ct VeC,
ŸgaFa pâiTbI pur›xìnY Hey Ÿgelw ikCu Zay Ves na! narIr jnY na Ÿkƒed,
pur›x br„ Babuk, taedr ŸSexr Ÿsidn AÉkar! iptâteǽr Ÿkan BibxYt
Ÿn† Ÿta beF†, káiºm gàB [artificial incubator] …b„ manb Ÿ£ain„ V†nt
isÁ Hel, pur›x jaitr öaFas Heb baGãb‡ luÐpãay pãaNI| Hyeta Vj ŸTek
keykeSa bCr baed pâiTbIet pur›exr Ÿkan Aió»tÔ† Takeb na! ba V†n
ker pur›exr Aió»tÔ ŸFkaet Heb|

iptâteǽr AtIt, …eªglesr bYi¹¡mailkana …b„ …kiF Vxae• gæpW

Vidm smaj ik kKena matâtaiǽk iCl? manb smaj ik sàbda† pur›x ûªkaer
kÚpman?

naik bYi¹¡mailkana ŸTek† iptâteǽr ˆÄb ŸZmnFa ŸÒihäk …eªgls

beleCn?

ŸÒihäk …eªglesr The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1888),
iptâteǽr ˆÄb iney pãTm ˆeLKeZagY kaj| smsYa He¬C VDuink
smajib¯anIra …eªgls …r …† gebxnaek kaibYk kæpna bel† men kern|
…eªgls …r …† rcnar iBi¹ màgaenr nât¹ÔibdYa Za 1930 saelr pr ŸTek
ŸKad Vemirkaet† pirt¹¡Y| …Caraw …Fa 1888 saelr kaj, ZKn
…eªgls supirkiæpt Baeb ŠitHaisk bó¼badek ( AàTa‡ smaejr
ŠitHaisk ibbàtn ŸSãnI s„Gaetr Psl ), ÃaiÆdk bó¼baedr ( pãitFa
iseöemr ibbàtnIy mehl iTiss …b„ ViÆFiTisesr Pel ˆÄut iseÇùiss )
naem calae¬Cn| Pel …† ŸlKaiFet …eªgls ÃaiÆdk bó¼baedr mUl iBi¹,
ViÏFiTisesr ŸnegSenr maDYem setY (iseÇùiss) ˆpnIt Hwya ŸTek ibrt
ŸTekeCn| mjar bYapar Hl, …† ŸQeº ŸZ pÁit …eªgls Anusrn kereCn
taek bel Economic deductionism ba AàTEnitk VeraHI pÁit|
AàTEnitk VeraHI pÁitek º›iFmu¹¡ krar jnY† maठsmajib¯aenr
gebxnay ŸHegl pbiàtt ÃaiÆdk bó¼badek Vera Si¹¡SalI rœep ˆpóùaipt
kern| taHel …eªgls …† Bul kreln Ÿkn? na ik …Fa †¬Cakát º›iF?
…Fa buJet Ÿgel ÃaiÆdk bó¼baedr (dialectic materialism) saeT ŠitHaisk
bó¼baedr (historical materialism) paàTkY buJet Heb| Vmaedr ba–alI
maà¤öra …eªgls …r rcnay ibÙaÇ» Hey, ŠitHaisk bó¼badek†, ÃaiÆdk
bó¼bad bel jaenn …b„ ŸsFa† pãcar kern| Vmedr †eParaemr ÷eGaixt
maià¤öedr ŸlKa pRel† Vpnara …Fa buJet parebn| …et AbSY Vim,
taedr Ÿdax idi¬C na-karN …† ibÙaiÇ»Fa CiReyeCn …eªgls inej …b„
supirkiæpt Baeb| rajEnitk Payda tulet igey Vid maà¤baedr iBi¹Fa†
huibeyeCn| …† rcnaiFw bYitº¡m ny| narIek ŸSaixt ŸSãnI pãman kret
igey, maen ŠitHaisk bó¼baedr Pàmulay ilKet igey, …eªgls ob¯aink
AnusÉaenr baeraFa baijeyeCn|
ÃaiÆdk bó¼baedr jnk itnjn- ŸHegl, ŸPyarbYk …b„ kaàlmaà¤| mUl b¹¡bY
Hl †itHas …b„ samaijk ibbàtnek iTiss …b„ ViÆFiTisesr ÃeÆdr Pel
ˆÄut iseÇùiss iHsaeb ŸdKet Heb|
ÃaiÆdk bó¼baedr pÁit kaej laigey Aenk iseÇùiss sÝb …b„ …†rœp
…kiF iseÇùiss He¬C ŠitHaisk bó¼bad ba bó¼baedr †itHas, Za kaàl maà¤
1859 sael kmuinˆö mYainePeöaet Sãimk ŸSãnIr †itHas iHsaeb bYbHar
kern| teb men raKet Heb, maठŸbS ibneyr saeT† bel iCeln, …iF …kiF
mtbad maº …b„ …† Drenr Vera Aenk iseÇùiss sÝb|
[
Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy by Karl Marx

The general conclusion at which I arrived and which, once reached, became the guiding
principle of my studies can be summarised as follows. In the social production of their
existence, men inevitably enter into definite relations, which are independent of their will,
namely relations of production appropriate to a given stage in the development of their
material forces of production. The totality of these relations of production constitutes the
economic structure of society, the real foundation, on which arises a legal and political
superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. The mode
of production of material life conditions the general process of social, political and
intellectual life. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but their
social existence that determines their consciousness. At a certain stage of development,
the material productive forces of society come into conflict with the existing relations of
production or — this merely expresses the same thing in legal terms — with the property
relations within the framework of which they have operated hitherto. From forms of
development of the productive forces these relations turn into their fetters. Then begins an
era of social revolution. The changes in the economic foundation lead sooner or later to
the transformation of the whole immense superstructure. In studying such transformations
it is always necessary to distinguish between the material transformation of the economic
conditions of production, which can be determined with the precision of natural science,
and the legal, political, religious, artistic or philosophic — in short, ideological forms in
which men become conscious of this conflict and fight it out. Just as one does not judge an
individual by what he thinks about himself, so one cannot judge such a period of
transformation by its consciousness, but, on the contrary, this consciousness must be
explained from the contradictions of material life, from the conflict existing between the
social forces of production and the relations of production. No social order is ever
destroyed before all the productive forces for which it is sufficient have been developed,
and new superior relations of production never replace older ones before the material
conditions for their existence have matured within the framework of the old society.
Mankind thus inevitably sets itself only such tasks as it is able to solve, since closer
examination will always show that the problem itself arises only when the material
conditions for its solution are already present or at least in the course of formation. In
broad outline, the Asiatic, ancient, feudal and modern bourgeois modes of production may
be designated as epochs marking progress in the economic development of society. The
bourgeois mode of production is the last antagonistic form of the social process of
production — antagonistic not in the sense of individual antagonism but of an antagonism
that emanates from the individuals' social conditions of existence — but the productive
forces developing within bourgeois society create also the material conditions for a
solution of this antagonism. The prehistory of human society accordingly closes with this
social formation. ]

ŠitHaisk bó¼badek …† Baeb s„iQÐ kra ZakW

[1] bó¼badI smaj bYtIt manuexr Aió»tÔ Ÿn† [ AàTa‡, Vim Ÿk? Vmar Aió»tÔ
ik? …† pãeSÈr ˆ¹r ŠitHaisk bó¼bad Ÿdeb …k kTay-"samaijk jIb" !
[2] samaijk jIb iHsaeb manuexr Aió»tÔ inàBr ker samaijk ˆ‡padn
bYbóùar wpr| AàTa‡ BartIy, mDYpãaecYr Vrb …b„ Vemirkanedr meDY
paàTkY inrœipt Heb ìDumaº taedr smaejr ˆ‡padn bYbóùar tartemY|
…kjn BartIy ŸZ iHÆdu, …kjn Vrb ŸZ muslman ba …kjn Vemirkan ŸZ
KãIöan, …† paàTkYr Ÿkan BUimka Ÿn†, ZtQn na pàZÇ» Dàm smaejr ˆ‡padn
bYbóùaek pãBaibt kret paer|
[3] …† ˆ‡padn bYbóùar wpr iBi¹ ker smaej ŸSãnI ibnYas …b„
pirkafaema otrIt Hy|
[4]…† ŸSãnI ibnYas ŸTek ŸSaxk …b„ ŸSaixt , AtYacarI …b„ AtYacairt
ŸSãnI ÃeÆdr sâiö Hy|
…bar ŸBeb ŸdKa Zak [2] ifk ikna| [2] Zid ifk Hy, kanahay ba †„lYae¸
bsbaskarI iHÆdu …b„ muslmanedr meDY AàTEnitk Abóùay tartmY Takar
kTa ny| karN tara …k† ˆ‡padn pirkafaemaet bas ker|
ikǼ †„lYae¸ iHÆduedr gR Vy muslmaenedr içenrw ŸbSI, pRaeSanar
gRw Venk ŸbSI! …Faeta [2] AnuZayI Hwyar kTa ny! taHel ik
ŠitHaisk bó¼bad Bul?
ˆ¹r HƒYa …b„ na| AàTnIitibd †Ban †enakenr met, DàmBIr› Ÿlaekra
ŸgaöIbajI kret Baelabaes| Ÿs† jnY DàmIy ŸGeFa s„ôáit, DàmIy Ÿgaiñr
jnY AàTEnitk ibpàZy Ÿhek Ven| Dàm BabbadI, ta† bó¼bad …† GFnar
bYaKYay ApàZaÐ|
…bar [4] iney ŸdKa Zak| [4] Zid sitY Hy, taHel kÚpuˆFar …b„
†ÆFareneFr Vibôaerr Pel ntun samaijk ibnYas …b„ tar ŸTek ŸSãnI ÃÆd
ŸdKet pawya ˆict| Baret V† iF r Pel ntun ŸSãnI ibnYas ŸdKet pai¬C
beF, ikǼ ŸSãnI ÃÆd ŸkaTay? …† ntun ŸSãnIet ˆiÊt Het Ÿgel iSQa laeg,
…b„ Baret sba† †i²inyar Hwyar †ƒdur ŸdOR ide¬C! …† ntun ŸSãnI†
Baretr BibxYt …b„ …edr saeT ntun Ÿkan ŸSãnI ÃÆd ŸdKa Zae¬C na|
kawek ŸSaxn ker …ra bRelak He¬Cn …mn ny!
taHel ik ŠitHaisk bó¼bad DaÑabaij? sYar kaàl ppar Ÿs† rkm† men
kern| …b„ …r karN 1870 saelr pr ŸTek ŠitHaisk bó¼badek Ÿkw
cYael² ker in| Ÿkw Bul pãmaenr Ÿcöa ker in| Pel kmuYinˆöedr kaeC
ŠitHaisk bó¼bad HeyeC Dàm|
teb pueraFa† Bul bel men kern na VDuink ib¯anIra| kPmYaenr samaijk
ŸQºte¹Ô , manuexr Aió»etÔ AàTEnitk ˆ‡padn …b„ BabbadI mn, ˆBeyr
§r›tÔ† ÷Ikar kra Hy|
pãSÈ He¬C iptâteǽr Velacnay, Vim ik Dan Ba–et iSebr gIt ga†iC?
Vsel samaijk ibbàtn ifk fak na buJel iptâteǽr BibxYt ˆpliÁ kra
sÝb ny|
…bar Vsl Velacnay iPer Vis|
…eªglesr b¹¡bY iCl bYi¹¡gt mailkanar ˆÄebr saeT saeT† iptâtǽ
jƒaikey bes| Vidmsmaej AbaD ŸZOn s„seàgr Zueg smaj iCl matâtaiǽk
ikÜa Ÿgaiò taiǽk, AàTa‡ Ÿgaiñr pircey†, sÇ»aenr pircy| sÇ»an iCl
Ÿgaiòr, na iptar, na matar| sÇ»ansÇ»itr meDY ŸjeniFk º›iF kmaenar jnY,
AbaD ŸZOn s„seàgr wpr ibiDinexD Verap kra Hy …b„ káixr iBi¹k kàm
ibnYaesr ˆÄebr saeT saeT, ŸgaiöiBi¹k pirbar ŸTek …kk pur›xiBi¹k
pirbaer jnM Hy|
smsYa He¬C …Fa ik VerkiF Vxae• maià¤ö gæp?
maàgaerF imehr mtn VDuink nâttÔibedra ta† men kern| iöeBn
Ÿgalhbaeàgr "Why men rule: A theory of male dominance" gãeÇùr
BUimkay pãePsr imh ilKeCnW
"... all the claims so glibly made about societies ruled by women are nonsense. We have no
reason to believe that they ever existed....Men have always been the leaders in public
affairs and the final authorities at home."

Ÿgalhbaàg kƒaFCƒaF na ker† bYaKYa ide¬Cn pur›x Ÿkn narIr wpr icrkal
Qmta ŸdiKey …eseCW
"The central role will forever belong to women; they set the rhythm of things. … One of
the most stunning regularities one notices when studying cross-cultural data closely is the
extent to which women in all societies view the male preoccupation with dominance and
suprafamilial pursuits in the same way the wife in Western society views her husband’s
obsession with professional football – with a loving condescension and an understanding
that men embrace the surrogate and forget the source. Nature has bestowed on women the
biological abilities and psychophysiological propensities that enable the species to sustain
itself. … Each man know that he can never again be the most important person in
another’s life for long, and that he must reassert superiority in enough other areas often
enough to justify nature’s allowing him to stay. There is no alternative; this is simply the
way that it is. At the bottom of it all, man’s job is to protect woman, and woman’s is to
protect her infant; in nature all else is luxury."

b¹¡bY maratMk| 캡anu Ÿdwyar pr, pãkáitr drkar Ÿn† pur›xek| baba
Hwyar pr, pãkáitet pur›x Abai®t| narI† smó» ÃaiytÔ iney, sÇ»anek manux
kret paer| Ÿs† jnY pur›xek pãitFa mUûàt pãman kret Hy, s„saer ba
pãkáitet tar ˆpeZaigta VeC| …Fa ik Baeb kra sÝb?
(1) ˆ‡padn bYbóùa …b„ samaijk smó» ó»er Ÿs AiDk pirSãemr Ÿjaer
ViDptY kaeym ker …b„ narIr kaeC pãman ker pirbaer Ÿs ApirHaàZ|
pãkáitet inejek pãman krar taiged† pur›x ib¯an, saiHtY, s„gIt sàbº
inejr ŸSãòtÔ kaeym ker| narI pãkáitet ApirHaàZ bel, tar meDY …†
taigdFa km| AàTa‡ pur›xteǽr ViDpetYr ŸpCen VeC pur›exr taigd,
ŸZFa narI meDY km| ta† pur›xedr meDY ŸZ ŸbOiÁk ŸSãòtÔ ŸdKa Zay, tar
karN …† ny ŸZ Ÿmeyedr maTay buiÁ km-Vsl bYaparFa Hl taigd km|
bYacara rbIÆÅnaT! itin Ÿgalhbaàg pRel Ÿmeyra buiÁbel KaeFa …mn ŸbƒPas
mǻbY kretn na|
(2) rañä …b„ ˆ‡padn bYbóùay §r›tÔpUàN Qmtar dKl iney Ÿs narIek
ŸbaJay, narIr ÃaiytÔ sÇ»aenr pãitpalen, Vr pur›ex ÃaiytÔ narIr Brn
Ÿpaxn …b„ rQen| pur›x sâö ‰Sÿr ba VLar nam idey narIr Ÿbãn wyaS kra
Hy| Zaet narIw …Fa ibSÿas ker men pãaeN|
Ÿgalhbaeàgr b¹¡bY …b„ iptâteǽr BibxYtW
BibxYetr idek takaena Zak-ŸdKa Zak pur›exr wpr ik ik Vibôaerr
KƒaRa J™leCW
1. 캡anu bYaªk …b„ ŸFö iFˆb ŸbbIr jnY, sÇ»an ˆ‡padenr jnY narIr Vr drkar
Ÿn† pur›exr|
2. káiºm gàB Vibôar Hey Ÿgel, narIek sÇ»an DarNw kret Heb na| gàB DarN w pãsb
jint ŸZsb AsuibDar jnY narIr pur›xek drkar Hy, tarw pãŸyajn Ÿn†|
3. manb Ÿ£ain„ …r Anumit pawya Ÿgel, narI tar Ÿ£ain„ kret ca†el 캡anur pàZÇ»
drkar na†|
4. nYaenaeFknljIr ABUtpUàb Agãgitr Pel, … V† isenmay ŸZrkm wàga …b„ Ÿmka
ginka ŸdKa igeyiCl, Ÿs† Drenr …kdm paeàP¢ pur›x Ÿs¤ ŸrabF smeyr AepQa
maº| iýplbaeàgr isenmar mtn, narIr saeT ŸZOn s„seàgr smy …† pur›x Ÿs¤
ŸrabeFr parPàmans Heb supaàb- …kDaer Fm º¡j …b„ rbIÆÅnaT|

taHel pãkáitet pur›exr ik Vr Ÿkan pãŸyajn Takeb? narImaº† ca†eb,

Ÿ£an sÇ»an| Ÿs 캡anujat pur›x sÇ»an ca†eb Ÿkan duWeK? …b„ …† Baeb
clet Takel, pâiTbI Kub SIGㆠpur›xìnY Heb, karN pur›exr ˆ‡padn Ÿkw
kreb na| Ÿbƒec Tak manb Ÿ£ain„ …r wpr inexDa¯a!

ÃaiÆdk bó¼baedr ntun iTiss …b„ iptâteǽr pãiteraDW

Vmra ŸdKlam pãkáit …b„ ib¯an ŸkanFa† pur›exr peQ Ÿn†| taHel
pur›exr ˆpay?
VeC| VeC| Dàm| Dàm† pur›x ibluiÐ ŸraKar pãkáö ˆpay| ta† ib¯aenr Zt
Agãgit He¬C †slam, Kâöan …b„ iHÆdu Dàm Vera ˆgã Hey Ÿmeyedr Ger
Ÿzakae¬C …b„ mUlYebaDek zal ker ob¯aink gebxnar wpr Ÿzek Ÿdwya
He¬C inexDa¯ar pàda|
…Fa† Vmar samaijk ibbàtenr ntun iTiss …b„ ViÆFiTiss| …kidek
ib¯aenr Agãgitr Pel pur›exr Aió»etÔr s„kF (iTiss)…b„ tar ibr›Á
Si¹¡ He¬C ˆgãDeàmr maDYem iptâtǽek iFikey raKar Ÿcöa ( ViÆFiTiss)|
DàmIy ŸmOlbaedr …† rmrma Vim …† Baeb† ŸdKiC| …kFu lQY krel†
ŸdKebn, ŸmOlbaedr mUl b¹¡bY He¬C pairbairk mulYebaD …b„ sÇ»an sÇ»itr
suò palenr jnY† tara paëcaetYr narI ÷aDInta smàTn ker na …b„ Ÿs†
jnY† tara Dàmek Vƒker Der Taket cay| pirbar na Takel pur›exr Aió»tÔ
…b„ ViDptY ŸkanFa† ŸFek na|
…Faek Vim ojibk ŸmOlbad blb| ircaàh hiknesr ÷aàTpr ijenr t¹Ô
manet Ÿgel, pãetYk pur›x …b„ narI tar ŸjeniFk Ÿkah ŸFkaenar VpãaN
Ÿcöa ker| ib¯aenr Agãgitr Pel, pirbaerr ibelap Hel, pur›exr peQ
tar ŸjeniFk Ÿkah iFikey raKa AsÝb| ta† ÷aàTpr pur›x ijenr pãitPln
ŸdKa Zae¬C DàmIy ŸmOlbaed|
sYar kaàl ppar bletn ÃaiÆdk bó¼baedr maDYem samaijk ibbteànr
BibxYtbanI sÝb ny-karN … …k BIxn jiFl iseöm| Vimw ta† men
kir| teb maeJ maeJ iýplbaeàgr mtn Babet Baela laeg|
kYailePaiànya
12/31/05